## Molecule 1

**SMILES:** C1=CC=C(C=C1)C/C(=N/OS(=O)(=O)O)/S[C@H]2[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O2)CO)O)O)O

**IUPAC Name:** [(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl] (1Z)-2-phenyl-N-sulfooxyethanimidothioate

**Description:** Glucotropeolin is an aralkylglucosinolic acid that consists of 1-thio-beta-D-glucopyranose attached to a 2-phenyl-N-(sulfooxy)ethanimidoyl group at the anomeric sulfur. It is an aralkylglucosinolic acid and a member of benzenes. It is functionally related to a (Z)-desulfoglucotropeolin and a desulfoglucotropeolin. It is a conjugate acid of a glucotropeolin(1-). Benzyl glucosinolate is a natural product found in Lepidium meyenii, Carica papaya, and other organisms with data available.


**Response:** The given molecule is a type of glucosinolate, specifically glucobrassinin, which is a naturally occurring compound found in certain plants such as Brassica oleracea (a species that includes cabbage, broccoli, and cauliflower) and Brassica rapa (which includes turnips and rutabaga). Glucosinolates are sulfur-containing compounds that play a significant role in plant defense mechanisms and have various biological properties.

### Biological Properties:

1. **Plant Defense:**
   - The given molecule is part of the plant's defense system against herbivores and pathogens. It acts as a deterrent to pests due to its ability to release toxic compounds when the plant tissue is damaged. This is achieved through the hydrolysis of glucosinolates by the enzyme myrosinase, which is present in the plant cells but separate from the glucosinolate.

2. **Antimicrobial Activity:**
   - The presence of the sulfooxyimino group in the given molecule contributes to its antimicrobial properties. This group can disrupt microbial cell membranes or interfere with microbial enzyme systems, providing protection against bacterial and fungal infections.

3. **Potential Health Benefits:**
   - In humans, glucosinolates, including the given molecule, have been studied for their potential health benefits. They are believed to have chemopreventive properties, meaning they may help in reducing the risk of certain types of cancer. This is attributed to their ability to induce detoxification enzymes and their potential to modulate carcinogen metabolism.

4. **Role in Flavor and Aroma:**
   - The breakdown products of glucosinolates, such as isothiocyanates, contribute to the characteristic flavors and aromas of cruciferous vegetables. These compounds are responsible for the pungent taste and are often associated with the "hot" taste of vegetables like mustard greens and wasabi.

5. **Impact on Soil Health:**
   - In the soil ecosystem, glucosinolates can influence microbial communities. They can act as signaling molecules that affect the behavior and growth of other microorganisms, contributing to the overall health and fertility of the soil.

Overall, the given molecule is a multifunctional compound that plays a crucial role in plant defense, human health, and ecological interactions. Its complex structure, including the oxane ring and phenyl group, is integral to its biological activity and interactions.

---

## Molecule 2

**SMILES:** C[C@]12CC[C@H](C1(C)C)C[C@H]2O

**IUPAC Name:** (1S,2R,4S)-1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol

**Description:** Borneol appears as a white colored lump-solid with a sharp camphor-like odor. Burns readily. Slightly denser than water and insoluble in water. Used to make perfumes. (-)-borneol is a borneol. It is an enantiomer of a (+)-borneol. (-)-Borneol is a natural product found in Artemisia douglasiana, Larix gmelinii, and other organisms with data available.


**Response:** The given molecule, commonly known as borneol, is a bicyclic monoterpene alcohol. Its structure consists of a bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane framework with a hydroxyl group and three methyl groups attached. This specific arrangement contributes to its unique biological properties.

Borneol is known for its aromatic properties, which are utilized in perfumery and traditional medicine. Its pleasant camphor-like odor is due to the presence of the bicyclic structure, which is a common feature in many aromatic compounds. The hydroxyl group in the molecule enhances its solubility in water, allowing it to be used in various formulations.

In terms of biological activity, borneol has been used in traditional medicine for its potential anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. The presence of the hydroxyl group may contribute to its ability to interact with biological membranes or proteins, potentially influencing its pharmacological effects.

Additionally, borneol is a natural product found in plants like Psidium guajava and Cinnamomum camphora, where it may play a role in the plant's defense mechanisms against herbivores and pathogens due to its aromatic properties.

Overall, the biological properties of the given molecule are largely influenced by its bicyclic structure and the presence of functional groups like the hydroxyl group, which contribute to its aromatic characteristics and potential therapeutic effects.

---

## Molecule 3

**SMILES:** C1=CC=C(C=C1)OC2=CC=CC=C2

**IUPAC Name:** phenoxybenzene

**Description:** Diphenyl oxide appears as colorless liquid with a mild pleasant odor. May float or sink in water. Freezing point is 81 °F. (USCG, 1999) Diphenyl ether is an aromatic ether in which the oxygen is attached to two phenyl substituents. It has been found in muscat grapes and vanilla. It has a role as a plant metabolite. Diphenyl ether is a natural product found in Vitis vinifera and Mangifera indica with data available.


**Response:** The given molecule, diphenyl ether, is characterized by its structure, which consists of two phenyl rings connected by an oxygen atom. This ether linkage is significant in determining its biological properties.

The presence of the ether group in the given molecule contributes to its relatively low reactivity compared to other functional groups, such as alcohols or phenols. This stability can influence its persistence in biological systems and the environment. The aromatic rings provide a hydrophobic character, which can affect the molecule's solubility and interaction with biological membranes.

In terms of biological activity, the given molecule's structure allows it to interact with lipid-rich environments, such as cell membranes, potentially disrupting membrane integrity or function. This property can lead to toxicological effects, as the molecule may accumulate in lipid tissues, causing oxidative stress or other cellular damage.

Additionally, the aromatic rings can undergo metabolic transformations in the body, such as hydroxylation or conjugation, which may affect its toxicity and excretion. The given molecule's potential to act as an endocrine disruptor is also noteworthy, as its structural similarity to certain natural hormones can interfere with hormonal pathways.

Overall, the biological properties of the given molecule are largely influenced by its ether linkage and aromatic structure, which contribute to its stability, solubility, and potential for toxicological effects.

---

## Molecule 4

**SMILES:** C1=CC=C(C=C1)C[C@@H](C(=O)O)NC(=O)CC[C@@H](C(=O)O)N

**IUPAC Name:** (2S)-2-amino-5-[[(1S)-1-carboxy-2-phenylethyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid

**Description:** Gamma-Glu-Phe is a dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of the side-chain carboxy group of L-glutamic acid with the amino group of L-phenylalanine. It has a role as a human urinary metabolite. It is a conjugate acid of a gamma-Glu-Phe(1-). gamma-Glutamylphenylalanine is a natural product found in Vigna radiata, Brassica napus, and other organisms with data available.


**Response:** The given molecule is a dipeptide composed of L-glutamic acid and L-phenylalanine. This dipeptide structure plays a role in various biological processes due to the properties of its constituent amino acids.

L-glutamic acid is an amino acid that is crucial in cellular metabolism. It acts as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, facilitating synaptic transmission and plasticity. It also plays a role in muscle function, nerve signaling, and gut function. The presence of the carboxylic acid group in the given molecule contributes to its ability to participate in peptide bond formation, which is essential for protein synthesis.

L-phenylalanine is another essential amino acid that serves as a precursor for several important biomolecules, including neurotransmitters like dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. It is involved in the synthesis of proteins and plays a role in regulating mood and cognition. The aromatic ring in phenylalanine contributes to the hydrophobic interactions within proteins, which are vital for maintaining the structural integrity of proteins and enzymes.

The combination of these two amino acids in the given molecule allows it to participate in various biochemical pathways. As a dipeptide, it can be involved in metabolic processes where it may be further broken down into its constituent amino acids or used in the synthesis of larger proteins. The dipeptide structure also influences its solubility, absorption, and transport across cell membranes, which are critical for its biological activity.

---

## Molecule 5

**SMILES:** CC1=CN(C(=O)NC1=O)[C@H]2C[C@@H]([C@H](O2)COP(=O)(O)O[C@H]3C[C@@H](O[C@@H]3COP(=O)(O)O[C@H]4C[C@@H](O[C@@H]4COP(=O)(O)O[C@H]5C[C@@H](O[C@@H]5COP(=O)(O)O[C@H]6C[C@@H](O[C@@H]6COP(=O)(O)O)N7C=C(C(=O)NC7=O)C)N8C=C(C(=O)NC8=O)C)N9C=C(C(=O)NC9=O)C)N1C=C(C(=O)NC1=O)C)O

**IUPAC Name:** [(2R,3S,5R)-3-[hydroxy-[[(2R,3S,5R)-3-[hydroxy-[[(2R,3S,5R)-3-[hydroxy-[[(2R,3S,5R)-3-hydroxy-5-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy]phosphoryl]oxy-5-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy]phosphoryl]oxy-5-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy]phosphoryl]oxy-5-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methyl [(2R,3S,5R)-5-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)-2-(phosphonooxymethyl)oxolan-3-yl] hydrogen phosphate

**Description:** (dT)5 is an oligonucleotide comprising five deoxythymidylic acid residues linked 5'->3'. It contains a thymidine 5'-monophosphate residue, a dTMP 5'-end residue and a dTMP 3'-end residue.


**Response:** The given molecule is a complex oligonucleotide composed of three thymidine units linked by phosphodiester bonds, with an additional hydroxyl group modification at the 5' end. This structure is significant in the context of its biological properties, particularly its role in the inhibition of viral replication.

### Biological Properties:

1. **Antiviral Activity:**
   - The given molecule acts as an antiviral agent, specifically targeting the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Its mechanism involves the inhibition of viral DNA polymerase, an enzyme crucial for the replication of the viral genome. By binding to this enzyme, the molecule effectively halts the synthesis of viral DNA, thereby preventing the replication and spread of the virus within the host cells.

2. **Nucleotide Chain Termination:**
   - The presence of three thymidine units in the oligonucleotide chain allows it to mimic natural DNA substrates. However, due to the terminal modification at the 5' end, the molecule acts as a chain terminator. The hydroxyl group at the 5' end is replaced with a phosphonate group, which lacks the necessary hydroxyl group for further DNA synthesis. This prevents the addition of additional nucleotides, effectively terminating the DNA chain and thus inhibiting the replication process.

3. **Phosphonate Group Modification:**
   - The phosphonate group at the 5' end is a key feature that distinguishes this molecule from natural nucleotides. Phosphonate groups are more stable and resistant to enzymatic degradation, which enhances the molecule's ability to persist in the cellular environment and maintain its inhibitory function. This stability is crucial for its effectiveness as an antiviral agent.

4. **Resistance to Degradation:**
   - The chemical structure of the given molecule, particularly the phosphonate group, contributes to its resistance to degradation by cellular nucleases. This property ensures that the molecule remains active in the cellular environment for a longer duration, allowing it to exert its antiviral effects more effectively.

In summary, the given molecule's biological properties are largely determined by its oligonucleotide structure, the presence of thymidine units, and the phosphonate modification at the 5' end. These features collectively confer its ability to inhibit HBV replication by acting as a chain terminator of viral DNA synthesis.

---

## Molecule 6

**SMILES:** CCCCCCCC/C=C\CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)SCCNC(=O)CCNC(=O)[C@@H](C(C)(C)COP(=O)([O-])OP(=O)([O-])OC[C@@H]1[C@H]([C@H]([C@@H](O1)N2C=NC3=C(N=CN=C32)N)O)OP(=O)([O-])[O-])O

**IUPAC Name:** [(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-2-[[[[(3R)-4-[[3-[2-[(Z)-hexacos-17-enoyl]sulfanylethylamino]-3-oxopropyl]amino]-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-4-oxobutoxy]-oxidophosphoryl]oxy-oxidophosphoryl]oxymethyl]-4-hydroxyoxolan-3-yl] phosphate

**Description:** (17Z)-hexacosenoyl-CoA(4-) is an acyl-CoA(4-) arising from deprotonation of the phosphate and diphosphate functions of (17Z)-hexacosenoyl-CoA It is a C26:1-CoA(4-) and a very long-chain fatty acyl-CoA(4-). It is a conjugate base of a (17Z)-hexacosenoyl-CoA.


**Response:** The given molecule is a complex biochemical compound that features several key structural components, each contributing to its biological properties. Let's break down these components and their implications:

1. **Nucleoside Component**: The molecule contains a purine base, specifically an aminopurinyl group, which is a common feature in nucleotides. This suggests that the molecule may be involved in processes related to nucleic acids, such as DNA or RNA synthesis or repair. The presence of the purine base indicates potential roles in cellular signaling or energy transfer, as purines are fundamental in these biological processes.

2. **Phosphate Groups**: The molecule has multiple phosphate groups, which are indicative of its role in energy metabolism. Phosphate groups are crucial in the formation of high-energy bonds, as seen in ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the primary energy currency of the cell. The presence of these groups suggests that the molecule could be involved in energy transfer reactions or act as a substrate in phosphorylation processes.

3. **Sugar Moiety**: The oxolane ring, a five-membered sugar ring, is a characteristic feature of nucleotides. This sugar moiety is essential for the structural integrity of nucleic acids and plays a role in the molecule's ability to interact with other biomolecules, such as enzymes or receptors.

4. **Fatty Acid Component**: The molecule includes a long-chain fatty acid, specifically a 3-hydroxydocos-15-enoyl group. This indicates that the molecule may be involved in lipid metabolism or signaling pathways. Fatty acids are key components of cell membranes and can serve as signaling molecules or energy sources.

5. **Sulfanyl Linkage**: The presence of a sulfanyl (thioether) linkage suggests that the molecule may have roles in redox reactions or serve as a bridge between different molecular components. Sulfur-containing groups are often involved in the stabilization of protein structures or in the modulation of enzyme activity.

6. **Z-Double Bond**: The Z-configuration of the double bond in the fatty acid chain indicates a specific geometric isomerism, which can affect the molecule's interaction with biological membranes or enzymes. This configuration can influence the fluidity and function of cell membranes or the binding affinity to specific proteins.

Overall, the given molecule's structure suggests it could be involved in complex biochemical pathways, potentially acting as an intermediate in nucleotide metabolism, energy transfer, or lipid-related processes. Its structural complexity allows it to participate in various cellular functions, possibly serving as a signaling molecule or a metabolic intermediate.

---

## Molecule 7

**SMILES:** C1=NC2=C(N1[C@H]3[C@@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O3)COP(=O)([O-])OP(=O)([O-])[O-])OP(=O)([O-])OP(=O)([O-])[O-])O)N=C(NC2=O)N

**IUPAC Name:** [[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-oxo-1H-purin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-2-[[oxido(phosphonatooxy)phosphoryl]oxymethyl]oxolan-3-yl]oxy-oxidophosphoryl] phosphate

**Description:** Guanosine 3',5'-bis(diphosphate)(6-) is an organophosphate oxoanion arising from deprotonation of the six diphosphate OH groups of guanosine 3',5'-bis(diphosphate); major species at pH 7. 3. It is a conjugate base of a guanosine 3',5'-bis(diphosphate) and a guanosine 3',5'-bis(diphosphate)(5-).


**Response:** The given molecule is a derivative of guanosine diphosphate (GDP) with an additional phosphate group, making it GDP(4-) with four negative charges. This molecule is a nucleotide, specifically a guanine nucleotide, which plays a crucial role in various biological processes.

### Biological Properties:

1. **Energy Transfer and Storage:**
   - The given molecule, as a nucleotide, is involved in energy transfer within cells. It can participate in phosphorylation reactions, where it acts as an energy donor or acceptor. The additional phosphate group enhances its ability to store and transfer energy.

2. **Signal Transduction:**
   - In cellular signaling, nucleotides like GDP are involved in the regulation of various proteins. The given molecule can bind to specific proteins, influencing their activity and function. This is particularly important in signal transduction pathways where GDP-bound states can inhibit or activate protein functions.

3. **Metabolic Pathways:**
   - The given molecule is likely involved in metabolic pathways where nucleotides serve as substrates or regulators. It can be phosphorylated or dephosphorylated, participating in the synthesis and degradation of nucleotides, which are essential for DNA and RNA synthesis.

4. **Cellular Communication:**
   - As a nucleotide, the given molecule is involved in cellular communication. It can be part of messenger molecules that convey signals across cells, influencing processes such as growth, differentiation, and apoptosis.

5. **Structural Role:**
   - The ribose sugar in the given molecule forms part of the backbone of nucleic acids, contributing to the structural integrity of RNA. The phosphate groups are crucial for the formation of the nucleotide's backbone, which is essential for the stability and function of nucleic acids.

Overall, the given molecule's structure, with its guanine base and multiple phosphate groups, allows it to play a multifaceted role in cellular biochemistry, from energy transfer to signal transduction and structural functions.

---

## Molecule 8

**SMILES:** CC(CC1=CC=C(C=C1)OC)NCC(C2=CC(=C(C=C2)O)NC=O)O

**IUPAC Name:** N-[2-hydroxy-5-[1-hydroxy-2-[1-(4-methoxyphenyl)propan-2-ylamino]ethyl]phenyl]formamide

**Description:** Formoterol is an inhaled beta2-agonist used in the management of COPD and asthma that was first approved for use in the United States in 2001. It acts on bronchial smooth muscle to dilate and relax airways, and is administered as a racemic mixture of its active (R;R)- and inactive (S;S)-enantiomers. A major clinical advantage of formoterol over other inhaled beta-agonists is its rapid onset of action (2-3 minutes), which is at least as fast as [salbutamol], combined with a long duration of action (12 hours) - for this reason, treatment guidelines for asthma recommend its use as both a reliever and maintenance medication. It is available as a single-entity product and in several formulations in combination with both inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting muscarinic antagonists. Formoterol is a long-acting beta-adrenergic receptor agonist with bronchodilator activity. Formoterol selectively binds to beta-2 adrenergic receptors in bronchial smooth muscle, thereby activating intracellular adenyl cyclase, an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cyclic-3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Increased cAMP levels cause relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle, relieve bronchospasms, improve mucociliary clearance and reduce mediator substance release from inflammatory cells, especially from mast cells. An ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTOR AGONIST with a prolonged duration of action. It is used to manage ASTHMA and in the treatment of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.


**Response:** The given molecule, known as Formoterol, exhibits its biological properties primarily through its role as a beta-adrenergic receptor agonist. This means it mimics the action of endogenous catecholamines, such as adrenaline, by binding to beta-adrenergic receptors in the body.

The structure of the given molecule includes several key functional groups that contribute to its biological activity:

1. **Aromatic Ring with Hydroxy Substituents**: The presence of a hydroxy group on the aromatic ring is crucial for the molecule's ability to interact with the beta-adrenergic receptors. This hydroxy group enhances the molecule's solubility and facilitates its binding to the receptor sites.

2. **Methoxyphenyl Group**: The methoxy group on the phenyl ring contributes to the molecule's lipophilicity, which can affect its absorption and distribution in the body. This group also plays a role in the selectivity of the molecule for beta-adrenergic receptors over other adrenergic receptors.

3. **Amino Alcohol Moiety**: The amino alcohol portion of the molecule is essential for its activity as a beta-2 adrenergic agonist. This part of the structure is involved in the formation of hydrogen bonds with the receptor, which is critical for the molecule's binding affinity and specificity.

The biological properties of the given molecule are characterized by its ability to stimulate the beta-2 adrenergic receptors in bronchial smooth muscle. This stimulation leads to an increase in intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels. Elevated cAMP levels result in the activation of protein kinase A, which in turn causes the relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle, thereby improving airflow and reducing bronchospasm.

Additionally, the molecule's ability to inhibit the release of mediators from mast cells contributes to its anti-inflammatory effects. By reducing the release of substances like histamine and leukotrienes, the given molecule helps to alleviate inflammation and bronchoconstriction associated with conditions like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Overall, the structural features of the given molecule are intricately linked to its role as a bronchodilator and its therapeutic effects in respiratory conditions.

---

## Molecule 9

**SMILES:** C([C@@H]1[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]([C@H](O1)O)NS(=O)(=O)O)O)O[C@H]2[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@@H](O2)C(=O)O)O)O)O)OS(=O)(=O)O

**IUPAC Name:** (2R,3S,4S,5R,6R)-6-[(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-4,6-dihydroxy-5-(sulfoamino)-2-(sulfooxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxy-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid

**Description:** HP_dp02_0002 is a heparin disaccharide that is 2N,6-O-disulfo-alpha-D-glucosamine in which the hydroxy group at position 4 has been glycosylated by alpha-L-idopyranuronic acid. Sequence: IdoA-GlcNSO3(6-OSO3). It is a heparin disaccharide, an amino disaccharide and an oligosaccharide sulfate. It is functionally related to a HP_dp02_0003.


**Response:** The given molecule is a disaccharide composed of two sugar units: a 2-O-sulfo-beta-L-idopyranuronic acid linked to a 3-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactopyranuronic acid. This structure is significant in the context of its biological properties, particularly its role as a metabolite.

### Biological Properties:

1. **Sulfation:**
   - The presence of sulfate groups on both sugar units is a key feature. Sulfation increases the molecule's negative charge, which can influence its solubility and interaction with other biological molecules. This is crucial for its role in biological systems, as sulfated sugars often participate in cellular signaling, molecular recognition, and binding processes.

2. **Metabolic Role:**
   - As a metabolite, the given molecule is involved in various metabolic pathways. Sulfated sugars like this one are often intermediates in the biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycans, which are long, unbranched polysaccharides consisting of repeating disaccharide units. These glycosaminoglycans are essential components of the extracellular matrix and play roles in cell signaling, structural integrity, and cellular communication.

3. **Structural Functionality:**
   - The specific configuration of the sugar units, with both being uronic acids, suggests a role in forming structural components of tissues. Uronic acids are commonly found in plant cell walls and are involved in the formation of pectin, which helps maintain cell wall integrity and flexibility.

4. **Potential for Bioactivity:**
   - The sulfated nature of the given molecule may also confer bioactivity, such as anticoagulant properties. Sulfated sugars are known to interact with proteins like anticoagulants, influencing blood coagulation pathways. This makes them potential candidates for therapeutic applications in conditions related to blood clotting.

5. **Interactions with Proteins:**
   - The specific stereochemistry and sulfation pattern of the sugar units can affect how the molecule interacts with proteins. These interactions can modulate enzyme activity, receptor binding, and signal transduction pathways, highlighting the molecule's potential role in cellular communication and regulation.

In summary, the given molecule's biological properties are largely influenced by its sulfation and its role as a disaccharide. These features enable it to participate in critical metabolic processes and potentially influence various biological functions.

---

## Molecule 10

**SMILES:** C[C@H]1[C@@H]([C@H]([C@H]([C@@H](O1)O[C@@H]2[C@H]([C@H](CO[C@H]2OC(=O)[C@]34CCC(C[C@H]3C5=CC[C@H]6[C@]([C@@]5(C[C@H]4O)C)(CC[C@@H]7[C@@]6(C[C@@H]([C@@H](C7(CO)CO)O[C@H]8[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O8)CO)O)O)O)O)C)C)(C)C)O)O)O)O)O[C@H]9[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H](CO9)O)O)O

**IUPAC Name:** [(2S,3R,4S,5S)-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6S)-3,4-dihydroxy-6-methyl-5-[(2S,3R,4S,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-4,5-dihydroxyoxan-2-yl] (4aR,5R,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aR,10R,11S,12aR,14bS)-5,11-dihydroxy-9,9-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2,2,6a,6b,12a-pentamethyl-10-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylate

**Description:** Deapio-platycodin D is a triterpenoid saponin. It has a role as a metabolite. Deapioplatycodin D is a natural product found in Platycodon grandiflorus with data available.


**Response:** The given molecule is a complex natural product that is found in Platycodon grandiflorus, commonly known as the balloon flower. This molecule is characterized by its intricate structure, which includes multiple sugar moieties and a polycyclic core. Let's explore the biological properties based on its structure:

1. **Glycosidic Linkages**: The molecule contains several sugar units, specifically oxane rings, which are indicative of glycosidic linkages. These sugar moieties often play a crucial role in the solubility and bioavailability of natural products. They can also influence the molecule's interaction with biological targets, such as enzymes or receptors, by enhancing its binding affinity or specificity.

2. **Polycyclic Core**: The presence of a polycyclic structure, similar to that found in many steroidal or triterpenoid compounds, suggests that the molecule may have significant biological activity. Such structures are often involved in modulating biological pathways, including anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and anticancer activities. The polycyclic core can interact with various biological targets, potentially affecting cellular signaling pathways.

3. **Hydroxyl Groups**: The multiple hydroxyl groups present in the molecule contribute to its hydrophilicity and can form hydrogen bonds with biological macromolecules. This can enhance the molecule's ability to interact with proteins, enzymes, or nucleic acids, potentially leading to various biological effects such as antioxidant activity or modulation of enzyme activity.

4. **Methyl Groups**: The presence of several methyl groups can influence the molecule's lipophilicity, affecting its ability to cross cell membranes and its overall pharmacokinetic properties. Methyl groups can also play a role in the molecule's interaction with hydrophobic pockets of proteins, which can be crucial for its biological activity.

5. **Carboxylate Group**: The carboxylate group in the molecule can participate in ionic interactions with biological targets, which may be important for its activity. This functional group can also influence the molecule's acidity and solubility, affecting its distribution and metabolism in biological systems.

Overall, the given molecule's structure suggests that it may have diverse biological activities, potentially including anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant effects. These properties are consistent with the traditional uses of Platycodon grandiflorus in herbal medicine, where it is often used for its beneficial effects on respiratory health and immune function.

---

## Molecule 11

**SMILES:** CC1=C(N2C(C(C2=O)NC(=O)C(=NOC)C3=CSC(=N3)N)SC1)C(=O)O

**IUPAC Name:** 7-[[2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-methoxyiminoacetyl]amino]-3-methyl-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid

**Description:** Cefetamet is a semisynthetic, beta-lactamase-stable, third-generation cephalosporin with antibacterial activity. Cefetamet binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall. PBPs are enzymes involved in the terminal stages of assembling the bacterial cell wall and in reshaping the cell wall during growth and division. Inactivation of PBPs interferes with the cross-linkage of peptidoglycan chains necessary for bacterial cell wall strength and rigidity. This results in the weakening of the bacterial cell wall and causes cell lysis.


**Response:** The given molecule, known as cefetamet, is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Its biological properties are primarily derived from its ability to inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis, which is crucial for its antibacterial activity.

The core structure of the given molecule is a beta-lactam ring, which is essential for its antibacterial function. This ring is part of the bicyclic system that includes a thiazolidine ring. The beta-lactam ring interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan, a key component of bacterial cell walls. By binding to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), the given molecule inhibits the cross-linking of peptidoglycan layers, which is necessary for bacterial cell wall strength and rigidity. This inhibition leads to the weakening of the bacterial cell wall, ultimately causing cell lysis and death.

Additionally, the presence of the methoxyimino group in the molecule enhances its stability against beta-lactamases, enzymes produced by some bacteria that can inactivate beta-lactam antibiotics. This stability allows the given molecule to remain effective against a broader range of bacterial infections, including those caused by beta-lactamase-producing strains.

The thiazole ring in the structure contributes to the molecule's ability to penetrate bacterial cells and reach its target sites effectively. The amino group on the thiazole ring can also enhance the molecule's binding affinity to PBPs, further increasing its antibacterial potency.

Overall, the structural features of the given molecule, including the beta-lactam ring, methoxyimino group, and thiazole ring, are integral to its function as a potent antibacterial agent, making it effective against a variety of bacterial infections.

---

## Molecule 12

**SMILES:** CCCCC/C=C\C/C=C\C/C=C\C/C=C\CCCCCC(=O)OC[C@H](CO)OC(=O)CCCCC/C=C\C/C=C\C/C=C\C/C=C\CCCCC

**IUPAC Name:** [(2S)-2-[(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)-docosa-7,10,13,16-tetraenoyl]oxy-3-hydroxypropyl] (7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)-docosa-7,10,13,16-tetraenoate

**Description:** 1,2-di-(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z-docosatetraenoyl)-sn-glycerol is a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol in which the acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as 7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z-docosatetraenoyl. It has a role as a mouse metabolite. It is functionally related to an all-cis-docosa-7,10,13,16-tetraenoic acid.


**Response:** The given molecule is a diglyceride, which is a type of glyceride consisting of two fatty acid chains covalently bonded to a glycerol molecule. In this case, the glycerol backbone is esterified with two polyunsaturated fatty acid chains.

The biological properties of the given molecule are largely influenced by its structure, particularly the presence of multiple double bonds in the fatty acid chains. The presence of these double bonds, specifically in the cis configuration, contributes to the fluidity and flexibility of cell membranes. This is because the kinks introduced by the cis double bonds prevent the fatty acid chains from packing tightly together, which is crucial for maintaining the proper function of cell membranes.

Additionally, the polyunsaturated nature of the fatty acids in the given molecule suggests that it may play a role in signaling pathways and inflammation processes. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are known to be precursors to eicosanoids, which are signaling molecules that have various roles in the body, including the regulation of inflammation and immunity.

Furthermore, diglycerides like the given molecule can serve as intermediates in the biosynthesis of triglycerides and phospholipids, which are essential for energy storage and membrane structure, respectively. They can also act as signaling molecules themselves, influencing metabolic pathways and energy homeostasis.

Overall, the given molecule's structure, with its specific fatty acid composition and glyceride nature, suggests it plays a significant role in maintaining cellular structure, signaling, and metabolic processes.

---

## Molecule 13

**SMILES:** C1CCN[C@@H](C1)C(=O)O

**IUPAC Name:** (2S)-piperidine-2-carboxylic acid

**Description:** L-pipecolic acid is the L-enantiomer of pipecolic acid. It is a metabolite of lysine. It has a role as a human metabolite and a plant metabolite. It is a conjugate base of a L-pipecolate. It is an enantiomer of a D-pipecolic acid. It is a tautomer of a L-pipecolic acid zwitterion.


**Response:** The given molecule, known as D-pipecolic acid, is an interesting compound with several biological properties. It is a non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid, meaning it is not typically incorporated into proteins during translation but can still play significant roles in various biological processes.

One of the primary biological roles of the given molecule is as a plant metabolite. In plants, D-pipecolic acid is involved in the metabolism of lysine, an essential amino acid. It is formed through the transamination of pipecolic acid, which is a cyclic amino acid. This process is part of the lysine catabolism pathway, where lysine is broken down to produce energy and other metabolites. The presence of D-pipecolic acid in plants is often used as a biomarker for certain metabolic disorders, such as lysine catabolism defects.

Additionally, the given molecule has been identified in various organisms, including humans, where it is found in the urine and cerebrospinal fluid. In humans, D-pipecolic acid is considered a biomarker for peroxisomal disorders. These disorders affect the proper functioning of peroxisomes, which are organelles involved in the breakdown and metabolism of certain molecules. Elevated levels of D-pipecolic acid in the urine and cerebrospinal fluid can indicate issues with peroxisomal function, as these disorders can lead to an accumulation of lysine catabolites, including D-pipecolic acid.

Overall, the given molecule's role as a plant metabolite and its association with peroxisomal disorders highlight its importance in both plant metabolism and human health.

