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Submitted by Assigned_Reviewer_1
Q1: Comments to author(s). First provide a summary of the paper, and then address the following criteria: Quality, clarity, originality and significance. (For detailed reviewing guidelines, see http://nips.cc/PaperInformation/ReviewerInstructions)
This papers deals with kernel component analysis for massive data sets. More specifically, the authors propose the use of both random features of kernel functions and stochastic gradient descent to speed up nonlinear components analysis methods such as kernel PCA and kernel CCA. The authors provide a convergence analysis of the method and perform experiments on synthetic and real data sets showing that their method is week suited for large scale data.
The paper is well written. It builds upon recent works on scaling up kernel methods to large scale data sets. The main idea of the paper is not novel. It combines random features for component analysis ([12] ICML'14) with doubly stochastic gradients ([6] NIPS'14). The main contribution is the extension of the convergence results in [6] to the non-convex case.
Q2: Please summarize your review in 1-2 sentences
A well-written paper which shows how to apply the doubly stochastic gradient method to kernel component analysis in order to make them more practical with large data sets. The novelty is somewhat limited.
Submitted by Assigned_Reviewer_2
Q1: Comments to author(s). First provide a summary of the paper, and then address the following criteria: Quality, clarity, originality and significance. (For detailed reviewing guidelines, see http://nips.cc/PaperInformation/ReviewerInstructions)
This paper proposes a computationally efficient way of scaling kernel non-linear component
analysis. Previous attempts of scaling kernel PCA-like eigenproblems in machine learning
resorted to Nystrom-variant subsampling or random feature linearization of the problem. Each of
these methods works effectively in certain settings but the number of samples/features may be
prohibitively large in some settings.
This paper proposes a doubley-stochastic gradient algorithm for solving kernel eigenvalue problems encompassing kernel PCA, CCA, and SVD. It is called doubly-stochastic because sampling is performed in the data samples and the random features (for this paper, limited to
stationary kernels whose Fourier transform is well-defined). The paper claims convergence rate of $\tilde{O}(1/t)$ to the global optimum for the recovered eigensubspace (in terms of principal angle), but with a caveat being that the step sizes are chosen properly and the mini-batch size is sufficiently large.
Quality: The paper is reasonably well-written with no glaring grammar errors/typos.
Clarity: Clear in most parts, some suggestions for improvement: - In Line 300: "which outside the RKHS" -> "which is outside the RKHS" - Please provide the citation for the "median trick" - just to make the paper self-contained. - Please provide the dimensionality of the datasets used in the experiment. For example, the synthetic dataset is mentioned without such information. - Figure 1 and Figure 2 and Figure 3 are hard to look at, when printed on the paper. - Equation (6), Line 305: the Part II should read $ 2 | \tilde{g}_t(x) - h_t(x) |^2 $
Originality: The idea of doubly-stochastic gradient descent has appeared in the convex setting where the objective function can be expressed as a convex function (kernel SVM, etc.). This paper attempts to prove the global convergence rate for the principal angle bound on the recovered kernel eigensubspace.
Significance: Kernel eigenvalue problems are notoriously hard to scale and achieving high accuracy is challenging. Addressing this problem is a worthy effort.
Q2: Please summarize your review in 1-2 sentences
An interesting paper addressing the scalability issue for kernel eigenvalue problems arising in machine learning methods. An overall good paper with some theoretical results.
Submitted by Assigned_Reviewer_3
Q1: Comments to author(s). First provide a summary of the paper, and then address the following criteria: Quality, clarity, originality and significance. (For detailed reviewing guidelines, see http://nips.cc/PaperInformation/ReviewerInstructions)
Strong contribution. Highly useful. Seems easy to implement. Non-trivial convergence analysis. Large-scale experiments.
However, I have some concerns that the experiments might not be completely fair:
- In the experiments, the authors systematically use more features for their method than for the Random Fourier and the Nystroem methods
- In Figure 4, why not show the results of RF features at 10240 features? and the results of DSGD for 512 to 4096 features?
Minor remark: in the related work section, the authors could briefly mention the Nystroem-based approaches.
Q2: Please summarize your review in 1-2 sentences
Strong, highly useful contribution. Some concerns regarding the fairness of the experiments.
Submitted by Assigned_Reviewer_4
Q1: Comments to author(s). First provide a summary of the paper, and then address the following criteria: Quality, clarity, originality and significance. (For detailed reviewing guidelines, see http://nips.cc/PaperInformation/ReviewerInstructions)
Scaling up unsupervised learning algorithms like kernel PCA, kernel SVD is very important problem, regarding the large amount of applications they could be used for.
