be ejected and hold it there examine the chamber to ensure it is clear allow the action to go forward under control push the forward assist fire the action and close the ejection port cover safety precaution magazine fitted perform an unload if the above safety precaution is used with a charged magazine fitted a round will be chambered load insert a charged magazine into the magazine housing there is a slight audible click when the magazine is properly fitted the secureness of the magazine can be tested by gently trying to remove the magazine strike it from the base with medium firmness to make sure it locks home ready pull the charging handle all the way to the rear and release push the forward assist if the weapon is not to be fired immediately then put the fire selector to safe and close the ejection port cover fire marksmanship is a complex and subtle art and is beyond the scope of this article however in general the weapon is fired by putting the fire selector on either semi or burst auto on some models resting the butt plate against the shoulder aligning the eye of the firer aperture of the rear sight tip of the foresight and target and squeezing the trigger unload attempt to put the fire selector on safe the selector will only go on safe if the hammer is depressed i e the weapon is cocked remove the magazine by pressing the magazine release with the trigger hand while grasping the magazine with the other hand tilt the weapon to the right and cock the weapon a round may be ejected pull the charging handle to the rear again and hold it tilt the weapon to the left and ensure the chamber is empty allow the action to go forward push the forward assist put the fire selector to semi and squeeze the trigger close the ejection port cover and recover the ejected round production and usage the m one six is the most commonly manufactured five five six x four five mm rifle in the world currently the m one six m four system is in use by one five nato countries and more than eight zero countries world wide together the u s canada as the c seven singapore and china have produced more than eight zero zero zero zero zero zero units with approximately nine zero still in operation in u s service the m one six primarily replaced the m one four and m one carbine series as standard infantry rifles and to a lesser extent some of the jobs of the bar light automatic rifle the m one four would go on to see service as a sniper rifle and as a designated marksmen rifle users of the m one six rifle and its variants have included and are australia barbados belize bolivia botswana brazil brunei burma cambodia cameroon canada chile congo costa rica denmark dominican republic fiji france germany ghana greece grenada haiti honduras ireland israel kuwait liberia malaysia mexico morocco new zealand norway indonesia jamaica laos nigeria netherlands oman panama philippines qatar saudi arabia south korea sri lanka taiwan thailand tunisia turkey united kingdom united states uruguay and vietnam variants colt model s six zero one and six zero two colt s first two models produced after the acquisition of the rifle from armalite were the six zero one and six zero two and these rifles were in many ways clones of the original armalite rifle in fact these rifles were often found stamped colt armalite ar one five the six zero one and six zero two are easily identified by their slab sideed lower receivers without the commonly found fencing around the magazine well and in certain cases their green or brown furniture the six zero one was adopted first of any of the rifles by the usaf and was quickly supplemented with the xm one six m one six colt model six zero four as improvements were made there was also a limited purchase of six zero two s and a number of both of these rifles found their way to a number of special operations units then operating in south east asia most notably the u s navy seals the only major difference between the six zero one and six zero two is the switch from the original one one four inch rifling twist to the more common one one two inch twist m one six variant originally adopted by the usaf this was the first m one six adopted operationally this variant had triangular handguards a three pronged flash suppressor and no forward assist bolt carriers were originally chrome plated and slick sided lacking any notches for a forward assist later the chrome plated carriers were dropped in favor of army issued notched and parkerized carriers the air force continues to operate these weapons and upgrades them as parts wear or break and through attrition xm one six e one and m one six a one the prototype army version xm one six e one was essentially the same weapon as the m one six with the addition of a forward assist the m one six a one was the finalized production model to address issues raised by the xm one six e one s testing cycle a bird cage flash suppressor replaced the xm one six e one s three pronged flash suppressor which was too easy for foreign material to get into and which caught on twigs and leaves after numerous problems in the field numerous changes were fielded cleaning kits were developed and issued barrels with chromed chambers and later fully chromed bores were introduced the number of malfunctions due to fouling and corrosion declined and later troops were generally unfamiliar with early problems m one six a two modifications to the m one six a two were more extensive in addition to the new rifling the barrel was made with a greater thickness in front of the front sight post to resist bending in the field a new adjustable rear sight was added allowing the rear sight to be dialed in for specific range settings between three zero zero and eight zero zero meters to take full advantage of the ballistic characteristics of the new ss one zero nine rounds the flash suppressor was again modified this time to be closed on the bottom so it would not kick up dirt or snow when being fired from the prone position the front grip was modified from the original triangular shape to a round one which better fit smaller hands the new handguards were also symmetrical so that armories didn t need separate left and right spares the buttstock was redesigned to be