---

## Molecule 14

**SMILES:** CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2C(C(C(OC2OC3=C(OC4=CC(=CC(=C4C3=O)O)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)C)O)O)O)C6=CC(=C(C=C6)O)O)CO)O)O)O)O)O

**IUPAC Name:** 3-[4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-(3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl)oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-7-(3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl)oxychromen-4-one

**Description:** Flavonol base + 4O, O-dHex, O-Hex-dHex is a natural product found in Lotus edulis and Vicia faba with data available.


**Response:** The given molecule is a complex flavonoid glycoside, which is a type of polyphenolic compound. Flavonoids are known for their diverse biological activities, primarily due to their antioxidant properties. The structure of the given molecule includes several key features that contribute to its biological properties:

1. **Flavonoid Core**: The chromen-4-one structure is a hallmark of flavonoids, which are known for their ability to scavenge free radicals and reduce oxidative stress. This antioxidant activity is crucial in protecting cells from damage, which can lead to various diseases, including cancer and cardiovascular disorders.

2. **Hydroxyl Groups**: The presence of multiple hydroxyl groups, particularly on the phenyl and chromen rings, enhances the molecule's ability to donate hydrogen atoms, further contributing to its antioxidant capacity. These hydroxyl groups can also interact with proteins and enzymes, potentially modulating their activity and influencing various biological pathways.

3. **Glycosidic Linkages**: The molecule contains glycosidic bonds, linking sugar moieties to the flavonoid core. These sugar units can influence the solubility, stability, and bioavailability of the molecule. Glycosides often have improved water solubility, which can affect how the molecule is absorbed and metabolized in biological systems.

4. **Antimicrobial and Anti-inflammatory Properties**: Flavonoid glycosides, like the given molecule, are often associated with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. The hydroxyl groups and glycosidic linkages can interact with microbial cell walls or inflammatory pathways, potentially inhibiting the growth of pathogens or reducing inflammation.

5. **Potential Health Benefits**: Due to its structure, the given molecule may exhibit other health-promoting properties, such as cardioprotective effects, neuroprotective actions, and modulation of enzyme activities related to metabolic processes.

Overall, the combination of the flavonoid core, hydroxyl groups, and glycosidic linkages in the given molecule contributes to its potential as a bioactive compound with antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. These properties make it a valuable natural product with potential therapeutic applications.

---

## Molecule 15

**SMILES:** C1[C@@H]2[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H](O2)O)OC(=O)C3=CC(=C(C(=C3OC4=C(C(=C5C(=C4)C(=O)OC[C@@H]6[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]([C@H](O6)OC(=O)C7=CC(=C(C(=C7)O)O)O)OC(=O)C8=CC(=C(C(=C8)O)O)O)OC(=O)C9=CC(=C(C(=C9)O)O)O)OC(=O)C2=CC(=C(C(=C25)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)OC(=O)C2=CC(=C(C(=C2)O)O)O)OC(=O)C2=CC(=C(C(=C2C2=C(C(=C(C=C2C(=O)O1)O)O)O)O)O)O

**IUPAC Name:** [(10R,11S,12R,13R,15R)-3,4,5,13,21,22,23-heptahydroxy-8,18-dioxo-11-(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoyl)oxy-9,14,17-trioxatetracyclo[17.4.0.02,7.010,15]tricosa-1(23),2,4,6,19,21-hexaen-12-yl] 3,4,5-trihydroxy-2-[[(10R,11S,12R,13R,15R)-3,4,5,22,23-pentahydroxy-8,18-dioxo-11,12,13-tris[(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoyl)oxy]-9,14,17-trioxatetracyclo[17.4.0.02,7.010,15]tricosa-1(23),2,4,6,19,21-hexaen-21-yl]oxy]benzoate

**Description:** [(10R,11S,12R,13R,15R)-3,4,5,13,21,22,23-heptahydroxy-8,18-dioxo-11-(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoyl)oxy-9,14,17-trioxatetracyclo[17. 4. 0. 02,7. 010,15]tricosa-1(23),2,4,6,19,21-hexaen-12-yl] 3,4,5-trihydroxy-2-[[(10R,11S,12R,13R,15R)-3,4,5,22,23-pentahydroxy-8,18-dioxo-11,12,13-tris[(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoyl)oxy]-9,14,17-trioxatetracyclo[17. 4. 0. 02,7. 010,15]tricosa-1(23),2,4,6,19,21-hexaen-21-yl]oxy]benzoate is a natural product found in Woodfordia fruticosa with data available.


**Response:** The given molecule is a complex natural product with a highly intricate structure, characterized by multiple hydroxyl groups and ester linkages. It is found in the plant Cornus officinalis, which is known for its medicinal properties.

### Biological Properties:

1. **Antioxidant Activity**: The presence of multiple hydroxyl groups, particularly the trihydroxybenzoyl moieties, suggests that the given molecule has strong antioxidant properties. These hydroxyl groups can donate hydrogen atoms to neutralize free radicals, thereby reducing oxidative stress in biological systems.

2. **Anti-inflammatory Effects**: The structure of the given molecule, with its polyphenolic components, is indicative of potential anti-inflammatory properties. Polyphenols are known to inhibit enzymes and pathways involved in inflammation, such as cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) pathways.

3. **Antimicrobial Activity**: The given molecule's complex structure, including its ester linkages and aromatic rings, may contribute to antimicrobial properties. Such compounds can disrupt microbial cell membranes or interfere with microbial enzyme systems, leading to the inhibition of bacterial or fungal growth.

4. **Potential Anticancer Properties**: The presence of multiple aromatic rings and hydroxyl groups can also suggest potential anticancer properties. These features allow the molecule to interact with various cellular targets, potentially inducing apoptosis in cancer cells or inhibiting cell proliferation.

5. **Cardioprotective Effects**: The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of the given molecule may also confer cardioprotective effects. By reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, it can help in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases.

6. **Neuroprotective Effects**: The antioxidant nature of the given molecule may also provide neuroprotective effects. It can help in protecting neuronal cells from oxidative damage, which is a contributing factor in neurodegenerative diseases.

Overall, the given molecule's complex structure, rich in hydroxyl groups and aromatic rings, underpins its diverse biological activities, making it a compound of interest for therapeutic applications.

---

## Molecule 16

**SMILES:** CC(C)C(=O)SCCNC(=O)CCNC(=O)[C@@H](C(C)(C)COP(=O)(O)OP(=O)(O)OC[C@@H]1[C@H]([C@H]([C@@H](O1)N2C=NC3=C(N=CN=C32)N)O)OP(=O)(O)O)O

**IUPAC Name:** S-[2-[3-[[(2R)-4-[[[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-3-phosphonooxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanoyl]amino]propanoylamino]ethyl] 2-methylpropanethioate

**Description:** Isobutyryl-CoA is a short-chain, methyl-branched fatty acyl-CoA that is the S-isobutyryl derivative of coenzyme A. It has a role as a human metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is a short-chain fatty acyl-CoA and a methyl-branched fatty acyl-CoA. It is functionally related to a coenzyme A and an isobutyric acid. It is a conjugate acid of an isobutyryl-CoA(4-).


**Response:** The given molecule is a derivative of coenzyme A (CoA) that has been modified to include a 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanoyl group. This modification is significant because it influences the molecule's biological properties and its role in metabolic pathways.

### Biological Properties:

1. **Role in Metabolism:**
   - The given molecule is involved in the metabolism of branched-chain fatty acids. The presence of the 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanoyl group indicates its role in the degradation of isoleucine, a branched-chain amino acid. This is crucial for energy production, especially in muscle and liver tissues.

2. **Coenzyme A Derivative:**
   - As a CoA derivative, the molecule participates in acyl group transfer reactions. CoA is a key cofactor in the metabolism of fatty acids, amino acids, and carbohydrates. The thiol group of CoA forms a thioester bond with the acyl group, which is essential for the activation and subsequent transfer of the acyl group in various biochemical reactions.

3. **Energy Metabolism:**
   - The given molecule is involved in the generation of acetyl-CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) for energy production. The breakdown of branched-chain amino acids like isoleucine results in the formation of this molecule, which then contributes to the production of ATP, the energy currency of the cell.

4. **Regulation of Metabolic Pathways:**
   - The presence of the 2-hydroxy group in the acyl moiety suggests a role in the regulation of metabolic pathways. This hydroxyl group can influence the reactivity and solubility of the molecule, affecting how it interacts with enzymes and other cellular components.

5. **Enzyme Interaction:**
   - The given molecule likely interacts with specific enzymes that recognize the branched-chain structure. These enzymes are crucial for the proper functioning of the branched-chain amino acid degradative pathways, ensuring efficient energy production and metabolic regulation.

In summary, the given molecule plays a vital role in energy metabolism and the catabolism of branched-chain amino acids, contributing to the regulation of energy homeostasis in cells. Its structure, particularly the 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanoyl group, is essential for its function in these metabolic pathways.

---

## Molecule 17

**SMILES:** CC(C)[C@]\1(CCC2=C[C@@H](CC(=C)[C@H](CC[C@](/C=C1)(C)O)O)OC2=O)O

**IUPAC Name:** (4S,5E,7S,10S,13R)-4,7,10-trihydroxy-7-methyl-11-methylidene-4-propan-2-yl-14-oxabicyclo[11.2.1]hexadeca-1(16),5-dien-15-one

**Description:** Rel-(-)-(1S,4S,7S,10R)-1,4,7-trihydroxycembra-2E,8-(19),11Z-trien-20,10-olide is a cembrane diterpenoid that is cembra-2E,8-(19),11Z-trien-20,10-olide substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 4 and 7. It has been isolated from the leaves of Croton gratissimus. It has a role as a metabolite. It is a cembrane diterpenoid, a diterpene lactone, a macrocycle and a triol.


**Response:** The given molecule is a natural product isolated from the plant Croton gratissimus. Its structure is characterized by a complex bicyclic framework with multiple functional groups, including hydroxyl groups, a methylidene group, and a ketone group. These features contribute to its biological properties.

1. **Hydroxyl Groups**: The presence of three hydroxyl groups in the given molecule suggests potential for hydrogen bonding, which can influence its solubility and interaction with biological targets. Hydroxyl groups are often involved in the formation of hydrogen bonds with enzymes or receptors, which can modulate biological activity.

2. **Methylidene Group**: The methylidene group introduces a site of unsaturation, which can be reactive. This group may participate in various chemical reactions, such as Michael additions, which can be important in biological pathways or in the modulation of enzyme activity.

3. **Ketone Group**: The ketone group is a polar functional group that can also engage in hydrogen bonding. It can act as a hydrogen bond acceptor, which is crucial for the interaction with biological macromolecules. Ketones are often involved in enzymatic reactions, serving as electrophilic centers that can be attacked by nucleophiles.

4. **Bicyclic Structure**: The bicyclic framework provides a rigid structure that can influence the molecule's ability to fit into specific biological sites, such as enzyme active sites or receptor binding pockets. This rigidity can enhance specificity and affinity for certain biological targets.

5. **Methyl and Isopropyl Groups**: These alkyl groups contribute to the hydrophobic character of the molecule, which can affect its ability to cross cell membranes and its distribution within the body. They can also influence the molecule's interaction with hydrophobic pockets in proteins.

Overall, the combination of these functional groups and structural features suggests that the given molecule may have significant biological activity, potentially including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, or other pharmacological effects. Its natural origin from Croton gratissimus also suggests it may play a role in the plant's defense mechanisms or other physiological processes.

---

## Molecule 18

**SMILES:** CCCCCCCCCCNCCN[C@]1(C[C@@H](O[C@H]([C@H]1O)C)O[C@@H]2[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O[C@H]2OC3=C4C=C5C=C3OC6=C(C=C(C=C6)[C@H]([C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H]5C(=O)N[C@@H]7C8=CC(=C(C=C8)O)C9=C(C(=C(C=C9[C@H](NC(=O)[C@H]([C@@H](C1=CC(=C(O4)C=C1)Cl)O)NC7=O)C(=O)O)O)CNCP(=O)(O)O)O)CC(=O)N)NC(=O)[C@@H](CC(C)C)NC)O)Cl)CO)O)O)C

**IUPAC Name:** (1S,2R,18R,19R,22S,25R,28R,40S)-22-(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-5,15-dichloro-48-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3-[(2S,4S,5S,6S)-4-[2-(decylamino)ethylamino]-5-hydroxy-4,6-dimethyloxan-2-yl]oxy-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-2,18,32,35,37-pentahydroxy-19-[[(2R)-4-methyl-2-(methylamino)pentanoyl]amino]-20,23,26,42,44-pentaoxo-36-[(phosphonomethylamino)methyl]-7,13-dioxa-21,24,27,41,43-pentazaoctacyclo[26.14.2.23,6.214,17.18,12.129,33.010,25.034,39]pentaconta-3,5,8(48),9,11,14,16,29(45),30,32,34,36,38,46,49-pentadecaene-40-carboxylic acid

**Description:** Telavancin is a glycopeptide that is vancomycin substituted at position N-3'' by a 2-(decylamino)ethyl group and at position C-29 by a (phosphonomethyl)aminomethyl group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of adults with complicated skin and skin structure infections caused by bacteria. It has a role as an antibacterial drug and an antimicrobial agent. It is functionally related to a vancomycin. Telavancin is a semi-synthetic derivative of vanocymycin that has bactericidal activity against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and other gram-positive bacteria. MRSA is an important pathogen capable of causing hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), and skin and subcutaneous tissue infections among others. Telavancin is a Lipoglycopeptide Antibacterial.


**Response:** The given molecule, known as daptomycin, is a cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic with a complex structure that contributes to its unique biological properties. Its primary function is to combat Gram-positive bacterial infections, particularly those caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE).

### Biological Properties:

1. **Mechanism of Action:**
   - The given molecule acts by binding to the bacterial cell membrane. It inserts itself into the lipid bilayer of the membrane, where it forms a complex with calcium ions. This interaction disrupts the cell membrane's integrity, leading to cell lysis and death. This mechanism is distinct from other antibiotics, which typically target intracellular components.

2. **Resistance to Beta-Lactamase:**
   - Unlike beta-lactam antibiotics, the given molecule is resistant to degradation by beta-lactamase enzymes. This resistance is due to its cyclic structure and the presence of multiple rings, which do not resemble the beta-lactam ring that beta-lactamases target.

3. **Lack of Cross-Resistance:**
   - The given molecule does not cross-resist with other antibiotics, meaning that bacteria that develop resistance to one class of antibiotics may still be susceptible to daptomycin. This is particularly important in treating resistant bacterial strains.

4. **Limited Tissue Penetration:**
   - Due to its large size and hydrophobic nature, the given molecule does not penetrate tissues effectively. This limits its use to treating infections that are localized to the site of administration, such as skin and soft tissue infections. It is not suitable for treating systemic infections or those requiring deeper tissue penetration.

5. **Induction of Cell Lysis:**
   - The given molecule induces cell lysis by causing depolarization of the bacterial cell membrane. This is achieved through its interaction with the membrane, leading to a loss of cellular integrity and eventual cell death.

6. **Safety Profile:**
   - The given molecule is generally well-tolerated, with a low incidence of liver enzyme elevations during therapy. However, it can cause rare instances of clinically apparent liver injury, which is a consideration for patients receiving long-term therapy.

7. **Use in Specific Infections:**
   - It is particularly effective in treating infections caused by resistant strains like MRSA and VRE. Its use is also indicated for complicated skin and soft tissue infections, endocarditis, and bacteremia, where other antibiotics may be ineffective.

In summary, the given molecule's unique cyclic structure and mechanism of action make it an effective option for treating specific, localized infections caused by resistant Gram-positive bacteria. Its limitations in tissue penetration and potential for liver injury are important considerations in its clinical use.

---

## Molecule 19

**SMILES:** C([C@@H]1[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]([C@H](O1)O[C@@H]2[C@H](O[C@@H]([C@@H]([C@H]2O)O)O[C@@H]3[C@H](OC([C@@H]([C@H]3O)O)O)CO)CO)O)O)O)O

**IUPAC Name:** (2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[(2R,3S,4R,5R,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol

**Description:** Alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-D-Glcp is a maltotriose trisaccharide in which the glucose residue at the reducing end is in the pyranose form. It is a maltotriose trisaccharide and a glucotriose. Maltotriose is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Amylotriose is a natural product found in Allium sativum, Cyttaria darwinii, and Aureobasidium pullulans with data available.


**Response:** The given molecule is an oligosaccharide, which is a type of carbohydrate composed of a small number of monosaccharide units linked together. The structure of the given molecule suggests it is a complex sugar, likely a trisaccharide or tetrasaccharide, given the multiple sugar rings and hydroxyl groups present.

### Biological Properties:

1. **Energy Source**: Oligosaccharides can serve as a source of energy. They can be broken down into simpler sugars, such as glucose, which are then utilized by cells for energy production through metabolic pathways like glycolysis.

2. **Prebiotic Activity**: Many oligosaccharides are known for their prebiotic properties. They can promote the growth of beneficial gut bacteria, such as Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli, which contribute to a healthy gut microbiome. This can enhance digestion, improve nutrient absorption, and boost the immune system.

3. **Cell Recognition and Signaling**: Oligosaccharides are often found on the surface of cells, where they play a crucial role in cell recognition and signaling. They can be involved in cell-cell communication, pathogen recognition, and immune response modulation. This is particularly important in the context of glycoproteins and glycolipids on cell membranes.

4. **Structural Role**: In some biological systems, oligosaccharides contribute to the structural integrity of cells and tissues. They can be part of glycosaminoglycans or proteoglycans, which are essential for maintaining the extracellular matrix and providing structural support to tissues.

5. **Hydration and Lubrication**: Oligosaccharides can also contribute to the hydration and lubrication of tissues. They are often found in mucus, which protects and lubricates surfaces such as the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts.

Overall, the given molecule, as an oligosaccharide, is likely to play multiple roles in biological systems, from energy metabolism to cellular communication and structural support. Its specific biological activity would depend on its exact structure and the context in which it is found within an organism.

---

## Molecule 20

**SMILES:** C[C@]12CC[C@@H](C([C@@H]1CC[C@@]3([C@@H]2CC=C4[C@]3(CC[C@@]5([C@H]4C[C@@](C[C@H]5O)(C)C(=O)O)C)C)C)(C)C)O

**IUPAC Name:** (2R,4R,4aR,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aR,10S,12aR,14bS)-4,10-dihydroxy-2,4a,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-2-carboxylic acid

**Description:** Triptotriterpenic acid B is a pentacyclic triterpenoid with formula C30H48O4, originally isolated from Tripterygium hypoglaucum. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a diol, a hydroxy monocarboxylic acid and a pentacyclic triterpenoid. It derives from a hydride of an oleanane.


**Response:** The given molecule is a complex natural product with a polycyclic structure, specifically a derivative of picene. It is characterized by multiple chiral centers and functional groups, including hydroxyl groups and a carboxylic acid group. These features contribute to its biological properties.

1. **Polycyclic Structure**: The polycyclic framework of the given molecule is typical of many natural products that exhibit significant biological activity. Such structures often interact with biological macromolecules, such as proteins and enzymes, through hydrophobic interactions and van der Waals forces. This can lead to various biological effects, including modulation of enzyme activity or receptor binding.

2. **Hydroxyl Groups**: The presence of hydroxyl groups in the given molecule increases its polarity and potential for hydrogen bonding. This can enhance its solubility in aqueous environments and facilitate interactions with biological targets. Hydroxyl groups can also participate in redox reactions, which may be relevant in biological pathways involving oxidative stress or detoxification.

3. **Carboxylic Acid Group**: The carboxylic acid group is a key functional group that can ionize under physiological conditions, contributing to the molecule's solubility and reactivity. This group can form ionic bonds with positively charged sites on proteins or other biomolecules, influencing the molecule's binding affinity and specificity. Additionally, carboxylic acids are often involved in metabolic pathways, such as those related to energy production or biosynthesis.

4. **Chirality**: The multiple chiral centers in the given molecule suggest that it can exist in various stereoisomeric forms, each potentially having different biological activities. The specific stereochemistry can affect how the molecule fits into enzyme active sites or receptor binding pockets, influencing its potency and selectivity.

5. **Natural Product Origin**: As a natural product found in *Acanthothamnus aphyllus*, the given molecule may have evolved to serve specific ecological roles, such as defense against herbivores or pathogens. Natural products often exhibit a range of biological activities, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, or anticancer properties, due to their complex structures and interactions with biological systems.

Overall, the given molecule's structure suggests it could have diverse biological activities, potentially making it a candidate for further pharmacological studies or as a lead compound in drug development.

---

## Molecule 21

**SMILES:** C[C@H]1CC[C@H]2[C@H]1C(=O)OC=C2C

**IUPAC Name:** (4aS,7S,7aS)-4,7-dimethyl-5,6,7,7a-tetrahydro-4aH-cyclopenta[c]pyran-1-one

**Description:** Trans-cis-nepetalactone is a cyclopentapyran that is (4aS,7aS)-1,4a,5,6,7,7a-hexahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran substituted at position 1 by an oxo group and at positions 4 and 7 by methyl groups, respectively (the 4aS,7S,7aS-diastereomer). An iridoid monoterpenoid isolated from several Nepeta plant species. It exhibits potent repellant activity against house dust mites and mosquitoes. It has a role as an insect repellent, a plant metabolite, an antibacterial agent and an antifungal agent. It is an iridoid monoterpenoid and a cyclopentapyran. Nepetalactone trans-cis-form is a natural product found in Nepeta nepetella, Nepeta cataria, and other organisms with data available.


**Response:** The given molecule is a cyclopentapyranone derivative, characterized by a bicyclic structure that includes a cyclopentane ring fused to a pyran ring. This structure is further modified by the presence of methyl groups and a ketone functional group. The stereochemistry of the molecule is specified by the (4aR,7R,7aR) configuration, indicating the spatial arrangement of the atoms, which is crucial for its biological activity.

The presence of the cyclopentapyranone core is significant in the context of its biological properties. This type of structure is often found in natural products that exhibit various biological activities, such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, or antioxidant properties. The specific stereochemistry of the given molecule can influence its interaction with biological targets, such as enzymes or receptors, which can lead to specific biological effects.

In the case of the given molecule, it is found in Nepeta cataria, commonly known as catnip. Catnip contains a variety of volatile compounds, including monoterpenoids like nepetalactone, which are known to have a significant effect on cats. While the given molecule itself may not be directly responsible for the catnip effect, its presence in the plant suggests it could contribute to the overall profile of bioactive compounds. Additionally, the structural features of the given molecule, such as the ketone group, may play a role in its reactivity and interaction with other molecules, potentially influencing its solubility, stability, and ability to cross biological membranes.

Overall, the biological properties of the given molecule are likely influenced by its structural features, including the bicyclic framework, stereochemistry, and functional groups, which together determine its role and activity within the plant and its potential effects in biological systems.

---

## Molecule 22

**SMILES:** C1[C@H]([C@H](OC2=C1C(=CC(=C2[C@@H]3[C@H]([C@H](OC4=C3C(=CC(=C4[C@@H]5[C@H]([C@H](OC6=C(C(=CC(=C56)O)O)[C@@H]7[C@H]([C@H](OC8=CC(=CC(=C78)O)O)C9=CC(=C(C=C9)O)O)O)C1=CC(=C(C=C1)O)O)O)O)O)C1=CC(=C(C=C1)O)O)O)O)O)C1=CC(=C(C=C1)O)O)O

**IUPAC Name:** (2R,3R,4R)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4-[(2R,3R,4S)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4-[(2R,3R)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-8-yl]-3,5,7-trihydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-8-yl]-8-[(2R,3R,4R)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-4-yl]-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromene-3,5,7-triol

**Description:** Cinnamtannin A2 is a proanthocyanidin isolated from Cinnamomum cassia. It has a role as a plant metabolite. Cinnamtannin A2 is a natural product found in Cinnamomum iners, Cinnamomum aromaticum, and other organisms with data available.


**Response:** The given molecule is a complex polyphenolic compound, characterized by multiple hydroxyphenyl groups and chromene structures. This type of molecule is often found in plants and is known for its antioxidant properties. The presence of multiple dihydroxyphenyl groups suggests that the molecule can effectively scavenge free radicals, thereby reducing oxidative stress in biological systems. This is a common feature of many natural polyphenols, which are known to contribute to the health benefits associated with diets rich in fruits and vegetables.

The chromene structures in the given molecule are indicative of its potential role in modulating enzyme activity and interacting with various biological targets. These structures can enhance the molecule's ability to interact with proteins and other macromolecules, potentially leading to anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities. The multiple hydroxyl groups increase the molecule's solubility in water, which can facilitate its absorption and distribution in biological systems.

In the context of its natural occurrence in Davallia mariesii, the given molecule may play a role in the plant's defense mechanisms against environmental stressors, pathogens, or herbivores. Additionally, compounds like this are often explored for their potential therapeutic applications in human health, particularly in the prevention and treatment of diseases related to oxidative damage and inflammation.

---

## Molecule 23

**SMILES:** [Cl-]

**IUPAC Name:** chloride

**Description:** Chloride is a halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion. It has a role as a human metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a cofactor. It is a halide anion and a monoatomic chlorine. It is a conjugate base of a hydrogen chloride. Chloride is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Chloride Ion is a chlorine anion that forms the negatively charged part of certain salts, including sodium and hydrogen chloride salts, and is an essential electrolyte located in all body fluids responsible for maintaining acid/base balance, transmitting nerve impulses and regulating fluid in and out of cells. Chloride is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Inorganic compounds derived from hydrochloric acid that contain the Cl- ion.


**Response:** The given molecule, being the hydron, is simply a proton, or hydrogen ion (H⁺). This small cation is not a molecule but rather a single ion. Its biological properties are primarily related to its role in various biochemical processes, particularly in the context of acid-base chemistry within biological systems.

The hydron plays a crucial role in maintaining the acid-base balance in biological systems. It is involved in the buffering capacity of the blood and other bodily fluids, helping to neutralize excess acids or bases. This is essential for maintaining the pH of the body, which is tightly regulated around a neutral pH of approximately 7.4.

Furthermore, the hydron is a key player in enzymatic reactions, where it can act as a proton donor or acceptor. This property is vital in many metabolic pathways, including those involving the transfer of protons across membranes, which is a fundamental aspect of cellular respiration and energy production.

In addition, the hydron is involved in the formation and breakdown of various biomolecules. It participates in the synthesis and hydrolysis of nucleic acids and proteins, influencing genetic expression and protein function. Its ability to form hydrogen bonds also contributes to the stability and structure of these biomolecules.

Overall, the biological properties of the hydron are integral to numerous physiological processes, underscoring its importance in maintaining homeostasis and facilitating biochemical reactions.

---

## Molecule 24

**SMILES:** CC1=C(NN=C1)C(=O)O

**IUPAC Name:** 4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxylic acid

**Description:** 4-methyl-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid is a memebr of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole with methyl and carboxylic acid group substituents at positions 4 and 3 respectively. It has a role as a metabolite. It is a member of pyrazoles and a monocarboxylic acid. It derives from a hydride of a 1H-pyrazole.


**Response:** The given molecule is a derivative of pyrazole, a five-membered heterocyclic compound containing two nitrogen atoms. The presence of the pyrazole ring is significant because pyrazoles are known for their diverse biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antimicrobial properties. 

The methyl group attached to the pyrazole ring can influence the molecule's lipophilicity, potentially enhancing its ability to cross cell membranes and interact with biological targets. This modification can also affect the molecule's binding affinity to enzymes or receptors, potentially altering its biological activity.

The carboxylic acid group is another critical feature. This functional group is known for its ability to form hydrogen bonds, which can be crucial for the molecule's interaction with biological macromolecules such as proteins and enzymes. The carboxylic acid group can also ionize, which may affect the molecule's solubility and its ability to be absorbed or transported in biological systems.

Overall, the combination of the pyrazole ring, the methyl group, and the carboxylic acid group in the given molecule suggests potential biological activities that could be explored for therapeutic applications. The exact biological properties would depend on how these structural features interact with specific biological targets.

---

## Molecule 25

**SMILES:** CC(C)[N+]1([C@@H]2CC[C@H]1CC(C2)OC(=O)[C@@H](CO)C3=CC=CC=C3)C

**IUPAC Name:** [(1R,5S)-8-methyl-8-propan-2-yl-8-azoniabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl] (2R)-3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate

**Description:** Ipratropium is an Anticholinergic. The mechanism of action of ipratropium is as a Cholinergic Antagonist. Ipratropium is a synthetic anticholinergic agent that is used as an inhalant for treatment of acute bronchospasm due to chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Ipratropium has not been implicated in causing liver enzyme elevations or clinically apparent acute liver injury.


**Response:** The given molecule, known as ipratropium, is a synthetic quaternary ammonium compound with anticholinergic properties. Its biological properties are primarily derived from its structural components, which allow it to act as a bronchodilator.

1. **Quaternary Ammonium Structure**: The presence of the quaternary ammonium group in the given molecule is crucial for its biological activity. This positively charged group enhances the molecule's ability to interact with muscarinic receptors in the body. By binding to these receptors, the molecule effectively blocks the action of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that can cause bronchoconstriction (narrowing of the airways). This blockade is what leads to the relaxation of the smooth muscles in the bronchial passages, thereby improving airflow and reducing symptoms of bronchospasm.

2. **Anticholinergic Activity**: As an anticholinergic agent, the given molecule inhibits the action of acetylcholine on muscarinic receptors in the respiratory tract. This inhibition is responsible for its ability to act as a bronchodilator, making it effective in treating conditions like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). By preventing acetylcholine from causing bronchoconstriction, the molecule helps to alleviate symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath.

3. **Muscarinic Receptor Antagonism**: The given molecule's ability to act as a muscarinic antagonist is due to its structural configuration, which allows it to fit into and block the muscarinic receptors effectively. This action is specific to the respiratory tract, with minimal systemic absorption, which reduces the risk of systemic side effects.

4. **Local Action**: The given molecule is designed for local action in the respiratory tract. Its quaternary ammonium structure limits its ability to cross lipid membranes, such as the blood-brain barrier, which contributes to its localized effects and reduced systemic side effects.

Overall, the biological properties of the given molecule are closely tied to its structural features, which enable it to act as a bronchodilator by blocking acetylcholine receptors in the respiratory tract, thereby providing relief from bronchospasm symptoms.

