problem_data = [
  {
    "question":"What does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\nAccording to Mr. Herrera's kids, his snoring is as quiet as a jackhammer.",
    "choices":[
      "The snoring is loud.",
      "The snoring occurs in bursts."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.",
    "solution":"The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nAs quiet as a jackhammer suggests that the snoring is loud. A jackhammer is not quiet, and neither is Mr. Herrera's snoring.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal's mouth is also adapted for bottom feeding?",
    "choices":[
      "discus",
      "armored catfish"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Sturgeons eat invertebrates, plants, and small fish. They are bottom feeders. Bottom feeders find their food at the bottom of rivers, lakes, and the ocean.\nThe 's mouth is located on the underside of its head and points downward. Its mouth is adapted for bottom feeding.\nFigure: sturgeon.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: beaks, mouths, and necks",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the sturgeon.\nThe sturgeon's mouth is located on the underside of its head and points downward. Its mouth is adapted for bottom feeding. The sturgeon uses its mouth to find food hidden in the sediment at the bottom of rivers, lakes, and the ocean.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe armored catfish's mouth is located on the underside of its head and points downward. Its mouth is adapted for bottom feeding.\nThe discus's mouth is not located on the underside of its head. Its mouth is not adapted for bottom feeding.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is this a sentence fragment?\nDuring the construction of Mount Rushmore, approximately eight hundred million pounds of rock from the mountain to create the monument.",
    "choices":[
      "no",
      "yes"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Identify sentence fragments",
    "lecture":"A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. The band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks. A sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. Rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks. This fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing. The band I'm in. This fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing. Because we have a concert in two weeks. This fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert.",
    "solution":"This is a sentence fragment. It does not express a complete thought.\nDuring the construction of Mount Rushmore, approximately eight hundred million pounds of rock from the mountain to create the monument.\nHere is one way to fix the sentence fragment:\nDuring the construction of Mount Rushmore, approximately eight hundred million pounds of rock were removed from the mountain to create the monument.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following could Wendy's test show?",
    "choices":[
      "whether producing more insulin would help the bacteria grow faster",
      "whether different types of bacteria would need different nutrients to produce insulin",
      "whether she added enough nutrients to help the bacteria produce 20% more insulin"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design.\nThe passage below describes how the engineering-design process was used to test a solution to a problem. Read the passage. Then answer the question below.\n\nPeople with diabetes sometimes take a medicine made from insulin. Insulin can be made by a special type of bacteria. Wendy was a bioengineer who wanted to increase the amount of insulin that the bacteria produced by 20%. She read that giving the bacteria more nutrients could affect the amount of insulin they produced. So, Wendy gave extra nutrients to some of the bacteria. Then, she measured how much insulin those bacteria produced compared to bacteria that did not get extra nutrients.\nFigure: studying bacteria in a laboratory.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Engineering practices",
    "skill":"Evaluate tests of engineering-design solutions",
    "lecture":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured. Imagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves. First, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind. Then, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved. Tests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which correctly shows the title of a play?",
    "choices":[
      "A breath of Fresh Air",
      "A Breath of Fresh Air"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"capitalization",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Capitalizing titles",
    "lecture":"In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach These words are not important in titles: Articles, a, an, the Short prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up Coordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or",
    "solution":"Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word of is not important, so it should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is A Breath of Fresh Air.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?",
    "choices":[
      "weather",
      "climate"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Figure: Chicago.\nChicago is known as The Windy City. But on average, the wind there only blows at about 10 miles per hour.\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Weather and climate around the world",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the passage carefully.\nChicago is known as The Windy City. But on average, the wind there only blows at about 10 miles per hour.\nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual wind patterns in Chicago. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Daffodil's phenotype for the horns trait?",
    "choices":[
      "not having horns",
      "having horns"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"In a group of cows, some individuals have horns and others do not. In this group, the gene for the horns trait has two alleles. The allele for having horns (h) is recessive to the allele for not having horns (H).\nDaffodil is a cow from this group. Daffodil has the homozygous genotype HH for the horns gene.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: dominant and recessive",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. Some traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene. An organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene. An organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene. The types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. A dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers. A recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.",
    "solution":"Daffodil's genotype for the horns gene is HH. Daffodil's genotype of HH has only H allelles. The H allele is for not having horns. So, Daffodil's phenotype for the horns trait must be not having horns.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Daffodil's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for having horns (h) is recessive to the allele for not having horns (H). This means H is a dominant allele, and h is a recessive allele.\nDaffodil's genotype of HH has two dominant alleles. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Daffodil's phenotype for the horns trait must be not having horns.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal's feet are also adapted for grabbing prey?",
    "choices":[
      "sable",
      "New Zealand falcon"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Bald eagles eat fish, mammals, and other birds. The 's feet are adapted for grabbing prey.\nFigure: bald eagle.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: feet and limbs",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the bald eagle.\nThe bald eagle has long toes with sharp claws. Its feet are adapted for grabbing prey. The sharp claws can help the bald eagle attack and kill its prey. The long toes can help it hold on to its prey.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe New Zealand falcon has long toes with sharp claws. Its feet are adapted for grabbing prey.\nThe sable has hoofed feet. Its feet are not adapted for grabbing prey. The sable uses its feet to walk and run on hard ground.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/28\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following statement about our solar system true or false?\nJupiter's volume is more than 10,000 times as large as the volume of Mars.",
    "choices":[
      "true",
      "false"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Use the data to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"true-or-false",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Astronomy",
    "skill":"Analyze data to compare properties of planets",
    "lecture":"A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet. The primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation. For example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km^3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 10^15 km^3. To compare two numbers written in scientific notation, first compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example: 1.43 x 10^15 is larger than 1.43 x 10^12 If their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example: 1.43 x 10^15 is larger than 1.25 x 10^15 To multiply a number written in scientific notation by a power of 10, write the multiple of 10 as 10 raised to an exponent. Then, add the exponents. For example: 1.43 x 10^15 \u00b7 1000 = 1.43 x 10^15 \u00b7 10^3 = 1.43 x 10^(15 + 3) = 1.43 x 10^18",
    "solution":"To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 10,000 times the volume of Mars.\nThen compare the result to the volume of Jupiter. Jupiter's volume is 1.43 x 10^15 km^3, which is less than 1.63 x 10^15 km^3. So, Jupiter's volume is less than 10,000 times as large as the volume of Mars.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/36\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Massachusetts?",
    "choices":[
      "Plymouth",
      "Albany",
      "Wichita",
      "Boston"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Northeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Boston is the capital of Massachusetts.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/45\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence so that it uses personification.\nA light spattering of raindrops fell upon the stadium, () the fans' cheeks.",
    "choices":[
      "landing on",
      "kissing"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Creative techniques",
    "skill":"Use personification",
    "lecture":"Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point. The trees danced in the wind. The word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.",
    "solution":"Complete the sentence with the word kissing. It describes the raindrops as if they were people showing affection.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentences.\nEarthquakes start () Earth's surface. During an earthquake, ().",
    "choices":[
      "above . . . the ground shakes",
      "above . . . the ground gets colder",
      "below . . . the ground shakes",
      "below . . . the ground gets colder"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"literacy-in-science",
    "category":"Earth events",
    "skill":"Changes to Earth's surface: earthquakes",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"When an earthquake happens, the ground shakes. The word earthquake comes from the words earth and quake. The word earth means ground, and the word quake means to shake.\nAll earthquakes start below Earth's surface.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is Lithops bromfieldii made up of many cells?",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This organism is Lithops bromfieldii. It is a member of the plant kingdom.\nLithops bromfieldii lives in South Africa. Each L. bromfieldii is made up of two brown or gray leaves. Because of its unusual appearance, L. bromfieldii is sometimes called a living stone.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Describe, classify, and compare kingdoms",
    "lecture":"In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms. Organisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom. <br\/><br\/>  | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | Plants<br\/> How many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | many<br\/> Do their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yes<br\/> Can their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes<br\/>",
    "solution":"Lithops bromfieldii is a plant. Plants are made up of many cells.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/55\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which bird's beak is also adapted to tear through meat?",
    "choices":[
      "sand martin",
      "Cape vulture"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Red-tailed hawks eat fish, mammals, and other birds. The shape of the 's beak is adapted to tear through meat.\nFigure: red-tailed hawk.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: beaks, mouths, and necks",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the red-tailed hawk.\nThe red-tailed hawk has a sharp hooked beak. Its beak is adapted to tear through meat. The sharp hook can help the red-tailed hawk cut the meat into pieces it can swallow.\nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.\nThe Cape vulture has a sharp hooked beak. Its beak is adapted to tear through meat.\nThe sand martin has a short, thin beak. Its beak is not adapted to tear through meat. The sand martin uses its beak to eat insects and other small invertebrates.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/60\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nAriel gazed at the ancient pug that seemed to sleep all day and noted, \"You're an energetic puppy!\"",
    "choices":[
      "idiom",
      "verbal irony"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Alliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words. What a lucky little lady you are! An allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. An idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned. The assignment was a piece of cake. A simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike. The cat's fur was as dark as the night. A metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as. The snow formed a blanket over the town. Onomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound. The scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat. Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. The trees danced in the wind. A pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning. A great new broom is sweeping the nation. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.",
    "solution":"The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nAn energetic puppy shows verbal irony because an old, exhausted dog is far from an energetic puppy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nMichael dropped out of college to travel the world, but a year later, the prodigal son returned home and re-enrolled.",
    "choices":[
      "the Bible",
      "British history"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. Here, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion prodigal son is the Bible.\nIn a Biblical parable, the prodigal son irresponsibly spends the inheritance given to him by his father. When he returns home, he expects to be shamed, but his father forgives him.\nThe allusion prodigal son means a person who behaves recklessly but later makes a repentant return.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the volume of a car's gas tank?",
    "choices":[
      "40 milliliters",
      "40 liters"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Volume is a measurement of how much space something takes up. There are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters. There are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter. A raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the volume of a car's gas tank is 40 liters.\n40 milliliters is too little.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest north?",
    "choices":[
      "Alabama",
      "Idaho",
      "South Carolina",
      "Oklahoma"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Idaho is farthest north.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/72\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Austen acquired this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Austen can cook food over a fire.",
      "Austen learned how to build a fire at summer camp."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nAusten knows how to build a fire.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these three objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "bouncy",
      "hard",
      "soft"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Select the best answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA hard object does not change shape when pressed or squeezed. None of the objects are hard.\nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. None of the objects are bouncy.\nA soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. All three objects are soft.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is soft.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/77\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following is true about seeds?",
    "choices":[
      "Seeds come in many shapes. But all seeds are black.",
      "Seeds can come in many shapes and colors.",
      "Seeds come in many colors. But all seeds are round."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Plants",
    "skill":"Describe and construct flowering plant life cycles",
    "lecture":"Many plants have flowers. These plants can use their flowers to reproduce, or make new plants like themselves. How do plants use their flowers to reproduce? First, the male part of the flower makes pollen, and the female part makes eggs. Animals, wind, or water can move pollen. Pollination is what happens when pollen is moved to the female part of the flower. After pollination, sperm from the pollen can combine with the eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into seeds. The fruit grows around the seeds. Later, a seed can fall out of the fruit. It can germinate, or start to grow into a new plant.",
    "solution":"Seeds can be big or small. This coconut seed is big.\nSeeds can be many different shapes. These maple seeds are long and flat.\nSeeds can be many different colors. These mustard seeds are yellow.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Identify the question that Tyrone and Quincy's experiment can best answer.",
    "choices":[
      "Do ping pong balls stop rolling along the ground sooner after being launched from a 30\u00b0 angle or a 45\u00b0 angle?",
      "Do ping pong balls travel farther when launched from a 30\u00b0 angle compared to a 45\u00b0 angle?"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below.\n\nTyrone placed a ping pong ball in a catapult, pulled the catapult's arm back to a 45\u00b0 angle, and launched the ball. Then, Tyrone launched another ping pong ball, this time pulling the catapult's arm back to a 30\u00b0 angle. With each launch, his friend Quincy measured the distance between the catapult and the place where the ball hit the ground. Tyrone and Quincy repeated the launches with ping pong balls in four more identical catapults. They compared the distances the balls traveled when launched from a 45\u00b0 angle to the distances the balls traveled when launched from a 30\u00b0 angle.\nFigure: a catapult for launching ping pong balls.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify the experimental question",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment. Imagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured. First, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested. Then, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured. Experiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height. Examples of questions that this experiment can answer include: Does soil type affect the height of daffodil plants? Do daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil? Are daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/81\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal's mouth is also adapted for bottom feeding?",
    "choices":[
      "clown triggerfish",
      "sturgeon"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Armored catfish eat plants and small invertebrates. They are bottom feeders. Bottom feeders find their food at the bottom of rivers, lakes, and the ocean.\nThe catfish's mouth is located on the underside of its head and points downward. Its mouth is adapted for bottom feeding.\nFigure: armored catfish.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: beaks, mouths, and necks",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the armored catfish.\nThe armored catfish's mouth is located on the underside of its head and points downward. Its mouth is adapted for bottom feeding. The armored catfish uses its mouth to find food hidden in the sediment at the bottom of rivers and streams.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe sturgeon's mouth is located on the underside of its head and points downward. Its mouth is adapted for bottom feeding.\nThe clown triggerfish's mouth is not located on the underside of its head. Its mouth is not adapted for bottom feeding.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/82\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the temperature of the air on a cold, rainy day?",
    "choices":[
      "41\u00b0C",
      "41\u00b0F"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Estimate temperatures",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Temperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units. <br\/><br\/> 212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0C<br\/> 98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0C<br\/> 68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0C<br\/> 32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0C<br\/>",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the temperature of the air on a cold, rainy day is 41\u00b0F.\n41\u00b0C is too hot.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these two objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "salty",
      "sour"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Different objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA lemon has a sour taste. Both objects are sour.\nPotato chips have a salty taste. The lime is not salty.\nThe property that both objects have in common is sour.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/101\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on the arrows, which of the following organisms is a consumer?",
    "choices":[
      "barren-ground caribou",
      "bear sedge"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Below is a food web from a tundra ecosystem in Nunavut, a territory in Northern Canada.\nA food web models how the matter eaten by organisms moves through an ecosystem. The arrows in a food web represent how matter moves between organisms in an ecosystem.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Interpret food webs",
    "lecture":"A food web is a model. A food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food. Arrows show how matter moves. A food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating. An organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web. An organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web.",
    "solution":"Consumers eat other organisms. So, there are arrows in a food web that point from other organisms to consumers.\nThe barren-ground caribou has an arrow pointing to it from the lichen. So, the barren-ground caribou is a consumer.\nThe bear sedge does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the bear sedge is a producer, not a consumer.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/106\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the motion of three ships. Which ship was moving at the lowest speed?",
    "choices":[
      "a ship that moved 555kilometers west in 10hours",
      "a ship that moved 95kilometers south in 10hours",
      "a ship that moved 460kilometers south in 10hours"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Compare the speeds of moving objects",
    "lecture":"An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time. Distance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer. Time tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour. Think about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed.",
    "solution":"Look at the distance each ship moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each ship moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each ship moved for 10 hours. The ship that moved 95 kilometers moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that ship must have moved at the lowest speed.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Sasha's phenotype for the fur length trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Ff",
      "short fur"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"In a group of dogs, some individuals have short fur and others have long fur. In this group, the gene for the fur length trait has two alleles. The allele F is for short fur, and the allele f is for long fur.\nSasha, a dog from this group, has short fur. Sasha has one allele for short fur and one allele for long fur.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.",
    "solution":"An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Sasha's observable version of the fur length trait is short fur. So, Sasha's phenotype for the fur length trait is short fur.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a compound sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "Those carpenters use wood to build stairways and doorframes.",
      "Our dog Rusty had rolled around in the mud, so we gave him a bath."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple or compound?",
    "lecture":"A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate. The pitcher threw the ball to first base. A compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. The pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it. Some simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences. Anna and James will watch the fireworks tonight. This simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James. The singers bowed and walked off the stage. This simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat. This is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.",
    "solution":"The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction so.\nOur dog Rusty had rolled around in the mud, so we gave him a bath.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the expected ratio of offspring with black eyes to offspring with red eyes? Choose the most likely ratio.",
    "choices":[
      "1:3",
      "2:2",
      "4:0",
      "3:1",
      "0:4"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"In a group of koi fish, some individuals have red eyes and others have black eyes. In this group, the gene for the eye color trait has two alleles. The allele for red eyes (E) is dominant over the allele for black eyes (e).\nThis Punnett square shows a cross between two koi fish.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Use Punnett squares to calculate ratios of offspring types",