longer and stronger the new buttstock is said to be ten times stronger than the original due to advances in plastics and design the heavier bullet has a reduced muzzle velocity from three two zero zero feet per second nine seven five m s in the earlier models to about two nine zero zero feet per second eight seven five m s in the a two a special spent case deflector was incorporated into the upper receiver to the rear of the ejection port to prevent spent casings from striking left handed users the action was also modified replacing the fully automatic setting with a three round burst setting when using a fully automatic weapon poorly trained troops often hold down the trigger and spray when under fire the u s army concluded that three shot groups provide an optimum combination of ammunition conservation accuracy and firepower there are mechanical flaws in the m one six a two burst mechanism the trigger group does not reset when the trigger is released if a soldier lets go of the trigger between the second and third round of the burst for example the next trigger pull would only result in a single shot even in semi automatic mode the trigger group mechanism affects weapon handling with each round fired the trigger group cycles through one of the three stages of the burst mechanism the trigger pull at each of these stages is slightly different detracting from accuracy though not by any noticable amount for most shooters all together the m one six a two s new features added weight and complexity to the m one six while simultaneously decreasing barrel life and removing the fully automatic setting while the new gun was said to be more accurate the heavier bullets had a more curved trajectory requiring more precise range estimation for accurate shot placement critics also point out that neither of the rear sight apertures is ideally sized the small aperture is too small making quick acquisition of the front site post difficult and the large aperture is too large resulting in decreased accuracy to make matters worse the rear sight apertures are not machined to be on the same plane in other words the point of impact changes when the user changes from one aperture to the other the rear sight s range adjustment feature is rarely used in combat as soldiers tend to leave the rear sight on its lowest range setting three zero zero meters despite criticism a new rifle was needed both to comply with nato standardization of the ss one zero nine m eight five five and to replace aging vietnam era weapons in the inventory m one six a three the m one six a three was a fully automatic variant of the m one six a two adopted in small numbers around the time of the introduction of the m one six a two primarily by the u s navy for use by the seals it features a safe semi auto s one f trigger group like that of the m one six a one some confusion continues to exist regarding the m one six a three it is often described as the fully automatic version of the m one six a four descriptions of the m one six a three that claim that it shares the m one six a four s picatinny rail are incorrect this misunderstanding most likely stems from the usage of the a two and a three designations by civilian manufacturers to differentiate between a two style fixed carry handles and picatinny rail versions m one six a four the m one six a four now standard issue for frontline u s army and usmc units replaces the combination fixed carry handle rear iron sight with a mil std one nine one three picatinny rail allowing for the rifle to be equipped with a carry handle and or most military and consumer scopes or sighting systems all of the u s marine corps m one six a four s are equipped with a knight s armament company m five ras handguard allowing vertical grips lasers tactical lights and other accessories to be attached u s army m one six a four s also often feature the kac m five ras in u s army field manuals m one six a four s fitted with the ras are sometimes referred to as m one six a four mws or modular weapon system m one six a four mws shown on top from left to right an peq two infra red laser and illuminator m six eight red dot sight an pvs four night sight and the carry handle sight combination starting at left on the bottom and moving counter clockwise handguards in various lengths the m two zero three grenade launcher the m two zero three quadrant sight a vertical grip and the m two zero three leaf sight specialist variants colt model six five five and six five six sniper variants with the expanding conflict in south east asia colt developed two rifles of the m one six pattern for evaluation as possible light sniper or designated marksman rifles the colt model six five five m one six a one special high profile was essentially a standard a one rifle with a heavier barrel and a scope mount that attached to the rifle s carry handle the colt model six five six m one six a one special low profile had a special upper receiver with no carrying handle instead it had a low profile iron sight adjustable for windage and a weaver base for mounting a scope a precursor to the colt and picatinny rails it also had a hooded front iron sight in addition to the heavy barrel both rifles came standard with either a leatherwood realist scope three nine x adjustable ranging telescope some of them were fitted with a sionics noise and flash suppressor neither of these rifles were ever standardized these weapons can be seen in many ways to be predecessors of the u s army s sdm r and the usmc s sam r weapons xm one seven seven m four carbine and colt model seven three three though adopted in the one nine nine zero s the m four was part of a long line of short barreled ar one five used in the us military however the m four itself was a version of the m one six a two the m four is in the forground and the m one six a two in the backround in the hands of these two marines during a live fire exercise in vietnam some soldiers were issued a carbine version of the m one six called the xm one seven seven the xm one seven seven had a shorter barrel two six zero mm and a telescoping stock which made it substantially more compact it also possessed a combination flash hider sound moderator to reduce problems