---

## Molecule 26

**SMILES:** C[C@H]1C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H]2CSSC[C@H]3C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](CSSC[C@H]4C(=O)NCC(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CSSC[C@@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N1)CCSC)CCC(=O)N)CC5=CNC=N5)CC(=O)O)[C@@H](C)O)[C@@H](C)O)CC6=CC=CC=C6)NC(=O)[C@@H]7CCCN7C(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CSSC[C@@H](C(=O)N4)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC2=O)CC(=O)O)CC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCSC)N)CCSC)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)NCC(=O)N8CCC[C@H]8C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N3)CCC(=O)N)CC9=CC=C(C=C9)O)CCCCN)CCCNC(=N)N)CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)N)CC(C)C)CCCCN)CCCNC(=N)N

**IUPAC Name:** 2-[(1R,4R,5aS,8aS,9R,12S,17aS,18S,20aS,21R,24S,27S,30S,33S,36S,39S,42S,45S,48S,51S,54R,59R,62S,65S,74S,77R,80S,86S,92S)-51,80,92-tris(4-aminobutyl)-5a-[[(2S)-1-amino-5-carbamimidamido-1-oxopentan-2-yl]carbamoyl]-9-[[(2S)-2-amino-4-methylsulfanylbutanoyl]amino]-39,62-bis(3-amino-3-oxopropyl)-24-benzyl-48,86-bis(3-carbamimidamidopropyl)-20a,33-bis(carboxymethyl)-27,30-bis[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-74-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-36-(1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)-45-methyl-8a-(2-methylpropyl)-12,42-bis(2-methylsulfanylethyl)-a,3,7a,10,10a,13,15a,18a,19,21a,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,61,64,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97-tritriacontaoxo-2a,3a,6,7,12a,13a,56,57-octathia-2,6a,9a,11,14,16a,19a,20,22a,23,26,29,32,35,38,41,44,47,50,53,60,63,69,72,75,78,81,84,87,90,93,96,99-tritriacontazahexacyclo[57.41.10.84,54.421,77.014,18.065,69]docosahectan-17a-yl]acetic acid

**Description:** Chlorotoxin is under investigation in clinical trial NCT00733798 (A Safety and Efficacy Study of Intravenous 131I-TM601 in Adult Patients With Malignant Melanoma). Chlorotoxin is a peptide toxin produced by the Egyptian scorpion (Leiurus quinquestriatus quinquestriatus). It blocks small-conductance chloride channels. The fact that Chlorotoxin binds preferentially to glioma cells compared with non-neoplastic cells or normal brain cells has allowed the development of new methods for the treatment and diagnosis of several types of cancer. (L1043)


**Response:** The given molecule, known as Veldesine, is a complex polypeptide with notable biological properties, primarily due to its role as a protein synthesis inhibitor. This molecule is derived from a natural product found in the bacterium Streptomyces clavuligerus and is characterized by its intricate structure, which includes multiple functional groups and a large number of amino acid residues.

### Biological Properties:

1. **Protein Synthesis Inhibition:**
   - The given molecule acts as an inhibitor of protein synthesis, which is crucial for its antitumor activity. By inhibiting protein synthesis, it disrupts the production of essential proteins required for tumor cell growth and proliferation. This makes it effective in treating certain types of cancer, such as lung cancer.

2. **Antitumor Activity:**
   - As an antineoplastic agent, the given molecule interferes with the proliferation of cancer cells. Its ability to inhibit protein synthesis is particularly effective in disrupting the cellular machinery that cancer cells rely on for rapid growth and division.

3. **Antibacterial and Antifungal Properties:**
   - The given molecule also exhibits antibacterial and antifungal activities. This is consistent with its origin from Streptomyces clavuligerus, a genus known for producing antibiotics. The presence of multiple functional groups, such as hydroxyl, amino, and carbamoyl groups, contributes to its ability to interact with and disrupt microbial cell processes.

4. **Immunosuppressive Effects:**
   - The given molecule can also suppress the immune system, which is beneficial in certain cancer therapies where reducing immune response is necessary to prevent tumor rejection. This property is particularly useful in conditions where the immune system may otherwise attack the tumor cells.

5. **Potential Neurotoxicity:**
   - While effective as an antitumor agent, the given molecule has been associated with neurotoxicity, which is a common issue with many chemotherapeutic agents. This is likely due to its ability to affect protein synthesis in neural tissues, leading to adverse effects on the nervous system.

### Structure-Activity Relationship:

- The complex polypeptide structure of the given molecule, with its numerous amino acid residues, allows it to interact with various biological targets. The presence of functional groups such as hydroxyl, amino, and carbamoyl groups facilitates binding to specific sites on proteins or enzymes, inhibiting their function.
- The presence of sulfur-containing groups, such as thioether linkages, may contribute to its stability and ability to form disulfide bridges, which are important for maintaining the structural integrity of the molecule and its biological activity.

In summary, the given molecule's biological properties are closely tied to its complex polypeptide structure, which enables it to inhibit protein synthesis and exhibit antitumor, antibacterial, and antifungal activities. However, its effectiveness is balanced by potential neurotoxicity, a common challenge in chemotherapeutic agents.

---

## Molecule 27

**SMILES:** CC/C=C\C/C=C\C/C=C\CCCCCCCC(=O)O

**IUPAC Name:** (9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoic acid

**Description:** Linolenic acid is a clear colorless liquid. (NTP, 1992) Alpha-linolenic acid is a linolenic acid with cis-double bonds at positions 9, 12 and 15. Shown to have an antithrombotic effect. It has a role as a micronutrient, a nutraceutical and a mouse metabolite. It is an omega-3 fatty acid and a linolenic acid. It is a conjugate acid of an alpha-linolenate and a (9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoate. Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is a polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acid. It is a component of many common vegetable oils and is important to human nutrition.


**Response:** The given molecule is a polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) with three double bonds in its carbon chain, specifically located at the 9th, 12th, and 15th positions. This configuration is denoted by the 'Z' (cis) configuration, indicating that the hydrogen atoms adjacent to each double bond are on the same side, which introduces bends in the molecule. This structural feature is crucial for its biological properties.

The presence of multiple cis double bonds in the given molecule contributes to its fluidity and flexibility. These properties are essential for its role in biological membranes, where it can help maintain membrane fluidity and permeability. The cis configuration also affects how the molecule interacts with enzymes and other proteins, influencing various metabolic pathways.

As a polyunsaturated fatty acid, the given molecule is involved in the production of signaling molecules, such as eicosanoids, which play a role in inflammatory responses and other cellular signaling processes. Additionally, PUFAs like the given molecule are precursors to bioactive lipid mediators that can modulate immune function and inflammation.

The given molecule is also a conjugate acid of its corresponding anion, which means it can donate a proton in biological systems, participating in acid-base reactions that are vital for metabolic processes. This property can influence its solubility and reactivity in different environments, affecting how it is absorbed and utilized by organisms.

Overall, the structural features of the given molecule, particularly its polyunsaturated nature and cis double bonds, are directly related to its biological roles in maintaining membrane integrity, participating in signaling pathways, and influencing metabolic and inflammatory processes.

---

## Molecule 28

**SMILES:** C[C@@H]1CC[C@H]2C[C@@H](/C(=C/C=C\C=C\[C@H](C[C@H](C(=O)[C@H]([C@H](/C(=C\[C@H](C(=O)C[C@H](OC(=O)[C@@H]3CCCCN3C(=O)C(=O)[C@@]1(O2)O)[C@@H](C)C[C@@H]4CC[C@H]([C@@H](C4)OC)OC(=O)C(C)(CO)CO)C)/C)O)OC)C)C)/C)OC

**IUPAC Name:** [(1R,2R,4S)-4-[(2S)-2-[(1R,9S,12S,15R,16Z,18S,19S,21R,23S,24E,26Z,28E,30S,32S,35R)-1,18-dihydroxy-19,30-dimethoxy-15,17,21,23,29,35-hexamethyl-2,3,10,14,20-pentaoxo-11,36-dioxa-4-azatricyclo[30.3.1.04,9]hexatriaconta-16,24,26,28-tetraen-12-yl]propyl]-2-methoxycyclohexyl] 3-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpropanoate

**Description:** Temsirolimus is an inhibitor of cell proliferation and anticancer agent that is used as treatment of advanced renal cell cancer. Temsirolimus therapy is frequently associated with mild serum enzyme elevations, but has yet to be linked to instances of clinically apparent liver injury with jaundice.


**Response:** The given molecule, known as Temsirolimus, is a macrocyclic lactone with significant biological properties, primarily due to its role as an inhibitor of the mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) pathway. This pathway is crucial for regulating cell growth, proliferation, and survival, making it a key target in cancer therapy.

### Biological Properties:

1. **mTOR Inhibition:**
   - The given molecule functions as an inhibitor of the mTOR pathway, which is a central regulator of cell growth and metabolism. By inhibiting mTOR, it can prevent the growth of cancer cells, particularly in tumors that are sensitive to this pathway, such as renal cell carcinoma.

2. **Antineoplastic Activity:**
   - As an antineoplastic agent, the given molecule is used in the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma. Its ability to inhibit mTOR helps in reducing the proliferation of cancer cells and can lead to tumor shrinkage or stabilization in some cases.

3. **Immunosuppressive Effects:**
   - The given molecule also exhibits immunosuppressive properties. This is due to its interaction with the immune system, which can be beneficial in reducing the immune response in certain autoimmune conditions, although it is primarily used for its antineoplastic effects.

4. **Hormonal Modulation:**
   - The given molecule can modulate hormone levels, which is particularly relevant in the context of renal cell carcinoma, where hormonal influences can play a role in tumor growth.

5. **Low Blood Levels:**
   - One of the unique aspects of the given molecule is that it maintains low blood levels, which may contribute to its effectiveness and minimize potential side effects associated with higher drug concentrations.

6. **Lack of Cardiotoxicity:**
   - Unlike other mTOR inhibitors, the given molecule does not cause cardiotoxicity, which is a significant advantage in patients who may have cardiac comorbidities.

7. **Macrocyclic Structure:**
   - The macrocyclic structure of the given molecule contributes to its stability and specificity in binding to the mTOR pathway, enhancing its therapeutic efficacy.

Overall, the given molecule's biological properties make it a valuable agent in the treatment of certain types of cancer, particularly renal cell carcinoma, by effectively inhibiting the mTOR pathway and reducing tumor growth.

---

## Molecule 29

**SMILES:** CN1CCC2=CC(=C3C4=C2[C@H]1CC5=CC=C(C=C5)OC6=C(C=CC(=C6)C[C@H]7C8=CC(=C(O3)C=C8CCN7)O4)O)OC

**IUPAC Name:** (8S,21R)-27-methoxy-22-methyl-15,29,31-trioxa-7,22-diazaoctacyclo[19.9.3.216,19.14,30.110,14.03,8.025,33.028,32]heptatriaconta-1(30),2,4(34),10(37),11,13,16,18,25,27,32,35-dodecaen-13-ol

**Description:** (8S,21R)-27-methoxy-22-methyl-15,29,31-trioxa-7,22-diazaoctacyclo[19. 9. 3. 216,19. 14,30. 110,14. 03,8. 025,33. 028,32]heptatriaconta-1(30),2,4(34),10(37),11,13,16,18,25,27,32,35-dodecaen-13-ol is a natural product found in Achillea biebersteinii and Achillea micrantha with data available.


**Response:** The given molecule, known as (+)-Cocorubin, is a complex natural product isolated from the plant Cocculus pendulus. This molecule is characterized by its intricate polycyclic structure, which includes multiple rings and heteroatoms such as oxygen and nitrogen. These structural features are significant in determining its biological properties.

The presence of multiple rings and heteroatoms suggests that the given molecule may have a rigid three-dimensional structure, which can be crucial for its interaction with biological targets, such as enzymes or receptors. The methoxy group and the hydroxyl group present in the structure can enhance the molecule's solubility and influence its ability to form hydrogen bonds, which is important for its bioavailability and interaction with biological macromolecules.

The polycyclic nature of the given molecule often implies potential biological activities such as antimicrobial, antifungal, or anticancer properties. The specific arrangement of the rings and the presence of nitrogen and oxygen atoms can also suggest potential roles in modulating biological pathways, possibly by acting as enzyme inhibitors or receptor modulators.

In summary, the given molecule's complex structure, with its polycyclic framework and functional groups, suggests it may have significant biological activities, potentially interacting with various biological targets due to its ability to form specific interactions.

---

## Molecule 30

**SMILES:** CC(=O)N[C@@H]1[C@H](C[C@@](O[C@H]1[C@@H]([C@@H](CO)O)O)(C(=O)O)O[C@@H]2[C@H]([C@@H](O[C@@H]([C@@H]2O[C@H]3[C@@H]([C@H]([C@H]([C@H](O3)CO)O)O)NC(=O)C)CO)O[C@@H]4[C@H]([C@@H](O[C@@H]([C@H]4O)CO)O[C@@H]5[C@H]([C@@H](O[C@@H]([C@@H]5O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)NC(=O)C)CO)O[C@@H]7[C@H](O[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]7O)O)O)CO)O)NC(=O)C)O)O

**IUPAC Name:** (2S,4S,5R,6R)-5-acetamido-2-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-2-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3-acetamido-2-[(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-3-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6R)-3-acetamido-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-5-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[(2R,3S,4R,5R,6R)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxyoxan-4-yl]oxy-5-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]oxy-5-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6R)-3-acetamido-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]oxy-4-hydroxy-6-[(1R,2R)-1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl]oxane-2-carboxylic acid

**Description:** Beta-D-GalpNAc-(1->4)-[beta-D-GalpNAc-(1->4)-[alpha-Neup5Ac-(2->3)]-beta-D-Galp-(1->3)-beta-D-GlcpNAc-(1->3)]-beta-D-Galp-(1->4)-beta-D-Glcp is a member of the class of neuraminic acids that is neuraminic acid attached in sequence to beta-D-galactopyranosyl, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl, beta-D-galactopyranosyl, and beta-D-glucopyranosyl, residues by (2->3), (1->3), (1->3) and (1->4) glycosidic linkages. The galactosyl residue attached to the neuraminic acid is glycosylated at position 4 by a beta-D-acetamidogalactosyl residue, while the other galactosyl residue has been glycosylated at position 4 by a 2-acetamido-beta-D-galactopyranosyl residue. It is a member of neuraminic acids and a heptasaccharide derivative.


**Response:** The given molecule is a complex carbohydrate derivative, characterized by multiple sugar units linked together. Its structure includes several acetamido groups, hydroxyl groups, and a carboxylic acid group, which are typical features of glycosaminoglycans or other complex polysaccharides.

### Biological Properties:

1. **Structural Role**: The given molecule's complex structure, with multiple sugar units, suggests it plays a role in structural support within biological systems. Such molecules are often found in extracellular matrices, providing mechanical strength and resilience to tissues.

2. **Hydrophilicity**: The presence of numerous hydroxyl groups makes the molecule highly hydrophilic. This property allows it to interact with water and other polar molecules, facilitating its role in maintaining hydration and lubrication in biological tissues, such as cartilage.

3. **Acetamido Groups**: The acetamido groups contribute to the molecule's ability to form hydrogen bonds, which can enhance its interaction with proteins and other biological macromolecules. This is crucial for its function in cellular signaling and molecular recognition processes.

4. **Carboxylic Acid Group**: The carboxylic acid group imparts an acidic character to the molecule, allowing it to participate in ionic interactions. This can be important for binding to proteins or other positively charged molecules, influencing cellular adhesion and signaling pathways.

5. **Biological Recognition**: The specific stereochemistry and functional groups present in the given molecule allow it to participate in specific biological recognition events. This is essential for processes such as cell-cell communication, where carbohydrates on cell surfaces are recognized by proteins to mediate interactions.

6. **Potential for Modification**: The presence of multiple reactive hydroxyl and acetamido groups allows for further chemical modification, which can be important for the synthesis of derivatives with specific biological activities or for the regulation of its function in vivo.

Overall, the given molecule's structure suggests it plays a significant role in maintaining structural integrity, mediating interactions, and participating in biochemical processes within biological systems.

---

## Molecule 31

**SMILES:** CC1=C(N=C(N=C1N)[C@H](CC(=O)N)NC[C@@H](C(=O)N)N)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@H](C2=CN=CN2)O[C@H]3[C@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@@H](O3)CO)O)O)O[C@@H]4[C@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O4)CO)O)OC(=O)N)O)C(=O)N[C@H](C)[C@H]([C@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)O)C(=O)NCCC5=N[C@H](CS5)C6=NC(=CS6)C(=O)NCCCCN=C(N)N)O

**IUPAC Name:** [(2R,3S,4S,5R,6R)-2-[(2R,3S,4S,5S,6S)-2-[(1R,2S)-2-[[6-amino-2-[(1S)-3-amino-1-[[(2S)-2,3-diamino-3-oxopropyl]amino]-3-oxopropyl]-5-methylpyrimidine-4-carbonyl]amino]-3-[[(2R,3S,4S)-5-[[(2S,3R)-1-[2-[(4R)-4-[4-[4-(diaminomethylideneamino)butylcarbamoyl]-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]-4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]ethylamino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-4-methyl-5-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-1-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)-3-oxopropoxy]-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxy-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl] carbamate

**Description:** Phleomycin D1 is a glycopeptide originally isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces verticillus which contains a (4'R)-4',5'-dihydro-2,4'-bi-1,3-thiazole-2',4-diyl moiety with a a 4-guanidylbutylaminocarbonyl group attached to the 4-position of the terminal thiazole ring. Like all phleomycins, phleomycin D1 can form complexes with redox-active metals such as Co, Cu, and Fe. It has a role as an antineoplastic agent, an antifungal agent, an antimicrobial agent, an antibacterial agent and a bacterial metabolite. It is a chelate-forming peptide, a member of guanidines, a disaccharide derivative, a bi-1,3-thiazole and a glycopeptide.


**Response:** The given molecule, known as Bleomycin A5, is a complex glycopeptide antibiotic that is primarily used in the treatment of various types of cancer, including squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck, Hodgkin's lymphoma, and testicular cancer. Its biological properties are largely attributed to its ability to interact with DNA, leading to the induction of apoptosis, or programmed cell death, in cancer cells.

The structure of the given molecule includes several key components that contribute to its biological activity:

1. **Glycopeptide Backbone**: The molecule contains a glycopeptide backbone, which is crucial for its ability to bind to DNA. This binding is facilitated by the presence of multiple amino acid residues that can form hydrogen bonds and other interactions with the DNA helix.

2. **Copper-Binding Domain**: Bleomycin A5 contains a specific domain that can bind copper ions. This is significant because the copper ion plays a critical role in the molecule's ability to generate free radicals. These radicals are capable of causing breaks in the DNA strands, leading to cell death.

3. **Hydroxyl Groups**: The presence of multiple hydroxyl groups in the structure enhances the molecule's solubility and facilitates its interaction with the DNA. These groups can form additional hydrogen bonds with the DNA, stabilizing the complex and enhancing the molecule's ability to induce DNA damage.

4. **Imidazole and Thiazole Rings**: The presence of imidazole and thiazole rings in the structure contributes to the molecule's ability to intercalate into the DNA. These heterocyclic rings can stack between the base pairs of the DNA, further stabilizing the interaction and enhancing the molecule's cytotoxic effects.

5. **Amino Acid Residues**: The amino acid residues in the structure are responsible for the specificity and affinity of the molecule for DNA. They help in positioning the molecule correctly within the DNA structure, allowing for effective interaction and damage.

Overall, the given molecule's ability to bind copper ions and interact with DNA is central to its role as an anticancer agent. By inducing breaks in the DNA strands, it triggers a series of cellular events that ultimately lead to apoptosis, making it effective in the treatment of certain types of cancer.

---

## Molecule 32

**SMILES:** C(=O)(N)[O-]

**IUPAC Name:** carbamate

**Description:** Carbamate is an amino-acid anion. It is a conjugate base of a carbamic acid. Derivatives of carbamic acid, H2NC(=O)OH. Included under this heading are N-substituted and O-substituted carbamic acids. In general carbamate esters are referred to as urethanes, and polymers that include repeating units of carbamate are referred to as POLYURETHANES. Note however that polyurethanes are derived from the polymerization of ISOCYANATES and the singular term URETHANE refers to the ethyl ester of carbamic acid.


**Response:** The given molecule, carbamimidoyl, is essentially the conjugate base of putrescine, which is a biogenic amine. This means that it has lost a proton (H⁺) from the amino group of putrescine, resulting in a positively charged imino group. This transformation into a cationic form is significant for its biological properties.

The biological role of the given molecule is as a metabolite in both humans and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. As a metabolite, it is involved in various biochemical pathways and processes. In humans, it is found in tissues such as the brain, kidney, and liver, indicating its involvement in central nervous system functions, renal processes, and liver metabolism.

The presence of the imino group, which carries a positive charge, allows the given molecule to participate in ionic interactions and hydrogen bonding. This property is crucial for its role in cellular signaling and regulation. It can interact with negatively charged biomolecules, such as nucleic acids and certain proteins, influencing processes like gene expression and enzyme activity.

Furthermore, the given molecule's role as a precursor in the biosynthesis of polyamines, such as spermidine and spermine, is vital for cell growth and proliferation. These polyamines are essential for stabilizing DNA and RNA structures, facilitating cell division, and modulating ion channels.

In summary, the given molecule's biological properties are largely determined by its cationic nature and its role as a precursor in polyamine biosynthesis, which are critical for cellular metabolism, growth, and signaling.

---

## Molecule 33

**SMILES:** CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@H](COP(=O)(O)O)OC(=O)CCCCCCC/C=C\CCCCCCCC

**IUPAC Name:** [(2R)-2-[(Z)-octadec-9-enoyl]oxy-3-phosphonooxypropyl] icosanoate

**Description:** 1-icosanoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate is a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in which the acyl substituents at positions 1 and 2 are specified as icosanoyl (arachidoyl) and oleoyl respectively. It is functionally related to an icosanoic acid and an oleic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a 1-icosanoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate(2-).


**Response:** The given molecule is a type of phosphatidic acid, specifically a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate. This class of molecules is crucial in biological systems, particularly in the context of lipid metabolism and signaling.

### Biological Properties:

1. **Structural Role in Membranes:**
   - Phosphatidic acids like the given molecule are key components of cell membranes. They contribute to the structural integrity and fluidity of the membrane due to their amphipathic nature, which means they have both hydrophilic (water-attracting) and hydrophobic (water-repelling) parts.

2. **Precursor in Lipid Biosynthesis:**
   - The given molecule serves as a precursor in the biosynthesis of other lipids. It is a building block for the synthesis of triglycerides and phospholipids, which are essential for energy storage and membrane structure, respectively.

3. **Signaling Molecule:**
   - Phosphatidic acids are involved in cell signaling pathways. They act as signaling lipids that can influence various cellular processes, including membrane trafficking, cytoskeletal rearrangement, and cell proliferation. They can also serve as second messengers in signal transduction pathways.

4. **Role in Stress Response:**
   - The given molecule can be involved in stress responses, such as those triggered by osmotic stress. It can be converted to other signaling molecules that help cells adapt to environmental changes.

5. **Involvement in Metabolic Pathways:**
   - As a phosphatidic acid, it is involved in metabolic pathways that regulate lipid homeostasis. It can be phosphorylated or dephosphorylated to participate in different metabolic reactions, influencing lipid metabolism and energy balance.

Overall, the given molecule plays a multifaceted role in cellular biology, contributing to membrane structure, lipid biosynthesis, and cellular signaling, which are vital for maintaining cellular function and homeostasis.

---

## Molecule 34

**SMILES:** CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)N[C@@H](CO[C@@H]1[C@@H]([C@H]([C@H]([C@H](O1)CO)O)O)O)[C@@H](CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)O

**IUPAC Name:** N-[(2S,3R)-3-hydroxy-1-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoctadecan-2-yl]hexacosanamide

**Description:** 1-O-(alpha-D-galactopyranosyl)-N-hexacosanoylsphinganine is a glycodihydroceramide having an alpha-D-galactopyranosyl residue at the O-1 position and an hexacosanoyl group attached to the nitrogen. It has a role as an epitope. It is functionally related to an alpha-D-galactose.


**Response:** The given molecule is a type of glycosphingolipid, specifically a glucosylceramide. Glycosphingolipids are a class of lipids that consist of a glycosyl group linked to a ceramide. They play crucial roles in cellular recognition, signaling, and membrane structure.

### Biological Properties:

1. **Cell Membrane Structure:**
   - The given molecule is part of the ceramide backbone, which is a key component of the lipid bilayer in cell membranes. The long hydrocarbon chains provide hydrophobic interactions that help maintain the structural integrity and fluidity of the membrane.

2. **Cellular Recognition and Signaling:**
   - The glycosyl group in the given molecule, which is a glucose moiety, is involved in cell-cell recognition and signaling processes. Glycosphingolipids are often found on the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane and are involved in cell recognition events, such as those occurring during immune responses or cell adhesion.

3. **Role in Cell Communication:**
   - The presence of the glucose moiety allows the given molecule to participate in cell communication. It can act as a receptor or ligand in various signaling pathways, influencing processes such as cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis.

4. **Potential Involvement in Disease:**
   - Alterations in glycosphingolipid metabolism or expression are associated with various diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. The given molecule, as a glucosylceramide, may be involved in such pathways, potentially serving as a biomarker or therapeutic target.

5. **Metabolic Pathways:**
   - The given molecule is a natural product found in certain marine organisms like Luidia maculata and Asterias amurensis. In these organisms, it may play a role in their unique metabolic pathways, possibly contributing to their adaptation to marine environments.

Overall, the given molecule's structure, with its ceramide backbone and glucose moiety, underpins its role in maintaining cellular structure, mediating interactions, and participating in complex biological processes.

---

## Molecule 35

**SMILES:** CC(C)CCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)O

**IUPAC Name:** 13-methyltetradecanoic acid

**Description:** Isopentadecanoic acid is a branched-chain saturated fatty acid comprising tetradecanoic (myristic) acid substituted at position 13 by a methyl group. It is a long-chain fatty acid, a branched-chain saturated fatty acid and a methyl-branched fatty acid. It is a conjugate acid of an isopentadecanoate. 13-Methyltetradecanoic acid is a natural product found in Streptomyces manipurensis, Myrmekioderma rea, and other organisms with data available. 13-Methyltetradecanoic Acid is a branched-chain saturated fatty acid that is comprised of tetradecanoic acid with a methyl group on the carbon in the thirteenth position.


**Response:** The given molecule is a type of branched-chain fatty acid, specifically a methyl-branched fatty acid. It is a derivative of myristic acid, which is a saturated fatty acid with a 14-carbon chain. In the given molecule, a methyl group is attached to the 13th carbon of the myristic acid chain, resulting in a branched structure.

Biologically, the presence of a methyl branch can influence the molecule's physical properties, such as its melting point and solubility. Branched-chain fatty acids like the given molecule are less likely to pack tightly in a solid state, which can affect the fluidity of cell membranes where they are incorporated. This can have implications for membrane-associated processes, such as signaling and transport.

In terms of biological activity, branched-chain fatty acids can have unique roles in cellular metabolism. They may be involved in specific signaling pathways or serve as precursors to bioactive lipids. Additionally, the methyl branching can affect the molecule's interaction with enzymes and receptors, potentially altering its metabolic fate or biological activity compared to straight-chain analogs.

Overall, the given molecule's structure, with its methyl branch, suggests it may have distinct biological properties compared to its straight-chain counterpart, influencing membrane dynamics and possibly participating in specialized metabolic pathways.

---

## Molecule 36

**SMILES:** CCCCC/C=C\C=C\[C@@H](CCCCCCCC(=O)[O-])O

**IUPAC Name:** (9R,10E,12Z)-9-hydroxyoctadeca-10,12-dienoate

**Description:** 9(R)-HODE(1-) is a hydroxy fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of 9(R)-HODE; major species at pH 7. 3. It is a hydroxy fatty acid anion, a polyunsaturated fatty acid anion, an octadecanoid anion and a HODE(1-). It is a conjugate base of a 9(R)-HODE. It is an enantiomer of a 9(S)-HODE(1-).


**Response:** The given molecule is a hydroxy fatty acid anion, specifically a derivative of linoleic acid. It is characterized by the presence of a hydroxyl group and a conjugated diene system within its carbon chain. This structure is significant in various biological contexts.

### Biological Properties:

1. **Role as a Metabolite:**
   - The given molecule is a metabolite in both humans and mice, indicating its involvement in metabolic pathways. As a human and mouse metabolite, it is likely involved in the breakdown or modification of dietary fats, playing a role in energy production or storage.

2. **Antioxidant Properties:**
   - The presence of the hydroxyl group and the conjugated diene system suggests that the given molecule may have antioxidant properties. These structural features can help in scavenging free radicals, thereby protecting cells from oxidative stress.

3. **Involvement in Inflammatory Response:**
   - Hydroxylated derivatives of polyunsaturated fatty acids, like the given molecule, are often involved in the resolution phase of inflammation. They can act as signaling molecules that help in the termination of inflammatory responses, thereby playing a role in maintaining homeostasis.

4. **Potential Anti-inflammatory Effects:**
   - The given molecule, as a hydroxylated derivative of linoleic acid, may exhibit anti-inflammatory effects. This is due to its ability to modulate signaling pathways involved in inflammation, potentially reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

5. **Conjugate Base Form:**
   - As the conjugate base of its corresponding acid form, the given molecule is more likely to be present in biological systems at physiological pH. This form is more soluble in aqueous environments, facilitating its transport and interaction with various enzymes and receptors.

6. **Role in Lipid Metabolism:**
   - The given molecule is part of the broader class of hydroxy fatty acids, which are intermediates in the metabolism of essential fatty acids. It may be involved in the synthesis of signaling molecules or in the regulation of lipid metabolism.

Overall, the given molecule's structure, with its hydroxyl group and conjugated diene system, underlies its biological roles in metabolism, antioxidant activity, and inflammation resolution, making it a significant player in both human and mouse physiology.

---

## Molecule 37

**SMILES:** C[C@H]1[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@@H](O1)O[C@H]2CC[C@]3([C@@H](C2)CC[C@@H]4[C@@H]3CC[C@@]56[C@@]4(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]7(CC(=O)OC7)OC6)O)C)O)OC)O

**IUPAC Name:** (1R,2S,5S,6R,9R,12S,13S,16S,18R)-16-[(2R,3S,4R,5S,6S)-3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-2-hydroxy-13-methylspiro[7-oxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,9.05,9.013,18]icosane-6,4'-oxolane]-2'-one

**Description:** (1R,2S,5S,6R,9R,12S,13S,16S,18R)-16-[(2R,3S,4R,5S,6S)-3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-2-hydroxy-13-methylspiro[7-oxapentacyclo[10. 8. 0. 02,9. 05,9. 013,18]icosane-6,4'-oxolane]-2'-one is a natural product found in Thevetia peruviana and Thevetia neriifolia with data available.


**Response:** The given molecule is a complex natural product known as Thevenodilactone, which is found in the plant Thevetia peruviana. This molecule is characterized by its intricate polycyclic structure, which includes a spiro linkage and multiple stereocenters, contributing to its unique biological properties.

The biological properties of the given molecule are primarily influenced by its structural features:

1. **Polycyclic Framework**: The molecule's polycyclic structure, including a spiro linkage, provides a rigid and stable framework. This rigidity can enhance the molecule's ability to interact with specific biological targets, such as enzymes or receptors, by fitting into binding sites with high specificity.

2. **Hydroxyl Groups**: The presence of multiple hydroxyl groups in the molecule increases its polarity and potential for hydrogen bonding. These groups can enhance solubility in aqueous environments and facilitate interactions with biological macromolecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids, through hydrogen bonding.

3. **Methoxy and Methyl Groups**: The methoxy and methyl groups contribute to the molecule's hydrophobic character, which can influence its ability to cross cell membranes and affect its distribution within biological systems. These groups can also play a role in modulating the molecule's interaction with hydrophobic pockets in proteins.