    "lecture":"Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive? How do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. If an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait. If an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait. A Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type. For example, consider the Punnett square below. <br\/><br\/>  | F | f<br\/> F | FF | Ff<br\/> f | Ff | ff<br\/> <br\/> There is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.",
    "solution":"To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with black eyes or red eyes, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the eye color trait. The question tells you that the E allele, which is for red eyes, is dominant over the e allele, which is for black eyes.\nBlack eyes is the recessive allele's version of the eye color trait. A koi fish with the recessive version of the eye color trait must have only recessive alleles for the eye color gene. So, offspring with black eyes must have the genotype ee.\nAll 4 boxes in the Punnett square have the genotype ee.\nRed eyes is the dominant allele's version of the eye color trait. A koi fish with the dominant version of the eye color trait must have at least one dominant allele for the eye color gene. So, offspring with red eyes must have the genotype EE or Ee.\nThere are 0 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype EE or Ee.\nSo, the expected ratio of offspring with black eyes to offspring with red eyes is 4:0. This means that, based on the Punnett square, this cross will always produce offspring with black eyes. This cross is expected to never produce offspring with red eyes.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/124\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"The shopper lifts each bag at the same speed. Which bag is lifted with a larger force?",
    "choices":[
      "a bag holding 4 pounds of food",
      "a bag holding 5 pounds of food"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"A shopper is buying food at the store. He fills two shopping bags. The shopping bags are the same size and shape.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"How do mass and force affect motion?",
    "lecture":"A force is a push or a pull. A force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction. Forces can be different sizes. Think about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object.",
    "solution":"Look for the shopping bag that is heavier.\nA shopping bag holding 5 pounds of food is heavier than a shopping bag holding 4 pounds of food. So, the bag holding 5 pounds needs a larger force to start moving upward at the same speed as the other bag.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Rosa inherited this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Rosa's hair is the same color as her brown eyes.",
      "Rosa's father has brown eyes. He passed this trait down to Rosa."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nRosa has brown eyes.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Identify the question that Reba and Donald's experiment can best answer.",
    "choices":[
      "Does Reba's snowboard slide down a hill in less time when it has a layer of wax or when it does not have a layer of wax?",
      "Does Reba's snowboard slide down a hill in less time when it has a thin layer of wax or a thick layer of wax?"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below.\n\nReba applied a thin layer of wax to the underside of her snowboard and rode the board straight down a hill. Then, she removed the wax and rode the snowboard straight down the hill again. She repeated the rides four more times, alternating whether she rode with a thin layer of wax on the board or not. Her friend Donald timed each ride. Reba and Donald calculated the average time it took to slide straight down the hill on the snowboard with wax compared to the average time on the snowboard without wax.\nFigure: snowboarding down a hill.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify the experimental question",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment. Imagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured. First, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested. Then, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured. Experiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height. Examples of questions that this experiment can answer include: Does soil type affect the height of daffodil plants? Do daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil? Are daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/148\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which term matches the picture?",
    "choices":[
      "appendicular skeleton",
      "axial skeleton"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the text.\nYou may think of the human skeleton as one big collection of bones (206 to be exact), but it actually consists of two parts: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton is made up of the bones and cartilage of the head and torso, including the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage. It protects most of our vital organs, like the brain and heart, and supports the weight of our bodies. In contrast, the bones in our appendicular skeleton allow us to move. They include the bone and cartilage in our limbs, like the bones in our arms and feet.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"word-study",
    "category":"Domain-specific vocabulary",
    "skill":"Determine the meaning of domain-specific words with pictures",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The axial skeleton is the part the human skeleton that makes up the head and torso. It includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/150\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nDid you really vote for Richard as class treasurer? Didn't you hear that his uncle was imprisoned for embezzling $1.5 million?",
    "choices":[
      "circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself",
      "guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> red herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that Richard can't be trusted with money, because his uncle embezzled money. However, even though his uncle couldn't be trusted with money, that doesn't necessarily mean that Richard can't be trusted with it. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?",
    "choices":[
      "climate",
      "weather"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Figure: Malaysia.\nMalaysia is located in Southeast Asia. The arrival of a storm brought dark clouds on the first day of June.\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Weather and climate around the world",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the passage carefully.\nMalaysia is located in Southeast Asia. The arrival of a storm brought dark clouds on the first day of June.\nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the clouds seen in Malaysia on June 1. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/160\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence.\nSalt and vinegar removing tarnish from a penny is a ().",
    "choices":[
      "physical change",
      "chemical change"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Chemical reactions",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule. In a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Burning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns. In a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.",
    "solution":"Salt and vinegar removing tarnish from a penny is a chemical change. The salt and vinegar change the tarnish into a different type of matter that can be easily wiped away. This makes the penny look shiny again.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?",
    "choices":[
      "climate",
      "weather"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Figure: Lhasa.\nLhasa is a city in the high mountains of Tibet. The winds there were blowing at 30 miles per hour this morning.\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Weather and climate around the world",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the passage carefully.\nLhasa is a city in the high mountains of Tibet. The winds there were blowing at 30 miles per hour this morning.\nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the wind speed in Lhasa this morning. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/165\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Would you find the word import on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nill - industry",
    "choices":[
      "no",
      "yes"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince import is between the guide words ill - industry, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the allusion in this text suggest?\nTyler seems to have the Midas touch. Without any special experience or training, he launched a thriving business and then established a well-respected charity.",
    "choices":[
      "Tyler is successful at all that he does.",
      "Tyler has a hands-on approach to his work."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. An allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.",
    "solution":"The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nThe allusion the Midas touch suggests that Tyler is successful at all that he does. In Greek mythology, King Midas has the power to turn anything he touches into gold, easily creating value from nothing.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a complex sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "According to many scholars, the 1798 publication of Lyrical Ballads by Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth began the romantic period in English literature.",
      "Although presidential elections take place in early November, a president's term does not begin until the end of January."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple, compound, or complex?",
    "lecture":"A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence. the oranges on our tree are ripe The clause can stand alone. It is independent. after we pick up Kevin from work The clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent. A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause. Ben and I spent all day relaxing by the pool. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat. Ben usually wears his heavy coat in the winter. A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. We saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while. If she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.",
    "solution":"The first sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction although.\nAlthough presidential elections take place in early November, a president's term does not begin until the end of January.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following statement about our solar system true or false?\nThe volume of Mars is more than three times as large as Mercury's.",
    "choices":[
      "false",
      "true"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Use the data to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"true-or-false",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Astronomy",
    "skill":"Analyze data to compare properties of planets",
    "lecture":"A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet. The primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.",
    "solution":"To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of three times the volume of Mercury.\nThen compare the result to the volume of Mars. The volume of Mars is 160 billion km^3, which is less than 180 billion km^3. So, the volume of Mars is less than three times as large as Mercury's.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/206\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word does not rhyme?",
    "choices":[
      "slide",
      "ride",
      "made"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"phonological-awareness",
    "category":"Rhyming",
    "skill":"Which word does not rhyme?",
    "lecture":"Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound. The words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound. The words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings. The words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.",
    "solution":"The words slide and ride rhyme. They both end with the ide sound.\nThe word made does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which greeting is correct for a letter?",
    "choices":[
      "Dear Grandpa Tim,",
      "Dear grandpa Tim,"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Greetings and closings of letters",
    "lecture":"A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue. Dear Aunt Sue, I'm glad you could come to my party, and thank you for the birthday gift. I could not have asked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think of you. With love, Rory",
    "solution":"The second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Grandpa Tim is capitalized because it is a proper noun.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Alec acquired this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Alec knits sweaters using cotton, wool, and other types of yarn.",
      "Alec learned how to knit in an after school program."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nAlec knows how to knit sweaters.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Heredity",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\n\"It was my good luck to have to study for a test while all my friends went to the water park,\" Noah remarked.",
    "choices":[
      "Noah wanted time to catch up on his responsibilities.",
      "Noah was upset about staying home."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.",
    "solution":"The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nGood luck ironically suggests that Noah was upset about staying home. Noah was actually unlucky because he couldn't join his friends at the water park.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\ncooking a pancake\nrust forming on a bicycle frame",
    "choices":[
      "Both are caused by heating.",
      "Both are caused by cooling.",
      "Both are only physical changes.",
      "Both are chemical changes."
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nCooking a pancake is a chemical change. Pancakes are made from pancake batter. A cooked pancake is a different type of matter than pancake batter. Pancake batter is wet and slippery. Cooked pancakes are fluffy and can be good to eat!\nRust forming on a bicycle frame is a chemical change. Oxygen in the air reacts with iron in the bicycle frame. The outside of the frame turns into a different type of matter called rust. Rust is reddish-brown and falls apart easily.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nCooking is caused by heating. But rust forming on a bicycle frame is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the one animal that has all of the bird traits listed above.",
    "choices":[
      "Burmese pythons hatch from eggs with shells. They can grow to over 12 feet long! Their scaly, waterproof skin is brown and black.",
      "Peregrine falcons are the fastest animals in the world! They use their wings to fly quickly and hunt prey. Peregrine falcons also have a beak and feathers. They hatch from eggs with speckled or spotted shells."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Birds are a group of animals with similar traits. The following traits can be used to identify birds:\nThey have feathers.\nThey have wings.\nThey have a beak.\nThey make eggs with shells. Observe the animals and read the descriptions.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Use evidence to classify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live. How do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group.",
    "solution":"To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nBirds have the following traits:\nThey have feathers.\nThey have wings.\nThey have a beak.\nThey make eggs with shells.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA Burmese python has the following traits:\nIt has scaly, waterproof skin.\nIt makes eggs with shells.\nA Burmese python does not have all of the traits of a bird. A Burmese python is a reptile.\nA peregrine falcon has the following traits:\nIt has feathers.\nIt has wings.\nIt has a beak.\nIt makes eggs with shells.\nA peregrine falcon has the traits of a bird. A peregrine falcon is a bird.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nIt got down to 3\u00b0C in Athens, Greece, last night!",
    "choices":[
      "weather",
      "climate"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Hint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"What's the difference between weather and climate?",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the text carefully.\nIt got down to 3\u00b0C in Athens, Greece, last night!\nThis passage tells you about the temperature in Athens last night. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the bird below.",
    "choices":[
      "gray tree frog",
      "pelican"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Birds have feathers, two wings, and a beak. A woodpecker is an example of a bird.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common. Scientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.",
    "solution":"A pelican is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nA gray tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/249\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which organizational structure does this text primarily use?",
    "choices":[
      "compare-contrast",
      "problem-solution"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the text.\nIn the 1970s, architect I. M. Pei took on the difficult assignment of renovating and updating the beautiful Louvre Palace in Paris without overpowering the original building. The art museum in the centuries-old Louvre displayed Leonardo DaVinci's Mona Lisa and other famous works, but the building's layout was so confusing that tourists couldn't find the entrances. It also needed more restrooms and a bigger cafeteria. Pei designed a large central underground entrance and visitor center. He then added a glass pyramid above the entryway. Although Pei's design faced initial criticism, today the pyramid is considered a brilliant success\u2014a landmark that complements the old palace without interfering with it.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Text structure",
    "skill":"Identify text structures",
    "lecture":"Authors use different text structures to organize their ideas in writing. Learning to identify these structures will help you to understand the relationships between ideas in informational texts. You can also use these structures to organize your own writing. A cause-effect structure presents the causes and the effects of a particular event, trend, or situation. This structure often uses words and phrases such as because, since, as a result, due to, or consequently. A compare-contrast structure presents similarities (comparisons) and differences (contrasts) between two or more things. This structure often uses words and phrases such as like, similarly, or in the same way (for comparing) or on the other hand, in contrast, or unlike (for contrasting). A problem-solution structure presents a problem and suggests one or more possible solutions. This structure often uses words such as issue, question, puzzle, propose, and answer. A sequential structure describes a series of events that happens in a certain order. This structure often uses specific dates and times or words such as first, next, during, finally, and while.",
    "solution":"The text uses a problem-solution structure to show how architect I.M. Pei modernized the Louvre with an entrance that complemented the existing building. In the text, certain words and phrases help to organize ideas in a problem-solution structure. Notice the phrases difficult assignment and brilliant success.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nDon't ever get a ride from Mariana. Her brother has been driving for only six months, and he's already gotten three speeding tickets.",
    "choices":[
      "guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something",
      "circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> red herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that Mariana must be a reckless driver, because her brother is a reckless driver. However, even though Mariana's brother is reckless, that doesn't necessarily mean that Mariana is, too. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which bird's beak is also adapted to crack large, hard nuts?",
    "choices":[
      "blue rock pigeon",
      "Alexandrine parakeet"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Scarlet macaws live in the forests of Central and South America. They eat large seeds and nuts. The shape of the 's beak is adapted to crack open large, hard nuts.\nFigure: scarlet macaw.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: beaks, mouths, and necks",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the scarlet macaw.\nThe scarlet macaw has a thick hooked beak. Its beak is adapted to crack large, hard nuts. The scarlet macaw uses its thick beak to crack the shell of a nut by squeezing it. The hooked shape of the beak can help the bird hold the nut in place while cracking it.\nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.\nThe Alexandrine parakeet has a thick hooked beak. Its beak is adapted to crack large, hard nuts.\nThe blue rock pigeon has a short, thin beak. Its beak is not adapted to crack large, hard nuts.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/257\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence.\n is what happens when pollen lands on a female cone.",
    "choices":[
      "Fertilization",
      "Pollination",
      "Photosynthesis"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Male cones make pollen. Wind can blow pollen from a male cone to a female cone.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Plants",
    "skill":"Describe and construct conifer life cycles",
    "lecture":"Conifers are plants that grow cones. Conifers use their cones to reproduce, or make new plants like themselves. How do conifers use their cones to reproduce? Conifers can grow male and female cones. Male cones make pollen, and female cones make eggs. Pollination is what happens when wind blows pollen from male cones onto female cones. After pollination, sperm from the pollen can combine with eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into seeds. The seeds can fall out of the cones and land on the ground. When a seed lands on the ground, it can germinate, or start to grow into a new plant.",
    "solution":"When pollen lands on a female cone, it is called pollination. This photograph shows wind blowing pollen from the male cones on a Japanese cedar tree.\nPhotosynthesis happens when plants use water, carbon dioxide, and energy from sunlight to make sugar.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/258\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these three objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "stretchy",
      "transparent",
      "rough"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the best answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. None of the objects are transparent.\nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. All three objects are stretchy.\nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. The bubble gum and the rubber band are not rough.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is stretchy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/262\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which term matches the picture?",
    "choices":[
      "chemical change",
      "physical change"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the text.\nWhen a substance goes through a physical change, its form or shape changes, but its chemical composition does not. For example, when water freezes and becomes a solid, its form changes, but it is still made up of the same molecules. In a chemical change, by contrast, one or more of the molecules in a substance changes. For example, when vinegar is mixed with baking soda, water and carbon dioxide molecules form.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"vocabulary",
    "category":"Context clues",
    "skill":"Determine the meaning of domain-specific words with pictures",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"When water melts, it goes through a physical change. The substance changes from a solid to a liquid.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/263\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is Chelonoidis nigra made up of many cells?",
    "choices":[
      "no",
      "yes"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This organism is Chelonoidis nigra. It is a member of the animal kingdom.\nChelonoidis nigra is commonly called a Gal\u00e1pagos giant tortoise. These large tortoises live on the Gal\u00e1pagos Islands. When Spanish sailors arrived at these islands in the 1530s, about 200,000 Gal\u00e1pagos giant tortoises lived on the islands. The Spanish sailors named the islands after a Spanish word for tortoise, gal\u00e1pago.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Describe, classify, and compare kingdoms",
    "lecture":"In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms. Organisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom. <br\/><br\/>  | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | Plants<br\/> How many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | many<br\/> Do their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yes<br\/> Can their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes<br\/>",
    "solution":"Chelonoidis nigra is an animal. Animals are made up of many cells.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/265\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these continents does the equator intersect?",
    "choices":[
      "North America",
      "Australia",
      "Africa"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Maps",
    "skill":"Use lines of latitude and longitude",
    "lecture":"Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps. Lines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there. Lines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator. Lines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles. The equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W. Together, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place.",
    "solution":"The equator is the line at 0\u00b0 latitude. It intersects Africa. It does not intersect North America or Australia.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/273\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which greeting is correct for a letter?",
    "choices":[
      "Dear dr. hoffman,",
      "Dear Dr. Hoffman,"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Greetings and closings of letters",
    "lecture":"A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue. Dear Aunt Sue, I'm glad you could come to my party, and thank you for the birthday gift. I could not have asked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think of you. With love, Rory",
    "solution":"The second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Dr. Hoffman is capitalized because it is a proper noun.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "New Hampshire",