with muzzle flash and loud report the usaf s gau five a xm one seven seven and the u s army s xm one seven seven e one variants differed over the latter s inclusion of a forward assist the final usaf gau five a a and u s army xm one seven seven e two had a two nine zero mm barrel with a longer flash sound suppressor the lengthening of the barrel was to support the attachment of colt s own xm one four eight four zero mm grenade launcher these versions were also known as the colt commando model commonly referenced and marketed as the car one five the variants were issued in limited numbers to special forces helicopter crews air force pilots officers radio operators artillerymen and troops other than front line riflemen the m four carbine was developed from various outgrowths of these designs including a number of one four five barreled a one style carbines the xm four colt model seven two zero started its trials in the mid eight zero s with a one four five inch three six eight mm barrel officially adopted as a replacement for the m three grease gun and the beretta m nine and m one six a two for select troops in one nine nine four it was used with great success in the balkans the two zero zero zero s war on terrorism and in iraq colt also returned to the original commando idea with its model seven three three essentially a modernized xm one seven seven e two with many of the features introduced on the m one six a two a more complete history of this weapon can be found with other information on the colt commando a firing port weapon or fpw was also developed to work with the bradley ifv designated the m two three one mk four mod zero the mk four mod zero was a variant of the m one six a one produced for the u s navy seals during the conflict in vietnam and adopted in april one nine seven zero it differed from the basic m one six a one primarily in being optimized for maritime operations and coming equipped with a sound suppressor most of the operating parts of the rifle were coated in kal guard a quarter inch hole was drilled through the stock and buffer tube for drainage and an o ring was added to the end of the buffer assembly the weapon could reportedly be carried to the depth of two zero zero feet six zero m without damage the initial mk two mod zero blast suppressor was based on the u s army s human engineering lab s hel m four noise suppressor the hel m four vented gas directly from the action requiring a modified bolt carrier a gas deflector was added to the charging handle to prevent gas from contacting the user thus the hel m four suppressor was permanently mounted though it allowed normal semi automatic and automatic operation if the hel m four suppressor were removed the weapon would have to be manually loaded after each single shot on the other hand the mk two mod zero blast suppressor was considered an integral part of the mk four mod zero rifle but it would function normally if the suppressor were removed the mk two mod zero blast suppressor also drained water much more quickly and did not require any modification to the bolt carrier or to the charging handle in the last one nine seven zero s the mk two mod zero blast suppressor was replaced by the mk two blast suppressor made by knight s armament company kac the kac suppressor can be fully submerged and water will drain out in less than eight seconds it will operate without degradation even if the m one six a one is fired at the maximum rate of fire the u s army replaced the hel m four with the much simpler studies in operational negation of insurgency and counter subversion sionics maw a one noise and flash suppressor summary popular culture m one six a two being held by a ranger in this black hawk down film poster the m one six and its variants are almost ubiquitous in american and many other countries films tv series and video games see m one six rifle in popular culture for a list of films and video games featuring the weapon see also ar one five m four carbine colt automatic rifle squad automatic weapon version aka colt m one six lmg m one six a two lmg m two zero three grenade launcher xm two three one m two three one firing port weapon xm two six lss shotgun xm two five xm two nine oicw xm three two zero four zero mm single shot grenade launcher list of individual weapons of the u s armed forces list of weapons of the u s marine corps from top to bottom acr test rifles from aai hk steyr and colt diemaco c seven diemaco c eight sar two one ak four seven ak seven four comparison of the ak four seven and m one six references stevens r blake and edward c ezell one nine nine four the black rifle m one six retrospective ontario collector grade publications hughes david r one nine nine zero the history and development of the m one six rifle and its cartridge oceanside ca armory publications ezell edward clinton one nine eight four the great rifle controversy harrisburg halsted press external links colt manufacturing the m one six a four rifle m one six automatic rifle modern firearms the gun zone a five five six mm timeline combat training with the m one six manual pdf rifle marksmanship m one six a one m one six a two three m one six a four and m four carbine army field manual http www archive org details rifle five five six mmxm one six e one operationandcycleoffunctioningtf nine three six six three video of one nine six five training film on the early xm one six e one variant downloadable for free from www archive org the internet archive assault rifles modern firearms of the united states rifles of the united states for other uses of mya see mya disambiguation in astronomy geology and paleontology mya is an acronym for million years ago and is used as a unit of time to denote length of time before the present specifically one mya is equal to one zero six years ago the term mya is now replaced in scientific literature with ma mega annum like the related unit bya billion years ago mya is traditionally written in lowercase this is different from the related unit gya which capitalizes the first letter the term bya is now replaced in scientific literature with ga giga annum events around one mya astronomical deep time the light we see now from the andromeda galaxy started