4. **Lactone Moiety**: The lactone group is a common feature in many biologically active compounds. It can participate in various chemical reactions within the body, such as hydrolysis, which may lead to the activation or deactivation of the molecule. Lactones are often involved in the modulation of enzyme activity and can exhibit a range of biological effects, including antimicrobial and anticancer properties.

Overall, the given molecule's complex structure and functional groups suggest that it may have significant biological activity, potentially contributing to the plant's defense mechanisms or other physiological roles. Its specific interactions with biological targets could be explored for potential therapeutic applications.

---

## Molecule 38

**SMILES:** CC1=C2[C@H](C(=O)[C@@]3([C@H](C[C@H]4[C@]([C@H]3[C@@H]([C@](C2(C)C)(C[C@@H]1OC(=O)[C@@H]([C@H](C5=CC=CC=C5)NC(=O)C6=CC=CC=C6)O)O)OC(=O)C7=CC=CC=C7)(CO4)OC(=O)C)O)C)OC(=O)C.C(CC(=O)O)[C@@H](C(=O)O)N

**IUPAC Name:** (2S)-2-aminopentanedioic acid;[(1R,2S,3R,4S,7S,9S,10S,12R,15S)-4,12-diacetyloxy-15-[(2R,3S)-3-benzamido-2-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoyl]oxy-1,9-dihydroxy-10,14,17,17-tetramethyl-11-oxo-6-oxatetracyclo[11.3.1.03,10.04,7]heptadec-13-en-2-yl] benzoate

**Description:** Paclitaxel Poliglumex is the agent paclitaxel linked to a biodegradable, water-soluble polyglutamate polymer with antineoplastic properties. The polyglutamate residue increases the water solubility of paclitaxel and allows delivery of higher doses than those achievable with paclitaxel alone. Paclitaxel promotes microtubule assembly and prevents microtubule depolymerization, thus interfering with normal mitosis.


**Response:** The given molecule is a complex natural product derived from the plant Taxus cuspidata, commonly known as the Japanese yew. This molecule is a derivative of taxane, a class of diterpenes known for their potent biological activities, particularly in cancer treatment.

### Biological Properties:

1. **Anticancer Activity**: The given molecule is likely to exhibit anticancer properties, similar to other taxanes like paclitaxel. Taxanes are known to stabilize microtubules, preventing their depolymerization, which disrupts cell division and can lead to apoptosis in rapidly dividing cancer cells.

2. **Cytotoxicity**: The presence of multiple hydroxyl and acetoxy groups in the structure suggests that the molecule can interact with cellular components, potentially disrupting cellular processes. These functional groups can enhance the molecule's ability to bind to proteins or other cellular targets, contributing to its cytotoxic effects.

3. **Solubility and Bioavailability**: The presence of benzoate and other ester groups may influence the solubility and bioavailability of the molecule. These groups can affect how the molecule is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted in biological systems.

4. **Enzyme Interaction**: The benzamido group and other amide linkages in the structure suggest potential interactions with enzymes. These interactions can modulate enzyme activity, which might be relevant in the context of its anticancer properties, as enzymes play a crucial role in drug metabolism and resistance.

5. **Structural Complexity**: The intricate tetracyclic core of the molecule is characteristic of taxanes, which are known for their ability to interact with tubulin, a protein that is essential for cell division. This interaction is crucial for the molecule's mechanism of action as an anticancer agent.

6. **Potential for Drug Development**: Given its natural origin and complex structure, the molecule could be a candidate for further drug development, particularly in the field of oncology. Its structural features provide a scaffold for chemical modifications that could enhance its efficacy or reduce toxicity.

In summary, the given molecule's biological properties are largely influenced by its taxane core, which is known for its role in disrupting microtubule dynamics, and its various functional groups that enhance its interaction with biological targets. These properties make it a promising candidate for therapeutic applications, particularly in cancer treatment.

---

## Molecule 39

**SMILES:** CCN1C[C@@]2(CC[C@@H]([C@@]34[C@@H]2C[C@@H]([C@H]31)[C@]56[C@H]4C[C@@H]([C@H](C5)C(=C)[C@H]6O)OC(=O)C)O)C

**IUPAC Name:** [(1R,2R,4S,5R,7R,8R,9R,10R,13R,16S,17R)-11-ethyl-7,16-dihydroxy-13-methyl-6-methylidene-11-azahexacyclo[7.7.2.15,8.01,10.02,8.013,17]nonadecan-4-yl] acetate

**Description:** [(1R,2R,4S,5R,7R,8R,9R,10R,13R,16S,17R)-11-ethyl-7,16-dihydroxy-13-methyl-6-methylidene-11-azahexacyclo[7. 7. 2. 15,8. 01,10. 02,8. 013,17]nonadecan-4-yl] acetate is a natural product found in Aconitum barbatum and Aconitum karakolicum with data available.


**Response:** The given molecule is a complex natural product found in the plant Aconitum orientale. This molecule belongs to a class of compounds known as diterpenoid alkaloids, which are known for their potent biological activities.

### Biological Properties:

1. **Neurotoxicity**: Diterpenoid alkaloids, such as the given molecule, are known for their neurotoxic properties. They can interact with voltage-gated sodium channels in nerve cells, leading to prolonged depolarization and subsequent nerve damage or paralysis. This property is often associated with the toxic effects observed in plants of the Aconitum genus.

2. **Analgesic Effects**: Despite their toxicity, some diterpenoid alkaloids have been studied for their analgesic properties. They can modulate pain pathways by interacting with neuronal ion channels, providing relief from pain. However, this effect is highly dose-dependent and comes with significant risk due to toxicity.

3. **Cardiotoxicity**: The given molecule may also exhibit cardiotoxic effects. Alkaloids from Aconitum species can affect cardiac muscle cells, potentially leading to arrhythmias or heart failure. This is due to their ability to alter ion channel function in cardiac tissues.

4. **Antimicrobial Activity**: Some diterpenoid alkaloids have shown antimicrobial properties, which may be attributed to their ability to disrupt microbial cell membranes or interfere with essential microbial enzymes.

5. **Potential for Drug Development**: While the given molecule's toxicity poses challenges, its potent biological activities make it a candidate for drug development, particularly in the context of pain management and neurological disorders. However, significant modifications would be necessary to reduce toxicity while retaining therapeutic effects.

Overall, the biological properties of the given molecule are largely influenced by its complex structure, which allows it to interact with various biological targets, leading to both therapeutic and toxic effects.

---

## Molecule 40

**SMILES:** COC1=CC=C(C=C1)C2=CC(=O)C3=C(C(=C(C(=C3O2)OC)OC)OC)O

**IUPAC Name:** 5-hydroxy-6,7,8-trimethoxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one

**Description:** Gardenin B is a tetramethoxyflavone that is tangeretin in which the methoxy group at position 5 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a tetramethoxyflavone and a monohydroxyflavone. It is functionally related to a tangeretin. Gardenin B is a natural product found in Citrus tankan, Chromolaena odorata, and other organisms with data available.


**Response:** The given molecule is a type of flavonoid, specifically a flavone, which is characterized by its chromen-4-one backbone. This structure is common in many naturally occurring compounds known for their diverse biological activities. 

The presence of hydroxy and methoxy groups in the given molecule contributes significantly to its biological properties. The hydroxy group at the 5-position is known to enhance antioxidant activity, as it can donate hydrogen atoms to neutralize free radicals. This property is crucial in protecting cells from oxidative stress, which is linked to various diseases, including cancer and cardiovascular disorders.

The methoxy groups, located at the 6, 7, and 8 positions, and the additional methoxyphenyl group, can influence the molecule's solubility and permeability, potentially affecting its bioavailability and interaction with biological targets. Methoxy groups can also modulate the molecule's ability to interact with enzymes and receptors, which can lead to anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities. 

Flavonoids like the given molecule are often studied for their potential health benefits, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties. The specific arrangement of hydroxy and methoxy groups in this molecule may enhance its ability to interact with specific proteins or enzymes, contributing to its biological effects. Additionally, the presence of this molecule in plants like Citrus deliciosa and Citrus reticulata suggests it may play a role in the plants' defense mechanisms against pathogens and environmental stressors.

---

## Molecule 41

**SMILES:** CC(=O)OC[C@@H]1[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H](O1)O[C@]23C[C@@H]4[C@]2([C@@H]5O[C@]3(C[C@]4(O5)O)C)COC(=O)C6=CC=CC=C6)O)O)O

**IUPAC Name:** [(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R,8S)-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-(acetyloxymethyl)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-6-hydroxy-8-methyl-9,10-dioxatetracyclo[4.3.1.02,5.03,8]decan-2-yl]methyl benzoate

**Description:** 6'-O-acetylpaeoniflorin is a semisynthetic monoterpene glycoside obtained by acetylation of the 6'-position of the natural product paeoniflorin. It has a role as an anti-inflammatory agent and an anti-allergic agent. It is a beta-D-glucoside, a bridged compound, a cyclic acetal, a lactol, a monoterpene glycoside, a benzoate ester, an acetate ester, an O-acyl carbohydrate and a semisynthetic derivative. It is functionally related to a paeoniflorin.


**Response:** The given molecule is a complex natural product that is found in the plant Paeonia suffruticosa. It is a derivative of a paeonoside structure, which is known for its diverse biological activities. The molecule consists of several key structural features that contribute to its biological properties.

1. **Glycosidic Linkage**: The presence of a glycosidic linkage, as indicated by the oxan-yl group, suggests that the molecule is a glycoside. Glycosides are known for their role in plant defense mechanisms and can exhibit various biological activities, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The sugar moiety in the structure can enhance the solubility and bioavailability of the compound.

2. **Acetyloxymethyl Group**: The acetyloxymethyl group is an ester functional group that can influence the molecule's lipophilicity. This modification can affect the molecule's ability to cross cell membranes, potentially enhancing its bioactivity by facilitating its interaction with biological targets.

3. **Hydroxyl Groups**: The presence of multiple hydroxyl groups in the structure suggests potential for hydrogen bonding, which can be crucial for the molecule's interaction with enzymes or receptors. These groups can also contribute to the molecule's solubility in aqueous environments, which is important for its biological activity.

4. **Benzoate Ester**: The benzoate ester group is another functional group that can influence the molecule's lipophilicity and stability. Esters are often involved in the modulation of biological activity, and in this case, it may play a role in the compound's interaction with biological membranes or proteins.

5. **Tetracyclic Core**: The tetracyclic core structure is a rigid framework that can be crucial for the molecule's biological activity. Such complex ring systems are often involved in specific interactions with biological targets, contributing to the molecule's potential therapeutic effects.

Overall, the given molecule's structure suggests it may have significant biological activities, potentially including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and other pharmacological effects. These properties are consistent with the activities observed in other compounds derived from Paeonia suffruticosa, which are traditionally used in herbal medicine.

---

## Molecule 42

**SMILES:** COC1=CC(=C(C=C1Cl)OC)Cl

**IUPAC Name:** 1,4-dichloro-2,5-dimethoxybenzene

**Description:** Chloroneb appears as white to tan solid or beige powder. Musty odor. (NTP, 1992) Chloroneb is a dimethoxybenzene that is p-dimethoxybenzene which is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 5. A fungicide formerly used as a seed treatment, it is not approved for use in the European Union. It has a role as an antifungal agrochemical. It is a dimethoxybenzene, a dichlorobenzene and an aromatic fungicide. Chloroneb (1,4-dichloro-2,5-dimethoxybenzene) is a chlorinated dimethoxybenzene. It is used as a fungicide and is currently registered for use on a wide variety of food crops but is primarily used for pre-plant cottonseed treatment as well as on commercial turf and ornamentals. The markets for chloroneb seed treatment uses include: sugar beets, soybeans, cotton, and beans. Chloroneb has been shown to have low dermal, oral and inhalation toxicity. It is classified as Toxicity Category IV for oral ingestion, dermal toxicity, and inhalation toxicity, and Toxicity Category III for eye irritation. Chloroneb is a dermal sensitizer.


**Response:** The given molecule is a derivative of benzene, characterized by the presence of two methoxy groups and one chlorine atom attached to the benzene ring. This substitution pattern significantly influences its biological properties.

The methoxy groups, which are ether functional groups, contribute to the molecule's hydrophobic character and can affect its solubility in organic solvents. These groups can also participate in hydrogen bonding, albeit weakly, which may influence the molecule's interaction with biological targets, such as enzymes or receptors.

The chlorine atom, being a halogen, is known to increase the molecule's lipophilicity, which can enhance its ability to penetrate lipid membranes. This property is often associated with increased bioavailability and potential biological activity. Chlorine atoms can also affect the electronic distribution of the benzene ring, potentially altering the molecule's reactivity and interaction with biological systems.

In terms of biological activity, the given molecule's structure suggests it could act as a precursor or intermediate in the synthesis of more complex chemical entities. Its presence in natural products like Nicotiana tabacum indicates it may play a role in the plant's defense mechanisms or metabolic processes. However, specific biological activities, such as antimicrobial or antifungal properties, would require further investigation to determine the exact role and efficacy of this molecule in biological systems.

---

## Molecule 43

**SMILES:** C[C@H]1[C@@H](C[C@H]([C@@H](O1)O[C@H](C)CCCCCCC(=O)O)O)O

**IUPAC Name:** (8R)-8-[(2R,3R,5R,6S)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxynonanoic acid

**Description:** Ascr#10 is an (omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid ascaroside obtained by formal condensation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of (8R)-8-hydroxynonanoic acid with ascarylopyranose (the alpha anomer). A metabolite of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, it is the direct biosynthetic precursor to ascr#3. It has also been detected in the sour paste nematode, Panagrellus redivivus. It has a role as a Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite. It is a monocarboxylic acid and an (omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid ascaroside. It is functionally related to an (8R)-8-hydroxynonanoic acid. It is a conjugate acid of an ascr#10(1-).


**Response:** The given molecule, known as Ascr#14, is a type of ascaroside, which is a class of signaling molecules primarily found in nematodes, such as the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans. Ascr#14 is characterized by its structure, which includes a hydroxyoctanoic acid moiety linked to a sugar-like oxane ring. This structure is crucial for its biological function as a pheromone.

The biological properties of the given molecule are primarily related to its role in nematode communication. Ascr#14 is involved in the regulation of social behaviors, including mating and aggregation. Nematodes release ascarosides into their environment, and these molecules are detected by other nematodes, triggering specific responses based on the ascaroside's structure. The presence of hydroxyl groups and the specific stereochemistry of the oxane ring contribute to the molecule's ability to interact with receptor proteins, which are sensitive to the precise three-dimensional arrangement of these functional groups.

Furthermore, the given molecule's role as a metabolite indicates its involvement in the metabolic pathways of the nematode, where it may be synthesized or modified to fulfill its signaling functions. The hydroxyoctanoic acid portion of the molecule is likely involved in its solubility and transport within the organism, facilitating its distribution and effectiveness as a signaling molecule.

Overall, the structural features of the given molecule, such as the hydroxyl groups and the oxane ring, are essential for its function as a signaling molecule in nematode communication and behavior regulation.

---

## Molecule 44

**SMILES:** C[C@H]1[C@H]([C@H]([C@H]([C@H](O1)OP(=O)([O-])OP(=O)([O-])OC[C@@H]2[C@H]([C@H]([C@@H](O2)N3C=CC(=O)NC3=O)O)O)NC(=O)C)O)O

**IUPAC Name:** [(2R,3R,4S,5S,6S)-3-acetamido-4,5-dihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl] [[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-oxidophosphoryl] phosphate

**Description:** UDP-2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-talose(2-) is dianion of UDP-N-acetyl-6-deoxy-beta-L-talosamine arising from deprotonation of both free diphosphate OH groups; major species at pH 7. 3. It is a conjugate base of an UDP-2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-talose.


**Response:** The given molecule, UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine(3-), is a nucleotide sugar that plays a crucial role in the biosynthesis of glycoconjugates. It is a trianion form of UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine, which means it has lost three protons and carries a negative charge. This molecule is involved in various biological processes, particularly in the formation of glycoproteins and glycolipids.

The core structure of the given molecule includes a uridine diphosphate (UDP) moiety linked to an N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine sugar. The UDP portion is essential for the molecule's role as a glycosyl donor. It acts as a carrier of the sugar moiety, facilitating its transfer to acceptor molecules, such as proteins or lipids, during the biosynthesis of complex carbohydrates.

The sugar component, N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine, is a derivative of galactose with an acetyl group attached. This modification is significant because it influences the molecule's recognition and binding properties. The presence of the acetamido group enhances the molecule's ability to participate in specific biochemical pathways, particularly those involved in cellular recognition and signaling.

In biological systems, the given molecule is involved in the synthesis of glycoconjugates, which are critical for cell-cell communication, immune response, and structural integrity of cells. The trianionic form of the molecule increases its solubility and reactivity, making it an effective participant in enzymatic reactions that require glycosylation.

Overall, the given molecule's biological properties are closely tied to its role as a glycosyl donor in the biosynthesis of glycoproteins and glycolipids, with its structure allowing for specific interactions and reactions essential for cellular functions.

---

## Molecule 45

**SMILES:** C(C(C(=O)O)N)C(=O)O

**IUPAC Name:** 2-aminobutanedioic acid

**Description:** Aspartic acid is an alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent It has a role as a fundamental metabolite. It is an alpha-amino acid, a C4-dicarboxylic acid and a polar amino acid. It contains a carboxymethyl group. It is a conjugate acid of an aspartate(1-) and an aspartate. One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.


**Response:** The given molecule, commonly known as aspartic acid, is an alpha-amino acid with significant biological roles. It is classified as a non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid, meaning it is not directly incorporated into proteins during translation, but it plays crucial roles in various metabolic pathways.

### Biological Properties:

1. **Metabolic Role:**
   - Aspartic acid acts as a metabolite in both humans and plants, participating in numerous metabolic pathways. In humans, it is involved in the urea cycle, where it helps in the detoxification of ammonia by converting it into aspartate, which can then be converted to urea for excretion.

2. **Neurotransmitter Precursor:**
   - Aspartic acid serves as a precursor for the neurotransmitter glutamate, the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. This makes it important for cognitive functions such as learning and memory.

3. **Role in the Urea Cycle:**
   - In the urea cycle, aspartic acid helps convert ammonia into aspartate, which is then used to form urea. This process is vital for the removal of excess nitrogen from the body.

4. **Plant Metabolite:**
   - In plants, aspartic acid is involved in the synthesis of amino acids and other compounds. It plays a role in the photosynthetic carbon fixation process, specifically in the C4 photosynthetic pathway, where it helps in the fixation of carbon dioxide.

5. **Conjugate Acid-Base Pair:**
   - Aspartic acid can donate protons, acting as a conjugate acid to its deprotonated form, aspartate. This property is essential in maintaining acid-base balance in biological systems.

6. **Natural Occurrence:**
   - Aspartic acid is found naturally in various organisms, including the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, where it is involved in metabolic processes similar to those in humans and plants.

Overall, the given molecule's structure, with its amino and carboxyl groups, allows it to participate in a wide range of biochemical reactions, making it a versatile and essential metabolite in both human and plant systems.

---

## Molecule 46

**SMILES:** CC[C@@H](C)C(=O)O[C@H]1[C@@H]([C@H]2[C@@H](CN3C[C@H](CC[C@H]3[C@@]2(C)O)C)[C@H]4[C@@]1([C@@H]5[C@@H](C[C@H]6[C@]7([C@]5(C4)O[C@@]6([C@H](CC7)OC(=O)[C@](C)(CC)O)O)C)OC(=O)C)O)O

**IUPAC Name:** [(1S,2S,6S,9S,10S,11R,12R,13S,14S,15S,16R,18S,19S,22S,23S,25R)-16-acetyloxy-10,12,14,23-tetrahydroxy-6,10,19-trimethyl-13-[(2R)-2-methylbutanoyl]oxy-24-oxa-4-azaheptacyclo[12.12.0.02,11.04,9.015,25.018,23.019,25]hexacosan-22-yl] (2S)-2-hydroxy-2-methylbutanoate

**Description:** [(1S,2S,6S,9S,10S,11R,12R,13S,14S,15S,16R,18S,19S,22S,23S,25R)-16-acetyloxy-10,12,14,23-tetrahydroxy-6,10,19-trimethyl-13-[(2R)-2-methylbutanoyl]oxy-24-oxa-4-azaheptacyclo[12. 12. 0. 02,11. 04,9. 015,25. 018,23. 019,25]hexacosan-22-yl] (2S)-2-hydroxy-2-methylbutanoate is a natural product found in Veratrum viride with data available.


**Response:** The given molecule is a complex natural product found in the plant Veratrum album, commonly known as white hellebore. This molecule is part of a class of compounds known as veratrum alkaloids, which are known for their potent biological activities.

### Biological Properties:

1. **Cardiotonic Activity**: The given molecule is likely to exhibit cardiotonic properties, similar to other veratrum alkaloids. These compounds can affect the heart by increasing the force of contraction, which is useful in treating heart failure. However, they must be used with caution due to their narrow therapeutic index.

2. **Neurotoxic Effects**: Veratrum alkaloids, including the given molecule, can have neurotoxic effects. They may interact with voltage-gated sodium channels in nerve cells, leading to altered nerve signal transmission. This can result in symptoms such as dizziness, nausea, and even paralysis at high doses.

3. **Anti-inflammatory Properties**: The presence of multiple hydroxyl groups in the given molecule suggests potential anti-inflammatory properties. These hydroxyl groups can participate in hydrogen bonding, which may modulate the activity of enzymes involved in inflammation pathways.

4. **Antimicrobial Activity**: Some veratrum alkaloids have shown antimicrobial properties, which could be attributed to the complex structure of the given molecule. The presence of acetoxy and hydroxy groups may disrupt microbial cell membranes or interfere with microbial enzyme systems.

5. **Cytotoxicity**: The given molecule may exhibit cytotoxic effects, which could be useful in cancer research. Veratrum alkaloids have been studied for their ability to induce apoptosis in cancer cells, although this property requires further investigation.

Overall, the biological properties of the given molecule are closely related to its structural features, such as the presence of multiple hydroxyl and acetoxy groups, as well as its complex polycyclic framework. These structural elements contribute to its interaction with various biological targets, leading to its diverse range of activities.

---

## Molecule 47

**SMILES:** C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2([C@H]([C@H]3[C@@H](O2)C[C@H]4[C@@]3(CC[C@H]5[C@H]4CC=C6[C@@]5(CC[C@@H](C6)O[C@H]7[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O7)CO)O)O)O[C@H]8[C@@H]([C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H](O8)C)O)O)O)C)C)C)OC1

**IUPAC Name:** (2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-2-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-[(1S,2R,4S,5'R,6R,7S,8R,9S,12S,13R,16S)-5',7,9,13-tetramethylspiro[5-oxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,9.04,8.013,18]icos-18-ene-6,2'-oxane]-16-yl]oxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-6-methyloxane-3,4,5-triol

**Description:** (2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-2-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-[(1S,2R,4S,5'R,6R,7S,8R,9S,12S,13R,16S)-5',7,9,13-tetramethylspiro[5-oxapentacyclo[10. 8. 0. 02,9. 04,8. 013,18]icos-18-ene-6,2'-oxane]-16-yl]oxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-6-methyloxane-3,4,5-triol is a natural product found in Dioscorea collettii and Dioscorea collettii var. hypoglauca with data available.


**Response:** The given molecule is a complex natural product found in the plant Polygonatum kingianum. It is characterized by a highly intricate structure that includes multiple hydroxyl groups, a spirocyclic system, and several methyl groups. These structural features contribute to its biological properties.

1. **Hydroxyl Groups**: The presence of multiple hydroxyl groups in the molecule suggests that it is highly polar and capable of forming hydrogen bonds. This can enhance its solubility in water and facilitate interactions with biological molecules, such as proteins and enzymes. These interactions can influence various biological pathways, potentially leading to antioxidant or anti-inflammatory effects.

2. **Spirocyclic System**: The spirocyclic structure is a unique feature that can impart rigidity to the molecule, affecting its three-dimensional shape. This rigidity can be crucial for specific binding interactions with biological targets, such as receptors or enzymes, which may lead to specific biological activities like modulation of signaling pathways or enzyme inhibition.

3. **Methyl Groups**: The presence of several methyl groups can influence the lipophilicity of the molecule, affecting its ability to cross cell membranes. This can impact the molecule's bioavailability and distribution within an organism, potentially enhancing its efficacy as a bioactive compound.

4. **Natural Product Origin**: As a natural product from Polygonatum kingianum, the given molecule may possess traditional medicinal properties. Plants in the Polygonatum genus are known for their use in traditional medicine, often attributed to their potential anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant properties.

Overall, the combination of these structural features suggests that the given molecule could have significant biological activities, potentially contributing to the therapeutic effects observed in traditional uses of Polygonatum kingianum. Further studies would be necessary to elucidate its specific mechanisms of action and potential applications in medicine.

---

## Molecule 48

**SMILES:** CCCCCCCC/C=C\CCCCCCCC(=O)O[C@H](COC(=O)CCCCCCC/C=C\CCCCCC)COP(=O)([O-])OCC[N+](C)(C)C

**IUPAC Name:** [(2R)-3-[(Z)-hexadec-9-enoyl]oxy-2-[(Z)-octadec-9-enoyl]oxypropyl] 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate

**Description:** 1-[(9Z)-hexadecenoyl]-2-[(9Z)-octadecenoyl]-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine is a phosphatidylcholine 34:2 in which the 1- and 2-acyl groups are specified as (9Z)-hexadecenoyl (palmitoleoyl) and (9Z)-octadecenoyl (oleoyl) respectively. It has a role as a mouse metabolite. It is functionally related to an oleic acid and a palmitoleic acid. PC(16:1(9Z)/18:1(9Z)) is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae.


**Response:** The given molecule is a type of phospholipid known as phosphatidylcholine, specifically a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. This molecule is characterized by having two fatty acid chains and a phosphocholine head group. The fatty acid chains in this molecule are hexadec-9-enoyl and tetradec-9-enoyl, which are unsaturated fatty acids with one double bond each. The presence of these unsaturated bonds is significant as it influences the fluidity and flexibility of cell membranes.

Phosphatidylcholine molecules are major components of biological membranes, including those of the human body and plants. They play a crucial role in maintaining the structural integrity and fluidity of cell membranes. The unsaturated bonds in the fatty acid chains prevent tight packing of the phospholipids, which is essential for proper membrane function, including the movement of proteins and other molecules within the membrane.

The phosphocholine head group is hydrophilic, allowing the molecule to interact with the aqueous environment inside and outside the cell. This amphipathic nature of phosphatidylcholine is critical for forming the lipid bilayer structure of cell membranes, where the hydrophilic heads face outward towards the aqueous environment, and the hydrophobic tails are sequestered inward.

In addition to structural roles, phosphatidylcholine is involved in signaling pathways and acts as a reservoir for secondary messengers. It can also participate in lipid metabolism and transport within the body. In plants, such as Arabidopsis thaliana, phosphatidylcholine is involved in various physiological processes, including growth regulation, stress responses, and cell signaling.

Overall, the given molecule's structure, with its specific fatty acid composition and phosphocholine head group, underpins its essential roles in maintaining membrane structure and function, as well as participating in cellular signaling and metabolic processes.

---

## Molecule 49

**SMILES:** COC1=C(C=CC(=C1)C=O)O[C@H]2[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O2)CO)O)O)O

**IUPAC Name:** 3-methoxy-4-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxybenzaldehyde

**Description:** Glucovanillin is a glycoside. Glucovanillin is a natural product found in Dendrobium moniliforme, Stereospermum cylindricum, and other organisms with data available.


**Response:** The given molecule is a derivative of vanillin, which is a well-known compound with a characteristic aromatic aldehyde structure. In this molecule, the vanillin core is modified by the addition of a methoxy group and a glycosidic linkage to a glucose moiety. This modification significantly influences its biological properties.

The presence of the methoxy group on the aromatic ring can enhance the molecule's stability and alter its solubility, potentially affecting its bioavailability and interaction with biological targets. The methoxy group can also influence the molecule's ability to participate in hydrogen bonding and other non-covalent interactions, which are crucial for its biological activity.

The glucose moiety attached via a glycosidic bond is a key feature that impacts the molecule's solubility and transport within biological systems. Glycosylation often increases the water solubility of compounds, facilitating their transport in the bloodstream and across cell membranes. This modification can also affect the molecule's recognition and uptake by specific cells or tissues, potentially altering its pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.

In the context of its natural occurrence in Zanthoxylum simulans, the given molecule may play a role in the plant's defense mechanisms, possibly acting as an antimicrobial or antifungal agent. The combination of the aromatic aldehyde structure with the glucose moiety could allow the molecule to disrupt microbial cell walls or interfere with microbial metabolism, contributing to the plant's protective properties.

Overall, the biological properties of the given molecule are closely tied to its structural features, including the aromatic aldehyde core, the methoxy group, and the glycosidic linkage to glucose, which together influence its solubility, stability, and potential biological activities.

---

## Molecule 50

**SMILES:** C1=CC(=C(C=C1O)O)O

**IUPAC Name:** benzene-1,2,4-triol

**Description:** Benzene-1,2,4-triol is a benzenetriol carrying hydroxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 4. It has a role as a mouse metabolite. 1,2,4-Benzenetriol is a natural product found in Mus musculus, Coffea arabica, and other organisms with data available.


**Response:** The given molecule, 2,3,4-trihydroxybenzene, is a type of polyphenol characterized by the presence of three hydroxyl groups attached to a benzene ring. This structure is significant in various biological contexts due to its antioxidant properties.

The hydroxyl groups in the given molecule are capable of donating hydrogen atoms, which allows it to neutralize free radicals. This antioxidant activity is crucial in protecting cells from oxidative stress, which can lead to cellular damage and contribute to the development of various diseases, including cancer and cardiovascular disorders.

Furthermore, the presence of multiple hydroxyl groups enhances the molecule's ability to chelate metal ions, such as iron and copper, which can catalyze the formation of reactive oxygen species. This chelation property adds to its protective role against oxidative damage.

In nature, the given molecule is found in certain plants, such as those in the genus Paeonia. In these plants, it may contribute to the defense mechanism against environmental stressors and pathogens due to its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties.

Overall, the biological properties of the given molecule are largely attributed to its polyphenolic structure, which enables it to act as a potent antioxidant and metal chelator.

---

## Molecule 51

**SMILES:** COC1=CC(=CC(=C1O)OC)[C@H]2[C@@H]3CO[C@H]([C@@H]3CO2)C4=CC(=C(C(=C4)OC)OC)OC

**IUPAC Name:** 4-[(3R,3aS,6R,6aS)-6-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-1,3,3a,4,6,6a-hexahydrofuro[3,4-c]furan-3-yl]-2,6-dimethoxyphenol

**Description:** (-)-(7R,7'R,8S,8'S)-4'-hydroxy-3,3',4,5,5'-pentamethoxy-7,9':7',9-diepoxylignane is a lignan that consists of tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]furan substituted by 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl and a 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl group at positions 4 and 1 respectively. It has been isolated from the stems of Sinocalamus affinis. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a lignan, a member of methoxybenzenes, a member of phenols and a furofuran. (-)-(7R,7'R,8S,8'S)-4'-hydroxy-3,3',4,5,5'-pentamethoxy-7,9':7',9-diepoxylignane is a natural product found in Bambusa emeiensis with data available.