      "Iowa",
      "Massachusetts",
      "Vermont"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"Colonial America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is New Hampshire.\nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/278\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Chanel's phenotype for the fur length trait?",
    "choices":[
      "short fur",
      "long fur"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"In a group of cats, some individuals have short fur and others have long fur. In this group, the gene for the fur length trait has two alleles. The allele for short fur (F) is dominant over the allele for long fur (f).\nChanel is a cat from this group. Chanel has the homozygous genotype FF for the fur length gene.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: dominant and recessive",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. Some traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene. An organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene. An organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene. The types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. A dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers. A recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.",
    "solution":"Chanel's genotype for the fur length gene is FF. Chanel's genotype of FF has only F allelles. The F allele is for short fur. So, Chanel's phenotype for the fur length trait must be short fur.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Chanel's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for short fur (F) is dominant over the allele for long fur (f). This means F is a dominant allele, and f is a recessive allele.\nChanel's genotype of FF has two dominant alleles. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Chanel's phenotype for the fur length trait must be short fur.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Lee acquired this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Lee is most interested in human biology.",
      "Lee learned biology by reading, observing, and experimenting."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nLee knows a lot about biology.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which organ coordinates muscle movement?",
    "choices":[
      "lungs",
      "heart",
      "skeleton",
      "brain"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Animals",
    "skill":"Human organs and their functions",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the vertebrate.",
    "choices":[
      "black widow spider",
      "bull ant",
      "Yangtze alligator",
      "atlas moth"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Hint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are vertebrates.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify vertebrates and invertebrates",
    "lecture":"Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals. A vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange. An invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body.",
    "solution":"A bull ant is an insect. Like other insects, a bull ant is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA Yangtze alligator is a reptile. Like other reptiles, a Yangtze alligator is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nAn atlas moth is an insect. Like other insects, an atlas moth is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nLike other spiders, a black widow spider is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which object has the least thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "a bowl of oatmeal at a temperature of 28\u00b0C",
      "a bowl of oatmeal at a temperature of 22\u00b0C",
      "a bowl of oatmeal at a temperature of 41\u00b0C"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The objects are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Heat and thermal energy",
    "skill":"How is temperature related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.",
    "solution":"All three bowls of oatmeal have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 22\u00b0C bowl of oatmeal is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "sample A",
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature",
      "sample B"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"Each particle in the two samples has the same mass, but the particles in sample A have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.\nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/309\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?",
    "choices":[
      "weather",
      "climate"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Figure: Oklahoma.\nLarge thunderstorms, called supercells, often bring large clouds. Oklahoma often experiences violent storms during the summer months.\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Weather and climate around the world",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the passage carefully.\nLarge thunderstorms, called supercells, often bring large clouds. Oklahoma often experiences violent storms during the summer months.\nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual pattern of cloud cover in Oklahoma. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/317\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Identify the question that Rob's experiment can best answer.",
    "choices":[
      "Do steel nails rust in fewer days when submerged in a large volume of liquid compared to a small volume?",
      "Do steel nails take fewer days to rust in water compared to vinegar?"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below.\n\nRob put one two-inch steel nail into each of six test tubes. He added water to three of the test tubes and vinegar to the other three. In each test tube, he completely covered the nail with the same volume of liquid. Rob checked the nails for rust at the same time every day. He recorded how many days it took each nail to become completely covered in rust. Then, he compared the number of days it took nails to rust in water to the number of days it took nails to rust in vinegar.\nFigure: a new steel nail on a pile of rusty nails.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify the experimental question",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment. Imagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured. First, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested. Then, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured. Experiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height. Examples of questions that this experiment can answer include: Does soil type affect the height of daffodil plants? Do daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil? Are daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/323\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on the bubble map, what does the quotation \"Vanity, not love, has been my folly\" show?",
    "choices":[
      "Darcy is stubborn.",
      "Elizabeth is judgmental."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This bubble map shows traits of characters from Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen. It also includes quotations from the characters that show these traits.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Visual elements",
    "skill":"Read graphic organizers",
    "lecture":"A graphic organizer is a chart or picture that shows how ideas, facts, or topics are related to one another. When you read, look for graphic organizers included in the text. You can use these images to find key information. You can also create your own graphic organizers with information that you've read. Doing this can help you think about the ideas in the text and easily review them. When you write, you can use graphic organizers to organize your thoughts and plan your writing.",
    "solution":"A bubble map uses lines or arrows to connect things that are related. This bubble map shows traits of characters from Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen. It also includes quotations from the characters that show these traits.\nFind the quotation \"Vanity, not love, has been my folly\" in the bubble map. It is directly connected to judgmental, which is directly connected to Elizabeth. So, the quotation shows that Elizabeth is judgmental.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/326\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these oceans does the prime meridian intersect?",
    "choices":[
      "the Indian Ocean",
      "the Arctic Ocean",
      "the Pacific Ocean"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Maps",
    "skill":"Use lines of latitude and longitude",
    "lecture":"Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps. Lines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there. Lines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator. Lines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles. The equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W. Together, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place.",
    "solution":"The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects the Arctic Ocean. It does not intersect the Indian Ocean or the Pacific Ocean.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/340\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the mass of a can of soup?",
    "choices":[
      "12 ounces",
      "12 tons",
      "12 pounds"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of mass",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Mass is a measurement of how much matter something contains. There are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons. There are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton. So, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton. A slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the mass of a can of soup is 12 ounces.\n12 pounds and 12 tons are both too heavy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nThe grave's a fine and private place,\nBut none, I think, do there embrace.\n\u2014Andrew Marvell, \"To His Coy Mistress\"",
    "choices":[
      "understatement",
      "paradox"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify the figure of speech: review",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Anaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses. We are united. We are powerful. We are winners. Antithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure. I want to help, not to hurt. Apostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity. Oh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully? Assonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words. Try to light the fire. Chiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words. Never let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! An oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Some reviewers are calling this book a new classic. A paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Always expect the unexpected. Understatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is. As you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.",
    "solution":"The text uses understatement, which involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nNone, I think, do there embrace is an understatement, since people who have died obviously can't do anything at all.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is the most flexible?",
    "choices":[
      "burlap sack",
      "wax crayons",
      "concrete steps"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of materials",
    "lecture":"Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. A material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy. For example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.",
    "solution":"Flexible is a property. A flexible material can be bent without breaking easily.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine bending the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the burlap sack is the most flexible. If you twist burlap fabric, it will not break.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What can Rebecca and Damon trade to each get what they want?",
    "choices":[
      "Damon can trade his almonds for Rebecca's tomatoes.",
      "Rebecca can trade her tomatoes for Damon's broccoli.",
      "Rebecca can trade her tomatoes for Damon's carrots.",
      "Damon can trade his broccoli for Rebecca's oranges."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.\nRebecca and Damon open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Neither Rebecca nor Damon got everything that they wanted. The table below shows which items they each wanted:\n\nLook at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.\nRebecca's lunch Damon's lunch",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Trade and specialization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the table and images.\nRebecca wants broccoli. Damon wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/358\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Easter is an important holiday in which religion?",
    "choices":[
      "Hinduism",
      "Christianity",
      "Islam",
      "Judaism"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"culture",
    "category":"Cultural celebrations",
    "skill":"Easter",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Easter is an important holiday in Christianity. People who practice Christianity are called Christians.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of North Carolina?",
    "choices":[
      "Raleigh",
      "Charlotte",
      "Cincinnati",
      "Nampa"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Southeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Raleigh is the capital of North Carolina.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/361\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What kind of sentence is this?\nWhy is your position on sales tax so different from your stance toward related issues?",
    "choices":[
      "interrogative",
      "imperative",
      "declarative"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory?",
    "lecture":"There are four kinds of sentences. A declarative sentence is a statement and always ends with a period. The nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure. An imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point. For this assignment, use references to support your claims. Don't drive so quickly in the construction zone! An interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark. Given the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction? An exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point. I can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!",
    "solution":"The sentence asks a question and ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which text uses the word can in its traditional sense?",
    "choices":[
      "As they observed the animals on the open grassland, the wildlife photographer said to Kevin, \"Did you know that cheetahs can run as fast as seventy-five miles per hour?\"",
      "As they observed the cheetahs on the open grassland, the wildlife photographer said to Kevin, \"You can borrow my camera if you want.\""
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Word usage and nuance",
    "skill":"Explore words with new or contested usages",
    "lecture":"Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner. When a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences. Britney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam. The traditional usage above is considered more standard. David perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages. The nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.",
    "solution":"The first text uses can in its traditional sense: to have the ability to.\nAs they observed the animals on the open grassland, the wildlife photographer said to Kevin, \"Did you know that cheetahs can run as fast as seventy-five miles per hour?\"\nThe second text uses can in its nontraditional sense: to have permission to.\nAs they observed the cheetahs on the open grassland, the wildlife photographer said to Kevin, \"You can borrow my camera if you want.\"\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word can because it is considered more standard.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal's body is better adapted for protection against a predator with sharp teeth?",
    "choices":[
      "queen conch",
      "collared dove"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Nautiluses live in the ocean. They have a hard outer shell.\nThe  is adapted to protect itself from predators with sharp teeth. It can pull the soft parts of its body into its shell when attacked.\nFigure: nautilus.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: skins and body coverings",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the nautilus.\nThe nautilus has a hard outer shell. Its body is adapted for protection against a predator with sharp teeth. The hard shell makes it difficult for predators to hurt or kill the nautilus.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe queen conch has a hard outer shell. Its body is adapted for protection against a predator with sharp teeth.\nThe collared dove has soft feathers covering its skin. Its body is not adapted for protection against predators with sharp teeth.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/376\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Wyoming?",
    "choices":[
      "Salem",
      "Anchorage",
      "Laramie",
      "Cheyenne"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify the 50 state capitals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/384\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence so that it uses personification.\nThe stars () as we gazed up in wonder.",
    "choices":[
      "glowed",
      "winked"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Creative techniques",
    "skill":"Use personification",
    "lecture":"Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point. The trees danced in the wind. The word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.",
    "solution":"Complete the sentence with the word winked. It describes the stars as if they were people looking down and noticing us.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the direction of this push?",
    "choices":[
      "toward his finger",
      "away from his finger"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"A child presses a button in an elevator. He uses a force to push the button with his finger.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Identify directions of forces",
    "lecture":"A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to another. Every force has a direction. The direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing. The direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling.",
    "solution":"The child pushes the button. The direction of the push is away from his finger.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/394\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which statement describes the Gobi Desert ecosystem?",
    "choices":[
      "It has warm summers and mild winters.",
      "It has a small amount of rain or snow."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Figure: Gobi Desert.\nThe Gobi Desert is a cold desert ecosystem located in northern China and southern Mongolia. This desert is next to the Himalayan Mountains and used to be part of the Mongol Empire.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Describe ecosystems",
    "lecture":"An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment. There are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other: the pattern of weather, or climate the type of soil the organisms that live there",
    "solution":"A cold desert is a type of ecosystem. Cold deserts have the following features: a small amount of rain or snow, dry, thin soil, and long, cold winters. So, the following statements describe the Gobi Desert ecosystem: a small amount of rain or snow, dry, thin soil, and long, cold winters. It has a small amount of rain or snow. It has long, cold winters. The following statement does not describe the Gobi Desert: a small amount of rain or snow, dry, thin soil, and long, cold winters. It has warm summers and mild winters.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/399\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Wisconsin?",
    "choices":[
      "Jefferson City",
      "Milwaukee",
      "Nashville",
      "Madison"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Madison is the capital of Wisconsin.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/416\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following could Kenneth's test show?",
    "choices":[
      "how steady a parachute with a 1 m vent was at 200 km per hour",
      "whether a parachute with a 1 m vent would swing too much at 400 km per hour",
      "if the spacecraft was damaged when using a parachute with a 1 m vent going 200 km per hour"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design.\nThe passage below describes how the engineering-design process was used to test a solution to a problem. Read the passage. Then answer the question below.\n\nKenneth was an aerospace engineer who was developing a parachute for a spacecraft that would land on Mars. He needed to add a vent at the center of the parachute so the spacecraft would land smoothly. However, the spacecraft would have to travel at a high speed before landing. If the vent was too big or too small, the parachute might swing wildly at this speed. The movement could damage the spacecraft.\nSo, to help decide how big the vent should be, Kenneth put a parachute with a 1 m vent in a wind tunnel. The wind tunnel made it seem like the parachute was moving at 200 km per hour. He observed the parachute to see how much it swung.\nFigure: a spacecraft's parachute in a wind tunnel.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Engineering practices",
    "skill":"Evaluate tests of engineering-design solutions",
    "lecture":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured. Imagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves. First, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind. Then, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved. Tests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/418\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the expected ratio of offspring with fuzzy leaves to offspring with smooth leaves? Choose the most likely ratio.",
    "choices":[
      "0:4",
      "1:3",
      "4:0",
      "3:1",
      "2:2"
    ],
    "answer":4,
    "hint":"In a group of summer squash plants, some individuals have fuzzy leaves and others have smooth leaves. In this group, the gene for the leaf texture trait has two alleles. The allele for fuzzy leaves (L) is dominant over the allele for smooth leaves (l).\nThis Punnett square shows a cross between two summer squash plants.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Use Punnett squares to calculate ratios of offspring types",
    "lecture":"Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive? How do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. If an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait. If an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait. A Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type. For example, consider the Punnett square below. <br\/><br\/>  | F | f<br\/> F | FF | Ff<br\/> f | Ff | ff<br\/> <br\/> There is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.",
    "solution":"To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with fuzzy leaves or smooth leaves, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the leaf texture trait. The question tells you that the L allele, which is for fuzzy leaves, is dominant over the l allele, which is for smooth leaves.\nFuzzy leaves is the dominant allele's version of the leaf texture trait. A summer squash plant with the dominant version of the leaf texture trait must have at least one dominant allele for the leaf texture gene. So, offspring with fuzzy leaves must have the genotype LL or Ll.\nThere are 2 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype LL or Ll. These boxes are highlighted below.\nSmooth leaves is the recessive allele's version of the leaf texture trait. A summer squash plant with the recessive version of the leaf texture trait must have only recessive alleles for the leaf texture gene. So, offspring with smooth leaves must have the genotype ll.\nThere are 2 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype ll. These boxes are highlighted below.\nSo, the expected ratio of offspring with fuzzy leaves to offspring with smooth leaves is 2:2. This means that, on average, this cross will produce 2 offspring with fuzzy leaves for every 2 offspring with smooth leaves.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/420\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following could Emilio's test show?",
    "choices":[
      "if at least 20% of the park would be shaded by trees in each design",
      "which design would have the least traffic noise in the concert area",
      "which design would have the greatest distance between the concert area and the road"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design.\nThe passage below describes how the engineering-design process was used to test a solution to a problem. Read the passage. Then answer the question below.\n\nEmilio was a landscape architect who was hired to design a new city park. The city council wanted the park to have space for outdoor concerts and to have at least 20% of the park shaded by trees. Emilio thought the concert area should be at least 150 meters from the road so traffic noise didn't interrupt the music. He developed three possible designs for the park with the concert area in a different location in each design. Then, he tested each design by measuring the distance between the road and the concert area.\nFigure: studying an architect's design.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Engineering practices",
    "skill":"Evaluate tests of engineering-design solutions",
    "lecture":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured. Imagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves. First, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind. Then, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved. Tests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/421\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Identify the question that Tim's experiment can best answer.",
    "choices":[
      "Can pennies hold more drops of water mixed with dish soap or water mixed with hand soap?",
      "Can pennies hold more drops of pure water or water mixed with hand soap?"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below.\n\nTim used a dropper to put equal-sized drops of pure water, one at a time, onto a penny. The drops stayed together and formed a dome on the penny's surface. Tim recorded the number of drops he could add before the water spilled over the edge of the penny. Then, he rinsed and dried the penny, and repeated the test using water mixed with hand soap. He repeated these trials on nine additional pennies. Tim compared the average number of pure water drops to the average number of water drops mixed with hand soap that he could add to a penny before the water spilled over.\nFigure: a dome of water on the surface of a penny.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify the experimental question",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment. Imagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured. First, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested. Then, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured. Experiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height. Examples of questions that this experiment can answer include: Does soil type affect the height of daffodil plants? Do daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil? Are daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/422\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1.",