two five mya ago the light we do not see now from the centre of the milky way started zero zero two six mya ago geologic periods neogene pliocene five three to one eight mya ago the grand canyon mostly formed two six mya ago pleistocene from one eight one to zero zero one one mya ago the last magnetic pole reversal was zero seven eight mya ago the eemian interglacial ice age started zero one three mya ago holocene started zero zero one mya ago prehistoric paleontology the stone age started three mya ago homo erectus existed from one eight to zero zero seven mya ago and learns to control fire from one five to zero five mya ago and colonized asia from zero five to zero three mya ago homo sapiens appeared zero five mya ago and emerges out of africa from zero one mya on and colonized all of eurasia and oceania zero zero four mya ago and forms cultures since the upper paleolithic revolution zero zero four mya ago and colonized all of america zero zero one mya ago see also annum before present bya tya units of time marlon brando jr april three one nine two four july one two zero zero four was an oscar winning american actor who is widely regarded as one of the greatest film actors of the twentieth century he brought the techniques of the stanislavski system of method acting to prominence in the films a streetcar named desire and on the waterfront both directed by elia kazan in the early one nine five zero s his acting style combined with his public persona as an outsider uninterested in the hollywood of the early one nine five zero s had a profound effect on a generation of actors including james dean and paul newman and later stars including robert de niro and al pacino marlon brando speaking at the one nine six three civil rights march on washington d c biography youth and early acting career brando was born in omaha nebraska in one nine three five when brando was one one years old his parents marlon brando sr and dorothy pennebaker brando separated his mother briefly took her three children to live with her mother in santa ana california until one nine three seven when the parents reconciled and moved to libertyville illinois a village north west of chicago the family were of primarily dutch irish and english stock although the family name originated in germany brandau brando s mother was a kind and talented woman although she suffered from alcoholism and was frequently absent in brando s childhood she was involved in local theater and helped a young henry fonda to begin his own acting career and fuelled brando s interest in stage acting brando was a gifted mimic from early childhood and developed a rare ability to absorb the tics and mannerisms of people he played and to display those traits dramatically while staying in character his elder sister jocelyn brando was also an actress albeit not of the same stature as marlon brando had a tumultuous childhood in which he was expelled from several schools his father was largely critical of his son but encouraged him to seek his own direction brando left illinois for new york city where he studied at the american theatre wing professional school new school dramatic workshop and the actors studio it was at the new school s dramatic workshop that he studied with stella adler and learned the revolutionary techniques of the stanislavski system marlon brando in a streetcar named desire photographed by carl van vechten one nine four eight brando used his stanislavski system skills in summer stock roles in sayville new york his behavior got him kicked out of the cast of the new school s production in sayville but he was discovered in a locally produced play there and then made it to broadway in the bittersweet drama i remember mama in one nine four four critics voted him broadway s most promising actor for his role as an anguished paraplegic veteran in truckline caf although the play was a commercial failure he achieved real stardom however as stanley kowalski in tennessee williams play a streetcar named desire in one nine four seven directed by elia kazan brando sought out that role driving out to provincetown massachusetts where williams was spending the summer to audition for the part williams recalled that he opened the screen door and knew instantly that he had his stanley kowalski on the screen brando s first screen role was the bitter crippled veteran in the men in one nine five zero true to his method brando spent a month in bed at a veterans hospital to prepare for the role he made a much larger impression the following year when he brought his performance as stanley kowalski to the screen in kazan s adaptation of streetcar in one nine five one he was nominated for an academy award for best actor for that role and again in each of the next three years for his roles in viva zapata in one nine five two julius caesar in one nine five three and on the waterfront in one nine five four brando finally won the oscar for his role of terry malloy in on the waterfront under kazan s direction and with a talented ensemble around him brando used his stanislavski system training and improvisational skills brando claimed that he had improvised much of his dialogue with rod steiger in the famous much quoted scene i could have been a contender with him in the back of a taxicab kazan disputed this brando followed that triumph by a variety of roles in the one nine five zero s that defied expectations as sky masterson in guys and dolls where he managed to carry off a singing role as sakini a japanese interpreter for the u s army in postwar japan in the teahouse of the august moon as an air force officer in sayonara and a nazi officer in the young lions while he won an oscar nomination for his acting in sayonara his acting had lost much of its energy and direction by the end of the one nine five zero s brando s star sank even further in the one nine six zero s as he turned in increasingly uninspired performances in mutiny on the bounty and several other forgettable films though even at this professional low point brando still managed to produce a few exceptional films such as one eyed jacks one nine six one a western that would be the only film brando would ever direct reflections in a golden eye one nine six