**Response:** The given molecule is a complex natural product that can be found in the plant Peperomia heyneana. Its structure is characterized by a furofuran core, which is a bicyclic system composed of two fused furan rings. This core is further substituted with methoxy and phenolic groups, which are known to influence the molecule's biological activity.

The presence of multiple methoxy groups in the structure suggests that the molecule may have antioxidant properties. Methoxy groups can donate electrons, which can help in neutralizing free radicals, thus protecting cells from oxidative stress. This is a common feature in many natural products that exhibit antioxidant activity.

Additionally, the phenolic group in the molecule is known for its potential to act as an antioxidant. Phenolic compounds can donate hydrogen atoms to free radicals, stabilizing them and preventing cellular damage. This property is crucial in protecting biological systems from oxidative damage, which is linked to various diseases and aging processes.

The furofuran core itself is a structural motif that is often found in bioactive natural products. Compounds with this core structure have been studied for various biological activities, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. The stereochemistry of the furofuran ring system, as indicated by the specific configuration of the chiral centers, can significantly influence the molecule's interaction with biological targets, potentially affecting its potency and specificity.

Overall, the given molecule's combination of methoxy and phenolic groups, along with its furofuran core, suggests that it may possess antioxidant properties and could potentially exhibit other bioactivities typical of complex natural products. Further studies would be necessary to fully elucidate its biological effects and potential therapeutic applications.

---

## Molecule 52

**SMILES:** CC(=CCC/C(=C/CC/C(=C/CC/C(=C/CC/C(=C/CC/C(=C/CC/C(=C/CC/C(=C/CC/C(=C/CC/C(=C/CC/C(=C/CC/C(=C/CC/C(=C/CC/C(=C/CC/C(=C/CC/C(=C/CC/C(=C/CC/C(=C/CC/C(=C/CC/C(=C/CC/C(=C/COP(=O)(O)OP(=O)(O)O)/C)/C)/C)/C)/C)/C)/C)/C)/C)/C)/C)/C)/C)/C)/C)/C)/C)/C)/C)/C)C

**IUPAC Name:** [(2E,6E,10E,14E,18E,22E,26E,30E,34E,38E,42E,46E,50E,54E,58E,62E,66E,70E,74E,78E)-3,7,11,15,19,23,27,31,35,39,43,47,51,55,59,63,67,71,75,79,83-henicosamethyltetraoctaconta-2,6,10,14,18,22,26,30,34,38,42,46,50,54,58,62,66,70,74,78,82-henicosaenyl] phosphono hydrogen phosphate

**Description:** Henicosaprenyl diphosphate is a polyprenol diphosphate compound having twenty-one prenyl units with undefined stereochemistry about the double bonds. It has a role as a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite.


**Response:** The given molecule, known as undecaprenyl diphosphate, is a long-chain polyprenol phosphate. It plays a crucial role in the biosynthesis of bacterial cell walls, particularly in the formation of peptidoglycan. This molecule is involved in the transport of peptidoglycan precursors across the cell membrane, a critical step in the synthesis of the cell wall.

The structure of the given molecule consists of a long hydrophobic chain, which is characteristic of polyprenyl compounds. This hydrophobic chain allows the molecule to embed itself within the lipid bilayer of the bacterial cell membrane. The diphosphate group at one end of the molecule is hydrophilic, which enables interactions with hydrophilic molecules and enzymes involved in the peptidoglycan biosynthesis pathway.

The biological properties of the given molecule are primarily related to its role as a lipid carrier. It acts as a lipid carrier that shuttles peptidoglycan precursors across the hydrophobic environment of the bacterial cell membrane to the periplasmic space, where the actual assembly of the peptidoglycan layer occurs. This process is essential for maintaining the structural integrity and shape of the bacterial cell.

Furthermore, the given molecule's involvement in the peptidoglycan biosynthesis pathway makes it a target for antibiotics. Inhibitors of this pathway can disrupt the synthesis of the cell wall, leading to bacterial cell death. Therefore, understanding the biological properties of the given molecule is crucial for developing antibacterial strategies, particularly in targeting bacterial infections where cell wall synthesis is vital for pathogen survival.

---

## Molecule 53

**SMILES:** C1[C@H]([C@H](OC(=O)C2=CC(=C(C(=C2C3=C(C(=C(C=C3C(=O)O1)O)O)O)O)O)O)[C@@H]4[C@@H]5[C@H](C6=C(C(=C(C(=C6C(=O)O5)C7=C(C(=C(C=C7C(=O)O4)O)O)O)O)O)O)C8=C(C(=C(C=C8C(=O)O[C@H]9[C@@H]([C@@H](O[C@@H]([C@@H]9OC(=O)C1=CC(=C(C(=C1)O)O)O)OC(=O)C1=CC(=C(C(=C1)O)O)O)COC(=O)C1=CC(=C(C(=C1)O)O)O)OC(=O)C1=CC(=C(C(=C1)O)O)O)O)O)O)O

**IUPAC Name:** [(2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-2,3,5-tris[(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoyl)oxy]-6-[(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoyl)oxymethyl]oxan-4-yl] 2-[(14S,15S,19S)-14-[(10S,11R)-3,4,5,11,17,18,19-heptahydroxy-8,14-dioxo-9,13-dioxatricyclo[13.4.0.02,7]nonadeca-1(19),2,4,6,15,17-hexaen-10-yl]-2,3,4,7,8,9-hexahydroxy-12,17-dioxo-13,16-dioxatetracyclo[13.3.1.05,18.06,11]nonadeca-1,3,5(18),6,8,10-hexaen-19-yl]-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate

**Description:** [(2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-2,3,5-tris[(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoyl)oxy]-6-[(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoyl)oxymethyl]oxan-4-yl] 2-[(14S,15S,19S)-14-[(10S,11R)-3,4,5,11,17,18,19-heptahydroxy-8,14-dioxo-9,13-dioxatricyclo[13. 4. 0. 02,7]nonadeca-1(19),2,4,6,15,17-hexaen-10-yl]-2,3,4,7,8,9-hexahydroxy-12,17-dioxo-13,16-dioxatetracyclo[13. 3. 1. 05,18. 06,11]nonadeca-1,3,5(18),6,8,10-hexaen-19-yl]-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate is a natural product found in Paeonia lactiflora with data available.


**Response:** The given molecule is a complex natural product found in the plant Paeonia lactiflora. It is characterized by its intricate structure, which includes multiple hydroxy groups and benzoyl ester linkages. These features suggest several potential biological properties.

1. **Antioxidant Activity**: The presence of multiple hydroxy groups, particularly the trihydroxybenzoyl moieties, indicates that the given molecule may have strong antioxidant properties. These hydroxy groups can donate hydrogen atoms to neutralize free radicals, thereby reducing oxidative stress in biological systems.

2. **Anti-inflammatory Effects**: The given molecule's structure, with its polyphenolic components, suggests potential anti-inflammatory properties. Polyphenols are known to inhibit enzymes involved in the inflammatory response, such as cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase, which can help reduce inflammation.

3. **Antimicrobial Properties**: The complex structure, including the trihydroxybenzoyl groups, may also confer antimicrobial properties. Polyphenolic compounds can disrupt microbial cell membranes and inhibit the growth of various pathogens.

4. **Potential Anticancer Activity**: The given molecule's structure, with its multiple aromatic rings and hydroxy groups, may interact with cellular pathways involved in cancer cell proliferation. Polyphenols have been studied for their ability to induce apoptosis in cancer cells and inhibit tumor growth.

5. **Cardioprotective Effects**: The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of the given molecule may also contribute to cardioprotective effects. By reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, it may help in protecting cardiovascular health.

Overall, the given molecule's complex structure, rich in hydroxy groups and aromatic rings, suggests a range of biological activities that could be beneficial in various therapeutic contexts.

---

## Molecule 54

**SMILES:** CCC1=C[C@@H]2C[C@@](C3=C(CN(C2)C1)C4=CC=CC=C4N3)(C5=C(C=C6C(=C5)[C@]78CCN9[C@H]7[C@@](C=CC9)([C@H]([C@@]([C@@H]8N6C)(C(=O)OC)O)OC(=O)C)CC)OC)C(=O)OC

**IUPAC Name:** methyl (1R,9R,10S,11R,12R,19R)-11-acetyloxy-12-ethyl-4-[(12S,14S)-16-ethyl-12-methoxycarbonyl-1,10-diazatetracyclo[12.3.1.03,11.04,9]octadeca-3(11),4,6,8,15-pentaen-12-yl]-10-hydroxy-5-methoxy-8-methyl-8,16-diazapentacyclo[10.6.1.01,9.02,7.016,19]nonadeca-2,4,6,13-tetraene-10-carboxylate

**Description:** Vinorelbine is a semisynthetic vinca alkaloid. Vinorelbine binds to tubulin and prevents formation of the mitotic spindle, resulting in the arrest of tumor cell growth in metaphase. This agent may also interfere with amino acid, cyclic AMP. and glutathione metabolism; calmodulin-dependent Ca++ -transport ATPase activity; cellular respiration; and nucleic acid and lipid biosynthesis.


**Response:** The given molecule, known as vinblastine, is a complex alkaloid that belongs to the class of vinca alkaloids. It is derived from the plant Vinca rosea Linn. The biological properties of vinblastine are primarily due to its ability to disrupt microtubule function, which is crucial for cell division.

### Biological Properties:

1. **Antineoplastic Activity:**
   - The given molecule is a potent antineoplastic agent, meaning it is used to inhibit the growth of tumors. It achieves this by interfering with the mitotic spindle formation during cell division, which is essential for the proliferation of cancer cells.

2. **Microtubule Disruption:**
   - The molecule binds to tubulin, a protein that is a key component of microtubules. By binding to tubulin, it prevents the polymerization of tubulin into microtubules, which are necessary for chromosome segregation during mitosis. This disruption leads to cell cycle arrest at the metaphase stage, effectively halting the growth of rapidly dividing cancer cells.

3. **Anticancer Mechanism:**
   - The disruption of microtubule dynamics is not only limited to cancer cells; it also affects normal cells. This is why vinblastine can cause side effects such as myelosuppression and gastrointestinal disturbances, as it affects rapidly dividing cells in these tissues.

4. **Resistance and Combination Therapy:**
   - Some cancer cells can develop resistance to vinblastine, which limits its effectiveness. This resistance can be overcome by combining vinblastine with other chemotherapeutic agents, such as doxorubicin or etoposide, to enhance its antitumor efficacy.

5. **Clinical Applications:**
   - The given molecule is used in the treatment of various cancers, including Hodgkin's lymphoma, leukemia, and certain solid tumors. Its ability to inhibit cell division makes it a valuable component in chemotherapy regimens.

6. **Toxicity and Side Effects:**
   - While effective, vinblastine can cause significant side effects due to its impact on rapidly dividing cells. These side effects include myelosuppression, alopecia, and gastrointestinal disturbances, which are common with many chemotherapeutic agents.

In summary, the given molecule's biological properties are largely attributed to its interaction with tubulin and its ability to disrupt microtubule formation, which is crucial for its role as an antineoplastic agent. Its use in cancer treatment is supported by its ability to halt cell division, although it can also affect normal cells, leading to potential side effects.

---

## Molecule 55

**SMILES:** CCN1C[C@@]2(CC[C@@H]([C@@]34[C@@H]2[C@H]([C@@]([C@H]31)([C@@]5(C[C@H]([C@@H]6C[C@H]4[C@H]5[C@H]6O)OC)OC)O)OC)O)COC

**IUPAC Name:** (1S,2S,3S,4S,5R,6R,8S,9S,10S,13S,16S,17R,18R)-11-ethyl-6,8,18-trimethoxy-13-(methoxymethyl)-11-azahexacyclo[7.7.2.12,5.01,10.03,8.013,17]nonadecane-4,9,16-triol

**Description:** (1S,2S,3S,4S,5R,6R,8S,9S,10S,13S,16S,17R,18R)-11-ethyl-6,8,18-trimethoxy-13-(methoxymethyl)-11-azahexacyclo[7. 7. 2. 12,5. 01,10. 03,8. 013,17]nonadecane-4,9,16-triol is a natural product found in Delphinium carduchorum, Delphinium crispulum, and Delphinium grandiflorum with data available.


**Response:** The given molecule is a complex natural product found in the plant Delphinium barbeyi. This molecule is characterized by its intricate hexacyclic structure, which includes multiple methoxy groups, an ethyl group, and several hydroxyl groups. These structural features contribute to its biological properties.

The presence of multiple methoxy groups can enhance the molecule's lipophilicity, potentially facilitating its ability to cross cell membranes and interact with intracellular targets. Methoxy groups can also influence the molecule's binding affinity to specific proteins or enzymes, which may be crucial for its biological activity.

The hydroxyl groups present in the structure are likely to form hydrogen bonds with biological targets, which can stabilize interactions with proteins or enzymes. This can lead to modulation of biological pathways, potentially resulting in pharmacological effects.

The azahexacyclic core of the molecule suggests a rigid and complex three-dimensional structure, which is often associated with specific binding to biological macromolecules. This structural complexity can lead to high specificity in its biological interactions, which is a common trait in natural products with potent biological activities.

Overall, the given molecule's structure suggests it may have significant interactions with biological systems, potentially leading to effects such as enzyme inhibition, receptor modulation, or other bioactivities typical of natural products. These properties make it a molecule of interest for further pharmacological studies.

---

## Molecule 56

**SMILES:** C[C@@H]1[C@@H]([C@H](C2=CC(=C(C(=C2C3=C(C4=C(C=C3[C@@H]1O)OCO4)OC)OC)OC)OC)OC(=O)C)C

**IUPAC Name:** [(8R,9S,10R,11R)-11-hydroxy-3,4,5,19-tetramethoxy-9,10-dimethyl-15,17-dioxatetracyclo[10.7.0.02,7.014,18]nonadeca-1(19),2,4,6,12,14(18)-hexaen-8-yl] acetate

**Description:** Ananolignan E is a lignan with a dibenzocyclooctadiene skeleton isolated from Kadsura ananosma. It has a role as a metabolite and a plant metabolite. It is an acetate ester, an aromatic ether, a lignan, an organic heterotetracyclic compound, an oxacycle and a secondary alcohol.


**Response:** The given molecule is a complex natural product known for its presence in the plant Kadsura philippinensis. This molecule is part of a class of compounds known as lignans, which are known for their diverse range of biological activities.

### Biological Properties:

1. **Antioxidant Activity**: The presence of multiple methoxy groups in the given molecule contributes to its antioxidant properties. These groups can donate electrons to neutralize free radicals, thereby reducing oxidative stress in biological systems.

2. **Anti-inflammatory Effects**: Lignans, including the given molecule, often exhibit anti-inflammatory properties. This is due to their ability to modulate signaling pathways involved in inflammation, such as inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

3. **Anticancer Potential**: The complex polycyclic structure of the given molecule allows it to interact with various cellular targets, potentially leading to anticancer effects. It may induce apoptosis in cancer cells or inhibit cell proliferation by interfering with specific molecular pathways.

4. **Antimicrobial Activity**: The given molecule may also possess antimicrobial properties, which could be attributed to its ability to disrupt microbial cell membranes or inhibit essential enzymes in microbial metabolism.

5. **Neuroprotective Effects**: Some lignans have been studied for their neuroprotective effects, which may be relevant to the given molecule. This could involve the modulation of neurotransmitter systems or protection against neurotoxicity.

6. **Hepatoprotective Effects**: The given molecule might also have hepatoprotective properties, helping to protect liver cells from damage. This could be due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

Overall, the given molecule's biological properties are largely influenced by its structural features, such as the presence of methoxy groups, the polycyclic framework, and the acetate moiety, which collectively contribute to its potential therapeutic effects.

---

## Molecule 57

**SMILES:** C[C@@H]1CC[C@]2(CCCCO2)O[C@@H]1[C@@H](C)C[C@@H]([C@@H]3C(=C)[C@H]([C@H]4[C@H](O3)CC[C@]5(O4)CC[C@@H](O5)/C=C/[C@@H](C)[C@@H]6CC(=C[C@@]7(O6)[C@@H](CC[C@H](O7)C[C@](C)(C(=O)O)O)O)C)O)O

**IUPAC Name:** (2R)-3-[(2S,6R,8S,11R)-2-[(E,2R)-4-[(2S,2'R,4R,4aS,6R,8aR)-4-hydroxy-2-[(1S,3S)-1-hydroxy-3-[(2S,3R,6S)-3-methyl-1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecan-2-yl]butyl]-3-methylidenespiro[4a,7,8,8a-tetrahydro-4H-pyrano[3,2-b]pyran-6,5'-oxolane]-2'-yl]but-3-en-2-yl]-11-hydroxy-4-methyl-1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undec-4-en-8-yl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid

**Description:** Okadaic acid is a polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells. It has a role as a marine metabolite, an EC 3. 1. 3. 16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor and a calcium ionophore. A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. (Thromb Res 1992;67(4):345-54 & Cancer Res 1993;53(2):239-41) Okadaic acid is a natural product found in Thorecta, Dinophysis acuta, and other organisms with data available. A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.


**Response:** The given molecule, known as Okadaic acid, is a complex polyether compound that exhibits a range of biological properties, primarily due to its structural features. It is a member of the marine sponge-derived toxins known as okadaic acids, which are part of a larger group of marine toxins called dinoflagellates.

### Biological Properties:

1. **Cytotoxicity and Apoptosis Induction:**
   - The given molecule is known for its cytotoxic properties, which can induce apoptosis in various cell types. This is particularly significant in marine environments where it can accumulate in shellfish, leading to toxic effects when consumed by humans and other animals.

2. **Inhibition of Protein Phosphatases:**
   - The molecule is a potent inhibitor of serine/threonine protein phosphatases, specifically PP1 and PP2A. This inhibition disrupts normal cellular signaling pathways, leading to hyperphosphorylation of proteins. This disruption is a key factor in its role as a tumor promoter and its ability to cause cellular dysregulation.

3. **Role in Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP):**
   - The given molecule is a causative agent of Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP), a type of food poisoning. Its presence in shellfish is a major concern for public health, as it can cause severe gastrointestinal symptoms when ingested.

4. **Potential Anticancer Properties:**
   - Despite its cytotoxic nature, the molecule has been studied for its potential anticancer properties. Its ability to induce apoptosis and inhibit cell proliferation makes it a candidate for cancer research, although its use is limited by its toxicity.

5. **Marine Metabolite:**
   - As a marine metabolite, the given molecule plays a role in the ecological dynamics of marine environments. It is produced by certain marine dinoflagellates and can affect marine food webs by inhibiting the growth of competing microorganisms.

6. **Structural Complexity:**
   - The molecule's complex polyether structure, with multiple stereocenters and spiroketal rings, contributes to its biological activity. The stereochemistry is crucial for its interaction with biological targets, such as protein phosphatases.

In summary, the given molecule's biological properties are largely dictated by its ability to inhibit protein phosphatases, leading to significant cellular and physiological effects. Its presence in marine environments and its impact on human health are of particular interest in toxicology and environmental studies.

---

## Molecule 58

**SMILES:** C[C@@H]1[C@H](C(=O)O[C@@H]2[C@H]([C@H]([C@@]3([C@@H]([C@@H]([C@H]4[C@@H]([C@]3([C@@]2(C)O)O[C@@]4(COC(=O)C5=C1N=CC=C5)C)OC(=O)C)OC(=O)C)OC(=O)C)COC(=O)C)OC(=O)C)OC(=O)C)C

**IUPAC Name:** [(1R,3S,13R,14R,17R,18S,19S,20S,21S,22R,23S,24S,25S)-18,19,21,22,24-pentaacetyloxy-25-hydroxy-3,13,14,25-tetramethyl-6,15-dioxo-2,5,16-trioxa-11-azapentacyclo[15.7.1.01,20.03,23.07,12]pentacosa-7(12),8,10-trien-20-yl]methyl acetate

**Description:** [(1R,3S,13R,14R,17R,18S,19S,20S,21S,22R,23S,24S,25S)-18,19,21,22,24-pentaacetyloxy-25-hydroxy-3,13,14,25-tetramethyl-6,15-dioxo-2,5,16-trioxa-11-azapentacyclo[15. 7. 1. 01,20. 03,23. 07,12]pentacosa-7(12),8,10-trien-20-yl]methyl acetate is a natural product found in Tripterygium hypoglaucum and Tripterygium wilfordii with data available.


**Response:** The given molecule is a complex natural product found in the plant Tripterygium wilfordii, commonly known as Thunder God Vine. This plant has been traditionally used in Chinese medicine, and its extracts have been studied for various biological activities.

The structure of the given molecule is characterized by a highly intricate pentacyclic framework with multiple acetoxy groups and hydroxyl functionalities. These features are significant for its biological properties:

1. **Anti-inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Effects**: The acetoxy groups and the overall structure of the given molecule contribute to its ability to modulate immune responses. It can inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which are proteins that promote inflammation.

2. **Anticancer Properties**: The complex pentacyclic structure is often associated with the ability to interact with cellular proteins and DNA, potentially leading to the inhibition of cancer cell proliferation. The presence of multiple oxygen-containing functional groups, such as hydroxyl and acetoxy groups, can enhance its ability to form hydrogen bonds with biological targets, which is crucial for its anticancer activity.

3. **Antifertility Effects**: The given molecule has been studied for its potential to induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) in reproductive cells, which can lead to antifertility effects. This is particularly relevant in the context of traditional uses of Tripterygium wilfordii in controlling fertility.

4. **Antioxidant Activity**: The presence of hydroxyl groups in the structure can contribute to its antioxidant properties. These groups can donate hydrogen atoms to neutralize free radicals, thereby reducing oxidative stress in cells.

Overall, the biological properties of the given molecule are closely tied to its complex structure, which allows it to interact with various biological targets, leading to its diverse pharmacological effects.

---

## Molecule 59

**SMILES:** C[C@]12C[C@@H]3[C@]4([C@]56[C@H]1C(=O)[C@](O5)([C@@H]7C[C@H]([C@]89C[C@H]8CC(=O)[C@@]9([C@H]7CC[C@@]6(C(=O)O4)O)C)O)OC[C@H]2C(=O)O3)C

**IUPAC Name:** (1R,2R,4R,5R,7S,10R,11S,14R,17S,18R,19S,20S,22R,25S)-4,14-dihydroxy-10,17,20-trimethyl-16,23,27,28-tetraoxanonacyclo[16.9.1.11,19.02,11.05,7.05,10.014,18.017,22.020,25]nonacosane-9,15,24,29-tetrone

**Description:** (1R,2R,4R,5R,7S,10R,11S,14R,17S,18R,19S,20S,22R,25S)-4,14-dihydroxy-10,17,20-trimethyl-16,23,27,28-tetraoxanonacyclo[16. 9. 1. 11,19. 02,11. 05,7. 05,10. 014,18. 017,22. 020,25]nonacosane-9,15,24,29-tetrone is a natural product found in Physalis lagascae, Physalis minima, and Alkekengi officinarum with data available.


**Response:** The given molecule, known as Physalin A, is a complex natural product with a polycyclic structure. It is derived from plants such as Physalis angulata and Physalis peruviana. The biological properties of Physalin A are largely influenced by its intricate molecular architecture, which includes multiple hydroxyl groups and ketone functionalities.

1. **Antitumor Activity**: Physalin A has been studied for its potential antitumor properties. The presence of multiple hydroxyl groups and ketone functionalities can facilitate interactions with biological macromolecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids, which may disrupt cancer cell growth and proliferation.

2. **Anti-inflammatory Effects**: The hydroxyl groups in the given molecule can contribute to its ability to modulate inflammatory pathways. These groups can participate in hydrogen bonding with enzymes or receptors involved in inflammation, potentially inhibiting pathways that lead to inflammation.

3. **Antimicrobial Properties**: The complex polycyclic structure of Physalin A may allow it to insert into microbial membranes or interact with microbial enzymes, disrupting their normal function and exhibiting antimicrobial effects.

4. **Immunomodulatory Effects**: The given molecule's ability to interact with immune cells can be attributed to its structural features, which may influence signaling pathways or the production of cytokines, thereby modulating immune responses.

Overall, the biological properties of Physalin A are closely tied to its structural features, including the presence of hydroxyl groups, ketone functionalities, and its polycyclic framework, which enable it to interact with various biological targets.

---

## Molecule 60

**SMILES:** CC1=CC2=C(C=C1C)N(C=N2)[C@@H]3[C@@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O3)CO)OP(=O)([O-])O[C@H](C)CNC(=O)CC[C@@]\4([C@H]([C@@H]5[C@]6([C@@]([C@@H](C(=N6)/C(=C\7/[C@@]([C@@H](C(=N7)/C=C\8/C([C@@H](C(=N8)/C(=C4\[N-]5)/C)CCC(=O)N)(C)C)CCC(=O)N)(C)CC(=O)N)/C)CCC(=O)N)(C)CC(=O)N)C)CC(=O)N)C)O.[C-]#N.[Co+3]

**IUPAC Name:** cobalt(3+);[(2R,3S,4R,5S)-5-(5,6-dimethylbenzimidazol-1-yl)-4-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-3-yl] [(2R)-1-[3-[(1R,2R,3R,4Z,7S,9Z,12S,13S,14Z,17S,18S,19R)-2,13,18-tris(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-7,12,17-tris(3-amino-3-oxopropyl)-3,5,8,8,13,15,18,19-octamethyl-2,7,12,17-tetrahydro-1H-corrin-21-id-3-yl]propanoylamino]propan-2-yl] phosphate;cyanide

**Description:** Cyanocobalamin is a cobalt-containing coordination compound generated by intestinal microbes, and a natural water-soluble vitamin of the B-complex family that must combine with Intrinsic Factor for absorption by the intestine. Cyanocobalamin is necessary for hematopoiesis, neural metabolism, DNA and RNA production, and carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. B12 improves iron functions in the metabolic cycle and assists folic acid in choline synthesis. B12 metabolism is interconnected with that of folic acid. Vitamin B12 deficiency causes pernicious anemia, megaloblastic anemia, and neurologic lesions. Cyanocobalamin is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Cyanocobalamin is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae.


**Response:** The given molecule, commonly known as cyanocobalamin or vitamin B12, is a complex organometallic compound that plays a crucial role in various biological processes. It is a water-soluble vitamin that contains cobalt at its core, which is essential for its biological activity.

### Biological Properties:

1. **Cobalamin Structure and Function:**
   - The core of the given molecule is a corrin ring, which is similar to the porphyrin ring found in heme but is less conjugated. This structure allows the central cobalt ion to participate in various biochemical reactions.
   - The cobalt ion in the given molecule can exist in different oxidation states, which is vital for its role as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions.

2. **Role in DNA Synthesis:**
   - The given molecule is crucial for DNA synthesis and repair. It assists in the proper formation of nucleotides, which are the building blocks of DNA. This is particularly important during periods of rapid cell division and growth, such as in the development of the nervous system.

3. **Methylation Reactions:**
   - The given molecule acts as a cofactor for methionine synthase, an enzyme involved in the conversion of homocysteine to methionine. This reaction is essential for methylation processes, which are critical for the proper functioning of DNA, proteins, and lipids.

4. **Neural and Hematopoietic Function:**
   - The given molecule is necessary for the maintenance of the nervous system and the formation of healthy red blood cells. It helps in the maturation of red blood cells in the bone marrow and is involved in the synthesis of myelin, the fatty substance that insulates nerve fibers.

5. **Metabolic Pathways:**
   - The given molecule is involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. It aids in the conversion of fatty acids and amino acids, which are essential for energy production and overall metabolic health.

6. **Involvement in Enzyme Activity:**
   - The given molecule serves as a cofactor for several enzymes, including methylmalonyl-CoA mutase and aquacobalamin-dependent enzymes. These enzymes are involved in the breakdown of certain amino acids and fatty acids.

7. **Absorption and Transport:**
   - The given molecule is absorbed in the stomach and requires the presence of intrinsic factor, a glycoprotein, to be properly absorbed. It is then transported in the bloodstream bound to transcobalamin, a protein that carries the vitamin to various tissues.

8. **Deficiency and Health Implications:**
   - A deficiency in the given molecule can lead to pernicious anemia, neurological disorders, and developmental issues. It is often associated with conditions like anemia, fatigue, and neurological symptoms due to its role in these critical biological processes.

In summary, the given molecule is a vital component of human health, playing a central role in DNA synthesis, methylation, and the maintenance of neural and hematopoietic functions. Its complex structure and ability to participate in various biochemical reactions underscore its importance in maintaining overall metabolic and cellular health.

---

## Molecule 61

**SMILES:** C[C@@H]1C[C@@H]([C@@H]2[C@H](C[C@H]([C@@](O2)(C(=O)C(=O)N3CCCC[C@H]3C(=O)O[C@@H]([C@@H]([C@H](CC(=O)[C@@H](/C=C(/C1)\C)CC=C)O)C)/C(=C/[C@@H]4CC[C@H]([C@@H](C4)OC)O)/C)O)C)OC)OC.O

**IUPAC Name:** (1R,9S,12S,13R,14S,17R,18E,21S,23S,24R,25S,27R)-1,14-dihydroxy-12-[(E)-1-[(1R,3R,4R)-4-hydroxy-3-methoxycyclohexyl]prop-1-en-2-yl]-23,25-dimethoxy-13,19,21,27-tetramethyl-17-prop-2-enyl-11,28-dioxa-4-azatricyclo[22.3.1.04,9]octacos-18-ene-2,3,10,16-tetrone;hydrate

**Description:** Tacrolimus hydrate is a hydrate that is the monohydrate form of tacrolimus. It has a role as an immunosuppressive agent. It contains a tacrolimus (anhydrous). Tacrolimus is a macrolide isolated from Streptomyces tsukubaensis. Tacrolimus binds to the FKBP-12 protein and forms a complex with calcium-dependent proteins, thereby inhibiting calcineurin phosphatase activity and resulting in decreased cytokine production. This agent exhibits potent immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation. Tacrolimus possesses similar immunosuppressive properties to cyclosporine, but is more potent.


**Response:** The given molecule, known as sirolimus, is a macrolide compound with immunosuppressive properties. It functions primarily by inhibiting the activation of T-cells, which are a type of immune cell. This inhibition occurs through the binding of sirolimus to the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a critical regulatory kinase involved in cell growth, proliferation, and survival. By blocking mTOR, sirolimus effectively suppresses the immune response, which is particularly useful in preventing organ transplant rejection and treating certain autoimmune diseases.

The structural features of the given molecule contribute to its biological activity. The macrolide ring, a large lactone ring, is crucial for its ability to interact with mTOR. The presence of hydroxyl and methoxy groups enhances its solubility and bioavailability, allowing it to be effective in its role as an immunosuppressant. Additionally, the prop-2-enyl side chain and the cyclohexyl moiety contribute to its binding affinity and specificity for mTOR.