      "The magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2.",
      "The strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Compare strengths of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together.",
    "solution":"Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.\nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/426\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\npile - push",
    "choices":[
      "pecan",
      "pot"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince pot is between the guide words pile - push, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest west?",
    "choices":[
      "Nebraska",
      "Mississippi",
      "Florida",
      "West Virginia"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Nebraska is farthest west.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/449\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which change best matches the sentence?\nAn area becomes less wet and less green after years with no rain.",
    "choices":[
      "drought",
      "erosion",
      "landslide"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Earth events",
    "skill":"Classify changes to Earth's surface II",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Colorado?",
    "choices":[
      "Nashville",
      "Laramie",
      "Denver",
      "Boulder"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify the 50 state capitals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Denver is the capital of Colorado.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/467\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which text uses the word disinterested in its traditional sense?",
    "choices":[
      "Patrick is disinterested in reading page after page of restaurant reviews on the Internet; he prefers to try out new restaurants for himself and make up his own mind.",
      "The restaurant reviews on this website are not exactly disinterested\u2014restaurants can pay to remove unflattering reviews\u2014but Patrick still finds it useful for finding new places to eat."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Word usage and nuance",
    "skill":"Explore words with new or contested usages",
    "lecture":"Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner. When a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences. Britney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam. The traditional usage above is considered more standard. David perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages. The nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.",
    "solution":"The first text uses disinterested in its traditional sense: unbiased or impartial.\nThe restaurant reviews on this website are not exactly disinterested\u2014restaurants can pay to remove unflattering reviews\u2014but Patrick still finds it useful for finding new places to eat.\nThe second text uses disinterested in its nontraditional sense: uninterested or indifferent.\nPatrick is disinterested in reading page after page of restaurant reviews on the Internet; he prefers to try out new restaurants for himself and make up his own mind.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word disinterested because it is considered more standard.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which trait did Ichthyornis have? Select the trait you can observe in the drawing.",
    "choices":[
      "fur",
      "a short tail"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This drawing shows the skeleton of an ancient animal called Ichthyornis. This drawing was made by looking at the animal's fossils.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Fossils",
    "skill":"Compare fossils to modern organisms",
    "lecture":"The way an organism looks or acts is called a trait. Scientists use fossils to learn more about the traits of ancient organisms. Fossils can preserve the remains of body parts and activities. A fossil of a body part, such as a tail or a wing, can tell you what an organism looked like. A fossil of an organism's activities, such as a burrow or a footprint, can tell you about the organism's behavior. Here are three examples of fossils and the traits that you can observe from them: This is a fossil of an animal. This fossil tells you that the animal had a spiral-shaped shell. This is a fossil of a plant. This fossil tells you that the plant had small leaves arranged in a branched pattern. This is a fossil of an animal's footprint. This fossil tells you that the animal could walk on land. An organism's fossil may not show all of the organism's traits. This is because most body parts are destroyed during fossil formation. When an organism's body turns into a fossil, only a few body parts are usually preserved.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/475\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which change better matches the sentence?\nWater builds up in a city after heavy rain.",
    "choices":[
      "drought",
      "flood"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Earth events",
    "skill":"Classify changes to Earth's surface",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nI don't trust Professor Chang's findings. Another researcher at her university was caught falsifying data. So, it's likely Professor Chang has, too.",
    "choices":[
      "straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against",
      "guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something",
      "bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations<br\/> slippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that Professor Chang's research is untrustworthy because someone else at her university was caught falsifying data. However, this isn't necessarily true. The practices of one researcher at a university do not necessarily reflect the practices of another researcher at the same university. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nSappy love songs are Kryptonite to my otherwise stoic father.",
    "choices":[
      "U.S. history",
      "a comic"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. Here, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion Kryptonite is a comic.\nKryptonite, matter from Superman's home planet, is the only thing that can reduce the superhero's strength.\nThe allusion Kryptonite means a source of weakness.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is perfume a mineral?",
    "choices":[
      "no",
      "yes"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Perfume has the following properties:\nnot a pure substance\nliquid\nhuman-made\nno fixed crystal structure",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Rocks and minerals",
    "skill":"Identify rocks and minerals",
    "lecture":"Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties: It is a solid. It is formed in nature. It is not made by organisms. It is a pure substance. It has a fixed crystal structure. If a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral. Look closely at the last three properties: A mineral is not made by organisms. Organisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals. Humans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals. A mineral is a pure substance. A pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances. A mineral has a fixed crystal structure. The crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.",
    "solution":"Perfume does not have all the properties of a mineral. So, perfume is not a mineral.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/497\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the temperature shown by this thermometer.",
    "choices":[
      "105\u00b0F",
      "95\u00b0F",
      "70\u00b0F"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Read a thermometer",
    "lecture":"A thermometer is a tool that measures temperature. Temperature can be measured in degrees. The symbol for degrees is \u00b0. Some thermometers measure temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F). Fahrenheit is one scale used to measure temperature. This is a tube thermometer. It has a tube filled with a red liquid. There is a Fahrenheit scale along the right side of the tube. The top of the red liquid lines up with the number 80 on the scale. So, the temperature shown by this thermometer is 80\u00b0F.",
    "solution":"Find the top of the red liquid.\nNow look at the scale to the right. The top of the red liquid is halfway between 90 and 100. So, the temperature is 95\u00b0F.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the probability that a rabbit produced by this cross will have black fur?",
    "choices":[
      "4\/4",
      "1\/4",
      "3\/4",
      "0\/4",
      "2\/4"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"In a group of rabbits, some individuals have black fur and others have brown fur. In this group, the gene for the fur color trait has two alleles. The allele for brown fur (f) is recessive to the allele for black fur (F).\nThis Punnett square shows a cross between two rabbits.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Use Punnett squares to calculate probabilities of offspring types",
    "lecture":"Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive? How do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. If an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait. If an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait. In a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes. An event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction: probability of an event = number of ways the event can happen \/ number of equally likely outcomes You can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff. <br\/><br\/>  | F | f<br\/> F | FF | Ff<br\/> f | Ff | ff<br\/> <br\/> Consider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction: number of ways the event can happen \/ number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff \/ total number of boxes = 1 \/ 4.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/505\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a complex sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "Despite their large size, grizzly bears can run at speeds of up to thirty miles per hour.",
      "In the early morning, I drank tea by a spice stall as the Turkish bazaar came to life."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple, compound, or complex?",
    "lecture":"A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence. the oranges on our tree are ripe The clause can stand alone. It is independent. after we pick up Kevin from work The clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent. A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause. Ben and I spent all day relaxing by the pool. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat. Ben usually wears his heavy coat in the winter. A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. We saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while. If she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.",
    "solution":"The first sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction as.\nIn the early morning, I drank tea by a spice stall as the Turkish bazaar came to life.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which tense does the sentence use?\nWe will miss you very much!",
    "choices":[
      "past tense",
      "future tense",
      "present tense"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"verbs",
    "category":"Verb tense",
    "skill":"Is the sentence in the past, present, or future tense?",
    "lecture":"Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now. Most present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es. Two verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms. Past tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened. Most past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed. Some verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms. Future tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen. All future-tense verbs use the word will. <br\/><br\/> Present | Past | Future<br\/> walk, walks | walked | will walk<br\/> go, goes | went | will go<br\/>",
    "solution":"The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, miss. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the vertebrate.",
    "choices":[
      "pipevine swallowtail butterfly",
      "ladybug",
      "great blue heron",
      "crown jellyfish"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Hint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are vertebrates.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify vertebrates and invertebrates",
    "lecture":"Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals. A vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange. An invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body.",
    "solution":"A ladybug is an insect. Like other insects, a ladybug is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA great blue heron is a bird. Like other birds, a great blue heron is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nLike other jellyfishes, a crown jellyfish is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a soft body.\nA pipevine swallowtail butterfly is an insect. Like other insects, a pipevine swallowtail butterfly is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Jinx's genotype for the agouti fur gene?",
    "choices":[
      "aa",
      "not having agouti fur"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This passage describes the agouti fur trait in cats:\n\nIn a group of cats, some individuals have agouti fur and others do not. In this group, the gene for the agouti fur trait has two alleles. The allele A is for having agouti fur, and the allele a is for not having agouti fur.\nJinx, a cat from this group, does not have agouti fur. Jinx has two alleles for not having agouti fur.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.",
    "solution":"An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Jinx has two alleles for not having agouti fur (a). So, Jinx's genotype for the agouti fur gene is aa.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest west?",
    "choices":[
      "Indiana",
      "Missouri",
      "Mississippi",
      "Colorado"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Colorado is farthest west.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/547\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"During this time, thermal energy was transferred from () to ().",
    "choices":[
      "the surroundings . . . each aquarium",
      "each aquarium . . . the surroundings"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Two identical aquariums were next to an open window. One aquarium had a plastic cover on it, and the other was uncovered. This table shows how the temperature of each aquarium changed over 1.5hours.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Thermal energy",
    "skill":"Compare thermal energy transfers",
    "lecture":"A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy: An increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings. A decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings.",
    "solution":"The temperature of each aquarium decreased, which means that the thermal energy of each aquarium decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred from each aquarium to the surroundings.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/560\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which ocean is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "the Atlantic Ocean",
      "the Pacific Ocean",
      "the Indian Ocean",
      "the Southern Ocean"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Physical Geography",
    "skill":"Oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean.",
    "solution":"This is the Pacific Ocean.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/570\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which better describes the Monongahela National Forest ecosystem?",
    "choices":[
      "It has warm, dry summers. It also has many different types of trees.",
      "It has warm, wet summers. It also has only a few types of trees."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Figure: Monongahela National Forest.\nThe Monongahela National Forest is a temperate deciduous forest ecosystem in eastern West Virginia.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Describe ecosystems",
    "lecture":"An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment. There are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other: the pattern of weather, or climate the type of soil the organisms that live there",
    "solution":"A temperate deciduous forest is a type of ecosystem. Temperate deciduous forests have the following features: warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters, soil that is rich in nutrients, and only a few types of trees. So, the Monongahela National Forest has warm, wet summers. It also has only a few types of trees.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/571\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the reptile below.",
    "choices":[
      "leaf-tailed gecko",
      "Banggai cardinalfish",
      "red-eyed tree frog",
      "clownfish"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Reptiles have scaly, waterproof skin. Most reptiles live on land.\nReptiles are cold-blooded. The body temperature of cold-blooded animals depends on their environment.\nA box turtle is an example of a reptile.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals.",
    "solution":"A leaf-tailed gecko is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nMany geckos have special pads on their toes. The pads help them climb up plants and rocks.\nA clownfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nClownfish live with animals called anemones. In the image of the clownfish, you can see the brown anemone surrounding the clownfish.\nA red-eyed tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nA red-eyed tree frog has sticky pads on its toes. The sticky pads help the red-eyed tree frog hold on to leaves.\nA Banggai cardinalfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nCardinalfish often live near coral reefs. They are nocturnal, which means that they are active mostly at night.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/580\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the mass of an elephant?",
    "choices":[
      "6,090 kilograms",
      "6,090 grams"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of mass",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Mass is a measurement of how much matter something contains. There are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms. There are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram. A paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the mass of an elephant is 6,090 kilograms.\n6,090 grams is too light.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the amphibian below.",
    "choices":[
      "red-eyed tree frog",
      "robin"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Amphibians have moist skin and begin their lives in water. A green frog is an example of an amphibian.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common. Scientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.",
    "solution":"A robin is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nA red-eyed tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/586\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets.",
    "solution":"Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.\nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/590\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which continent is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Australia",
      "South America",
      "Antarctica",
      "North America"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Oceans and continents\t",
    "skill":"Identify oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents.",
    "solution":"This continent is North America.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/591\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the volume of a kiddie pool?",
    "choices":[
      "275 gallons",
      "275 cups",
      "275 fluid ounces"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Volume is a measurement of how much space something takes up. There are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons. As the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon. A glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the volume of a kiddie pool is 275 gallons.\n275 fluid ounces and 275 cups are both too little.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Look at the word. Does it have a closed syllable or an open syllable?\nmen",
    "choices":[
      "closed",
      "open"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"word-study",
    "category":"Short and long vowels",
    "skill":"Is the syllable open or closed?",
    "lecture":"Words are made up of syllables. Two kinds of syllables are closed and open. A closed syllable has one vowel and ends with a consonant. It usually has a short vowel sound. desk: short e kit \/ ten: short i \/ short e An open syllable ends with one vowel. It usually has a long vowel sound. go: long o he \/ ro: long e \/ long o Some open syllables end with y. The y makes a long e sound or a long i sound. sky: long i ba \/ by: long a \/ long e",
    "solution":"The word men ends with a consonant and has a short vowel sound. So, it has a closed syllable.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Idaho?",
    "choices":[
      "Salt Lake City",
      "Topeka",
      "Boise",
      "Denver"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Boise is the capital of Idaho.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/598\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is gneiss a mineral or a rock?",
    "choices":[
      "mineral",
      "rock"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Gneiss has the following properties:\nnot a pure substance\nnot made by organisms\nfound in nature\nmade of light and dark mineral grains\nno fixed crystal structure\nsolid",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Rocks and minerals",
    "skill":"Identify rocks and minerals",
    "lecture":"Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals. Minerals and rocks have the following properties: <br\/><br\/> Property | Mineral | Rock<br\/> It is a solid. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is a pure substance. | Yes | No<br\/> It has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No<br\/> <br\/> You can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither. Look closely at the last three properties: Minerals and rocks are not made by organisms. Organisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be  minerals or rocks. Humans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks. A mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not. A pure substance is made of only one type of matter.  Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures. A mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not. The crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way. However, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different!",
    "solution":"The properties of gneiss match the properties of a rock. So, gneiss is a rock.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/606\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Oliver's genotype for the agouti fur gene?",
    "choices":[
      "AA",
      "having agouti fur"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This passage describes the agouti fur trait in cats:\n\nIn a group of cats, some individuals have agouti fur and others do not. In this group, the gene for the agouti fur trait has two alleles. The allele A is for having agouti fur, and the allele a is for not having agouti fur.\nOliver, a cat from this group, has agouti fur. Oliver has two alleles for having agouti fur.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.",
    "solution":"An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Oliver has two alleles for having agouti fur (A). So, Oliver's genotype for the agouti fur gene is AA.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following statement about our solar system true or false?\n75% of the planets are made mainly of rock.",
    "choices":[
      "true",
      "false"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Use the data to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"true-or-false",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Astronomy",
    "skill":"Analyze data to compare properties of planets",
    "lecture":"A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet. The primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.",
    "solution":"The table tells you that four out of the eight planets are made mainly of rock. So, one-half, or 50%, of the planets are made mainly of rock.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/610\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nYesterday's tennis match was a classic David and Goliath story, with Stanley playing against his former team captain, Richard.",
    "choices":[
      "the Bible",
      "a poem"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. Here, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion David and Goliath is the Bible.\nIn the Bible, a young man named David slays Goliath, a giant and champion warrior, using nothing more than a sling and a stone.\nThe allusion David and Goliath means involving unequal rivals.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\na piece of apple turning brown\nbleaching clothes",
    "choices":[
      "Both are chemical changes.",
      "Both are only physical changes.",
      "Both are caused by cooling.",
      "Both are caused by heating."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Chemical reactions",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule. In a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns. In a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nA piece of apple turning brown is a chemical change. The apple reacts with oxygen in the air and turns into a different type of matter.\nIf you scrape off the brown layer of the apple, the inside is still white. The inside hasn't touched the air. So the chemical change didn't happen to that part of the apple.\nBleaching clothes is a chemical change. The bleach reacts with dark stains on the clothes. The reaction changes the stains into different types of matter that wash away easily.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Suppose Jayden decides to take a trip to Nevada. Which result would be a cost?",
    "choices":[
      "Jayden will enjoy his trip to Nevada more than he would have enjoyed a trip to Connecticut.",
      "Jayden will spend more money. Plane tickets for Jayden to get to Nevada are more expensive than tickets to Connecticut."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Jayden is deciding whether to take a trip to Nevada or Connecticut. He wants to enjoy his trip. But he is also trying to save money.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Costs and benefits",