seven portraying a repressed gay army officer and burn one nine six nine which brando would later claim as his personal favourite although a commercial failure nonetheless his career had gone into almost complete eclipse by the end of the decade thanks to his reputation as a difficult star and his record in overbudget or marginal movies the godfather marlon brando as don corleone in the godfather from paramount pictures via the canadian press his performance as vito corleone in the godfather in one nine seven two changed this director francis ford coppola convinced brando to submit to a make up test in which he brando did his own makeup francis ford coppola was electrified by brando s characterization as the head of a crime family but had to fight the studio in order to cast him brando was voted the academy award for best actor for his intelligent performance once again he improvised important details that lent more humanity to what could otherwise have been a clich d role brando turned down the academy award the second actor to refuse an oscar the first being george c scott for patton brando boycotted the award ceremony sending little known native american actress sacheen littlefeather nee maria cruz to state his reasons which were based on his objections to the depiction of native americans by hollywood and television the actor followed with one of his greatest performances in last tango in paris but it was overshadowed by an uproar over the erotic nature of the bernardo bertolucci film despite the controversies which attended both the film and the man the academy once again nominated brando for the best actor late career brando as jor el in the first superman movie his career afterwards was uneven in addition to his iconic performance as colonel kurtz in apocalypse now and his intensely personal performance in last tango in paris brando has also played jor el superman s father in the first superman movie a role he agreed to only on condition that he did not have to read the script beforehand and his lines would be displayed somewhere offscreen other later performances such as the island of dr moreau earned him some of his most uncomplimentary reviews of his career despite announcing plans to retire which he made good on for most of the one nine eight zero s he subsequently gave interesting supporting performances in movies such as a dry white season for which he was again nominated for an oscar in one nine eight nine the freshman in one nine nine zero and don juan demarco in one nine nine five off screen along with his romances and marriages brando s crusades for civil rights the native american rights and other political causes kept him in the public eye throughout his career he married actress anna kashfi in one nine five seven mistakenly believing her to be of asian indian descent when she was in fact from wales and of irish catholic extraction her real name was joan o callaghan o callaghan didn t discourage brando s mistake in fact she dressed and made herself up as an indian beauty after learning that brando gravitated toward exotic women they divorced in one nine five nine after having one son christian brando together in one nine six zero brando married maria movita castaneda a mexican actress seven years his senior who had appeared in the first mutiny on the bounty film in one nine three five some two seven years before brando s own version was released a remake of mutiny on the bounty in one nine six two with brando as fletcher christian seemed to bolster his reputation as a difficult star he was blamed for a change in directors and a runaway budget though he disclaimed responsibility for either the bounty experience affected brando s life in a profound way he fell in love with tahiti and its people he took a nine nine year lease on part of an atoll island tetiaroa which he intended to make part environmental laboratory and part resort tahitian beauty tarita teriipia who had appeared in the film as fletcher christian s love interest became his third wife after he and castaneda were divorced teriipia became the mother of three of his children one of whom died see below the hotel on tetiaroa was eventually built it went through many redesigns due to changes demanded by brando over the years but is now closed a new hotel consisting of three zero deluxe villas is due to open in two zero zero eight in june one nine seven three brando broke paparazzo ron galella s jaw brando s hand became infected as a result in the following year galella wore a football helmet when snapping photos of brando in his one nine seven six biography the only contender by gary carey brando was quoted as saying like a large number of men i too have had homosexual experiences and i am not ashamed photographs circulate on the internet that appear to confirm this a two zero zero six book alleges affairs with rock hudson and cary grant an alleged long time lover of brando s was the actor wally cox brando is quoted as saying if wally had been a woman i would have married him and we would have lived happily ever after after cox died in one nine seven three brando kept his ashes for three zero years and they were eventually scattered with his own cox s third wife only discovered he possessed them after reading an interview in time magazine where brando is quoted as saying i have wally s ashes in my house i talk to him all the time she wanted to sue but her lawyers would not accept the case all three of brando s wives were pregnant when he married them the number of children he had is still in dispute although he recognized eleven children in his will they were ages as given in two zero zero five by his marriage to actress anna kashfi christian four seven by his marriage to actress movita castaneda miko four four rebecca brando kotlinzky three nine by his marriage to tarita teriipia simon teihotu four two the only inhabitant of tetiaroa cheyenne committed suicide in one nine nine five at the age of two five by adoption petra brando corval three three daughter of brando s assistant caroline barrett maimiti two nine raiatua two four by his maid christina maria ruiz nina priscilla one five myles jonathan one three timothy gahan one one in may one nine nine zero