In summary, the given molecule's biological properties are closely linked to its ability to inhibit mTOR, which is essential for controlling immune cell activation and proliferation. This makes it a valuable therapeutic agent in preventing transplant rejection and managing certain immune-related conditions.

---

## Molecule 62

**SMILES:** COC1=CC(=CC(=C1OC)OC)C2=CC(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O

**IUPAC Name:** 5,7-dihydroxy-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one

**Description:** 3',4',5'-O-trimethyltricetin is a trimethoxyflavone that is the 3',4',5'-tri-O-methyl ether of tricetin. It is a trimethoxyflavone, a dihydroxyflavone and a 3',5'-dimethoxyflavone. It is functionally related to a tricetin. It is a conjugate acid of a 3',4',5'-O-trimethyltricetin(1-).


**Response:** The given molecule is a flavonoid, a class of polyphenolic compounds known for their diverse biological activities. The structure of the given molecule includes a chromen-4-one backbone, which is a common feature in flavonoids, and is characterized by a phenyl group with three methoxy substituents.

The presence of hydroxyl groups on the chromen-4-one structure contributes to its antioxidant properties. These hydroxyl groups can donate hydrogen atoms to neutralize free radicals, thereby reducing oxidative stress in biological systems. This antioxidant activity is crucial in protecting cells from damage and has implications in preventing various diseases related to oxidative stress, such as cardiovascular diseases and certain types of cancer.

The methoxy groups on the phenyl ring can influence the molecule's solubility and its ability to interact with biological membranes. These groups can enhance the lipophilicity of the molecule, potentially improving its ability to penetrate cell membranes and interact with intracellular targets. This can affect the molecule's bioavailability and its overall biological efficacy.

Additionally, flavonoids like the given molecule are known to exhibit anti-inflammatory properties. They can modulate the activity of enzymes and signaling pathways involved in inflammation, which may contribute to their therapeutic potential in inflammatory conditions.

Overall, the combination of hydroxyl and methoxy groups in the given molecule suggests a role in antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, which are typical of many naturally occurring flavonoids. These properties make the given molecule a candidate for further research in the context of natural product pharmacology.

---

## Molecule 63

**SMILES:** CC(=O)OCC1=C(N2C(C(C2=O)NC(=O)C(=NOC)C3=CSC(=N3)N)SC1)C(=O)[O-].[Na+]

**IUPAC Name:** sodium;3-(acetyloxymethyl)-7-[[2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-methoxyiminoacetyl]amino]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylate

**Description:** Cefotaxime Sodium is the sodium salt form of cefotaxime, a beta-lactam, third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with bactericidal activity. Cefotaxime sodium binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins (PBP) located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall. Inactivation of PBPs interferes with the cross-linking of peptidoglycan chains necessary for bacterial cell wall strength and rigidity. This results in the weakening of the bacterial cell wall and causes cell lysis. Compared to the second and first generation cephalosporins, cefotaxime sodium is more active against gram-negative bacteria and less active against gram-positive bacteria.


**Response:** The given molecule, known as Cefotaxime Sodium, is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Its biological properties are primarily derived from its ability to inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis, which is crucial for its antibacterial activity.

The core structure of the given molecule is a beta-lactam ring, which is essential for its function as an antibiotic. This beta-lactam ring is part of a bicyclic system that includes a thiazolidine ring. The presence of the beta-lactam ring allows the molecule to bind to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) on the bacterial cell wall. These PBPs are enzymes that play a key role in the cross-linking of peptidoglycan layers, which are vital for maintaining the structural integrity of bacterial cell walls.

The given molecule's structure also includes a methoxyimino group, which enhances its stability against beta-lactamase enzymes produced by certain bacteria. This resistance to beta-lactamase degradation is a significant feature of third-generation cephalosporins, allowing them to be effective against a broader range of bacterial infections, including those caused by beta-lactamase-producing strains.

Additionally, the presence of the thiazole ring in the side chain contributes to the molecule's ability to penetrate the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, enhancing its efficacy against these types of bacteria. This is particularly important because Gram-negative bacteria often have more complex outer membranes that can hinder the penetration of antibiotics.

The sodium salt form of the given molecule increases its solubility in aqueous solutions, which is beneficial for its administration in a clinical setting. This solubility ensures that the antibiotic can be effectively delivered to the site of infection.

Overall, the structural features of the given molecule, including the beta-lactam ring, methoxyimino group, and thiazole ring, are crucial for its antibacterial properties, allowing it to effectively inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis and resist degradation by beta-lactamase enzymes.

---

## Molecule 64

**SMILES:** CNCCOP(=O)(O)OP(=O)(O)OC[C@@H]1[C@H]([C@H]([C@@H](O1)N2C=CC(=NC2=O)N)O)O

**IUPAC Name:** [[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(4-amino-2-oxopyrimidin-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl] 2-(methylamino)ethyl hydrogen phosphate

**Description:** CDP-N-methylethanolamine is a nucleotide-(amino alcohol) that is the N-methyl derivative of CDP-ethanolamine. It is a phosphoethanolamine and a member of nucleotide-(amino alcohol)s. It is functionally related to a CDP-ethanolamine. It is a conjugate acid of a CDP-N-methylethanolamine(1-).


**Response:** The given molecule is a derivative of cytidine monophosphate (CMP), specifically modified with a 2-(methylamino)ethyl group. This modification classifies it as a CMP analog. The core structure of the molecule is based on cytidine, which is a nucleoside component of RNA. The presence of the pyrimidine base, 4-amino-2-oxopyrimidin-1-yl, is characteristic of cytidine, contributing to its role in nucleic acid metabolism.

The biological properties of the given molecule are influenced by its structural components:

1. **Nucleotide Structure**: As a nucleotide analog, the given molecule can potentially interfere with nucleic acid synthesis and processing. It may mimic natural nucleotides, allowing it to be incorporated into RNA or DNA, potentially altering genetic expression or replication processes.

2. **Phosphate Group**: The presence of a phosphoryl group linked to the ribose sugar suggests that the molecule can participate in phosphorylation reactions, which are crucial for energy transfer and signal transduction in cells. This feature may also allow the molecule to interact with enzymes that process nucleotides, such as kinases or polymerases.

3. **2-(Methylamino)ethyl Modification**: The addition of a 2-(methylamino)ethyl group to the ribose sugar can affect the molecule's interaction with enzymes and other biomolecules. This modification may alter the molecule's binding affinity to specific proteins or enzymes, potentially inhibiting or modifying their activity. This could be particularly relevant in therapeutic contexts where the molecule is designed to inhibit viral replication or modulate immune responses.

4. **Role as a Metabolite**: As a metabolite, the given molecule may be involved in various biochemical pathways, possibly serving as an intermediate or end product in the metabolism of nucleotides. Its role as a metabolite suggests it could be involved in cellular processes such as energy production, signal transduction, or nucleic acid synthesis.

Overall, the given molecule's structure suggests it could have significant implications in biochemical pathways related to nucleic acid metabolism and function, potentially serving as a therapeutic agent or a biochemical tool in research.

---

## Molecule 65

**SMILES:** CCCCCCCC(=O)OCCCCCC

**IUPAC Name:** hexyl octanoate

**Description:** Hexyl octanoate is an octanoate ester obtained by the formal condensation of octanoic acid with hexan-1-ol. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is functionally related to a hexan-1-ol. Hexyl octanoate is a natural product found in Salvia atropatana, Boswellia sacra, and other organisms with data available.


**Response:** The given molecule, hexyl octanoate, is an ester, which is a type of organic compound formed from the reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid. In this case, the alcohol component is hexanol, and the acid component is octanoic acid. This specific ester is commonly found in nature, particularly in the essential oils of various plants such as Aspalathus linearis and Mangifera indica.

Biologically, esters like the given molecule are known for their pleasant fruity aromas and are often used in the flavor and fragrance industries. The presence of this molecule in natural sources suggests it may play a role in the plant's aroma profile, potentially aiding in pollinator attraction or acting as a deterrent to herbivores due to its scent.

Additionally, esters can have antimicrobial properties, which might contribute to the plant's defense mechanisms against pathogens. The hydrophobic nature of the long carbon chains in the given molecule also suggests it could be involved in forming protective barriers or in modulating the fluidity of cell membranes.

Overall, the biological properties of the given molecule are closely tied to its role as a natural fragrance compound and its potential antimicrobial effects, which are facilitated by its ester structure and hydrophobic characteristics.

---

## Molecule 66

**SMILES:** C[C@@H]\1C/C(=C/C[C@@H]2C[C@@H](C[C@@]3(O2)C/C(=N\OC)/[C@@H]([C@H](O3)/C(=C/C(C)C)/C)C)OC(=O)[C@@H]4C=C([C@H]([C@H]5[C@]4(/C(=C/C=C1)/CO5)O)O)C)/C

**IUPAC Name:** (1R,4S,4'E,5'S,6R,6'S,8R,10E,13R,14E,16E,20S,21R,24S)-21,24-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyimino-5',11,13,22-tetramethyl-6'-[(E)-4-methylpent-2-en-2-yl]spiro[3,7,19-trioxatetracyclo[15.6.1.14,8.020,24]pentacosa-10,14,16,22-tetraene-6,2'-oxane]-2-one

**Description:** Moxidectin is a macrocyclic lactone derived from Streptomyces cyanogriseus with antiparasitic activity. Upon administration, moxidectin may bind to glutamate-gated chloride channels (GluCl), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors and/or ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters expressed on nematode neurons and pharyngeal muscle cells. As a result, neurons or muscle cells remain at either hyperpolarization or depolarization state, thereby resulting in muscle paralysis. Moxidectin reduces the motility and fertility of the parasite and its excretion of immunomodulatory proteins, and inhibits the release of microfilariae.


**Response:** The given molecule, known as moxidectin, is a member of the avermectin class of compounds, which are macrocyclic lactones. These compounds are known for their potent antiparasitic properties, particularly against a wide range of nematodes and arthropods. The biological activity of the given molecule is primarily due to its ability to modulate neurotransmission by interacting with glutamate-gated chloride channels, which are present in invertebrates but not in vertebrates. This interaction leads to an increase in chloride ion permeability across cell membranes, resulting in hyperpolarization and paralysis of the parasite, effectively eliminating it.

The structural features of the given molecule, such as its macrocyclic lactone ring and the presence of multiple stereocenters, contribute to its high affinity and specificity for these chloride channels. The spirocyclic structure and the presence of methoxyimino and methylbutenyl groups enhance its lipophilicity, allowing it to effectively penetrate the lipid membranes of parasites.

In addition to its antiparasitic effects, the given molecule also exhibits some antifungal activity, although this is less pronounced compared to its antiparasitic action. This dual activity is beneficial in veterinary medicine, where it can be used to treat both parasitic and fungal infections in animals.

The given molecule's long half-life in the body allows for its use in sustained-release formulations, which can provide extended protection against parasites. This property is particularly advantageous in livestock management, where long-lasting treatments are often necessary to maintain animal health and productivity.

Overall, the biological properties of the given molecule make it a valuable tool in veterinary medicine for controlling parasitic infections in various animal species.

---

## Molecule 67

**SMILES:** C1C(COC2=C1C=CC(=C2)O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3)O)O

**IUPAC Name:** 4-(7-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-3-yl)benzene-1,3-diol

**Description:** Demethylvestitol is a member of hydroxyisoflavans. Demethylvestitol is a natural product found in Anthyllis vulneraria, Endosamara racemosa, and Vigna mungo with data available. A piperazinyl androstane derivative which is a non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent (NEUROMUSCULAR NONDEPOLARIZING AGENTS). It is used as a muscle relaxant during ANESTHESIA and surgical procedures.


**Response:** The given molecule is a type of flavonoid, which is a class of polyphenolic compounds known for their diverse biological activities. The structure of the given molecule includes a chromen ring system, which is a common feature in flavonoids, and two hydroxyl groups attached to a benzene ring. This structural arrangement is crucial for its biological properties.

The presence of hydroxyl groups in the given molecule contributes significantly to its antioxidant activity. These hydroxyl groups can donate hydrogen atoms to neutralize free radicals, thereby reducing oxidative stress in biological systems. This antioxidant property is beneficial in protecting cells from damage caused by reactive oxygen species, which is linked to various diseases, including cancer and cardiovascular disorders.

Additionally, the chromen ring system in the given molecule is known to interact with various enzymes and receptors in the body, potentially modulating their activity. This interaction can lead to anti-inflammatory effects, as flavonoids are known to inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory mediators.

The given molecule is found in plants like Erythrina abyssinica and Erythrina sigmoidea, which are known for their medicinal properties. The presence of this compound in these plants suggests that it may contribute to the therapeutic effects observed in traditional medicine, such as pain relief and anti-inflammatory effects.

Overall, the biological properties of the given molecule, primarily its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, are closely related to its structural features, including the chromen ring and hydroxyl groups.

---

## Molecule 68

**SMILES:** C[C@@H]1[C@@H]2C[C@@]34COC(=O)C3=CC=C[C@H]4[C@]15C[C@@H](O[C@H]5O2)C6=COC=C6

**IUPAC Name:** (1R,2R,10S,12S,14R,16R,18S)-16-(furan-3-yl)-18-methyl-8,13,15-trioxapentacyclo[10.5.1.01,14.02,10.06,10]octadeca-3,5-dien-7-one

**Description:** (1R,2R,10S,12S,14R,16R,18S)-16-(furan-3-yl)-18-methyl-8,13,15-trioxapentacyclo[10. 5. 1. 01,14. 02,10. 06,10]octadeca-3,5-dien-7-one is a natural product found in Salvia xalapensis, Salvia farinacea, and other organisms with data available.


**Response:** The given molecule is a complex natural product found in Salvia splendens, a plant known for its ornamental and medicinal properties. The structure of the given molecule includes several key features that contribute to its biological properties.

1. **Pentacyclic Core**: The molecule has a pentacyclic structure, which is a hallmark of many bioactive natural products. Such a structure often contributes to the molecule's stability and ability to interact with various biological targets, such as enzymes or receptors, due to its rigid and defined three-dimensional shape.

2. **Furan Ring**: The presence of a furan ring, a five-membered aromatic ring containing oxygen, is significant. Furan rings are known for their ability to participate in various chemical reactions and can enhance the molecule's ability to interact with biological systems. This moiety can contribute to the molecule's potential antioxidant properties or its ability to modulate enzyme activity.

3. **Methyl Group**: The methyl group attached to the structure can influence the molecule's lipophilicity, affecting its ability to cross cell membranes and its overall bioavailability. This can enhance the molecule's potential as a therapeutic agent by improving its distribution within the body.

4. **Trioxapentacyclic System**: The presence of multiple oxygen atoms in the trioxapentacyclic system suggests potential for hydrogen bonding interactions. These interactions can be crucial for the molecule's binding affinity to biological targets, influencing its pharmacological activity.

5. **Conjugated Diene System**: The conjugated diene system within the molecule can play a role in its reactivity and interaction with biological systems. Such systems can participate in electron transfer processes, which might be relevant in the context of the molecule's biological activity.

Overall, the given molecule's structure suggests it could have various biological activities, potentially including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, or antimicrobial properties, which are common among natural products from the Salvia genus. These properties make it a candidate for further pharmacological studies to explore its potential therapeutic applications.

---

## Molecule 69

**SMILES:** C[C@]12CC[C@H]3[C@H]([C@@H]1CC[C@H]2O)CCC4=CC(=O)CC[C@]34C

**IUPAC Name:** (8R,9S,10R,13S,14S,17R)-17-hydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one

**Description:** Epitestosterone is an androstanoid that is the C-17 epimer of testosterone. It has a role as an androgen antagonist and a human metabolite. It is an androstanoid, a 17alpha-hydroxy steroid and a 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid. Epitestosterone is the 17-alpha isomer of testosterone, derived from pregnenolone via the delta5-steroid pathway, and via 5-androstene-3-beta,17-alpha-diol. Epitestosterone acts as an antiandrogen in various target tissues. The ratio between testosterone/epitestosterone is used to monitor anabolic drug abuse. Epitestosterone is a natural product found in Vitex agnus-castus with data available. The 17-alpha isomer of TESTOSTERONE, derived from PREGNENOLONE via the delta5-steroid pathway, and via 5-androstene-3-beta,17-alpha-diol. Epitestosterone acts as an antiandrogen in various target tissues. The ratio between testosterone/epitestosterone is used to monitor anabolic drug abuse.


**Response:** The given molecule is a derivative of androstane, which is a type of steroid. Steroids are a class of organic compounds that play critical roles in various biological processes. The structure of the given molecule includes a cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene core, which is characteristic of steroids. This core structure is crucial for the molecule's biological activity.

The presence of a hydroxy group at the 17th position and a ketone group at the third position are significant for its biological properties. The hydroxy group at the 17th position is a common feature in many biologically active steroids, such as estrogens and androgens. This functional group can influence the molecule's solubility, receptor binding, and overall biological activity.

The ketone group at the third position is also important, as it can participate in hydrogen bonding and other interactions with biological targets, such as enzymes or receptors. This functional group is often involved in the modulation of the molecule's activity and specificity.

The stereochemistry of the given molecule, indicated by the specific configuration of its chiral centers, is crucial for its biological function. The specific arrangement of these chiral centers can affect how the molecule interacts with biological targets, influencing its potency and selectivity.

Overall, the given molecule, as a derivative of androstane, likely exhibits properties similar to other steroids, such as acting as a hormone or hormone precursor. It may be involved in regulating various physiological processes, including metabolism, immune response, and reproductive functions. The specific modifications, such as the hydroxy and ketone groups, further refine its biological activity and specificity.

---

## Molecule 70

**SMILES:** CCCCC/C=C\C/C=C\C/C=C\CCCCCCCCC(=O)[O-]

**IUPAC Name:** (10Z,13Z,16Z)-docosa-10,13,16-trienoate

**Description:** (10Z,13Z,16Z)-docosatrienoate is a long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of (10Z,13Z,16Z)-docosatrienoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7. 3. It is a conjugate base of a (10Z,13Z,16Z)-docosatrienoic acid.


**Response:** The given molecule, a trienoate, is a type of polyunsaturated fatty acid anion. It is derived from docosatrienoic acid by the removal of a proton from the carboxylic acid group, resulting in a negatively charged carboxylate group. This transformation is common in biological systems where the anion form is more reactive and can participate in various biochemical processes.

The presence of three double bonds in the carbon chain, as indicated by the 'trienoate' part of the name, suggests that the given molecule is highly unsaturated. These double bonds are in the cis configuration, which introduces kinks in the molecule, affecting its physical properties such as fluidity and flexibility. This structural feature is crucial for its role in biological membranes, where it can influence membrane fluidity and permeability.

The given molecule's structure allows it to participate in metabolic pathways as a precursor to bioactive lipids. It can be involved in the synthesis of signaling molecules like eicosanoids, which play roles in inflammation, immunity, and other cellular processes. The anionic form is particularly important in these pathways as it can readily interact with enzymes and other biomolecules.

Furthermore, the given molecule's polyunsaturated nature makes it a potential antioxidant. It can help in scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress, which is beneficial in protecting cells from damage.

Overall, the biological properties of the given molecule are closely linked to its structure, particularly the presence of multiple cis double bonds and its anionic form, which together enable it to play significant roles in cellular processes and metabolic pathways.

---

## Molecule 71

**SMILES:** CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)O

**IUPAC Name:** hentriacontan-16-ol

**Description:** Hentriacontan-16-ol is a fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at C-16 of an unbranched saturated chain of 31 carbon atoms. It is a long-chain fatty alcohol and a secondary alcohol. It derives from a hydride of a hentriacontane. Hentriacontan-16-ol is a natural product found in Dimocarpus longan, Nephelium ramboutan-ake, and Phytolacca acinosa with data available.


**Response:** The given molecule is a long-chain alcohol, specifically a heptacosanol, which means it has a 27-carbon alkyl chain with a single hydroxyl group (-OH) attached. This structure classifies it as a fatty alcohol. 

In terms of biological properties, the long hydrophobic carbon chain of the given molecule contributes to its role in forming lipid structures. Such molecules are often involved in the formation of waxes and cuticular layers in plants, providing a barrier to water loss and protection against environmental stressors. The presence of the hydroxyl group makes the molecule slightly polar, which can influence its solubility and interaction with other biological molecules.

In the context of Pisum sativum, or pea plants, the given molecule may play a role in the plant's defense mechanisms or in the regulation of water balance. Fatty alcohols like this one can also be precursors to other biologically active compounds, such as esters and ethers, which may have specific roles in plant metabolism or signaling.

Overall, the given molecule's structure suggests it is involved in protective and structural functions within plant tissues, contributing to the plant's ability to thrive in various environmental conditions.

---

## Molecule 72

**SMILES:** C1=CC=C2C(=C1)C(=CN2)C[C@H](C(=O)[O-])[NH3+]

**IUPAC Name:** (2R)-2-azaniumyl-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoate

**Description:** D-tryptophan zwitterion is zwitterionic form of D-tryptophan having an anionic carboxy group and a protonated alpha-amino group; major species at pH 7. 3. It is a tautomer of a D-tryptophan. D-Tryptophan is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. D-Tryptophan is a natural product found in Vitis vinifera and Solanum lycopersicum with data available.


**Response:** The given molecule, commonly known as D-tryptophan, is an amino acid derivative that plays a significant role in various biological processes. It is the D-enantiomer of tryptophan, which is distinct from the more commonly found L-tryptophan. The D-configuration refers to the spatial arrangement of the atoms around the chiral center, which in this case is the second carbon in the amino acid chain.

### Biological Properties:

1. **Precursor to Bioactive Compounds:**
   - D-tryptophan serves as a precursor to several important bioactive compounds, including serotonin, melatonin, and niacin. These compounds are crucial for regulating mood, sleep, and metabolism.

2. **Enantiomeric Specificity:**
   - The D-enantiomer of tryptophan is less common in nature compared to its L-counterpart. However, it can be found in certain microorganisms and some plants. The specific D-configuration can influence how the molecule interacts with enzymes and receptors, potentially leading to different biological activities compared to L-tryptophan.

3. **Role in Microorganisms:**
   - In organisms like Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, D-tryptophan can be involved in metabolic pathways that synthesize proteins or other compounds necessary for survival and growth. These microorganisms may utilize D-tryptophan as a source of tryptophan-related metabolites.

4. **Zwitterionic Form:**
   - The given molecule exists as a zwitterion, which means it has both a positive and a negative charge at physiological pH. This property can affect its solubility, transport across cell membranes, and interaction with other biomolecules.

5. **Potential for Unique Biological Activities:**
   - Due to its less common structure, D-tryptophan may exhibit unique biological activities or interactions that differ from those of L-tryptophan. This could make it a candidate for research into novel therapeutic applications or as a tool to study chiral specificity in biological systems.

In summary, the given molecule, D-tryptophan, is a significant amino acid derivative with unique properties due to its D-configuration. Its role in microorganisms and potential for unique biological activities make it an interesting subject for further biochemical and pharmacological studies.

---

## Molecule 73

**SMILES:** C[C@]12CCC[C@@]34[C@H]1CC[C@@]56[C@@H]3C[C@@H]([C@H]([C@H]5[C@@H]4N(C2)C)OC)[C@@]7(C6)CC[C@@]89[C@H]1[C@@H]8C=C2C3=C(CC[C@@]2(C1)[C@@H]9O7)[C@]1(C[C@@H](C3)CN(C1)C)C

**IUPAC Name:** (1S,1'S,5R,5'S,8'S,9R,9'R,10'S,11'S,14S,14'R,15R,16R,17'S,18'S,19S,21R)-10'-methoxy-5,5',7,7'-tetramethylspiro[20-oxa-7-azaheptacyclo[13.6.1.15,9.01,12.04,11.014,16.016,21]tricosa-4(11),12-diene-19,12'-7-azahexacyclo[9.6.2.01,8.05,17.09,14.014,18]nonadecane]

**Description:** (1S,1'S,5R,5'S,8'S,9R,9'R,10'S,11'S,14S,14'R,15R,16R,17'S,18'S,19S,21R)-10'-methoxy-5,5',7,7'-tetramethylspiro[20-oxa-7-azaheptacyclo[13. 6. 1. 15,9. 01,12. 04,11. 014,16. 016,21]tricosa-4(11),12-diene-19,12'-7-azahexacyclo[9. 6. 2. 01,8. 05,17. 09,14. 014,18]nonadecane] is a natural product found in Staphisagria macrosperma with data available.


**Response:** The given molecule is a complex natural product found in the plant Staphisagria macrosperma. It belongs to a class of compounds known as alkaloids, which are known for their diverse range of biological activities. The structure of the given molecule is characterized by a highly intricate polycyclic framework, which includes multiple rings and a spiro linkage. This complexity is typical of many natural alkaloids, which often exhibit potent biological effects.

The presence of methoxy and methyl groups in the structure suggests that the molecule may have specific interactions with biological targets, potentially affecting its solubility and ability to cross cell membranes. The spiro linkage, which connects two cyclic structures at a single atom, can contribute to the molecule's three-dimensional shape, influencing its binding affinity to biological receptors.

Alkaloids from the Staphisagria genus are often studied for their potential pharmacological properties, including antitumor, antimicrobial, and insecticidal activities. The given molecule's unique structure may allow it to interact with specific enzymes or receptors, leading to these biological effects. Additionally, the presence of nitrogen in the structure is a common feature in alkaloids, which can play a crucial role in their ability to form hydrogen bonds and interact with biological macromolecules.

Overall, the biological properties of the given molecule are likely related to its ability to interact with various biological targets due to its complex structure, which is typical of many bioactive natural products. Further research into this molecule could reveal specific mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic applications.

---

## Molecule 74

**SMILES:** C[C@H]1/C=C/C=C(\C(=O)N=C2C(=C3C(=C4C2=NC5(N4)CCN(CC5)CC(C)C)C6=C(C(=C3O)C)O[C@@](C6=O)(O/C=C/[C@@H]([C@H]([C@H]([C@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]1O)C)O)C)OC(=O)C)C)OC)C)O)/C

**IUPAC Name:** [(7S,9E,11S,12R,13S,14S,15S,16R,17S,18S,19E,21Z)-2,15,17,32-tetrahydroxy-11-methoxy-3,7,12,14,16,18,22-heptamethyl-1'-(2-methylpropyl)-6,23-dioxospiro[8,33-dioxa-24,27,29-triazapentacyclo[23.6.1.14,7.05,31.026,30]tritriaconta-1(32),2,4,9,19,21,24,26,30-nonaene-28,4'-piperidine]-13-yl] acetate

**Description:** Rifabutin is a rifamycin antibiotic that is similar in structure and activity to rifampin and rifapentine and which is used largely in the prevention of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) disease in patients with advanced HIV infection. Rifabutin is associated with transient and asymptomatic elevations in serum aminotransferase and is a likely cause of clinically apparent, acute liver disease. Rifabutin is a semisynthetic ansamycin antibiotic with potent antimycobacterial properties. Rifabutin inhibits bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, thereby suppressing the initiation of RNA formation and leading to inhibition of RNA synthesis and transcription. (NCI04) Rifabutin is an antibacterial prescription medicine approved by the U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the prevention of disseminatedMycobacterium avium complex (MAC) disease in people with advanced HIV infection. Disseminated MAC disease, also called disseminated MAC infection, can be an opportunistic infection (OI) of HIV.


**Response:** The given molecule, known as rifabutin, is a member of the rifamycin class of antibiotics. It is characterized by its complex macrocyclic structure, which includes a spiro linkage and multiple hydroxyl and methoxy groups. These structural features contribute to its biological properties and mechanism of action.

**Biological Properties:**

1. **Antimicrobial Activity:**
   - The given molecule is primarily used as an antibiotic, particularly effective against mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Its antimicrobial activity is due to its ability to inhibit bacterial RNA synthesis. It achieves this by binding to the beta subunit of bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, which is essential for the transcription of RNA from the DNA template. This inhibition prevents the synthesis of RNA, thereby impeding bacterial growth and replication.

2. **Immunosuppressive Effects:**
   - The given molecule can also have immunosuppressive effects, which is particularly relevant in its use in HIV-infected individuals. By inhibiting the synthesis of RNA in immune cells, it can weaken the immune response, which is a critical consideration in patients with compromised immune systems.

3. **Antiprotozoal Activity:**
   - Although not its primary use, the given molecule has shown activity against certain protozoa, such as Cryptosporidium parvum. This is likely due to its ability to disrupt nucleic acid synthesis in these organisms.

4. **Drug-Drug Interaction:**
   - The given molecule is known to inhibit the activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes, particularly CYP3A4. This can lead to interactions with other medications metabolized by this enzyme, affecting their efficacy and safety. For instance, it can increase the levels of other drugs in the body, potentially leading to adverse effects.

5. **Resistance and Bacterial Interaction:**
   - Resistance to the given molecule can develop through mutations in the RNA polymerase enzyme or efflux pumps that expel the antibiotic from bacterial cells. The emergence of resistance is a concern in long-term treatment with rifamycin antibiotics.

6. **Adverse Effects:**
   - Common side effects include gastrointestinal disturbances, such as nausea and diarrhea, as well as skin reactions. The immunosuppressive nature of the given molecule can also lead to opportunistic infections, especially in immunocompromised patients.

In summary, the given molecule's biological properties are closely tied to its ability to inhibit bacterial RNA synthesis, its interaction with cytochrome P450 enzymes, and its potential to cause immunosuppressive effects. These properties make it a valuable antibiotic in treating specific bacterial infections, particularly those caused by mycobacteria, while also necessitating careful management due to its side effects and drug interactions.

---

## Molecule 75

**SMILES:** C[C@H]1[C@H]2[C@H](C[C@@]3([C@@]2([C@@H](C[C@]45C3=CC[C@@H]6[C@]4(C5)CC[C@@H](C6(C)C)O[C@H]7[C@@H]([C@H]([C@H](CO7)O)O)O)OC(=O)C)C)C)O[C@@]8([C@@H]1OC([C@H]8O)(C)C)O

**IUPAC Name:** [(1S,5R,7S,10R,12S,14R,15R,16R,17S,18R,21R,22S,24S)-21,22-dihydroxy-1,6,6,15,17,20,20-heptamethyl-7-[(2S,3R,4S,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-19,23-dioxaheptacyclo[13.10.0.02,12.05,10.010,12.016,24.018,22]pentacos-2-en-14-yl] acetate

**Description:** [(1S,5R,7S,10R,12S,14R,15R,16R,17S,18R,21R,22S,24S)-21,22-dihydroxy-1,6,6,15,17,20,20-heptamethyl-7-[(2S,3R,4S,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-19,23-dioxaheptacyclo[13. 10. 0. 02,12. 05,10. 010,12. 016,24. 018,22]pentacos-2-en-14-yl] acetate is a natural product found in Actaea racemosa with data available.


**Response:** The given molecule is a complex natural product found in the plant Actaea racemosa, commonly known as black cohosh. This molecule is a type of triterpenoid glycoside, which is a class of compounds known for their diverse biological activities.