    "lecture":"Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits. Costs are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need. Benefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.",
    "solution":"This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Jayden wants or needs:\nJayden will spend more money. Plane tickets for Jayden to get to Nevada are more expensive than tickets to Connecticut.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which better describes the Kibale National Forest ecosystem?",
    "choices":[
      "It has year-round rain. It also has many different types of organisms.",
      "It has cold winters. It also has soil that is rich in nutrients."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Figure: Kibale National Forest.\nKibale National Forest is a tropical rain forest ecosystem in Uganda, a country in eastern Africa.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Describe ecosystems",
    "lecture":"An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other: the pattern of weather, or climate the type of soil or water the organisms that live there",
    "solution":"A tropical rain forest is a type of ecosystem. Tropical rain forests have the following features: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. So, Kibale National Forest has year-round rain. It also has many different types of organisms.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/626\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a hammer?",
    "choices":[
      "24 centimeters",
      "24 meters",
      "24 millimeters",
      "24 kilometers"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of distance, mass, and volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter. The tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long. A red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the length of a hammer is 24 centimeters.\n24 millimeters is too short. 24 meters and 24 kilometers are too long.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the amphibian below.",
    "choices":[
      "golden frog",
      "bison"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Amphibians have moist skin and begin their lives in water. A red-eyed tree frog is an example of an amphibian.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common. Scientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.",
    "solution":"A golden frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nA bison is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/656\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Assume all other forces on Kylie are balanced. Which statement describes the forces on Kylie?",
    "choices":[
      "The forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Kylie.",
      "The forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Kylie."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Kylie is sitting on a roller coaster cart as it reaches the bottom of a big loop. Earth's gravity is pulling down on Kylie with a force of 600N. The seat of the cart is pushing up on Kylie with a force of 1,200N.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Balanced and unbalanced forces",
    "lecture":"A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces. When opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object. When opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object.",
    "solution":"To determine if there is a net force on Kylie, look at the forces:\nEarth's gravity is pulling Kylie down with a force of 600 N.\nThe seat of the cart is pushing Kylie up with a force of 1,200 N.\nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have different magnitudes: 600 N and 1,200 N. This means that the forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Kylie.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnetic force is weaker in Pair 2.",
      "The strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Compare strengths of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart.",
    "solution":"Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.\nThe magnets in Pair 1 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1 than in Pair 2.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/662\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1.",
      "The magnetic force is weaker in Pair 2."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Compare strengths of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.",
    "solution":"Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.\nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/664\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the one substance that is not a mineral.",
    "choices":[
      "Graphite is formed in nature. It is a pure substance.",
      "A brick is made by humans. It is not a pure substance.",
      "Quartz is formed in nature. It is a pure substance."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Rocks and minerals",
    "skill":"Identify minerals using properties",
    "lecture":"Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals. Minerals and rocks have the following properties: <br\/><br\/> Property | Mineral | Rock<br\/> It is a solid. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is a pure substance. | Yes | No<br\/> It has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No<br\/> <br\/> You can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither. Look closely at the last three properties: Minerals and rocks are not made by organisms. Organisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be  minerals or rocks. Humans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks. A mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not. A pure substance is made of only one type of matter.  Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures. A mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not. The crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way. However, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different!",
    "solution":"Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.\nA brick is made by humans. But minerals are not made by living things.\nA brick is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.\nSo, a brick is not a mineral.\nQuartz is a mineral.\nGraphite is a mineral.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a bike path?",
    "choices":[
      "3 centimeters",
      "3 kilometers"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of distance",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Imagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers? The number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing. Now look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters. There are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter. There are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the length of a bike path is 3 kilometers.\n3 centimeters is too short.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Alaska?",
    "choices":[
      "Tallahassee",
      "Fairbanks",
      "Anchorage",
      "Juneau"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Juneau is the capital of Alaska.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/687\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Arizona?",
    "choices":[
      "Juneau",
      "Phoenix",
      "Reno",
      "Tucson"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Phoenix is the capital of Arizona.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/690\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Colorado?",
    "choices":[
      "Boulder",
      "Denver",
      "Cheyenne",
      "Boise"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Denver is the capital of Colorado.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/698\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the motion of three speedboats. Which speedboat was moving at the lowest speed?",
    "choices":[
      "a speedboat that moved 890kilometers west in 10hours",
      "a speedboat that moved 880kilometers north in 10hours",
      "a speedboat that moved 360kilometers west in 10hours"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Compare the speeds of moving objects",
    "lecture":"An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time. Distance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer. Time tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour. Think about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed.",
    "solution":"Look at the distance each speedboat moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each speedboat moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each speedboat moved for 10 hours. The speedboat that moved 360 kilometers moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that speedboat must have moved at the lowest speed.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these three objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "bouncy",
      "fuzzy",
      "sweet"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Select the best answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nSugar has a sweet taste. All three objects are sweet.\nA fuzzy object is covered in soft hair. The chocolate bar and the candy sprinkles are not fuzzy.\nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The chocolate bar is not bouncy.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is sweet.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/704\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is malachite a mineral?",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Malachite has the following properties:\npure substance\nsolid\nnaturally occurring\nfixed crystal structure\nnot made by living things",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Rocks and minerals",
    "skill":"Identify rocks and minerals",
    "lecture":"Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties: It is a solid. It is formed in nature. It is not made by organisms. It is a pure substance. It has a fixed crystal structure. If a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral. Look closely at the last three properties: A mineral is not made by organisms. Organisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals. Humans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals. A mineral is a pure substance. A pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances. A mineral has a fixed crystal structure. The crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.",
    "solution":"Malachite has all the properties of a mineral. So, malachite is a mineral.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/711\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following statement about our solar system true or false?\n75% of the planets are made mainly of rock.",
    "choices":[
      "false",
      "true"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Use the data to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"true-or-false",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Astronomy",
    "skill":"Analyze data to compare properties of planets",
    "lecture":"A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet. The primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.",
    "solution":"The table tells you that four out of the eight planets are made mainly of rock. So, one-half, or 50%, of the planets are made mainly of rock.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/716\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following trait inherited or acquired?\nRegan has naturally dark skin.",
    "choices":[
      "acquired",
      "inherited"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Identify inherited and acquired traits",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.",
    "solution":"Humans do not choose their skin color. Babies get their skin color from their parents. So, Regan's skin color is an inherited trait.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a leather belt?",
    "choices":[
      "75 centimeters",
      "75 meters"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of distance",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Imagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers? The number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing. Now look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters. There are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter. There are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the length of a leather belt is 75 centimeters.\n75 meters is too long.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\nmelting glass\ncooking an egg",
    "choices":[
      "Both are only physical changes.",
      "Both are caused by heating.",
      "Both are chemical changes.",
      "Both are caused by cooling."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Chemical reactions",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule. In a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns. In a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nMelting glass is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The glass changes from solid to liquid. But a different type of matter is not formed.\nCooking an egg is a chemical change. The heat causes the matter in the egg to change. Cooked egg and raw egg are different types of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nMelting glass is a physical change. But cooking an egg is not.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nCooking an egg is a chemical change. But melting glass is not.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBoth changes are caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these three objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "opaque",
      "stretchy",
      "fragile"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the best answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. The steel beam and the towel are not fragile.\nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. The steel beam and the popcorn are not stretchy.\nAn opaque object does not let light through. All three objects are opaque.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is opaque.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/725\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a leather belt?",
    "choices":[
      "70 kilometers",
      "70 meters",
      "70 centimeters"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of distance",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter. The tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long. A red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the length of a leather belt is 70 centimeters.\n70 meters and 70 kilometers are both too long.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?",
    "choices":[
      "climate",
      "weather"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Figure: Uganda.\nUganda is an African country near the equator. It has large forests which are humid during April and May each year.\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Weather and climate around the world",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the passage carefully.\nUganda is an African country near the equator. It has large forests which are humid during April and May each year.\nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual pattern of humidity in Uganda. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/737\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the mass of a goat?",
    "choices":[
      "75 ounces",
      "75 pounds",
      "75 tons"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of mass",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Mass is a measurement of how much matter something contains. There are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons. There are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton. So, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton. A slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the mass of a goat is 75 pounds.\n75 ounces is too light and 75 tons is too heavy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which text uses the word unique in its traditional sense?",
    "choices":[
      "The Supreme Court case Miranda v. Arizona, which led to the institution of the Miranda warning, was quite unique in that it had significant implications for law enforcement. Only a handful of Supreme Court decisions have had such an impact on daily police procedure.",
      "The Miranda warning, the reading of rights given to a suspect by police prior to questioning, is not unique to the United States; a number of other countries have equivalent rights, including Australia, South Africa, Switzerland, Thailand, and Kazakhstan."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Word usage and nuance",
    "skill":"Explore words with new or contested usages",
    "lecture":"Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner. When a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences. Britney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam. The traditional usage above is considered more standard. David perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages. The nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.",
    "solution":"The second text uses unique in its traditional sense: being the only one of its kind.\nThe Miranda warning, the reading of rights given to a suspect by police prior to questioning, is not unique to the United States; a number of other countries have equivalent rights, including Australia, South Africa, Switzerland, Thailand, and Kazakhstan.\nThe first text uses unique in its nontraditional sense: interesting or unusual. Miranda v. Arizona was one of a few Supreme Court cases to have implications for law enforcement, so it was not one of a kind in that respect. It may be helpful to remember that if unique is modified by an adverb\u2014as in most unique, very unique, or quite unique\u2014it is probably being used nontraditionally.\nThe Supreme Court case Miranda v. Arizona, which led to the institution of the Miranda warning, was quite unique in that it had significant implications for law enforcement. Only a handful of Supreme Court decisions have had such an impact on daily police procedure.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word unique because it is considered more standard.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which solution has a higher concentration of yellow particles?",
    "choices":[
      "Solution A",
      "Solution B",
      "neither; their concentrations are the same"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each yellow ball represents one particle of solute.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Compare concentrations of solutions",
    "lecture":"A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent. concentration = particles of solute \/ volume of solvent",
    "solution":"In Solution A and Solution B, the yellow particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of yellow particles, look at both the number of yellow particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of yellow particles per milliliter.\nSolution B has more yellow particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of yellow particles.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/744\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest west?",
    "choices":[
      "Georgia",
      "Mississippi",
      "Maine",
      "Vermont"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Mississippi is farthest west.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/745\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence so that it uses personification.\nThe midday sun () the hikers.",
    "choices":[
      "glared at",
      "warmed"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Creative techniques",
    "skill":"Use personification",
    "lecture":"Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point. The trees danced in the wind. The word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.",
    "solution":"Complete the sentence with the phrase glared at. It describes the sun as if it were a person giving an angry look.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?",
    "choices":[
      "Bob had to stay home with his brother because he wasn't feeling well.",
      "Bob's brother wasn't feeling well, so Bob had to stay home with him."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Pronouns",
    "skill":"Identify vague pronoun references",
    "lecture":"When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.",
    "solution":"The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun he could refer to Bob or his brother.\nBob had to stay home with his brother because he wasn't feeling well.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nBob's brother wasn't feeling well, so Bob had to stay home with him.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which tense does the sentence use?\nEllie practices the drums in her family's garage.",
    "choices":[
      "present tense",
      "past tense",
      "future tense"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"verbs",
    "category":"Verb tense",
    "skill":"Is the sentence in the past, present, or future tense?",
    "lecture":"Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now. Most present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es. Two verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms. Past tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened. Most past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed. Some verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms. Future tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen. All future-tense verbs use the word will. <br\/><br\/> Present | Past | Future<br\/> walk, walks | walked | will walk<br\/> go, goes | went | will go<br\/>",
    "solution":"The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, practices. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which solution has a higher concentration of yellow particles?",
    "choices":[
      "neither; their concentrations are the same",
      "Solution B",
      "Solution A"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each yellow ball represents one particle of solute.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Compare concentrations of solutions",
    "lecture":"A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent. concentration = particles of solute \/ volume of solvent",
    "solution":"In Solution A and Solution B, the yellow particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of yellow particles, look at both the number of yellow particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of yellow particles per milliliter.\nSolution A has more yellow particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of yellow particles.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/759\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Suppose Nancy decides to watch the comedy. Which result would be a cost?",
    "choices":[
      "Nancy will get to watch the movie that she is more excited about.",
      "Nancy will give up the chance to watch a movie with her sister."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Nancy is deciding whether to watch a comedy or an action movie. She would prefer to watch a comedy. But she also wants to watch a movie with her sister. Nancy's sister will only watch an action movie.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Costs and benefits",
    "lecture":"Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits. Costs are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need. Benefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.",
    "solution":"This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Nancy wants or needs:\nNancy will give up the chance to watch a movie with her sister.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Oregon?",
    "choices":[
      "Phoenix",
      "Sacramento",
      "Salem",
      "Frankfort"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify the 50 state capitals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Salem is the capital of Oregon.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/761\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following trait inherited or acquired?\nCamilla plays basketball.",
    "choices":[
      "acquired",
      "inherited"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Hint: Playing basketball takes practice.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Identify inherited and acquired traits",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.",
    "solution":"People are not born knowing how to play basketball. Instead, some people learn how to play basketball. Playing the sport takes practice. So, playing basketball is an acquired trait.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Using only these supplies, which question can Haley investigate with an experiment?",
    "choices":[
      "Does a cell phone charge more quickly when it is turned on or when it is turned off?",
      "Does a tablet charge faster with a two-foot-long charging cable or a five-foot-long charging cable?",
      "Does a cell phone charge faster when plugged into a wall outlet or into a computer?"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Haley notices that her cell phone charges more quickly sometimes and more slowly other times. She wonders what factors affect how quickly a phone charges. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\none cell phone\na two-foot-long charging cable\na five-foot-long charging cable\na stopwatch\na wall outlet",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nClara told her friends that Farid was a typical Peter Pan type.",
    "choices":[
      "a song",
      "literature"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. Here, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion Peter Pan is literature.\nIn a J. M. Barrie novel, the character Peter Pan retreats to Neverland and refuses to grow up.\nThe allusion Peter Pan means a person who won't take on adult responsibilities.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is harder?",
    "choices":[
      "ceramic mug",
      "cotton apron"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of materials",
    "lecture":"Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. A material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.",
    "solution":"Hard is a property. A hard material keeps its shape when you press on it with your finger.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pushing on the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the ceramic mug is harder. If you press on a piece of ceramic, it will not change shape.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Oregon?",
    "choices":[
      "Portland",
      "Boston",
      "Salem",
      "Minneapolis"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Salem is the capital of Oregon.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/779\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest north?",
    "choices":[
      "Oregon",
      "Kansas",
      "Mississippi",
      "Illinois"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Maps",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Oregon is farthest north.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/780\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the volume of a water balloon?",
    "choices":[
      "485 milliliters",