Inspired by the previous works on online algorithm for PCA, they propose an algorithm for kernel PCA using doubly stochastic gradients with randomness from both batched stochastic gradient and random Fourier features. The doubly stochastic gradients has been introduced for support vector machine previously, but here the setting is slightly different because of the orthogonality constraint in component analysis. Overall, I think its a nice connection between the online algorithm for PCA and doubly stochastic gradient descent.
The analysis tries to characterize the convergence in terms of the principal angle between the sub-spaces. The assumption on a good initialization seems very strong to me. I would like to see more discussion about this condition: for example, given a very high dimensional space like RKHS, how likely this assumption will be satisfied for a simple initialization algorithm, such as randomly draw $k$ points to form a subspace. Another issue I have with the analysis is that the required batch size seems to increase as $t$ increases, even though it is only increasing logarithmically. This fact seems to downgrade the applicability of the algorithm in practice?
Regardless of the minor issues in the analysis, the paper contains comprehensive and interesting experiments to demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm.
Q2: Please summarize your review in 1-2 sentences
This paper tries to scale up the kernel-based nonlinear component analysis, using the doubly stochastic gradients. The algorithm is very close to the doubly stochastic gradients for support vector machine, while the underlying analysis seems different.
Q1:Author
rebuttal: Please respond to any concerns raised in the reviews. There are
no constraints on how you want to argue your case, except for the fact
that your text should be limited to a maximum of 5000 characters. Note
however, that reviewers and area chairs are busy and may not read long
vague rebuttals. It is in your own interest to be concise and to the
point.
We would like to thank the reviewers and area chairs
for the time and efforts in the review process.
Reviewer 1:
Thank you for the positive comments. We will fix the typos and
fill in more details in the revision.
Reviewer 2:
We used
more random features for the proposed algorithm because it is the only
algorithm that can scale up to tens of thousands or even more random
features. Vanilla batch random features and Nystrom methods are limited to
using smaller number of random features (<10K) due to the quadratic
memory requirement. Indeed, one of the advantages of our algorithm is the
ability to use many more random features without explosive memory
issues.
We will add more description of Nystrom-based approaches in
the revision.
Reviewer 3:
As for initialization, a simple
approach works like this: take a small set of m data points, and a small
set of m random features corresponding to the kernel, and run batch PCA in
the random feature space. The size m can be thousands such that batch PCA
can be carried out in most modern desktop computers. After that one runs
the doubly stochastic gradient to refine this solution with more data
points and random features. This initialization gets better as we increase
m, and it is similar to the random nonlinear component method in
[1].
[1] D. Lopez-Paz, S. Sra, A. Smola, Z. Ghahramani, and B.
Scholkopf. Randomized nonlinear component analysis. ICML'14.
The
dimension in kernel PCA should be interpreted differently from that in the
finite dimension PCA. It depends on the property of the kernel and its
interaction with the input distribution. This is similar to the Rademachar
complexity for RKHS function which does not explicitly depend on the
dimension of the input data. More specifically, the difficulty level in
the kernel case is reflected in the spectrum decay of the covariance
operator. By taking into account the spectrum like in [2], one can obtain
a more refined analysis of our algorithm and possibly even better
convergence rate.
[2] F. Bach. On the Equivalence between
Quadrature Rules and Random Features. Technical report, HAL-01118276,
2015.
As for the batch size growing with log(t), it comes from a
union bound over the probability that the mini-batch update fails to be
estimated up to constant error for all t iterations. It could be an
artifact of the analysis. In practice, we observe that it has little
negative effect by using a fixed batch size. In the experiments, we often
take batch sizes to be as large as hundreds or thousands. It is likely in
these cases, the conditions needed in the theory are already
satisfied.
Review 4, 5, 6:
First, we would like to clarify
the difference between the current paper and the convex version [6].
Although the algorithmic procedures appear similar, the analysis for the
convex case do not easily translate to the eigenvalue problems. More
specifically, the nonlinear component analysis involves additional
challenges:
I. We prove the convergence rate for a non-convex
problem, which requires making use of the special structures of the
eigenvalue problem. Such structure is very different from the convex
case.
II. Orthogonality constraints for the components are
challenging to enforce in the large scale kernel case, as a result
Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization is not applicable here. Instead, we use a
Lagrangian multiplier approach, for which we show that it gradually
enforces the constraints.
III. We analyze the convergence of
principle angles between subspaces which are novel and not present in the
convex case.
IV. We have identified the relation between the batch
size, the eigen-gap, and iteration number, which are novel and not present
in the convex case.
As for regenerating the random features, one
only needs to remember the seed for the random number
generator. |
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