brando s first son christian shot and killed dag drollet two six the tahitian lover of christian s half sister cheyenne at the family s hilltop home above beverly hills christian three one claimed the shooting was accidental after a heavily publicized trial christian was found guilty of voluntary manslaughter and use of a gun he was sentenced to one zero years before the sentencing marlon brando delivered an hour of rambling testimony in which he said he and his ex wife had failed christian he commented softly to members of the drollet family i m sorry if i could trade places with dag i would i m prepared for the consequences afterward drollet s father said he thought marlon brando was acting and his son was getting away with murder the tragedy was compounded in one nine nine five when cheyenne said to still be depressed over drollet s death committed suicide by hanging herself in tahiti she was only two five years old brando s notoriety his family s troubled lives his self exile from hollywood and his obesity unfortunately attracted more attention than his late acting career he also earned a reputation for being difficult on the set often unwilling or unable to memorize his lines and less interested in taking direction than in confronting the film director with odd and childish demands on the other hand most other actors found him generous funny and supportive although more and more reclusive in his declining years brando was by nature a casual and friendly man occasionally the public would observe the gargantuan brando stop by will wright s ice cream parlor enjoying his treat seated on two chairs he had pushed together the actor was a long time close friend of the entertainer michael jackson and paid regular visits to his neverland ranch resting there for weeks brando also participated in the singer s solo career three zero th anniversary celebration concerts in two zero zero one as well as starring in his one five minutes long music video you rock my world the same year the actor s son miko was jackson s bodyguard for several years and is also a friend of the singer on july one two zero zero four at six three zero p m local time brando died at the age of eight zero the cause of his death was intentionally withheld with his lawyer citing privacy concerns it was later revealed that he died at ucla medical center of lung failure brought on by pulmonary fibrosis he had also been suffering from congestive heart failure and diabetes which was causing his eyesight to fail and had also recently been diagnosed with liver cancer controversy the infamous playboy magazine interview of january one nine seven nine brando was charged with anti semitism in regard to his unfavorable opinion on jewish influence in hollywood you ve seen every single race besmirched but you never saw an unfavorable image of the kike because the jews were ever so watchful for that they never allowed it to be shown on screen brando generally kept his views to himself and withdrew from the public eye in later life brando portrayed george lincoln rockwell the american nazi party leader in the roots the next generation episode in which rockwell gave an interview to alex haley ironically also for playboy trivia brando in one nine four eight despite his later obesity brando would diet run and lift weights to keep in shape in his early to mid career he started to lift weights while in high school turned down the title role in lawrence of arabia turned down butch cassidy and the sundance kid in order to make burn he had eleven straight commercial disappointments between one nine five nine s the fugitive kind till one nine seven two s the godfather and last tango in paris made top one zero stars of the year five times one nine five four one nine five five one nine five eight one nine seven two one nine seven three when making superman brando was paid three seven million plus one six eight six of the gross the film made three zero zero million worldwide making his earnings one four million for one two days work brando s height was always listed as five one zero however many people believe he was closer to five eight and in later films at least he was known to wear elevator shoes brando was paid one million to appear briefly at the michael jackson three zero th anniversary concert a few days before the nine one one terrorist attacks in two zero zero one brando is mentioned in the song pocahontas by neil young china girl by david bowie we didn t start the fire by billy joel vogue by madonna advertising space by robbie williams and eyeless by slipknot frank sinatra loathed the non singing brando for getting the starring role in guys and dolls whereas frank got a lesser part frank s nickname for the sometimes barely coherent brando was mumbles only made two television appearances in his career one nine seven nine s roots the next generations for which he won an emmy and in one nine four nine on actor s studio in the episode i m no hero filmography dvd cover of brando s debut the one nine five zero film the men the men one nine five zero a streetcar named desire one nine five one viva zapata one nine five two julius caesar one nine five three the wild one one nine five three on the waterfront one nine five four desir e one nine five four guys and dolls one nine five five operation teahouse one nine five six short subject the teahouse of the august moon one nine five six sayonara one nine five seven the young lions one nine five eight the fugitive kind one nine five nine one eyed jacks one nine six one also director mutiny on the bounty one nine six two the ugly american one nine six three bedtime story one nine six four morituri one nine six five the chase one nine six six the appaloosa one nine six six meet marlon brando one nine six six short subject a countess from hong kong one nine six seven reflections in a golden eye one nine six seven candy one nine six eight the night of the following day one nine six eight burn one nine six nine king a filmed record montgomery to memphis one nine seven zero documentary the nightcomers one nine seven two the godfather one nine seven two last tango in paris one nine seven two the missouri breaks one nine seven six raoni one nine seven eight