      "485 liters"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Volume is a measurement of how much space something takes up. There are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters. There are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter. A raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the volume of a water balloon is 485 milliliters.\n485 liters is too much.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which correctly shows the title of a magazine?",
    "choices":[
      "Oceans of the Mind",
      "oceans of the mind"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"capitalization",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Capitalizing titles",
    "lecture":"In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach These words are not important in titles: Articles, a, an, the Short prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up Coordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or",
    "solution":"Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The words of and the are not important, so they should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is Oceans of the Mind.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which better describes the Kaeng Krachan National Park ecosystem?",
    "choices":[
      "It has year-round warm temperatures. It also has many different types of organisms.",
      "It has cold winters. It also has many different types of organisms."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Figure: Kaeng Krachan National Park.\nKaeng Krachan National Park is a tropical rain forest ecosystem in western Thailand.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Describe ecosystems",
    "lecture":"An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment. There are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other: the pattern of weather, or climate the type of soil the organisms that live there",
    "solution":"A tropical rain forest is a type of ecosystem. Tropical rain forests have the following features: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. So, Kaeng Krachan National Park has year-round warm temperatures. It also has many different types of organisms.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/790\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which correctly shows the title of a TV show?",
    "choices":[
      "***You Can't Do That on Television***",
      "\"You Can't Do That on Television\""
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Formatting titles",
    "lecture":"The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead. A Midsummer Night's Dream The title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks. \"You Are My Sunshine\"",
    "solution":"A TV show should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **You Can't Do That on Television**.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal's feet are also adapted for swimming?",
    "choices":[
      "purple gallinule",
      "lava gull"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Black-bellied whistling ducks live near lakes and streams in North America. They find most of their food in shallow water. The feet of the  are adapted for swimming.\nFigure: black-bellied whistling duck.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: feet and limbs",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the black-bellied whistling duck.\nThe black-bellied whistling duck has webbed feet. Its feet are adapted for swimming. As it swims, the black-bellied whistling duck uses its webbed feet to push itself through water.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe lava gull has webbed feet. Its feet are adapted for swimming.\nThe purple gallinule has long, thin toes on its feet. Its feet are not adapted for swimming. The purple gallinule uses its feet to walk on large leaves floating on the surface of the water.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/809\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the animal that does not have a backbone.",
    "choices":[
      "leaf-curling spider",
      "salmon"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Hint: Insects, spiders, and worms do not have backbones.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify animals with and without backbones",
    "lecture":"Some animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange. Other animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body.",
    "solution":"Like other spiders, a leaf-curling spider does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover.\nA salmon is a fish. Like other fish, a salmon has a backbone.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the one animal that has all of the bird traits listed above.",
    "choices":[
      "Chinese alligators live in lakes and streams in eastern China. They lay eggs with shells and live in underground burrows in the winter. Chinese alligators have scaly, waterproof skin.",
      "Blue-footed boobies live on tropical islands in the Pacific Ocean. They have two wings, feathers, and a beak. Blue-footed boobies lay eggs with pale blue shells. They keep the eggs warm with their large blue feet."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Birds are a group of animals with similar traits. The following traits can be used to identify birds:\nThey have feathers.\nThey have wings.\nThey have a beak.\nThey make eggs with shells. Observe the animals and read the descriptions.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Use evidence to classify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live. How do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group.",
    "solution":"To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nBirds have the following traits:\nThey have feathers.\nThey have wings.\nThey have a beak.\nThey make eggs with shells.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA Chinese alligator has the following traits:\nIt has scaly, waterproof skin.\nIt makes eggs with shells.\nA Chinese alligator does not have all of the traits of a bird. A Chinese alligator is a reptile.\nA blue-footed booby has the following traits:\nIt has feathers.\nIt has wings.\nIt has a beak.\nIt makes eggs with shells.\nA blue-footed booby has the traits of a bird. A blue-footed booby is a bird.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Pablo acquired this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Pablo's scar is on his left knee. His mother also has a scar on her left knee.",
      "Pablo's brother has scars on both of his knees.",
      "Pablo's scar was caused by an accident. He cut his leg when he fell off his skateboard."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nPablo has a scar on his left knee.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Choose the poem that uses repetition.",
    "choices":[
      "Down, down, down!\nDown to the depths of the sea!\nShe sits at her wheel in the humming town,\nSinging most joyfully.",
      "The poor old year died hard; for all the earth lay cold\nAnd bare beneath the wintry sky;\nWhile gray clouds scurried madly to the west,\nAnd hid the chill young moon from mortal sight."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"From Matthew Arnold, \"The Forsaken Merman\" and from Alice Ruth Moore, \"New Year's Day\"",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reading-comprehension",
    "category":"Poetry elements",
    "skill":"Identify elements of poetry",
    "lecture":"Poetry is a special kind of writing. It has many elements that make it different from ordinary writing. Knowing these elements can help you talk about poetry, understand it better, and enjoy it more. A poem rhymes when it has a pattern of words that end in the same sound. End rhyme is when the rhymes appear at the end of a poem's lines. Little Betty Blue, Lost her holiday shoe. \u2014From Mother Goose Internal rhyme is when at least one of the rhyming words appears inside the poem's lines. Sweet dreams of pleasant streams. \u2014From William Blake, \"A Cradle Song\" Rhythm is the pattern of strong and weak syllables, or stress, in a poem. You can recognize rhythm in a poem by listening to how it sounds. Poems with regular rhythm have a beat, like in music. He watches from his mountain walls, And like a thunderbolt he falls. \u2014From Alfred, Lord Tennyson, \"The Eagle\" The syllables in bold are strong. We say them with more force than the other syllables. In this poem, every weak syllable is followed by a strong syllable. Each line sounds like da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM. To better hear the rhythm, try reading it aloud while clapping on each strong syllable. Free verse is when a poem has neither a regular rhythm nor a rhyme pattern. The old bridge has a wrinkled face. He bends his back For us to go over. \u2014From Hilda Conkling, \"The Old Bridge\" The syllables in bold are strong. You can see this poem does not have a regular rhythm. It also doesn't have a rhyme pattern. Repetition is when words, phrases, or whole lines are repeated. The dainty flying squirrel In vest of shining white, In coat of silver gray, And vest of shining white. \u2014Adapted from Mary E. Burt, \"The Flying Squirrel\" Alliteration is when beginning consonant sounds are repeated in words that are close together. Where the wild men watched and waited Wolves in the forest, and bears in the bush. \u2014From Bayard Taylor, \"A Night with a Wolf\" Onomatopoeia is when language sounds like what it talks about. Sometimes the onomatopoeia uses made-up words: Tlot-tlot! tlot-tlot! Had they heard it? The horse hoofs ringing clear. \u2014From Alfred Noyes, \"The Highwayman\" Sometimes the onomatopoeia uses real words: Hark! the honey bee is humming. \u2014From Mary Howitt, \"The Voice of Spring\"",
    "solution":"This poem uses repetition. It repeats words, phrases, or lines.\nDown, down, down!\nDown to the depths of the sea!\nSinging most joyfully.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the statement. Assume that the water balloon's mass did not change.\nThe gravitational potential energy stored between the water balloon and Earth () as the water balloon fell toward Paul.",
    "choices":[
      "increased",
      "stayed the same",
      "decreased"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Read the text about an object in motion.\nBridgette dropped a water balloon off a balcony. The water balloon fell toward her friend Paul, who was standing below the balcony.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Kinetic and potential energy",
    "skill":"Identify changes in gravitational potential energy",
    "lecture":"Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth. The amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower. If the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen. <br\/><br\/> When an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...<br\/> increases | increases<br\/> decreases | decreases<br\/> stays the same | stays the same<br\/>",
    "solution":"Think about how the distance between the water balloon and the center of Earth changed.\nPaul was lower than the balcony. As the water balloon fell toward Paul, the distance between the water balloon and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the water balloon and Earth decreased as the water balloon fell toward Paul.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What evidence of a wildfire does this picture show?",
    "choices":[
      "There is white ash on the ground.",
      "Some of the trees have green leaves."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This picture was taken after a wildfire. A wildfire happens when a natural area catches fire and burns.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Earth events",
    "skill":"Find evidence of changes to Earth's surface",
    "lecture":"Evidence is information that tells you something happened. How do you look for evidence of a change to Earth's surface? There are many ways to find evidence of a change to Earth's surface. One way is to look at a picture that was taken after the change. Here are some examples of what the evidence for different changes might be: <br\/><br\/> Cause of the change | Evidence of the change<br\/> earthquake | cracks in the ground; houses with broken walls and roofs<br\/> volcanic eruption | melted rock on Earth's surface; smoke coming out of a hole in the ground<br\/> erosion | a canyon with a river flowing through it; a river carrying sand and mud<br\/> <br\/> Be careful when you are looking for evidence! A picture of Earth's surface can contain a lot of information. Some of that information might be evidence of a change to the surface, but some of it is not! For example, a picture taken after an earthquake might show a blue sky. But the color of the sky is not evidence of an earthquake. So, that information is not evidence that an earthquake happened.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/829\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nManuel noticed that the sky was filled with cumulus clouds every day last week.",
    "choices":[
      "weather",
      "climate"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Hint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"What's the difference between weather and climate?",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the text carefully.\nManuel noticed that the sky was filled with cumulus clouds every day last week.\nThis passage tells you about the clouds Manuel saw last week. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which job does the circulatory system do?",
    "choices":[
      "It breaks down food into small pieces.",
      "It helps remove carbon dioxide waste from the body."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Animals",
    "skill":"Body systems: circulation and respiration",
    "lecture":"To stay alive, animal cells must get water and oxygen. Animal cells also produce carbon dioxide, a waste that must be removed. An animal's respiratory and circulatory systems work together to do these jobs. An animal's respiratory system is made up of organs that work together to bring in oxygen gas from the environment. The respiratory system also removes carbon dioxide gas from the animal's body. Some animals have lungs to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide with the air. Other animals have gills to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide with water. An animal's circulatory system is made up of organs that work together to move blood through its body. The heart pumps blood through blood vessels throughout the body. As blood moves through blood vessels, it delivers oxygen, nutrients from food, and water to cells. Blood also absorbs waste, including carbon dioxide. When the blood is pumped into the lungs or gills, it releases carbon dioxide and absorbs oxygen.",
    "solution":"The circulatory system brings oxygen, nutrients, and water to cells. It also helps remove carbon dioxide waste.\nThe circulatory system does not break down food into small pieces. This job is done by the digestive system. After the digestive system breaks down food, blood vessels in the intestines absorb the nutrients from the food. The blood then carries the nutrients to cells throughout the body.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is granodiorite a mineral?",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Granodiorite has the following properties:\nnot made by organisms\nno fixed crystal structure\nsolid\nnot a pure substance\nnaturally occurring",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Rocks and minerals",
    "skill":"Identify rocks and minerals",
    "lecture":"Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties: It is a solid. It is formed in nature. It is not made by organisms. It is a pure substance. It has a fixed crystal structure. If a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral. Look closely at the last three properties: A mineral is not made by organisms. Organisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals. Humans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals. A mineral is a pure substance. A pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances. A mineral has a fixed crystal structure. The crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.",
    "solution":"Granodiorite does not have all the properties of a mineral. So, granodiorite is not a mineral.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/839\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Would you find the word wild on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nwell - word",
    "choices":[
      "no",
      "yes"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince wild is between the guide words well - word, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following trait inherited or acquired?\nReggie has a scar on his left hand.",
    "choices":[
      "acquired",
      "inherited"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Identify inherited and acquired traits",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.",
    "solution":"Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Would you find the word mumble on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nmedicine - mid",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince mumble is not between the guide words medicine - mid, it would not be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the one animal that has all of the amphibian traits listed above.",
    "choices":[
      "African elephants have thin hair covering their body. Female elephants feed their offspring milk. Elephants live in groups called herds. The oldest female in the herd is usually the leader.",
      "Gray tree frogs hatch from eggs without shells. They live underwater when they are tadpoles. They move onto land when they become adults. The moist skin of adult gray tree frogs can be green or gray. The color of their skin helps them hide on rocks or plants."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Amphibians are a group of animals with similar traits. The following traits can be used to identify amphibians:\nThey spend part of their lives in water and part on land.\nThey have moist skin.\nThey make eggs with no shells. Observe the animals and read the descriptions.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Use evidence to classify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live. How do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group.",
    "solution":"To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nAmphibians have the following traits:\nThey spend part of their lives in water and part on land.\nThey have moist skin.\nThey make eggs with no shells.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nAn African elephant has the following traits:\nIt feeds its offspring milk.\nIt has hair.\nAn African elephant does not have all of the traits of an amphibian. An African elephant is a mammal.\nA gray tree frog has the following traits:\nIt spends part of its life in water and part on land.\nIt has moist skin.\nIt makes eggs with no shells.\nA gray tree frog has the traits of an amphibian. A gray tree frog is an amphibian.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same species as the black-headed gull.",
    "choices":[
      "Chroicocephalus ridibundus",
      "Chroicocephalus serranus",
      "Crocodylus moreletii"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This organism is a black-headed gull. Its scientific name is Chroicocephalus ridibundus.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification and scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"A black-headed gull's scientific name is Chroicocephalus ridibundus.\nChroicocephalus ridibundus is in the same genus as Chroicocephalus serranus, but they are not in the same species.\nOrganisms in the same species have the same scientific names. Chroicocephalus ridibundus and Chroicocephalus serranus are different species within the same genus.\nChroicocephalus ridibundus has the same scientific name as a black-headed gull. So, these organisms are in the same species.\nCrocodylus moreletii does not have the same scientific name as a black-headed gull. So, Chroicocephalus ridibundus and Crocodylus moreletii are not in the same species.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/863\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Roxie's phenotype for the fur color trait?",
    "choices":[
      "FF",
      "black fur"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"In a group of Labrador retrievers, some individuals have black fur and others have brown fur. In this group, the gene for the fur color trait has two alleles. The allele F is for black fur, and the allele f is for brown fur.\nRoxie, a Labrador retriever from this group, has black fur. Roxie has two alleles for black fur.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.",
    "solution":"An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Roxie's observable version of the fur color trait is black fur. So, Roxie's phenotype for the fur color trait is black fur.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the invertebrate.",
    "choices":[
      "macaw",
      "domestic pig",
      "giant wood wasp",
      "tokay gecko"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Hint: Insects, spiders, and worms are invertebrates.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify vertebrates and invertebrates",
    "lecture":"Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals. A vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange. An invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body.",
    "solution":"A macaw is a bird. Like other birds, a macaw is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA domestic pig is a mammal. Like other mammals, a domestic pig is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA giant wood wasp is an insect. Like other insects, a giant wood wasp is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA tokay gecko is a reptile. Like other reptiles, a tokay gecko is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which basketball has a higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "the basketball with more thermal energy",
      "the basketball with less thermal energy"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two basketballs are identical except for their thermal energies.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Heat and thermal energy",
    "skill":"How are temperature and mass related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving. The energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. What happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.",
    "solution":"The two basketballs are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the basketball with more thermal energy has a higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a compound sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "China grows most of the wheat in the world.",
      "Mr. Everett cleans the chimney, and Mrs. Everett washes the car."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple or compound?",
    "lecture":"A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate. The pitcher threw the ball to first base. A compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. The pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it. Some simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences. Anna and James will watch the fireworks tonight. This simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James. The singers bowed and walked off the stage. This simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat. This is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.",
    "solution":"The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction and.\nMr. Everett cleans the chimney, and Mrs. Everett washes the car.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Identify the question that Cooper's experiment can best answer.",
    "choices":[
      "Can pennies hold more drops of water mixed with dish soap or water mixed with hand soap?",
      "Can pennies hold more drops of pure water or water mixed with hand soap?"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below.\n\nCooper used a dropper to put equal-sized drops of pure water, one at a time, onto a penny. The drops stayed together and formed a dome on the penny's surface. Cooper recorded the number of drops he could add before the water spilled over the edge of the penny. Then, he rinsed and dried the penny, and repeated the test using water mixed with hand soap. He repeated these trials on nine additional pennies. Cooper compared the average number of pure water drops to the average number of water drops mixed with hand soap that he could add to a penny before the water spilled over.\nFigure: a dome of water on the surface of a penny.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify the experimental question",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment. Imagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured. First, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested. Then, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured. Experiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height. Examples of questions that this experiment can answer include: Does soil type affect the height of daffodil plants? Do daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil? Are daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/885\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature",
      "sample A",
      "sample B"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"Each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. The particles in sample B also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.\nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/891\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?",
    "choices":[
      "weather",
      "climate"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Figure: Prague.\nThe Charles Bridge spans the Vltava River in Prague. Winters are windy in Prague, with average wind speeds of 11 miles per hour in December, January, and February.\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Weather and climate around the world",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the passage carefully.\nThe Charles Bridge spans the Vltava River in Prague. Winters are windy in Prague, with average wind speeds of 11 miles per hour in December, January, and February.\nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual wind patterns in Prague. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/896\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Joy inherited this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Joy and her mother both wear their hair in braids.",
      "Joy's parents have red hair. They passed down this trait to Joy."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nJoy has red hair.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nA rainbow appeared in the sky the day before basketball tryouts, and I made the team! If there's a rainbow when I try out in the spring, I'm sure I'll make the team again.",
    "choices":[
      "ad hominem: a personal attack against one's opponent",
      "false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> red herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that the rainbow is responsible for the speaker making the basketball team. However, even though the speaker made the team after the rainbow appeared, that doesn't necessarily mean that the rainbow was responsible. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as false causation.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a run-on sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "All the things in the back of the closet.",