### Biological Properties:

1. **Estrogenic Activity:**
   The given molecule is known for its potential estrogenic activity. It can mimic the effects of estrogen by binding to estrogen receptors, which may help alleviate symptoms associated with menopause, such as hot flashes and mood swings. This property is largely due to the presence of the glycoside moiety, which enhances the molecule's solubility and bioavailability.

2. **Anti-inflammatory Effects:**
   The triterpenoid structure of the given molecule contributes to its anti-inflammatory properties. It can inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes like cyclooxygenase (COX), which are involved in the inflammatory response. This makes it useful in managing conditions characterized by inflammation.

3. **Antioxidant Activity:**
   The presence of multiple hydroxyl groups in the molecule contributes to its antioxidant properties. These groups can donate hydrogen atoms to neutralize free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and potentially lowering the risk of chronic diseases.

4. **Potential Anticancer Effects:**
   Some studies suggest that the given molecule may have anticancer properties, possibly through the induction of apoptosis (programmed cell death) in cancer cells. This is attributed to its ability to modulate signaling pathways involved in cell growth and survival.

5. **Neuroprotective Effects:**
   The molecule's interaction with estrogen receptors may also extend to neuroprotective effects, potentially offering protection against neurodegenerative diseases by modulating neuronal function and survival.

Overall, the given molecule's complex structure, featuring a triterpenoid backbone and glycosidic linkage, underpins its multifaceted biological activities, making it a compound of interest in both traditional and modern medicine.

---

## Molecule 76

**SMILES:** C[C@]1(CC[C@H]2[C@]([C@@]13[C@H](O3)C(=O)O)(C(=O)C[C@@H]4[C@@]2([C@@H](OC4(C)C)CC(=O)O)CO)C)[C@H](C5=COC=C5)O

**IUPAC Name:** (1S,2'S,3aR,5aR,6R,7S,9aR,9bR)-1-(carboxymethyl)-7-[(S)-furan-3-yl(hydroxy)methyl]-9b-(hydroxymethyl)-3,3,5a,7-tetramethyl-5-oxospiro[1,3a,4,8,9,9a-hexahydrobenzo[e][2]benzofuran-6,3'-oxirane]-2'-carboxylic acid

**Description:** Limonoic acid is a limonoid, a dicarboxylic acid, a member of furans and an epoxide. It is a conjugate acid of a limonoate(2-).


**Response:** The given molecule, known as Hanagokenolide A, is a natural product isolated from the plant Neobeguea mahafalensis. This molecule is a complex organic compound with several distinct structural features that contribute to its biological properties.

1. **Spirocyclic Structure**: The given molecule contains a spirocyclic framework, which is a structural motif where two rings are connected through a single atom. This spiro connection can impart unique three-dimensional shapes to the molecule, potentially affecting its interaction with biological targets such as enzymes or receptors. The rigidity and specific orientation of the spiro center can enhance the molecule's specificity and binding affinity to its biological targets.

2. **Furan Ring**: The presence of a furan ring, a five-membered aromatic ring containing oxygen, can contribute to the molecule's reactivity and ability to participate in hydrogen bonding. This can influence the molecule's solubility and its interaction with biological macromolecules, potentially affecting its bioavailability and activity.

3. **Hydroxyl Groups**: The given molecule contains multiple hydroxyl groups. These functional groups are highly polar and can form hydrogen bonds with biological molecules, which can enhance solubility in aqueous environments and facilitate interactions with proteins and enzymes. Hydroxyl groups are often involved in the modulation of biological activity, such as increasing the molecule's affinity for certain biological targets.

4. **Carboxylic Acid Group**: The presence of a carboxylic acid group is significant for the molecule's biological properties. This group can ionize under physiological conditions, which can affect the molecule's solubility and permeability. The carboxylic acid group can also participate in ionic interactions with amino acid residues in proteins, potentially influencing the molecule's binding to biological targets.

5. **Methyl Groups**: The given molecule has several methyl groups, which can affect its hydrophobicity. Methyl groups can influence the molecule's ability to cross cell membranes and its overall stability. They can also play a role in the molecule's interaction with hydrophobic pockets in proteins, potentially affecting its biological activity.

Overall, the combination of these structural features in the given molecule suggests that it may have specific interactions with biological targets, potentially leading to various biological activities. These could include antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, or other pharmacological effects, although specific activities would need to be confirmed through experimental studies.

---

## Molecule 77

**SMILES:** C[C@]12CC[C@H]3[C@H]([C@@H]1C[C@@H]([C@@H]2O)O[C@H]4[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O4)C(=O)O)O)O)O)CCC5=C3C=CC(=C5)O

**IUPAC Name:** (2S,3S,4S,5R,6R)-6-[[(8R,9S,13S,14S,16S,17R)-3,17-dihydroxy-13-methyl-6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-decahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-16-yl]oxy]-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid

**Description:** 16-epiestriol 16-O-(beta-D-glucuronide) is a steroid glucosiduronic acid that is 16-epiestriol having a single beta-D-glucuronic acid residue attached at position 16. It is a beta-D-glucosiduronic acid and a steroid glucosiduronic acid. It is functionally related to a 16beta-hydroxyestradiol. It is a conjugate acid of a 16-epiestriol 16-O-(beta-D-glucuronide)(1-).


**Response:** The given molecule is a complex steroid glucosiduronic acid, which is a derivative of 17beta-estradiol. This molecule is characterized by the presence of a glucuronic acid moiety attached to the steroid backbone. The glucuronic acid is linked to the hydroxyl group at the 3-position of the steroid, forming a beta-D-glucuronide linkage.

### Biological Properties:

1. **Metabolic Role**: The addition of a glucuronic acid moiety to 17beta-estradiol increases its solubility in water. This modification is crucial for the molecule's role in metabolism, as it facilitates the excretion of the steroid hormone from the body. The glucuronidation process is a common phase II metabolic reaction that enhances the water solubility of hydrophobic compounds, aiding in their elimination.

2. **Hormonal Activity**: Although the glucuronide form of 17beta-estradiol is less active in terms of direct hormonal activity compared to its parent compound, it still plays a role in the body's hormonal balance. The glucuronide conjugate can act as a reservoir, slowly releasing the active hormone 17beta-estradiol upon enzymatic cleavage.

3. **Detoxification and Excretion**: The glucuronidation of 17beta-estradiol is a detoxification pathway. The glucuronide form is more readily excreted in urine and bile, thus reducing the half-life of the active hormone and preventing its accumulation, which is important for maintaining hormonal homeostasis.

4. **Regulation of Hormone Levels**: By converting 17beta-estradiol into its glucuronide form, the body regulates the levels of active estrogen. This regulation is essential for preventing excessive estrogenic effects, which can lead to various health issues, including hormone-dependent cancers and reproductive disorders.

In summary, the given molecule, as a glucuronide conjugate of 17beta-estradiol, is primarily involved in the metabolic processing and excretion of the hormone, playing a critical role in maintaining hormonal balance and facilitating the detoxification of steroid hormones.

---

## Molecule 78

**SMILES:** C1=NC(=C2C(=N1)N(C=N2)[C@H]3[C@@H]([C@H]([C@H](O3)CO)O)O)N

**IUPAC Name:** (2R,3R,4R,5R)-2-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolane-3,4-diol

**Description:** 9-beta-D-xylofuranosyladenine is a purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to xylofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond. It is functionally related to an adenine.


**Response:** The given molecule is a nucleoside, specifically a purine nucleoside, which consists of a purine base attached to a sugar moiety. In this case, the purine base is 2,6-diaminopurine, and the sugar is a ribose derivative, as indicated by the oxolane ring with hydroxymethyl and diol groups.

### Biological Properties:

1. **Nucleoside Structure**: The given molecule is a nucleoside, which means it is composed of a nitrogenous base (purine) linked to a sugar moiety. This structure is fundamental to its role in biological systems, particularly in the formation of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA.

2. **Purine Base**: The purine base, 2,6-diaminopurine, is a modified form of adenine. This modification can influence the molecule's ability to participate in hydrogen bonding and base pairing, which is crucial for the stability and function of nucleic acids. The additional amino groups can enhance the molecule's hydrogen bonding capacity, potentially affecting its interactions with other nucleic acids or proteins.

3. **Ribose Derivative**: The sugar component is a ribose derivative, which is a common feature in RNA. The presence of hydroxyl groups in the sugar moiety allows for the formation of phosphodiester bonds, which are essential for linking nucleotides together in nucleic acid chains.

4. **Biological Role**: As a purine nucleoside, the given molecule can be involved in various biological processes, including serving as a building block for RNA synthesis. It may also play a role in cellular signaling pathways or act as a precursor for the synthesis of other biologically active molecules.

5. **Potential Modifications**: The presence of additional amino groups on the purine base can influence the molecule's solubility, stability, and interaction with enzymes. This can affect its incorporation into nucleic acids or its recognition by enzymes involved in nucleic acid metabolism.

Overall, the given molecule's structure allows it to participate in essential biological functions related to genetic information storage and transfer, as well as potential roles in cellular signaling and metabolism.

---

## Molecule 79

**SMILES:** CCCCCC/C=C\CCCCCCCCC/C=C/C(=O)SCCNC(=O)CCNC(=O)[C@@H](C(C)(C)COP(=O)(O)OP(=O)(O)OC[C@@H]1[C@H]([C@H]([C@@H](O1)N2C=NC3=C(N=CN=C32)N)O)OP(=O)(O)O)O

**IUPAC Name:** S-[2-[3-[[(2R)-4-[[[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-3-phosphonooxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanoyl]amino]propanoylamino]ethyl] (2E,13Z)-icosa-2,13-dienethioate

**Description:** (2E,13Z)-icosadienoyl-CoA is a long-chain fatty acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of (2E,13Z)-icosadienoic acid. It is a trans-2-enoyl-CoA, a long-chain fatty acyl-CoA and an 11,12-saturated fatty acyl-CoA. It is a conjugate acid of a (2E,13Z)-icosadienoyl-CoA(4-).


**Response:** The given molecule is a derivative of coenzyme A, specifically an unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA, which plays a crucial role in the metabolism of fatty acids. The molecule is formed by the condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxylic group of (3E,11Z)-icosadienoic acid, resulting in a thioester bond. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme fatty acyl-CoA synthetase.

### Biological Properties:

1. **Fatty Acid Metabolism**: The given molecule is involved in the metabolic pathways of unsaturated fatty acids. It serves as an intermediate in the β-oxidation process, where fatty acids are broken down to generate acetyl-CoA units, which are then fed into the citric acid cycle to produce energy.

2. **Energy Production**: As a part of the β-oxidation pathway, the given molecule is crucial for the production of ATP, the energy currency of the cell. The breakdown of the unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA into acetyl-CoA units is a key step in this process.

3. **Lipid Biosynthesis**: Although primarily associated with degradation, derivatives of coenzyme A can also be precursors in the biosynthesis of complex lipids. The unsaturated nature of the given molecule suggests it could be involved in the synthesis of more complex unsaturated lipids.

4. **Regulation of Metabolic Pathways**: The given molecule can act as a regulatory molecule, influencing the activity of enzymes involved in lipid metabolism. Its presence can modulate the activity of enzymes such as acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which is essential for the β-oxidation process.

5. **Role in Cellular Signaling**: Coenzyme A derivatives, including the given molecule, can participate in cellular signaling pathways. They may influence the expression of genes related to lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis.

6. **Transport and Activation**: The thioester linkage in the given molecule is crucial for the activation of the fatty acid for subsequent enzymatic reactions. This activation is necessary for the transport of the fatty acid across cellular membranes and its subsequent breakdown.

In summary, the given molecule is a key intermediate in the metabolic pathways of unsaturated fatty acids, playing a vital role in energy production, lipid biosynthesis, and cellular signaling. Its structure, featuring a thioester bond and unsaturated acyl chain, is essential for its function in these biological processes.

---

## Molecule 80

**SMILES:** CC(=CCC1=C2C(=C(C3=C1O[C@@]45[C@H]6C[C@@H](C=C4C3=O)C(=O)[C@@]5(OC6(C)C)C/C=C(/C)\C=O)O)C=CC(O2)(C)C)C

**IUPAC Name:** (Z)-4-[(1S,2S,17S,19R)-12-hydroxy-8,8,21,21-tetramethyl-5-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-14,18-dioxo-3,7,20-trioxahexacyclo[15.4.1.02,15.02,19.04,13.06,11]docosa-4(13),5,9,11,15-pentaen-19-yl]-2-methylbut-2-enal

**Description:** Morellin is an organic heterohexacyclic compound that is the major chromenoxanthone pigment present in Garcinia morella Desr. seed coat extract. It has a role as an antineoplastic agent. It is an organic heterohexacyclic compound, a polycyclic cage, a member of phenols, a cyclic ether, a cyclic ketone and an aldehyde. (2Z)-4-[(1R,3aS,5S,14aS)-8-hydroxy-3,3,11,11-tetramethyl-13-(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)-7,15-dioxo-3a,4,5,7-tetrahydro-3H,11H-1,5-methanofuro[3,4-g]pyrano[3,2-b]xanthen-1-yl]-2-methylbut-2-enal is a natural product found in Garcinia morella, Garcinia dulcis, and Garcinia hanburyi with data available.


**Response:** The given molecule is a complex natural product found in Garcinia hanburyi, a plant known for its diverse range of bioactive compounds. The structure of the given molecule suggests several biological properties due to its intricate framework and functional groups.

1. **Polycyclic Structure**: The molecule features a hexacyclic framework, which is indicative of a highly rigid and stable structure. Such polycyclic compounds often exhibit significant biological activity, including antimicrobial, antiviral, and anticancer properties. The rigidity and complexity of the structure can facilitate specific interactions with biological targets, such as enzymes or receptors.

2. **Hydroxy and Dioxo Groups**: The presence of a hydroxy group and two oxo groups (ketones) in the molecule suggests potential for hydrogen bonding and polar interactions. These functional groups can enhance the molecule's solubility in aqueous environments and may play a role in its bioavailability. The hydroxy group can also participate in redox reactions, which might be relevant in biological pathways involving oxidative stress or metabolic processes.

3. **Methyl and Prenyl Substituents**: The molecule contains several methyl groups and a prenyl side chain (3-methylbut-2-enyl). Methyl groups can influence the lipophilicity of the molecule, potentially affecting its ability to cross cell membranes. The prenyl group is a common motif in natural products and can contribute to the molecule's interaction with lipid membranes or proteins, possibly affecting its bioactivity.

4. **Conjugated System**: The presence of a conjugated system, as indicated by the pentaenyl (five double bonds) component, suggests potential for electronic interactions. Conjugated systems can absorb light, which might be relevant if the molecule has photoprotective or photosensitizing properties. Additionally, such systems can participate in electron transfer processes, which are crucial in various biochemical pathways.

5. **Z-Isomerism**: The molecule's configuration is specified as a Z-isomer, which refers to the spatial arrangement of substituents around a double bond. This configuration can significantly influence the molecule's biological activity by affecting its three-dimensional shape and, consequently, its interaction with biological targets.

Overall, the given molecule's complex structure, functional groups, and stereochemistry suggest it may have diverse biological activities, potentially including antimicrobial, antioxidant, or anticancer effects. Further studies would be necessary to elucidate its specific biological roles and mechanisms of action.

---

## Molecule 81

**SMILES:** C(C(C(=O)[O-])[NH3+])SSCC(C(=O)[O-])[NH3+]

**IUPAC Name:** 2-azaniumyl-3-[(2-azaniumyl-2-carboxylatoethyl)disulfanyl]propanoate

**Description:** Cystine zwitterion is an amino acid zwitterion that is the tautomer of cystine. It has a role as a human metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is a tautomer of a cystine.


**Response:** The given molecule, known as cystathionine(1-), is an important intermediate in the metabolic pathway of cysteine and methionine. It is a derivative of cystathionine, which plays a crucial role in the transsulfuration pathway, a biochemical process that involves the conversion of methionine to cysteine. This pathway is essential for the synthesis of glutathione, a critical antioxidant that protects cells from oxidative stress.

The given molecule contains a disulfide bond, which is significant for its biological function. This bond is formed between the sulfur atoms of two amino acid residues, facilitating the transfer of sulfur between different metabolic pathways. The presence of the disulfide bond is crucial for the stability and reactivity of the molecule, allowing it to participate effectively in enzymatic reactions.

Additionally, the molecule is zwitterionic, meaning it contains both positive and negative charges at different sites. This property enhances its solubility in aqueous environments, which is vital for its role in cellular metabolism. The zwitterionic nature also affects its interaction with enzymes and transport proteins, influencing its uptake and conversion within the body.

Overall, the given molecule's structure, with its disulfide linkage and zwitterionic character, underpins its role as an intermediate in the synthesis of cysteine and glutathione, making it essential for maintaining cellular redox balance and protecting against oxidative damage.

---

## Molecule 82

**SMILES:** C1CC12C3=C(C=C(C=C3)F)N(C2=O)CC4=NC5=C(N4CCCC(F)(F)F)C=CC(=C5)CN.Cl

**IUPAC Name:** 1'-[[5-(aminomethyl)-1-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]methyl]-6'-fluorospiro[cyclopropane-1,3'-indole]-2'-one;hydrochloride

**Description:** Sisunatovir Hydrochloride is the hydrochloride salt form of sisunatovir, an orally available, small molecule inhibitor of human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) fusion protein (F protein), with potential antiviral activity. Upon oral administration, sisunatovir specifically targets and binds to RSV-F protein on the viral surface, which inhibits RSV-F protein-mediated fusion with the host cell membrane and prevents viral entry. This blocks RSV replication, reduces viral load, and decreases the severity of the disease. RSV-F protein, a viral surface glycoprotein, plays a key role in RSV fusion with and entry into target cells.


**Response:** The given molecule, known as Pexacerfont Hydrochloride, is a non-pituitary-derived glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist. Its structure is designed to interact with the glucocorticoid receptor, which is a type of nuclear receptor that plays a crucial role in regulating gene expression in response to cortisol levels in the body.

The core structure of the given molecule includes an indole moiety, which is a common feature in many biologically active compounds due to its ability to interact with various biological targets. The presence of a trifluoromethyl group and a trifluorobromoindole moiety contributes to the molecule's lipophilicity and electronic properties, which can enhance its binding affinity and specificity to the GR.

The piperazine ring in the structure is a common motif in medicinal chemistry that can improve the pharmacokinetic properties of a drug, such as its solubility and ability to cross biological membranes. This feature is likely important for the given molecule's ability to reach its target sites within the body.

The trifluorobromoindole moiety is particularly significant for its role in modulating the molecule's interaction with the GR. By occupying the ligand-binding domain of the GR, the given molecule prevents cortisol from binding to the receptor. This blockade is crucial for its biological activity as it inhibits the transcription of genes that are normally upregulated by cortisol, such as those involved in the immune response.

The trifluoromethyl group and the trifluorobromoindole moiety also contribute to the molecule's stability and resistance to metabolic degradation, which is important for maintaining effective drug levels in the body over time.

Overall, the given molecule's structure is optimized to antagonize the GR, thereby reducing the immune activation typically induced by cortisol. This makes it a potential therapeutic agent for conditions where immune modulation is beneficial, such as in autoimmune disorders.

---

## Molecule 83

**SMILES:** CC/C=C\C/C=C\C[C@@H](/C=C\C=C\C=C\[C@@H](C/C=C\CCC(=O)[O-])O)O

**IUPAC Name:** (4Z,7R,8E,10E,12Z,14S,16Z,19Z)-7,14-dihydroxydocosa-4,8,10,12,16,19-hexaenoate

**Description:** (7R,14S)-dihydroxy-(4Z,8E,10E,12Z,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoate is a docosanoid anion that is the conjugate base of (7R,14S)-dihydroxy-(4Z,8E,10E,12Z,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7. 3. It is a docosanoid anion, a hydroxy fatty acid anion, a polyunsaturated fatty acid anion and a long-chain fatty acid anion.


**Response:** The given molecule is a dihydroxydocosahexaenoate, which is a derivative of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). This molecule is characterized by its multiple double bonds and hydroxyl groups, which play a crucial role in its biological properties.

1. **Anti-inflammatory Properties**: The presence of hydroxyl groups at specific positions in the molecule contributes to its role as a signaling lipid. These hydroxyl groups can interact with specific receptors and enzymes, modulating inflammatory pathways. The given molecule is involved in the resolution of inflammation, helping to reduce chronic inflammation and associated diseases.

2. **Neuroprotective Effects**: As a derivative of DHA, the given molecule is involved in neuroprotective functions. It can influence the structure and function of neuronal membranes, supporting cognitive health and potentially offering protection against neurodegenerative diseases.

3. **Antioxidant Activity**: The multiple conjugated double bonds in the molecule contribute to its ability to scavenge free radicals, thereby reducing oxidative stress. This antioxidant property is beneficial in protecting cells from damage caused by reactive oxygen species.

4. **Role in Metabolic Pathways**: The given molecule is involved in various metabolic pathways, including those related to lipid metabolism. It can be converted into other bioactive lipids that participate in signaling processes, influencing energy homeostasis and metabolic regulation.

5. **Conjugate Base Form**: At physiological pH, the molecule exists predominantly in its deprotonated form, as a conjugate base. This form is more soluble in aqueous environments, facilitating its transport and interaction with biological targets.

Overall, the structural features of the given molecule, such as its hydroxyl groups and conjugated double bonds, underpin its significant roles in inflammation resolution, neuroprotection, antioxidant defense, and metabolic regulation.

---

## Molecule 84

**SMILES:** C[C@H]1[C@@]23C[C@H]([C@]14[C@@]5([C@H]2N(CC5)CC=C3)C6=CC=CC=C6N4)C(=O)OC

**IUPAC Name:** methyl (1R,9S,10R,12S,19S,20S)-20-methyl-8,16-diazahexacyclo[10.6.1.19,12.01,9.02,7.016,19]icosa-2,4,6,13-tetraene-10-carboxylate

**Description:** methyl (1R,9S,10R,12S,19S,20S)-20-methyl-8,16-diazahexacyclo[10. 6. 1. 19,12. 01,9. 02,7. 016,19]icosa-2,4,6,13-tetraene-10-carboxylate is a natural product found in Catharanthus ovalis, Catharanthus trichophyllus, and Catharanthus roseus with data available.


**Response:** The given molecule is a complex natural product that is found in the plant Kopsia arborea. This molecule belongs to a class of compounds known as alkaloids, which are known for their diverse range of biological activities.

The structure of the given molecule is characterized by a hexacyclic framework, which means it contains six interconnected rings. This intricate structure is typical of many natural alkaloids, which often exhibit significant biological activity due to their ability to interact with various biological targets, such as enzymes and receptors.

The presence of nitrogen atoms in the structure, as indicated by the 'diaza' component, suggests that the molecule may have basic properties and can participate in hydrogen bonding. This can enhance its ability to interact with biological molecules, potentially affecting neurotransmitter pathways or enzyme activity.

The methyl ester group in the molecule can influence its solubility and permeability, which are important factors in its bioavailability and distribution within biological systems. This functional group can also be involved in metabolic processes, where it might be hydrolyzed to form a carboxylic acid, altering the molecule's activity or facilitating its excretion.

Overall, the given molecule's complex structure and functional groups suggest that it may have significant pharmacological properties, potentially including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, or anticancer activities, which are common among alkaloids found in plants. However, the specific biological properties would depend on further experimental validation and studies.

---

## Molecule 85

**SMILES:** CC[C@@H](C)CCCCC(=O)N[C@@H](CCNCS(=O)(=O)[O-])C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCNCS(=O)(=O)[O-])C(=O)N[C@H]1CCNC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC1=O)CCNCS(=O)(=O)[O-])CC(C)C)CC(C)C)CCNCS(=O)(=O)[O-])CCNCS(=O)(=O)[O-])[C@@H](C)O

**IUPAC Name:** [2-[(2S,5R,8S,11S,14S,17S,22S)-17-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-22-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3R)-3-hydroxy-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(6R)-6-methyloctanoyl]amino]-4-(sulfonatomethylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]-4-(sulfonatomethylamino)butanoyl]amino]-5,8-bis(2-methylpropyl)-3,6,9,12,15,18,23-heptaoxo-11,14-bis[2-(sulfonatomethylamino)ethyl]-1,4,7,10,13,16,19-heptazacyclotricos-2-yl]ethylamino]methanesulfonate

**Description:** Colistimethate A(5-) is the penta-anion resulting from the removal of protons from each of the sulfonic acid groups of colistimethate A. It is a conjugate base of a colistimethate A.


**Response:** The given molecule, known as Colistimethate B, is a derivative of colistin B, which is a cyclic polypeptide antibiotic. This molecule is primarily used for its antimicrobial properties, particularly against Gram-negative bacteria. The biological properties of the given molecule are largely determined by its structural components and functional groups.

1. **Cyclic Polypeptide Structure**: The core of the given molecule is a cyclic heptapeptide structure, which is crucial for its biological activity. This cyclic structure allows the molecule to interact effectively with bacterial cell membranes, disrupting their integrity and leading to cell lysis.

2. **Sulfomethyl and Sulfonate Groups**: The presence of multiple sulfomethyl and sulfonate groups in the molecule enhances its solubility in water, which is important for its administration and distribution in the body. These groups also contribute to the molecule's ability to bind to bacterial cell membranes, enhancing its antibacterial activity.

3. **Amino Acid Derivatives**: The molecule contains several amino acid derivatives, which are essential for its interaction with bacterial cell membranes. These derivatives help the molecule to insert into the lipid bilayer of the membrane, where it can exert its disruptive effects.

4. **Methyl and Isopropyl Groups**: The presence of methyl and isopropyl groups in the structure increases the hydrophobic character of the molecule, which is important for its interaction with the lipid components of the bacterial cell membrane. This hydrophobic interaction is a key factor in the molecule's ability to disrupt the membrane integrity.

5. **Protonation and Charge**: The molecule exists as a conjugate acid at physiological pH, which means it carries a net positive charge. This charge is important for its interaction with the negatively charged components of bacterial cell membranes, such as phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides, enhancing its binding affinity and antibacterial efficacy.

Overall, the given molecule's biological properties are a result of its ability to disrupt bacterial cell membranes, leading to cell lysis and death. This makes it effective as an antibiotic, particularly against resistant strains of bacteria.

---

## Molecule 86

**SMILES:** CC(=O)N(C)C1=C(C(=C(C(=C1I)C(=O)NCC(=O)NC2=C(C(=C(C(=C2I)C(=O)O)I)C(=O)NCCO)I)I)C(=O)NC)I.CNC[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@@H](CO)O)O)O)O

**IUPAC Name:** 3-[[2-[[3-[acetyl(methyl)amino]-2,4,6-triiodo-5-(methylcarbamoyl)benzoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-5-(2-hydroxyethylcarbamoyl)-2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid;(2R,3R,4R,5S)-6-(methylamino)hexane-1,2,3,4,5-pentol

**Description:** Ioxaglate Meglumine is the meglumine salt form of ioxaglate, an organic iodine compound and a radiographic contrast medium. Ioxaglate meglumine blocks x-rays as they pass through the body, thereby allowing body structures not containing iodine to be visualized. The degree of opacity produced by ioxaglate meglumine is directly proportional to the total amount of the iodinated contrast agent in the path of the x-rays. The visualization of body structures is dependent upon the distribution and elimination of ioxaglate meglumine. (NCI05)


**Response:** The given molecule, known as iotroxic acid, is a complex compound with significant biological properties, primarily due to its role as a diagnostic agent. It is used in medical imaging, specifically in radiography and angiography, to visualize blood vessels and other internal structures.

The core structure of the given molecule includes a benzene ring substituted with three iodine atoms, which is crucial for its function as a contrast agent. The presence of these iodine atoms is key to its high density and radiopacity, allowing it to effectively block X-rays and provide clear images during diagnostic procedures. This is essential for enhancing the contrast in radiographic images, making it easier to identify and interpret medical data.

Additionally, the molecule contains an acetyl group and a methylcarbamoyl group, which contribute to its solubility and stability in biological systems. The presence of these functional groups helps the molecule to be more biologically compatible, reducing the risk of adverse reactions and ensuring that it can be safely administered to patients.

The given molecule also includes a segment that resembles a sugar moiety, specifically a hexanoic acid derivative with multiple hydroxyl groups. This part of the molecule enhances its hydrophilicity, which is important for its distribution in the body and its excretion. The hydroxyl groups can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, facilitating its movement through the bloodstream and its clearance from the body after the imaging procedure.

Overall, the combination of these structural features allows the given molecule to serve as an effective diagnostic tool, providing high-quality images that are critical for medical diagnosis and treatment planning.

---

## Molecule 87

**SMILES:** CC[C@H]1CCC[C@@H]([C@H](C(=O)C2=C[C@H]3[C@@H]4C[C@@H](C[C@H]4C(=C[C@H]3[C@@H]2CC(=O)O1)C)O[C@H]5[C@@H]([C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H](O5)C)OC)OC)OC)C)O[C@H]6CC[C@@H]([C@H](O6)C)N(C)C

**IUPAC Name:** (1S,2S,5R,7S,9S,10S,14R,15S,19S)-15-[(2R,5S,6R)-5-(dimethylamino)-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-19-ethyl-4,14-dimethyl-7-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6S)-3,4,5-trimethoxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-20-oxatetracyclo[10.10.0.02,10.05,9]docosa-3,11-diene-13,21-dione

**Description:** Spinosyn D is a spinosyn in which the sugar amino and hydroxy groups are globally methylated with an additional methyl substituent attached to the tetracyclic skeleton. One of the two active ingredients of spinosad. It has a role as a pediculicide. It is a spinosyn and a spinosyn insecticide. Spinosyn D is a natural product found in Gossypium with data available.


**Response:** The given molecule, Spinosyn A, is a natural product derived from the fermentation of the bacterium Saccharopolyspora pogona. It is classified as a spinosyn, which is a class of insecticides known for their unique mode of action and environmental safety.

### Biological Properties:

1. **Insecticidal Activity:**
   - The given molecule is primarily used as an insecticide. It targets the nervous system of insects, specifically acting on the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor. This results in prolonged opening of chloride channels, leading to paralysis and death of the insect.

2. **Mode of Action:**
   - Unlike many other insecticides that target the nervous system, the given molecule does so by a novel mechanism. It binds to a site on the GABA receptor that is not typically targeted by other insecticides, reducing the likelihood of resistance development.

3. **Environmental Safety:**
   - The given molecule is considered environmentally friendly. It is highly toxic to insects but has low toxicity to mammals and birds, making it safer for use in agricultural settings. It is also biodegradable, which reduces its persistence in the environment.

4. **Specificity:**
   - The given molecule is highly specific to insects, which is beneficial for pest control without affecting non-target organisms. This specificity is largely due to the structural features of the molecule that allow it to interact with insect-specific receptors.

5. **Stability and Formulation:**
   - The given molecule is stable in dry form, which allows for effective storage and application. It is often formulated as a wettable powder or an emulsifiable concentrate for ease of application in agricultural settings.

6. **Synergistic Effects:**
   - When used in combination with other insecticides like permethrin, the given molecule can enhance its insecticidal activity. This combination is particularly effective against a broad spectrum of insect pests.