documentary narrator superman one nine seven eight apocalypse now one nine seven nine the formula one nine eight zero a dry white season one nine eight nine the freshman one nine nine zero hearts of darkness a filmmaker s apocalypse one nine nine one documentary christopher columbus the discovery one nine nine two don juan demarco one nine nine five the island of dr moreau one nine nine six the brave one nine nine seven free money one nine nine eight the score two zero zero one upcoming superman returns two zero zero six appears in archive footage as jor el big bug man two zero zero six voice notes quoted in brando unzipped darwin porter two zero zero six patricia cox shapiro quoted in the wild one and the mild one by robert w welkos los angeles times two four october two zero zero four external links marlon brando a timeline of his life brando tribute site with strong christian overtones obituary from the washington post obituary at slate marlon brando s early career brandoland msnbc marlon brando dies in los angeles hospital marlon brando the actor s actor premiere remembering brando the religious affiliation of marlon brando classic movies one nine three nine one nine six nine marlon brando quotes from an interview with newsweek march one three one nine seven two court tv christian brando a hollywood family tragedy biography and pictures brando bio at lenin imports long article on auction of brando s possession s at the observer uk one nine two four births two zero zero four deaths american film actors amateur radio people best actor oscar nominee best actor oscar best supporting actor oscar nominee diabetics entertainers who died in their eight zero s omahans superman actors worst supporting actor razzie nominee worst supporting actor razzie satellite image of hurricane hugo with a polar low visible at the top of the image meteorology is the scientific study of the atmosphere that focuses on weather processes and forecasting meteorological phenomena are observable weather events which illuminate and are explained by the science of meteorology those events are bound by the variables that exist in earth s atmosphere they are temperature pressure water vapor and the gradients and interactions of each variable and how they change in time the majority of earth s observed weather is located in the troposphere meteorology climatology atmospheric physics and atmospheric chemistry are sub disciplines of the atmospheric sciences meteorology and hydrology comprise the interdiscplinary field of hydrometeorology history of meteorology early achievements in meteorology aristotle three five zero bc the term meteorology comes from aristotle s meteorology although the term meteorology is used today to describe a subdiscipline of the atmospheric sciences aristotle s work is more general the work touches upon much of what is known as the earth sciences in his own words all the affections we may call common to air and water and the kinds and parts of the earth and the affections of its parts one of the most impressive achievements in meteorology is his description of what is now known as the hydrologic cycle now the sun moving as it does sets up processes of change and becoming and decay and by its agency the finest and sweetest water is every day carried up and is dissolved into vapour and rises to the upper region where it is condensed again by the cold and so returns to the earth one six zero seven galileo galilei constructs a thermoscope not only did this device measure temperature but it represented a paradigm shift up to this point heat and cold were believed to be qualities of aristotle s elements fire water air and earth note there is some controversy about who actually built this first thermoscope there is some evidence for this device being independently built at several different times this is the era of the first recorded meteorological observations as there was no standard measurement they were of little use until the work of daniel gabriel fahrenheit and anders celsius in the one eight th century one six four three evangelista torricelli a contemporary and one time assistant of galileo creates the first man made sustained vacuum in one six four three and in the process creates the first barometer changes in height of mercury in this toricelli tube lead to his discovery that atmospheric pressure changes over time one six four eight blaise pascal discovers that atmospheric pressure decreases with height and deduces that there is a vacuum above the atmosphere one six six seven robert hooke builds an anemometer to measure windspeed one six eight six edmund halley maps the trade winds deduces that atmospheric changes are driven by solar heat and confirms the discoveries of pascal about atmospheric pressure one seven three five george hadley is the first to take the rotation of the earth into account to explain the behavior of the trade winds although the mechanism hadley described was incorrect predicting trade winds half as strong as the actual winds the circulating cells that hadley described later become known as hadley cells benjamin franklin one seven four three one seven eight four benjamin franklin observes that weather systems in north america move from west to east demonstrates that lightning is electricity publishes the first scientific chart of the gulf stream links a volcanic eruption to weather and speculates about the effect of deforestation on climate one seven eight zero horace de saussure constructs a hair hygrometer to measure humidity one eight zero two one eight zero three luke howard writes on the modification of clouds in which he assigns cloud types latin names one eight zero six francis beaufort introduces his system for classifying wind speeds one eight three seven samuel morse invents the telegraph one eight six zero robert fitzroy uses the new telegraph system to gather daily observations from across england and develops synoptic charts allowing predictions to be made at the same time coining the term weather forecast the first ever daily weather forecasts were published by him in the times in one eight six zero and in the following year a system was introduced of hoisting storm warning cones at principal ports