      "Jayla is from Springdale now she lives in Dover."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is it a complete sentence, a fragment, or a run-on?",
    "lecture":"A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb. My friends walk along the path. A sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb. Knows the answer. This is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject. Who knows the answer? She knows the answer. The bright red car. This is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb. What did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped. A run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma. I knocked on the door it opened. It started raining, we ran inside. To fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence. I knocked on the door. It opened. It started raining. We ran inside. You can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. I knocked on the door, and it opened. It started raining, so we ran inside.",
    "solution":"Jayla is from Springdale now she lives in Dover is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without end punctuation: Jayla is from Springdale and Now she lives in Dover.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which phrase has a more positive connotation?",
    "choices":[
      "a cozy house",
      "a small house"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"vocabulary",
    "category":"Shades of meaning",
    "skill":"Positive and negative connotation",
    "lecture":"Connotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations. For example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations. Eager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited. Impatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding.",
    "solution":"A cozy house has a more positive connotation. A cozy house is small, but it is comfortable and warm.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same species as the marbled salamander.",
    "choices":[
      "Taricha torosa",
      "Taricha granulosa",
      "Ambystoma opacum"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"This organism is a marbled salamander. Its scientific name is Ambystoma opacum.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification and scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"A marbled salamander's scientific name is Ambystoma opacum.\nTaricha granulosa does not have the same scientific name as a marbled salamander. So, Ambystoma opacum and Taricha granulosa are not in the same species.\nAmbystoma opacum has the same scientific name as a marbled salamander. So, these organisms are in the same species.\nTaricha torosa does not have the same scientific name as a marbled salamander. So, Ambystoma opacum and Taricha torosa are not in the same species.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/917\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal's skin is better adapted as a warning sign to ward off predators?",
    "choices":[
      "flamboyant cuttlefish",
      "impala"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Opalescent nudibranchs have stinging cells in their brightly colored skin. The bright colors serve as a warning sign that the animal is toxic and dangerous. The 's skin is adapted to ward off predators.\nFigure: opalescent nudibranch.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: skins and body coverings",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the opalescent nudibranch.\nThe opalescent nudibranch has stinging cells in its brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators. The bright colors serve as a warning sign that the opalescent nudibranch is toxic and dangerous.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe flamboyant cuttlefish has a poisonous body with brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators.\nThe impala has yellow-brown fur. Its skin is not adapted to be a warning sign that wards off predators.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/919\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"During this time, thermal energy was transferred from () to ().",
    "choices":[
      "the surroundings . . . each pizza",
      "each pizza . . . the surroundings"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Celine was delivering two identical pizzas to a customer. While driving to the customer's house, Celine put one of the pizza boxes on top of the other one. This table shows how the temperature of each pizza changed over 15minutes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Thermal energy",
    "skill":"Compare thermal energy transfers",
    "lecture":"A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy: An increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings. A decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings.",
    "solution":"The temperature of each pizza decreased, which means that the thermal energy of each pizza decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred from each pizza to the surroundings.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/920\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property matches this object?",
    "choices":[
      "scratchy",
      "flexible"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Identify properties of an object",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.",
    "solution":"Look at the object.\nThink about each property.\nA flexible object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. The tent is flexible.\nA scratchy object is rough and itchy against your skin. The tent is not scratchy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/921\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "New Hampshire",
      "Connecticut",
      "Vermont",
      "Georgia"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"English colonies in North America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is New Hampshire.\nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/924\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "repel",
      "attract"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.\n\nHint: Magnets that attract pull together. Magnets that repel push apart.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south. Here are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S. If different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/927\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a basketball court?",
    "choices":[
      "28 meters",
      "28 centimeters",
      "28 kilometers",
      "28 millimeters"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of distance, mass, and volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter. The tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long. A red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the length of a basketball court is 28 meters.\n28 millimeters and 28 centimeters are too short. 28 kilometers is too long.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Identify the question that Jen's experiment can best answer.",
    "choices":[
      "Do radishes grown under bright light get bigger than radishes grown under dim light?",
      "Do radish plants grown under bright light have more leaves than radish plants grown under dim light?"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below.\n\nJen planted 20 radish plants in a greenhouse, putting each plant in its own pot. She placed ten of the pots under bright light and the other ten pots under dim light. Jen watered all the plants twice a day. After two months, she pulled the radish plants from the ground, threw away the leafy green tops, and measured the sizes of the radishes. She compared the sizes of the radishes grown under bright light to the sizes of the radishes grown under dim light.\nFigure: a radish plant in soil.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify the experimental question",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment. Imagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured. First, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested. Then, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured. Experiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height. Examples of questions that this experiment can answer include: Does soil type affect the height of daffodil plants? Do daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil? Are daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/940\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What location was involved in the triangular trade?",
    "choices":[
      "China",
      "Great Britain"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"By the 1700s, merchants in the Thirteen Colonies traded goods across the Atlantic Ocean in a pattern called triangular trade. Look at the map showing this trade. Then answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"The American Revolution",
    "skill":"Causes of the American Revolution: introduction to mercantilism and the Navigation Acts",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the map.\nThe arrows on the map show that goods moved to and from these locations:\nChina was not involved in the triangular trade.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/941\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the volume of a kitchen sink?",
    "choices":[
      "26 milliliters",
      "26 liters"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Volume is a measurement of how much space something takes up. There are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters. There are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter. A raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the volume of a kitchen sink is 26 liters.\n26 milliliters is too little.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which sentence is more formal?",
    "choices":[
      "The principal said that a lot of students graduating from Oakville High School got into the colleges they wanted to go to.",
      "The principal announced that half of Oakville High School's graduating class had been accepted to their top-choice colleges."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Author's purpose and tone",
    "skill":"Which sentence is more formal?",
    "lecture":"Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing: <br\/><br\/> Type | Examples<br\/> slang | cool, awesome<br\/> idioms | knock your socks off<br\/> conversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah<br\/> abbreviated language | ASAP, FYI<br\/> overly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store<br\/> contractions | can't, won't<br\/> <br\/> Contractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing. Compare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal. Informal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners. Formal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.",
    "solution":"The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses overly simple or imprecise language (said, a lot of, got into).\nThe first sentence uses more precise language, so it is more formal overall.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "Florida",
      "Vermont",
      "New Hampshire",
      "Maryland"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"Colonial America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is New Hampshire.\nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/958\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Kumal's phenotype for the coat pattern trait?",
    "choices":[
      "a spotted coat",
      "a black coat"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"In a group of jaguars, some individuals have a black coat and others have a spotted coat. In this group, the gene for the coat pattern trait has two alleles. The allele for a black coat (A) is dominant over the allele for a spotted coat (a).\nKumal is a jaguar from this group. Kumal has the homozygous genotype aa for the coat pattern gene.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: dominant and recessive",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. Some traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene. An organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene. An organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene. The types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. A dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers. A recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.",
    "solution":"Kumal's genotype for the coat pattern gene is aa. Kumal's genotype of aa has only a alleles. The a allele is for a spotted coat. So, Kumal's phenotype for the coat pattern trait must be a spotted coat.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Kumal's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for a black coat (A) is dominant over the allele for a spotted coat (a). This means A is a dominant allele, and a is a recessive allele.\nKumal's genotype of aa has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Kumal's phenotype for the coat pattern trait must be a spotted coat.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Mer's phenotype for the tail spots trait?",
    "choices":[
      "a spotted tail",
      "an unspotted tail"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"In a group of guppies, some individuals have a spotted tail and others have an unspotted tail. In this group, the gene for the tail spots trait has two alleles. The allele for an unspotted tail (i) is recessive to the allele for a spotted tail (I).\nMer is a guppy from this group. Mer has the homozygous genotype ii for the tail spots gene.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: dominant and recessive",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. Some traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene. An organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene. An organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene. The types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. A dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers. A recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.",
    "solution":"Mer's genotype for the tail spots gene is ii. Mer's genotype of ii has only i alleles. The i allele is for an unspotted tail. So, Mer's phenotype for the tail spots trait must be an unspotted tail.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Mer's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for an unspotted tail (i) is recessive to the allele for a spotted tail (I). This means I is a dominant allele, and i is a recessive allele.\nMer's genotype of ii has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Mer's phenotype for the tail spots trait must be an unspotted tail.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence.\nCracking open a peanut is a ().",
    "choices":[
      "chemical change",
      "physical change"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Identify physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. Burning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. Cutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper. Ice melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state.",
    "solution":"Cracking open a peanut is a physical change. The peanut shell breaks and the peanut falls out. Both are still made of the same type of matter.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is gypsum a mineral?",
    "choices":[
      "no",
      "yes"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Gypsum has the following properties:\npure substance\nfixed crystal structure\nnot made by organisms\nsolid\nnaturally occurring",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Rocks and minerals",
    "skill":"Identify rocks and minerals",
    "lecture":"Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties: It is a solid. It is formed in nature. It is not made by organisms. It is a pure substance. It has a fixed crystal structure. If a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral. Look closely at the last three properties: A mineral is not made by organisms. Organisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals. Humans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals. A mineral is a pure substance. A pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances. A mineral has a fixed crystal structure. The crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.",
    "solution":"Gypsum has all the properties of a mineral. So, gypsum is a mineral.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/979\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following fossils is younger? Select the more likely answer.",
    "choices":[
      "crocodile egg",
      "feather"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This diagram shows fossils in an undisturbed sedimentary rock sequence.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Fossils",
    "skill":"Compare ages of fossils in a rock sequence",
    "lecture":"A fossil is the preserved evidence of an ancient organism. Some fossils are formed from body parts such as bones or shells. Other fossils, such as footprints or burrows, are formed from traces of an organism's activities. Fossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually form in layers. Over time, new layers are added on top of old layers in a series called a rock sequence. The layers in an undisturbed rock sequence are in the same order as when they formed. So, the deeper layers are older than the shallower layers. The relative ages of fossils can be determined from their positions in an undisturbed rock sequence. Older fossils are usually in deeper layers, and younger fossils are usually in shallower layers.",
    "solution":"Look again at the fossils in the rock sequence diagram.\nCompare the positions of these fossils to determine which one is younger:\nThe crocodile egg fossil is in a shallower layer in the rock sequence than the feather fossil. So, the crocodile egg fossil is most likely younger than the feather fossil.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/984\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the probability that a cow produced by this cross will be homozygous dominant for the coat pattern gene?",
    "choices":[
      "0\/4",
      "1\/4",
      "4\/4",
      "2\/4",
      "3\/4"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"In a group of cows, some individuals have solid coloring and others have white spots. In this group, the gene for the coat pattern trait has two alleles. The allele for white spots (a) is recessive to the allele for solid coloring (A).\nThis Punnett square shows a cross between two cows.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Use Punnett squares to calculate probabilities of offspring types",
    "lecture":"Offspring genotypes: homozygous or heterozygous? How do you determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for a gene? Look at the alleles in the organism's genotype for that gene. An organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. If both alleles are dominant, the organism is homozygous dominant for the gene. If both alleles are recessive, the organism is homozygous recessive for the gene. An organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. In a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype.  Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes. An event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction: probability of an event = number of ways the event can happen \/ number of equally likely outcomes You can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff. <br\/><br\/>  | F | f<br\/> F | FF | Ff<br\/> f | Ff | ff<br\/> <br\/> Consider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction: number of ways the event can happen \/ number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff \/ total number of boxes = 1 \/ 4",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/992\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Wisconsin?",
    "choices":[
      "Lincoln",
      "Madison",
      "Helena",
      "Jefferson City"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Madison is the capital of Wisconsin.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/994\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Georgia?",
    "choices":[
      "Savannah",
      "Atlanta",
      "Nashville",
      "Carson City"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Southeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Atlanta is the capital of Georgia.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/995\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nPresident Ballard is an effective communicator, because he has a natural talent for speaking with people.",
    "choices":[
      "circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself",
      "false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> red herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that President Ballard is an effective communicator because he communicates well. However, the \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same species as the axolotl.",
    "choices":[
      "Ambystoma mexicanum",
      "Camellia sasanqua",
      "Tigrisoma mexicanum"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This organism is an axolotl. Its scientific name is Ambystoma mexicanum.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification and scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"An axolotl's scientific name is Ambystoma mexicanum.\nAmbystoma mexicanum has the same scientific name as an axolotl. So, these organisms are in the same species.\nCamellia sasanqua does not have the same scientific name as an axolotl. So, Ambystoma mexicanum and Camellia sasanqua are not in the same species.\nTigrisoma mexicanum does have the same species within its genus as an axolotl, but they are not in the same genus! They do not have the same scientific name as each other. So, these organisms are not in the same species.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1010\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Identify the question that Tamir's experiment can best answer.",
    "choices":[
      "Do more bacteria grow in liquid with cinnamon than in liquid without cinnamon?",
      "Does temperature affect how much bacteria can grow in liquid?"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below.\n\nTamir mixed bacteria into a nutrient-rich liquid where the bacteria could grow. He poured four ounces of the mixture into each of ten glass flasks. In five of the ten flasks, he also added one teaspoon of cinnamon. He allowed the bacteria in the flasks to grow overnight in a 37\u00b0C room. Then, Tamir used a microscope to count the number of bacteria in a small sample from each flask. He compared the amount of bacteria in the liquid with cinnamon to the amount of bacteria in the liquid without cinnamon.\nFigure: flasks of liquid for growing bacteria.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify the experimental question",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment. Imagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured. First, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested. Then, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured. Experiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height. Examples of questions that this experiment can answer include: Does soil type affect the height of daffodil plants? Do daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil? Are daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1013\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Identify the question that Maria and Desmond's experiment can best answer.",
    "choices":[
      "Does Maria's snowboard slide down a hill in less time when it has a thin layer of wax or a thick layer of wax?",
      "Does Maria's snowboard slide down a hill in less time when it has a layer of wax or when it does not have a layer of wax?"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below.\n\nMaria applied a thin layer of wax to the underside of her snowboard and rode the board straight down a hill. Then, she removed the wax and rode the snowboard straight down the hill again. She repeated the rides four more times, alternating whether she rode with a thin layer of wax on the board or not. Her friend Desmond timed each ride. Maria and Desmond calculated the average time it took to slide straight down the hill on the snowboard with wax compared to the average time on the snowboard without wax.\nFigure: snowboarding down a hill.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify the experimental question",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment. Imagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured. First, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested. Then, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured. Experiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height. Examples of questions that this experiment can answer include: Does soil type affect the height of daffodil plants? Do daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil? Are daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1033\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which air temperature was measured within the outlined area shown?",
    "choices":[
      "32\u00b0C",
      "10\u00b0C",
      "5\u00b0C"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The map below shows air temperatures in the lower atmosphere on October 1, 2015. The outlined area shows an air mass that influenced weather in North America on that day.\nLook at the map. Then, answer the question below.\nData source: United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\/Earth System Research Laboratory, Physical Sciences Division",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Identify and compare air masses",
    "lecture":"To study air masses, scientists can use maps that show conditions within Earth's atmosphere. For example, the map below uses color to show air temperatures. The map's legend tells you the temperature that each color represents. Colors on the left in the legend represent lower temperatures than colors on the right. For example, areas on the map that are the darkest shade of blue have a temperature from -25\u00b0C up to -20\u00b0C. Areas that are the next darkest shade of blue have a temperature from -20\u00b0C up to -15\u00b0C.",
    "solution":"Look at the colors shown within the outlined area. Then, use the legend to determine which air temperatures those colors represent.\nThe legend tells you that this air mass contained air with temperatures between 25\u00b0C and 35\u00b0C.\n32\u00b0C is within this range.\n5\u00b0C and 10\u00b0C are outside of this range.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1036\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ngiraffe - grade",
    "choices":[
      "glossy",
      "generally"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince glossy is between the guide words giraffe - grade, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "attract",
      "repel"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces. Magnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S). Here are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles. If opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1040\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\nrust forming on a bicycle frame\ngrilling a hamburger",
    "choices":[
      "Both are caused by cooling.",
      "Both are only physical changes.",
      "Both are caused by heating.",
      "Both are chemical changes."