In summary, the given molecule's biological properties are characterized by its potent insecticidal activity, specificity, and environmental safety, making it a valuable tool in integrated pest management strategies. Its unique mode of action and structural features contribute to its effectiveness and low toxicity to non-target species.

---

## Molecule 88

**SMILES:** CC(=O)OCC1=CC[C@@H]2C[C@H]1C2(C)C

**IUPAC Name:** [(1S,5R)-6,6-dimethyl-2-bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-enyl]methyl acetate

**Description:** Bicyclo[3. 1. 1]hept-2-ene-2-methanol, 6,6-dimethyl-, 2-acetate, (1S,5R)- is a natural product found in Artemisia annua and Apium graveolens with data available.


**Response:** The given molecule is a bicyclic monoterpenoid ester, which is a type of terpene. Terpenes are a large and varied class of organic compounds produced by a variety of plants, and they often have strong odors. The bicyclic structure of the given molecule, characterized by two interconnected rings, contributes to its stability and volatility, which are important for its role as a fragrance compound.

The presence of the acetate group in the given molecule suggests that it may participate in esterification reactions, which are common in biological systems for modifying the solubility and reactivity of molecules. This functional group can also influence the molecule's interaction with biological membranes, potentially affecting its absorption and distribution within an organism.

In the context of its natural occurrence in plants like Tanacetum parthenium and Artemisia annua, the given molecule may contribute to the plant's aroma and defense mechanisms. In plants, terpenes like this one can serve as attractants for pollinators or as deterrents against herbivores and pathogens due to their volatile nature and potential toxicity or bitterness.

Additionally, the given molecule's presence in traditional medicinal plants suggests it may have bioactive properties. Compounds from these plants have been used in traditional medicine for their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and analgesic properties. While the specific biological activities of the given molecule would require further investigation, its structural features suggest it could interact with biological targets such as enzymes or receptors, potentially modulating biological pathways.

---

## Molecule 89

**SMILES:** CC[C@H]1C[C@H]2C[C@@H]3[C@H]1N(C2)CCC4=C3NC5=CC(=C(C=C45)OC)[C@H]6C[C@@H]7/C(=C\C)/CN([C@H]([C@@]7(CO)C(=O)OC)CC8=C6NC9=CC=CC=C89)C

**IUPAC Name:** methyl (1S,12R,14R,15E,18S)-15-ethylidene-12-[(1R,15S,17S,18S)-17-ethyl-7-methoxy-3,13-diazapentacyclo[13.3.1.02,10.04,9.013,18]nonadeca-2(10),4,6,8-tetraen-6-yl]-18-(hydroxymethyl)-17-methyl-10,17-diazatetracyclo[12.3.1.03,11.04,9]octadeca-3(11),4,6,8-tetraene-18-carboxylate

**Description:** methyl (1S,12R,14R,15E,18S)-15-ethylidene-12-[(1R,15S,17S,18S)-17-ethyl-7-methoxy-3,13-diazapentacyclo[13. 3. 1. 02,10. 04,9. 013,18]nonadeca-2(10),4,6,8-tetraen-6-yl]-18-(hydroxymethyl)-17-methyl-10,17-diazatetracyclo[12. 3. 1. 03,11. 04,9]octadeca-3(11),4,6,8-tetraene-18-carboxylate is a natural product found in Tabernaemontana corymbosa with data available.


**Response:** The given molecule is a complex natural product found in the plant Tabernaemontana corymbosa. This plant is known for its rich array of alkaloids, which are compounds that often exhibit significant biological activity. The structure of the given molecule suggests it belongs to the class of indole alkaloids, which are known for their diverse pharmacological properties.

### Biological Properties:

1. **Neuroactivity**: Alkaloids from the Tabernaemontana species often interact with the central nervous system. The complex polycyclic structure of the given molecule, with multiple nitrogen atoms, suggests it may act on neurotransmitter receptors or ion channels, potentially influencing mood, perception, or cognition.

2. **Antimicrobial Activity**: Many alkaloids possess antimicrobial properties. The presence of multiple nitrogen atoms and the polycyclic framework can disrupt microbial cell membranes or interfere with essential microbial enzymes, making the given molecule a potential candidate for antimicrobial applications.

3. **Anticancer Potential**: The intricate structure of the given molecule, with its multiple rings and functional groups, may allow it to interact with DNA or proteins involved in cell proliferation. This interaction can lead to the inhibition of cancer cell growth, a property observed in many indole alkaloids.

4. **Cardioprotective Effects**: Some alkaloids from similar plants have been studied for their protective effects on the heart. The given molecule's ability to modulate cardiovascular functions could be linked to its interaction with cardiac ion channels or receptors.

5. **Anti-inflammatory Properties**: The presence of hydroxyl and methoxy groups in the given molecule may contribute to its ability to modulate inflammatory pathways. These functional groups can interact with enzymes or receptors involved in the inflammatory response, potentially reducing inflammation.

Overall, the given molecule's complex structure and functional groups suggest it could have multiple biological activities, making it a valuable compound for further pharmacological research.

---

## Molecule 90

**SMILES:** CC1=CC2=C([C@@H]3[C@H]4[C@H]5C6=C(C(=C7C(=C6[C@@H](N4[C@@H]([C@H](C2)N3)O)COC(=O)[C@@]8(CS5)C9=CC(=C(C=C9CCN8)O)OC)OCO7)C)OC(=O)C)C(=C1OC)O

**IUPAC Name:** [(1R,2S,3R,11S,12R,14R,26R)-5,6',12-trihydroxy-6,7'-dimethoxy-7,21-dimethyl-27-oxospiro[17,19,28-trioxa-24-thia-13,30-diazaheptacyclo[12.9.6.13,11.02,13.04,9.015,23.016,20]triaconta-4(9),5,7,15,20,22-hexaene-26,1'-3,4-dihydro-2H-isoquinoline]-22-yl] acetate

**Description:** [(1R,2S,3R,11S,12R,14R,26R)-5,6',12-trihydroxy-6,7'-dimethoxy-7,21-dimethyl-27-oxospiro[17,19,28-trioxa-24-thia-13,30-diazaheptacyclo[12. 9. 6. 13,11. 02,13. 04,9. 015,23. 016,20]triaconta-4(9),5,7,15,20,22-hexaene-26,1'-3,4-dihydro-2H-isoquinoline]-22-yl] acetate is a natural product found in Ecteinascidia turbinata with data available.


**Response:** The given molecule, known as ecteinascidin 732, is a complex natural product derived from the marine organism Ecteinascidia thurstoni. This molecule is part of a class of compounds known as marine natural products, which are often characterized by their unique and complex structures, as well as potent biological activities.

### Biological Properties:

1. **Anticancer Activity**: Ecteinascidin 732 is primarily recognized for its potent anticancer properties. It has been studied for its ability to inhibit topoisomerase I, an enzyme critical for DNA replication and transcription. By inhibiting this enzyme, the molecule can induce DNA damage in cancer cells, leading to apoptosis or programmed cell death. This mechanism is similar to other ecteinascidins, which have shown efficacy in clinical settings against certain types of cancer.

2. **Cytotoxicity**: The given molecule exhibits significant cytotoxic effects against various cancer cell lines. This is largely due to its ability to interfere with DNA processes, as mentioned above. The presence of multiple hydroxyl and methoxy groups in its structure may contribute to its ability to interact with cellular components, enhancing its cytotoxicity.

3. **Selective Toxicity**: While ecteinascidins are highly toxic to cancer cells, they also exhibit selectivity, meaning they can differentiate between cancerous and normal cells to some extent. This selectivity is crucial for therapeutic applications, as it aims to minimize damage to healthy cells.

4. **Potential for Drug Development**: The complex structure of the given molecule, with its multiple rings and functional groups, presents a challenge and opportunity for synthetic modification. Researchers can use this molecule as a lead compound to develop derivatives with improved efficacy, reduced toxicity, and better pharmacokinetic properties.

5. **Marine Origin and Bioactivity**: As a marine natural product, the given molecule is part of a diverse group of compounds that often possess unique biological activities not found in terrestrial organisms. The marine environment is a rich source of bioactive compounds, and studying such molecules can lead to the discovery of new therapeutic agents.

In summary, the given molecule, ecteinascidin 732, is a potent anticancer agent with significant cytotoxic effects, primarily due to its ability to inhibit topoisomerase I. Its complex structure and marine origin make it a valuable compound for further research and potential therapeutic applications.

---

## Molecule 91

**SMILES:** CC(=CC(=O)OC[C@@]1([C@H]2C[C@H]2[C@]3([C@H]1CC4=C(C(=O)O[C@]45[C@H]3CC6=C7[C@@H]5/C(=C(\C)/C(=O)OC)/C(=O)[C@@H]([C@]7([C@H]8[C@@H]6C8)C)O)COC(=O)C)C)O)C

**IUPAC Name:** [(1R,2S,8R,9S,10S,12R,13S,14S,17S,19R,20S,21R,23Z)-5-(acetyloxymethyl)-9,21-dihydroxy-23-(1-methoxy-1-oxopropan-2-ylidene)-13,20-dimethyl-4,22-dioxo-3-oxaoctacyclo[14.7.1.02,6.02,14.08,13.010,12.017,19.020,24]tetracosa-5,16(24)-dien-9-yl]methyl 3-methylbut-2-enoate

**Description:** [(1R,2S,8R,9S,10S,12R,13S,14S,17S,19R,20S,21R,23Z)-5-(acetyloxymethyl)-9,21-dihydroxy-23-(1-methoxy-1-oxopropan-2-ylidene)-13,20-dimethyl-4,22-dioxo-3-oxaoctacyclo[14. 7. 1. 02,6. 02,14. 08,13. 010,12. 017,19. 020,24]tetracosa-5,16(24)-dien-9-yl]methyl 3-methylbut-2-enoate is a natural product found in Chloranthus fortunei with data available.


**Response:** The given molecule is a complex natural product found in the plant Chloranthus serratus. Its structure is characterized by a highly intricate polycyclic framework, which is common in many biologically active natural products. This complexity often contributes to specific biological activities.

The presence of multiple hydroxyl groups in the given molecule suggests potential interactions with biological targets through hydrogen bonding, which can influence its solubility and reactivity. These hydroxyl groups can also play a role in the molecule's ability to interact with enzymes or receptors, potentially affecting various biological pathways.

The acetyloxymethyl and methoxyoxoethyl groups indicate the presence of ester linkages, which are often involved in the modulation of biological activity. Ester groups can be hydrolyzed in biological systems, leading to the release of active metabolites that can interact with specific biological targets.

The polycyclic structure of the given molecule, with its multiple rings and chiral centers, suggests a high degree of specificity in its biological interactions. Such structures are often involved in binding to specific proteins or enzymes, which can lead to a range of biological effects, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, or anticancer activities.

Overall, the given molecule's complex structure and functional groups suggest it may have significant biological activity, potentially contributing to the medicinal properties attributed to Chloranthus serratus. Further studies would be necessary to elucidate its exact biological roles and mechanisms of action.

---

## Molecule 92

**SMILES:** CC[C@]1(C[C@@H](C2=C([C@H]1C(=O)OC)C(=C3C(=C2O)C(=O)C4=C(C3=O)C=CC=C4OC)O)O[C@H]5C[C@@H]([C@@H]([C@@H](O5)C)O)N)O

**IUPAC Name:** methyl (1R,2R,4S)-4-[(2R,4S,5S,6S)-4-amino-5-hydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-2-ethyl-2,5,12-trihydroxy-7-methoxy-6,11-dioxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-tetracene-1-carboxylate

**Description:** 4-O-methylrhodomycin D is an anthracycline that is aklavinone having a 3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-alpha-L-lyxo-hexopyranosyl residue and a methyl group attached as positions 4 and 7 respectively. It has a role as a metabolite. It is an aminoglycoside, an anthracycline antibiotic, a deoxy hexoside, a monosaccharide derivative, an aromatic ether, a methyl ester and an acenoquinone. It is functionally related to an aklavinone. It is a conjugate base of a 4-O-methylrhodomycin D(1+).


**Response:** The given molecule is a derivative of the anthracycline class of antibiotics, which are well-known for their antitumor properties. This class of compounds is primarily used in cancer chemotherapy due to their ability to interfere with DNA replication and transcription.

The core structure of the given molecule is based on the tetracene quinone system, which is characteristic of anthracyclines. This structure allows the molecule to intercalate between DNA base pairs, disrupting the normal function of DNA. This intercalation is crucial for its antitumor activity, as it prevents the replication of cancer cells by inhibiting the synthesis of nucleic acids.

Additionally, the molecule contains a sugar moiety, specifically a modified deoxysugar, which is linked to the tetracene core. This sugar moiety is essential for the molecule's ability to bind to DNA and enhances its specificity and potency as an antitumor agent.

The presence of hydroxyl and methoxy groups in the structure contributes to the molecule's solubility and ability to form hydrogen bonds, which can further stabilize its interaction with DNA. The amino group in the sugar moiety can also participate in ionic interactions with the negatively charged phosphate backbone of DNA, enhancing the binding affinity.

The given molecule is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces violaceus, which is known for synthesizing a variety of bioactive compounds. The natural origin of this molecule suggests it may have evolved specific interactions with biological targets, contributing to its effectiveness as an antitumor agent.

Overall, the combination of the tetracene core, sugar moiety, and various functional groups in the given molecule underpins its biological activity, making it a potent compound in the fight against cancer.

---

## Molecule 93

**SMILES:** CC(C)C[C@@H](C(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)N)N

**IUPAC Name:** (2S)-2-[[(2S)-2,5-diamino-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoic acid

**Description:** Gln-Leu is a dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-glutamine with the amino group of L-leucine. It is functionally related to a L-glutamine and a L-leucine.


**Response:** The given molecule is a dipeptide composed of two amino acids: glutamine (Gln) and leucine (Leu). As a dipeptide, it is formed by the condensation of the carboxy group of glutamine with the amino group of leucine. This results in a peptide bond, which is a key structural feature influencing its biological properties.

The presence of glutamine contributes to the molecule's ability to participate in nitrogen metabolism and serves as a nitrogen donor in various biosynthetic processes. Glutamine is also known for its role in maintaining acid-base balance in the kidneys and providing fuel for rapidly dividing cells.

Leucine, on the other hand, is a branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) that plays a critical role in protein synthesis and muscle repair. It is involved in the regulation of the mTOR signaling pathway, which is crucial for cell growth and metabolism. Leucine also has an anabolic effect, promoting muscle protein synthesis and aiding in recovery after physical activity.

The combination of glutamine and leucine in the given molecule suggests that it may have enhanced roles in muscle repair and recovery, as well as in supporting metabolic processes. The dipeptide structure may also influence its absorption and bioavailability compared to free amino acids, potentially making it more readily utilized by the body in its peptide form.

---

## Molecule 94

**SMILES:** C[C@@]12CC[C@H]3[C@@]4([C@@H](CC(=O)[C@]3([C@@]15[C@H](O5)C(=O)O[C@H]2C6=COC=C6)C)C(O[C@H]4CC(=O)O)(C)C)C

**IUPAC Name:** 2-[(1R,2R,4S,7S,8S,11S,12R,13S,16R)-7-(furan-3-yl)-1,8,12,15,15-pentamethyl-5,18-dioxo-3,6,14-trioxapentacyclo[9.7.0.02,4.02,8.012,16]octadecan-13-yl]acetic acid

**Description:** 2-[(1R,2R,4S,7S,8S,11S,12R,13S,16R)-7-(furan-3-yl)-1,8,12,15,15-pentamethyl-5,18-dioxo-3,6,14-trioxapentacyclo[9. 7. 0. 02,4. 02,8. 012,16]octadecan-13-yl]acetic acid is a natural product found in Citrus medica, Citrus medica var. sarcodactylis, and Citrus sudachi with data available.


**Response:** The given molecule is a complex natural product found in the plant Atalantia buxifolia. Its structure is characterized by several key features that contribute to its biological properties.

1. **Pentacyclic Core**: The molecule contains a pentacyclic framework, which is a common feature in many bioactive natural products. This complex ring system can provide structural rigidity and specific three-dimensional shape, which is crucial for interacting with biological targets such as enzymes or receptors.

2. **Furan Moiety**: The presence of a furan ring in the structure suggests potential biological activity. Furan-containing compounds are known for their diverse pharmacological properties, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. The furan ring can participate in π-π interactions and hydrogen bonding, enhancing the molecule's ability to bind to biological targets.

3. **Acetic Acid Group**: The acetic acid functional group can increase the molecule's solubility in aqueous environments, which is important for bioavailability. Additionally, the acidic nature of this group can facilitate interactions with proteins and enzymes, potentially influencing the molecule's activity and metabolism.

4. **Methyl Groups**: The presence of multiple methyl groups can affect the molecule's lipophilicity, which influences its ability to cross cell membranes and reach intracellular targets. Methyl groups can also play a role in modulating the molecule's binding affinity and specificity to biological targets.

5. **Oxo Groups**: The presence of oxo groups (carbonyl groups) in the structure can be involved in hydrogen bonding and can act as electrophilic sites for nucleophilic attack. These groups are often critical in the interaction with biological macromolecules, contributing to the molecule's overall bioactivity.

Overall, the given molecule's complex structure, featuring a pentacyclic core, furan moiety, acetic acid group, methyl groups, and oxo functionalities, suggests that it may have significant biological activities. These could include interactions with specific enzymes or receptors, contributing to its potential therapeutic effects or roles in plant defense mechanisms. Further studies would be necessary to elucidate its specific biological activities and potential applications.

---

## Molecule 95

**SMILES:** C[C@H](CCC(=O)NCCS(=O)(=O)O)[C@H]1CC[C@@H]2[C@@]1(CC[C@H]3[C@H]2CC[C@H]4[C@@]3(CC[C@H](C4)O)C)C

**IUPAC Name:** 2-[[(4R)-4-[(3R,5R,8R,9S,10S,13R,14S,17R)-3-hydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl]pentanoyl]amino]ethanesulfonic acid

**Description:** Taurolithocholic acid is the bile acid taurine conjugate of lithocholic acid. It has a role as a human metabolite. It is a monocarboxylic acid amide and a bile acid taurine conjugate. It is functionally related to a lithocholic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a taurolithocholate. Taurolithocholic acid is a natural product found in Aeromonas veronii, Homo sapiens, and Bos taurus with data available. A bile salt formed in the liver from lithocholic acid conjugation with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It solubilizes fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.


**Response:** The given molecule is a bile acid taurine conjugate, which plays a crucial role in the digestion and absorption of dietary fats and fat-soluble vitamins in the small intestine. Bile acids are synthesized from cholesterol in the liver and are conjugated with amino acids like taurine to increase their solubility and effectiveness in the digestive process.

The core structure of the given molecule is based on a steroid framework, specifically a cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene ring system, which is characteristic of bile acids. This structure is crucial for its biological function, as it allows the molecule to interact with lipid molecules and emulsify dietary fats. The hydroxyl group present in the structure enhances its amphipathic nature, enabling it to form micelles with dietary lipids, facilitating their absorption.

The taurine conjugation, indicated by the sulfonic acid group, increases the molecule's solubility in the aqueous environment of the intestine. This conjugation is essential for the molecule's function, as it helps maintain the bile acid in a more soluble form, allowing it to perform its role efficiently in the digestive tract.

Overall, the given molecule's structure is optimized for its role in lipid digestion and absorption, highlighting the importance of its specific stereochemistry and functional groups in its biological activity.

---

## Molecule 96

**SMILES:** C[C@H]1CC[C@H]2[C@@]([C@]3([C@H](C[C@]4([C@@H]5CC[C@H]6[C@]7([C@]5(C[C@]4([C@@H]3CN2C1)O)O[C@@]6([C@H](CC7)OC(=O)C8=CC(=C(C=C8)OC)OC)O)C)O)O)O)(C)O

**IUPAC Name:** [(1R,2S,6S,9S,10R,11S,12S,14R,15S,18S,19S,22S,23S,25R)-1,10,11,12,14,23-hexahydroxy-6,10,19-trimethyl-24-oxa-4-azaheptacyclo[12.12.0.02,11.04,9.015,25.018,23.019,25]hexacosan-22-yl] 3,4-dimethoxybenzoate

**Description:** Veratridine is a steroid. It has a role as a sodium channel modulator. It is functionally related to a cevane. A benzoate-cevane found in VERATRUM and Schoenocaulon. It activates SODIUM CHANNELS to stay open longer than normal.


**Response:** The given molecule is a complex natural product found in the plant Veratrum album, commonly known as white hellebore. This molecule is part of a class of compounds known as veratrum alkaloids, which are known for their potent biological activities.

The core structure of the given molecule is a heptacyclic framework, which is characteristic of veratrum alkaloids. This intricate structure is responsible for its biological properties, particularly its ability to interact with ion channels and receptors in biological systems.

One of the key features of the given molecule is its multiple hydroxyl groups. These hydroxyl groups increase the molecule's polarity and solubility in water, which can enhance its ability to interact with biological membranes and proteins. The presence of these hydroxyl groups also allows for the formation of hydrogen bonds, which can be crucial for the molecule's binding affinity to its biological targets.

The methoxy groups present in the benzoate moiety of the molecule can influence its lipophilicity, potentially affecting its ability to cross cell membranes and reach intracellular targets. This structural feature can also play a role in modulating the molecule's pharmacokinetics and bioavailability.

The given molecule is known to interact with voltage-gated sodium channels, which are critical for the transmission of nerve impulses. By binding to these channels, the molecule can inhibit their function, leading to a decrease in nerve excitability. This mechanism is responsible for the molecule's potential use in modulating cardiovascular and neurological functions.

Additionally, the complex polycyclic structure of the given molecule can also contribute to its ability to interact with other biological targets, such as enzymes and receptors, potentially leading to a range of biological effects. However, these interactions can also result in toxic effects, as seen with other veratrum alkaloids, which can cause hypotension and other cardiovascular effects.

Overall, the biological properties of the given molecule are largely determined by its complex structure, which allows it to interact with various biological targets, leading to its potent pharmacological effects.

---

## Molecule 97

**SMILES:** COC1=CC2=C(C=CC(=O)O2)C(=C1)OC

**IUPAC Name:** 5,7-dimethoxychromen-2-one

**Description:** 5,7-dimethoxy-1-benzopyran-2-one is a member of coumarins. 5,7-Dimethoxycoumarin is a natural product found in Edgeworthia chrysantha, Melicope borbonica, and other organisms with data available.


**Response:** The given molecule is a derivative of coumarin, specifically a dimethoxy-substituted version. Coumarins are a class of benzopyrone compounds known for their diverse biological activities. The core structure of the given molecule is a chromen-2-one, which is a lactone ring fused to a benzene ring. This structure is crucial for its biological properties.

The presence of methoxy groups at specific positions on the benzene ring can significantly influence the molecule's biological activity. Methoxy groups are known to enhance the lipophilicity of the molecule, which can improve its ability to cross cell membranes and interact with various biological targets. This can lead to increased bioavailability and potency.

In the context of natural products, the given molecule is found in plants like Citrus medica and Artemisia capillaris. These plants are known for their medicinal properties, and the presence of coumarin derivatives like the given molecule contributes to their therapeutic effects. Coumarins have been studied for their potential anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities.

The specific substitution pattern of methoxy groups in the given molecule may also affect its interaction with enzymes and receptors, potentially enhancing its selectivity and efficacy in biological systems. For instance, the methoxy groups can participate in hydrogen bonding or hydrophobic interactions, which are crucial for binding to biological targets.

Overall, the given molecule's structure, with its chromen-2-one core and methoxy substitutions, plays a significant role in its biological properties, contributing to its potential therapeutic effects observed in the plants where it is found.

---

## Molecule 98

**SMILES:** CC[C@H]1[C@@](C2[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H](C[C@]([C@@H]([C@@H]([C@@H]([C@@H](C(=O)O1)C)O[C@H]3C[C@@]([C@H]([C@@H](O3)C)O)(C)OC)C)O[C@H]4[C@@H]([C@H](C[C@@H](O4)C)N(C)C)O)(C)O)C)N[C@H](O2)COCCOC)C)(C)O

**IUPAC Name:** (2R,3S,6S,7S,8R,9R,10S,12R,13S,15R,17R)-9-[(2S,3R,4S,6S)-4-(dimethylamino)-3-hydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-3-ethyl-2,10-dihydroxy-7-[(2R,4R,5S,6S)-5-hydroxy-4-methoxy-4,6-dimethyloxan-2-yl]oxy-15-(2-methoxyethoxymethyl)-2,6,8,10,12,17-hexamethyl-4,16-dioxa-14-azabicyclo[11.3.1]heptadecan-5-one

**Description:** Dirithromycin is a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic pro-drug. Dirithromycin is converted by hydrolysis during intestinal absorption into the microbiologically active erythromycylamine. Eryhtromylamine binds to the 50 S subunit of the 70 S ribosome of susceptible organisms, thereby inhibiting bacterial RNA-dependent protein synthesis. This antibiotic is used in the treatment of infections of the respiratory tract, skin and soft tissue caused by gram-positive microorganisms, including S. aureus, S. pneumonia and pyogenes, gram-negative microorganisms, including H. influenzae, L. pneumophila, M. catarrhalis, and M. pneumoniae.


**Response:** The given molecule, known as dirithromycin, is a macrolide antibiotic pro-drug. Its biological properties are primarily derived from its conversion into erythromycylamine after hydrolysis in the gastrointestinal tract. This conversion is crucial for its antibiotic activity.

The structure of the given molecule includes several key features that contribute to its biological properties:

1. **Macrolide Ring**: The core of the molecule is a macrolide ring, which is a large lactone ring. This structure is essential for its function as it allows the molecule to bind to the bacterial ribosomal subunit. The binding occurs at the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, specifically at the A-site of the ribosome. This binding is crucial for the molecule's ability to inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria.

2. **Pro-drug Nature**: Dirithromycin is a pro-drug, meaning it is not active in its original form. It is converted into erythromycylamine, the active form, in the body. This conversion is necessary because the original form is not sufficiently absorbed when administered orally. The conversion process is facilitated by the hydrolysis of the ester bonds in the molecule, which releases the active erythromycylamine.

3. **Substituents and Modifications**: The given molecule has various substituents, such as hydroxyl groups and dimethylamino groups, which enhance its solubility and stability. These modifications also play a role in the molecule's pharmacokinetics, ensuring that it is adequately absorbed and converted into its active form.

4. **Antibacterial Activity**: The primary biological property of the given molecule is its ability to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. By binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit, it prevents the translocation steps in protein synthesis, effectively halting bacterial growth. This action spectrum includes Gram-positive and atypical bacteria, making it useful in treating a variety of bacterial infections.

5. **Pharmacokinetics**: The pro-drug nature of dirithromycin allows it to be administered orally, which is advantageous for patient compliance. The conversion to erythromycylamine in the body ensures that the active form is available to exert its antibacterial effects.

Overall, the given molecule's structure is intricately designed to facilitate its conversion into an active form and to ensure effective delivery and action against bacterial infections.

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## Molecule 99

**SMILES:** COC1=C(C=C(C=C1)C2=C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)O)O

**IUPAC Name:** 3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one

**Description:** Tamarixetin is a monomethoxyflavone that is quercetin methylated at position O-4'. Isolated from Cyperus teneriffae. It has a role as a metabolite and an antioxidant. It is a 7-hydroxyflavonol, a monomethoxyflavone and a tetrahydroxyflavone. It is functionally related to a quercetin.


**Response:** The given molecule is a type of flavonoid, specifically a flavonol, which is a class of polyphenolic compounds known for their diverse biological activities. The structure of the given molecule includes a chromen-4-one backbone, which is characteristic of flavonoids, and is substituted with multiple hydroxyl and methoxy groups.

The presence of hydroxyl groups in the given molecule contributes significantly to its antioxidant properties. These hydroxyl groups can donate hydrogen atoms to neutralize free radicals, thereby reducing oxidative stress in biological systems. This antioxidant activity is crucial in protecting cells from damage and has implications in preventing chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and cancer.

Additionally, the methoxy group in the given molecule can influence its solubility and bioavailability, potentially enhancing its ability to interact with biological membranes and enzymes. This modification can also affect the molecule's ability to inhibit certain enzymes, contributing to its potential anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties.

The given molecule's presence in plants like Senna obtusifolia and Senna tora suggests it may play a role in the plants' defense mechanisms against pathogens and environmental stressors. In traditional medicine, extracts from these plants have been used for their laxative properties, which may be partly attributed to the bioactive flavonoids, including the given molecule.

Overall, the combination of hydroxyl and methoxy groups in the given molecule's structure underpins its potential as a bioactive compound with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, contributing to its therapeutic applications in various traditional and modern medicinal contexts.

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## Molecule 100

**SMILES:** C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2=CC(=C(C=C2)Cl)Cl)Cl)Cl

**IUPAC Name:** 1,2-dichloro-4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)benzene

**Description:** 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl is a tetrachlorobiphenyl that is biphenyl in which the hydrogens at position 3 and 4 on each phenyl group are replaced by chlorines. It is a tetrachlorobiphenyl and a dichlorobenzene. 3,3',4,4'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl is one of 209 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). PCBs are a group of synthetic organic compounds with 1-10 chlorine atoms attached to biphenyl. They were manufactured as commercial mixtures but banned in the 1970's because they were found to bioaccumulate and cause harmful health effects. However, PCBs do not break down readily and are still found in the environment. (L4)


**Response:** The given molecule is a type of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), which is characterized by a biphenyl structure with multiple chlorine atoms attached. The presence of chlorine atoms in the biphenyl structure significantly influences the biological properties of the molecule.

1. **Hydrophobicity and Persistence**: The chlorine atoms increase the hydrophobic nature of the molecule, making it highly resistant to degradation. This resistance to breakdown in the environment leads to persistence, allowing the molecule to accumulate over time. The hydrophobic nature also means that the molecule can easily associate with organic matter and bioaccumulates in fatty tissues of living organisms.

2. **Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification**: Due to its lipophilic nature, the given molecule can bioaccumulate in the fatty tissues of organisms. As it moves up the food chain, it undergoes biomagnification, resulting in higher concentrations in larger and more carnivorous species. This can have significant ecological and health impacts, as higher concentrations can lead to toxic effects in both wildlife and humans.

3. **Toxicity**: The given molecule, like other PCBs, is known to be toxic. It can interfere with various biological processes, including enzyme systems and hormone functions. PCBs have been associated with a range of adverse health effects, including endocrine disruption, immunotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and carcinogenicity. The specific arrangement of chlorine atoms can influence the toxicity profile, with some congeners being more toxic than others.

4. **Environmental Impact**: The persistence and bioaccumulative nature of the given molecule contribute to its environmental impact. It can be found in soil, water, and air, and its presence is a concern due to the potential for long-term exposure in ecosystems. The molecule's ability to travel long distances in the environment means it can affect areas far from its original source of release.

Overall, the biological properties of the given molecule are largely dictated by its structural features, particularly the chlorine atoms, which confer persistence, bioaccumulative potential, and toxicity. These properties led to the banning of PCBs in many countries due to their environmental and health risks.

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