when a gale was expected the coriolis effect understanding the kinematics of how exactly the rotation of the earth affects airflow was partial at first late in the one nine th century the full extent of the large scale interaction of pressure gradient force and deflecting force that in the end causes air masses to move along isobars was understood early in the two zero th century this deflecting force was named the coriolis effect after gaspard gustave coriolis who had published in one eight three five on the energy yield of machines with rotating parts such as waterwheels in one eight five six william ferrel proposed the existence of a circulation cell in the mid latitudes with air being deflected by the coriolis force to create the prevailing westerly winds numerical weather prediction a meteorologist at the console of the ibm seven zero nine zero in the joint numerical weather prediction unit c one nine six five early in the two zero th century advances in the understanding of atmospheric physics led to the foundation of modern numerical weather prediction in one nine two two lewis fry richardson published weather prediction by numerical process which described how small terms in the fluid dynamics equations governing atmospheric flow could be neglected to allow numerical solutions to be found however the sheer number of calculations required was too large to be completed before the advent of computers at this time in norway a group of meteorologists led by vilhelm bjerknes developed the model that explains the generation intensification and ultimate decay the life cycle of midlatitude cyclones introducing the idea of fronts that is sharply defined boundaries between air masses the group included carl gustaf rossby who was the first to explain the large scale atmospheric flow in terms of fluid dynamics tor bergeron who first determined the mechanism by which rain forms and jacob bjerknes starting in the one nine five zero s numerical experiments with computers became feasible the first weather forecasts derived this way used barotropic that means single vertical level models and could successfully predict the large scale movement of midlatitude rossby waves that is the pattern of atmospheric lows and highs in the one nine six zero s the chaotic nature of the atmosphere was first understood by edward lorenz founding the field of chaos theory these advances have led to the current use of ensemble forecasting in most major forecasting centers to take into account uncertainty arising due to the chaotic nature of the atmosphere satellite observation in one nine six zero the launch of tiros one the first successful weather satellite marked the beginning of the age where weather information is available globally weather satellites along with more general purpose earth observing satellites circling the earth at various altitudes have become an indispensable tool for studying a wide range of phenomena from forest fires to el ni o in recent years climate models have been developed that feature a resolution comparable to older weather prediction models these climate models are used to investigate long term climate shifts such as what effects might be caused by human emission of greenhouse gases weather forecasting a meteorogist at work at the spc in norman ok meteorologists and weather presenters use several methods to predict what the weather will be like in the future most of these methods were used several decades ago before the seven zero s when computers simply did not exist or were unable to perform fast enough for numerical weather prediction they are used today to estimate the effectiveness of weather forecasting compared to persistence or to climatology analogs were a nightmare one could not find a reasonable match among the infinity of possibilities offered by the atmosphere frontology is used now as a means to describe objects resulting from nwp cold fronts exist but warm fronts are not fronts as such the symbol of warm air struggling against cold air does not represent the reality persistence method the persistence method assumes that conditions will not change often summarised as tomorrow equals today this method works best over short periods of time trends method the trends method involves determining the speed and direction of fronts high and low pressure centers and areas of clouds and precipitation climatology method the climatology method involves using historical weather data collected over long periods of time years to predict conditions on a given date analog method a complex method that involves finding an analog or very similar weather conditions from historical data numerical forecasting method the numerical weather prediction or nwp method uses computers to take into account a large number of variables and creates of computer model of the atmosphere this is the most successful and widely used method meteorology and climatology with the development of powerful new supercomputers like the earth simulator in japan mathematical modeling of the atmosphere can reach unprecedented accuracy this is not only due to the enhanced spatial and temporal resolution of the grids employed but also because these more powerful machines can model the earth as an integrated climate system where atmosphere ocean vegetation and man made influences depend on each other realistically the goal in global meteorological modeling can be termed earth system modeling with a growing number of models of various processes coupled to each other predictions for global effects like global warming and el ni o are expected to benefit substantially from these advancements regional models are attracting more interest as the resolution of global models increases with regional weather disasters such as the elbe flooding in two zero zero two and the european heat wave in two zero zero three decision makers expect from these models accurate assessments about the possible increase of these natural hazards in a specific region countermeasures such as dikes or intentional flooding might be effective in preventing or at least attenuating natural hazards for models at all scales increased model resolution means less reliance on parameterizations which are empiricall