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Chemical reactions",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule. In a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns. In a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nRust forming on a bicycle frame is a chemical change. Oxygen in the air reacts with iron in the bicycle frame. The outside of the frame turns into a different type of matter called rust. Rust is reddish-brown and falls apart easily.\nGrilling a hamburger is a chemical change. Heat from the grill causes the matter in the meat to change. Cooked meat and raw meat are different types of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nCooking a hamburger is caused by heating. But rust forming on a bicycle frame is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\nusing a large magnet to remove pieces of iron from a junkyard\nsewing an apron",
    "choices":[
      "Both are only physical changes.",
      "Both are chemical changes.",
      "Both are caused by heating.",
      "Both are caused by cooling."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Chemical reactions",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule. In a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns. In a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nUsing a large magnet to remove pieces of iron from a junkyard is a physical change. Both the iron and the magnet are still made of the same type of matter as before.\nSewing an apron is a physical change. The fabric and thread that make up the apron get a new shape, but the type of matter in each of them does not change.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the air inside a balloon a solid, a liquid, or a gas?",
    "choices":[
      "a liquid",
      "a gas",
      "a solid"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"States of matter",
    "skill":"Classify matter as solid, liquid, or gas",
    "lecture":"Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own. Some solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid. When matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle. Some liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk. When matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space. Many gases are invisible. Air is a gas.",
    "solution":"The air inside a balloon is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space.\nThe air inside a balloon expands to fill all the space in the balloon. If the balloon pops, the air will expand to fill a much larger space.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1057\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the volume of a test tube?",
    "choices":[
      "16 liters",
      "16 milliliters"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Volume is a measurement of how much space something takes up. There are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters. There are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter. A raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the volume of a test tube is 16 milliliters.\n16 liters is too much.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which text uses the word unique in its traditional sense?",
    "choices":[
      "Elise made all of her daughter's baby clothes by hand, including a unique hand-knitted romper that she designed herself.",
      "Elise wanted her daughter to have a unique name, so she browsed baby name websites for months to find the perfect one."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Word usage and nuance",
    "skill":"Explore words with new or contested usages",
    "lecture":"Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner. When a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences. Britney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam. The traditional usage above is considered more standard. David perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages. The nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.",
    "solution":"The first text uses unique in its traditional sense: being the only one of its kind.\nElise made all of her daughter's baby clothes by hand, including a unique hand-knitted romper that she designed herself.\nThe second text uses unique in its nontraditional sense: interesting or unusual. Elise may have been looking for an unusual name, but if she found it on a baby name website, it is not actually one of a kind.\nElise wanted her daughter to have a unique name, so she browsed baby name websites for months to find the perfect one.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word unique because it is considered more standard.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.",
    "solution":"Both magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.\nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1071\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a compound sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "The average American eats three pounds of sugar each week.",
      "Mike grew too many pumpkins, so he sold the extras at the market."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple or compound?",
    "lecture":"A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate. The pitcher threw the ball to first base. A compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. The pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it. Some simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences. Anna and James will watch the fireworks tonight. This simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James. The singers bowed and walked off the stage. This simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat. This is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.",
    "solution":"The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction so.\nMike grew too many pumpkins, so he sold the extras at the market.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Pennsylvania?",
    "choices":[
      "Harrisburg",
      "Providence",
      "Boston",
      "Montpelier"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Northeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Harrisburg is the capital of Pennsylvania.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1077\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Thor's genotype for the coat pattern gene?",
    "choices":[
      "a black coat",
      "AA"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"In a group of jaguars, some individuals have a black coat and others have a spotted coat. In this group, the gene for the coat pattern trait has two alleles. The allele A is for a black coat, and the allele a is for a spotted coat.\nThor, a jaguar from this group, has a black coat. Thor has two alleles for a black coat.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.",
    "solution":"An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Thor has two alleles for a black coat (A). So, Thor's genotype for the coat pattern gene is AA.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest east?",
    "choices":[
      "Florida",
      "New York",
      "New Hampshire",
      "Iowa"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. New Hampshire is farthest east.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1100\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What evidence of erosion does this picture show?",
    "choices":[
      "The rocks in the canyon have a reddish color.",
      "There is a canyon with steep walls."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Erosion is what happens when loose pieces of rock are carried away by water, wind, or ice.\nThis is a picture of Antelope Canyon. Antelope Canyon was formed as a result of erosion over thousands of years.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Earth events",
    "skill":"Find evidence of changes to Earth's surface",
    "lecture":"Evidence is information that tells you something happened. How do you look for evidence of a change to Earth's surface? There are many ways to find evidence of a change to Earth's surface. One way is to look at a picture that was taken after the change. Here are some examples of what the evidence for different changes might be: <br\/><br\/> Cause of the change | Evidence of the change<br\/> earthquake | cracks in the ground; houses with broken walls and roofs<br\/> volcanic eruption | melted rock on Earth's surface; smoke coming out of a hole in the ground<br\/> erosion | a canyon with a river flowing through it; a river carrying sand and mud<br\/> <br\/> Be careful when you are looking for evidence! A picture of Earth's surface can contain a lot of information. Some of that information might be evidence of a change to the surface, but some of it is not! For example, a picture taken after an earthquake might show a blue sky. But the color of the sky is not evidence of an earthquake. So, that information is not evidence that an earthquake happened.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1102\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Would you find the word direction on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ndo - duty",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince direction is not between the guide words do - duty, it would not be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a compound sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "I had an old token for my subway fare, but the new system only accepts paper fare cards.",
      "Open and honest communication is the foundation of a healthy relationship."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple, compound, or complex?",
    "lecture":"A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence. the oranges on our tree are ripe The clause can stand alone. It is independent. after we pick up Kevin from work The clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent. A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause. Ben and I spent all day relaxing by the pool. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat. Ben usually wears his heavy coat in the winter. A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. We saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while. If she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.",
    "solution":"The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction but.\nI had an old token for my subway fare, but the new system only accepts paper fare cards.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnetic force is weaker in Pair 2.",
      "The magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Compare strengths of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart.",
    "solution":"Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.\nThe magnets in Pair 2 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 2 than in Pair 1.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1124\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is this organism's common name?",
    "choices":[
      "Fromia monilis",
      "necklace sea star"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This organism is Fromia monilis. It is also called a necklace sea star.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification and scientific names",
    "skill":"Identify common and scientific names",
    "lecture":"An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know. An organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English. Scientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca.",
    "solution":"Fromia monilis is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not. So, it is the scientific name.\nFromia monilis is the organism's scientific name. So, you know that necklace sea star is the common name.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1136\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the one substance that is not a mineral.",
    "choices":[
      "Wood is not a pure substance. It is formed in nature.",
      "Native gold is a solid. It is not made by living things.",
      "Baryte is a pure substance. It is not made by living things."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Rocks and minerals",
    "skill":"Identify minerals using properties",
    "lecture":"Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals. Minerals and rocks have the following properties: <br\/><br\/> Property | Mineral | Rock<br\/> It is a solid. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is a pure substance. | Yes | No<br\/> It has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No<br\/> <br\/> You can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither. Look closely at the last three properties: Minerals and rocks are not made by organisms. Organisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be  minerals or rocks. Humans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks. A mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not. A pure substance is made of only one type of matter.  Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures. A mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not. The crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way. However, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different!",
    "solution":"Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.\nNative gold is a mineral.\nBaryte is a mineral.\nWood is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.\nSo, wood is not a mineral.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which month has the lowest average precipitation in London?",
    "choices":[
      "May",
      "July",
      "February"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Use the graph to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Use climate data to make predictions",
    "lecture":"Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average precipitation for each month. The average precipitation can be used to describe the climate of a location. A bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average.",
    "solution":"To describe the average precipitation trends in London, look at the graph.\nChoice \"Feb\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"May\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.\nJuly has an average monthly precipitation of about 45 millimeters. This is lower than in any other month. So, July has the lowest average precipitation.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1149\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "sample B",
      "sample A",
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"Each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. The particles in sample B also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.\nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1152\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest east?",
    "choices":[
      "Wyoming",
      "Kansas",
      "Michigan",
      "Washington"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Maps",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Michigan is farthest east.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1159\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same species as the European nightjar.",
    "choices":[
      "Lepus europaeus",
      "Caprimulgus europaeus",
      "Tyto alba"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This organism is a European nightjar. Its scientific name is Caprimulgus europaeus.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification and scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"A European nightjar's scientific name is Caprimulgus europaeus.\nTyto alba does not have the same scientific name as a European nightjar. So, Caprimulgus europaeus and Tyto alba are not in the same species.\nLepus europaeus does have the same species within its genus as a European nightjar, but they are not in the same genus! They do not have the same scientific name as each other. So, these organisms are not in the same species.\nCaprimulgus europaeus has the same scientific name as a European nightjar. So, these organisms are in the same species.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1162\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which text message is more formal?",
    "choices":[
      "Ms. Wyatt is already here. She's waiting in the lobby.",
      "Heads up! Wyatt is here. In the lobby."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Audience, purpose, and tone",
    "skill":"Which text is most formal?",
    "lecture":"Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions. Formal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language. Compare the following sentences. Informal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome. More formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners. Most formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners.",
    "solution":"The first text message is more formal. It uses complete sentences, avoids slang (heads up), and uses the person's title (Ms. Wyatt). The other text message includes more casual language and sentence fragments.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal's skin is better adapted to hurt an attacking predator?",
    "choices":[
      "porcupine",
      "lesser bushbaby"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Thorny devils have sharp spines covering much of their skin. The skin of the  is adapted to hurt an attacking predator.\nFigure: thorny devil.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: skins and body coverings",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the thorny devil.\nThe thorny devil has sharp spines on its skin. Its skin is adapted to hurt an attacking predator. The spines can harm a predator that tries to bite the thorny devil.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe porcupine has sharp spines on its skin. Its skin is adapted to hurt an attacking predator.\nThe lesser bushbaby has soft fur covering its skin. Its skin is not adapted for hurting an attacking predator.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1177\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nI've heard that Christine & Co. is downsizing, so I'm happy to see that their store in downtown Greenville will remain open for now.",
    "choices":[
      "euphemism",
      "apostrophe"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify the figure of speech: review",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Anaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses. We are united. We are powerful. We are winners. Antithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure. I want to help, not to hurt. Apostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity. Oh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully? Assonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words. Try to light the fire. Chiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words. Never let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! An oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Some reviewers are calling this book a new classic. A paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Always expect the unexpected. Understatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is. As you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.",
    "solution":"The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nDownsizing is an indirect way of saying that the company is planning on firing employees, closing shops or branches, and\/or reducing its budget.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal's neck is also adapted for reaching high branches?",
    "choices":[
      "chital",
      "bison"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Gerenuk eat leaves and twigs. The 's neck is adapted for reaching branches that are high above the ground.\nFigure: gerenuk.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: beaks, mouths, and necks",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The shape of an animal's neck is one example of an adaptation. Animals' necks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large frilled neck might help an animal appear dangerous to its predators. A long neck might help an animal get food from tall trees.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the gerenuk.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe chital has a long neck. Its neck is adapted for reaching high branches.\nThe bison has a short neck. Its neck is not adapted for reaching high branches. The bison eats mostly grass.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1182\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the motion of two birds. Which bird was moving at a higher speed?",
    "choices":[
      "a bird that moved 25kilometers in 5hours",
      "a bird that moved 15kilometers in 5hours"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Compare the speeds of moving objects",
    "lecture":"An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time. Distance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer. Time tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour. Think about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed.",
    "solution":"Look at the distance each bird moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne bird moved 25 kilometers in 5 hours.\nThe other bird moved 15 kilometers in 5 hours.\nNotice that each bird spent the same amount of time moving. The bird that moved 25 kilometers moved a farther distance in that time. So, that bird must have moved at a higher speed.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which ocean is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "the Arctic Ocean",
      "the Atlantic Ocean",
      "the Pacific Ocean",
      "the Southern Ocean"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Physical Geography",
    "skill":"Oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean.",
    "solution":"This is the Arctic Ocean.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1191\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\npage - pie",
    "choices":[
      "peek",
      "proud"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince peek is between the guide words page - pie, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material, but some of them are different shapes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.",
    "solution":"The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nBoth magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.\nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1196\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the volume of a blender?",
    "choices":[
      "60 gallons",
      "60 cups",
      "60 fluid ounces"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Volume is a measurement of how much space something takes up. There are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons. As the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon. A glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the volume of a blender is 60 fluid ounces.\n60 cups and 60 gallons are both too much.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\nmilk going sour\nroasting a marshmallow over a campfire",
    "choices":[
      "Both are chemical changes.",
      "Both are caused by cooling.",
      "Both are caused by heating.",
      "Both are only physical changes."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nMilk going sour is a chemical change. The type of matter in the milk slowly changes. The new matter that is formed gives the milk its sour taste.\nRoasting a marshmallow is a chemical change. The type of matter on the outside of the marshmallow changes. As a marshmallow is roasted, it turns brown and crispy.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nRoasting is caused by heating. But milk going sour is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Oregon?",
    "choices":[
      "Santa Fe",
      "Salem",
      "Portland",
      "Denver"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Salem is the capital of Oregon.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1213\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property matches this object?",
    "choices":[
      "sweet",
      "bouncy"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the better answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Identify properties of an object",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.",
    "solution":"Look at the object.\nThink about each property.\nSugar has a sweet taste. The cake batter is sweet.\nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The cake batter is not bouncy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1215\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest west?",
    "choices":[
      "Georgia",
      "Virginia",
      "Rhode Island",
      "Pennsylvania"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Georgia is farthest west.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1216\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Haiti",
      "Barbados",
      "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines",
      "Saint Lucia"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"The Americas: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of the Caribbean",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is Saint Lucia.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1219\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal's limbs are also adapted for climbing trees?",
    "choices":[
      "red-necked wallaby",
      "chimpanzee"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Lar gibbons live in the forests of Southeast Asia. Their limbs are adapted for climbing trees.\nFigure: lar gibbon.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: feet and limbs",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. Arms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the lar gibbon.\nThe lar gibbon uses its long limbs to reach branches while climbing. It uses its fingers and toes to grab the branches.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe chimpanzee has long, powerful limbs. Its limbs are adapted for climbing trees.\nThe red-necked wallaby has small arms and long legs. Its limbs are not adapted for climbing trees. The red-necked wallaby moves by hopping on two legs.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1230\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What kind of sentence is this?\nScarlett considers Paris the most romantic city in the world.",
    "choices":[
      "exclamatory",
      "declarative",
      "interrogative"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory?",
    "lecture":"There are four kinds of sentences. A declarative sentence is a statement and always ends with a period. The nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure. An imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point. For this assignment, use references to support your claims. Don't drive so quickly in the construction zone! An interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark. Given the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction? An exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point. I can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!",
    "solution":"The sentence is a statement and ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Would you find the word survey on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nshampoo - silly",
    "choices":[
      "no",
      "yes"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince survey is not between the guide words shampoo - silly, it would not be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Montana?",
    "choices":[
      "Carson City",
      "Missoula",
      "New Haven",
      "Helena"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Helena is the capital of Montana.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1241\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a soccer field?",
    "choices":[
      "115 meters",
      "115 centimeters"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of distance",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Imagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers? The number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing. Now look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters. There are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter. There are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the length of a soccer field is 115 meters.\n115 centimeters is too short.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the euphemism in this text suggest?\nMr. Chen is enjoying his golden years in a luxurious beachside community just down the street from his grandchildren.",
    "choices":[
      "Mr. Chen lives near his family.",
      "Mr. Chen is old."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.",
    "solution":"The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe euphemism golden years indicates that Mr. Chen is old. Golden years is a nicer way of referring to old age.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which correctly shows the title of a book?",
    "choices":[
      "step by Wicked step",
      "Step by Wicked Step"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"capitalization",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Capitalizing titles",
    "lecture":"In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach These words are not important in titles: Articles, a, an, the Short prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up Coordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or",
    "solution":"Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word by is not important, so it should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is Step by Wicked Step.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which object has less thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "a pot of spaghetti sauce at a temperature of 50\u00b0C",
      "a pot of spaghetti sauce at a temperature of 60\u00b0C"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The objects are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Heat and thermal energy",
    "skill":"How is temperature related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.",
    "solution":"The two pots of spaghetti sauce have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 50\u00b0C pot of spaghetti sauce is colder than the 60\u00b0C pot of spaghetti sauce, it has less thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which greeting is correct for a letter?",
    "choices":[
      "Dear Grandma mia,",
      "Dear Grandma Mia,"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Greetings and closings of letters",
    "lecture":"A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue. Dear Aunt Sue, I'm glad you could come to my party, and thank you for the birthday gift. I could not have asked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think of you. With love, Rory",
    "solution":"The first greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Grandma Mia is capitalized because it is a proper noun.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material, but some of them are different sizes and shapes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger.",
    "solution":"The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.\nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1256\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nPeter is a real Benedict Arnold. After promising to work on my campaign for class president, he decided to support my opponent.",
    "choices":[
      "simile",
      "allusion"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify figures of speech: review",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Alliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words. What a lucky little lady you are! An allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. An idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned. The assignment was a piece of cake. A simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike. The cat's fur was as dark as the night. A metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as. The snow formed a blanket over the town. Onomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound. The scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat. Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. The trees danced in the wind. A pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning. A great new broom is sweeping the nation. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.",
    "solution":"The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nBenedict Arnold alludes to the American general during the Revolutionary War who betrayed his country and fought for the British.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?",
    "choices":[
      "weather",
      "climate"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Figure: Munich.\nMunich, a city in Germany, receives a small amount of snow each year during the winter.\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Weather and climate around the world",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the passage carefully.\nMunich, a city in Germany, receives a small amount of snow each year during the winter.\nThis passage tells you about the usual pattern of precipitation in Munich. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1264\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is softer?",
    "choices":[
      "cotton head band",
      "diamond"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of materials",
    "lecture":"Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. A material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.",
    "solution":"Soft is a property. A soft material changes shape when you press on it.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the cotton head band is softer. If you squeeze cotton fabric, it will change shape.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Look at the models of molecules below. Select the elementary substance.",
    "choices":[
      "carbon tetrachloride",
      "chlorine",
      "ethanol"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"Identify elementary substances and compounds using models",
    "lecture":"There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you. A substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl. Scientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride. In a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1266\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What kind of sentence is this?\nWhose responsibility is it to wake the mayor when there is an emergency?",
    "choices":[
      "exclamatory",
      "declarative",
      "interrogative"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory?",
    "lecture":"There are four kinds of sentences. A declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period. The nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure. An interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark. Do you have any plans for the upcoming weekend? An imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point. For this assignment, use references to support your claims. Don't drive so quickly in the construction zone! An exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point. I can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!",
    "solution":"The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Alabama?",
    "choices":[
      "Charleston",
      "Birmingham",
      "Richmond",
      "Montgomery"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Southeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Montgomery is the capital of Alabama.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1274\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following could Shawn's test show?",
    "choices":[
      "how steady a parachute with a 1 m vent was at 200 km per hour",
      "if the spacecraft was damaged when using a parachute with a 1 m vent going 200 km per hour",
      "whether a parachute with a 1 m vent would swing too much at 400 km per hour"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design.\nThe passage below describes how the engineering-design process was used to test a solution to a problem. Read the passage. Then answer the question below.\n\nShawn was an aerospace engineer who was developing a parachute for a spacecraft that would land on Mars. He needed to add a vent at the center of the parachute so the spacecraft would land smoothly. However, the spacecraft would have to travel at a high speed before landing. If the vent was too big or too small, the parachute might swing wildly at this speed. The movement could damage the spacecraft.\nSo, to help decide how big the vent should be, Shawn put a parachute with a 1 m vent in a wind tunnel. The wind tunnel made it seem like the parachute was moving at 200 km per hour. He observed the parachute to see how much it swung.\nFigure: a spacecraft's parachute in a wind tunnel.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Engineering practices",
    "skill":"Evaluate tests of engineering-design solutions",
    "lecture":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured. Imagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves. First, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind. Then, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved. Tests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1277\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the statement.\nMethane is ().",
    "choices":[
      "an elementary substance",
      "a compound"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The model below represents a molecule of methane. Methane is the main component of natural gas, which is used in homes for heating and cooking.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"Classify elementary substances and compounds using models",
    "lecture":"All substances are made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl. Scientists can use models to represent molecules. A ball-and-stick model of a molecule is shown below. This model represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride. In a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent chemical bonds. Notice how each ball is labeled with a symbol for a chemical element. The ball represents one atom of that element.",
    "solution":"Count the number of chemical elements represented in the model. Then, decide if methane is an elementary substance or a compound.\nIn this model, each ball is labeled with C for carbon or H for hydrogen. So, the model shows you that methane is made of two chemical elements bonded together.\nSubstances made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, methane is a compound.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1280\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2.",
      "The magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1.",
      "The strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Compare strengths of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together.",
    "solution":"Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.\nThe magnets in Pair 2 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1283\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which continent is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "South America",
      "Antarctica",
      "North America"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Identify oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"A continent is one of the seven largest areas of land on earth.",
    "solution":"This continent is South America.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1284\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nEdward lives in a town with hot summers and freezing cold winters.",
    "choices":[
      "weather",
      "climate"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Hint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"What's the difference between weather and climate?",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the text carefully.\nEdward lives in a town with hot summers and freezing cold winters.\nThis passage tells you about the usual temperatures where Edward lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which text uses the word literally in its traditional sense?",
    "choices":[
      "The curry that the chef prepared was so spicy that Julian's mouth was literally on fire by the time he finished his meal.",
      "The curry that the chef prepared was so spicy that Julian literally had to drink three glasses of milk to ease the pain."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Word usage and nuance",
    "skill":"Explore words with new or contested usages",
    "lecture":"Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner. When a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences. Britney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam. The traditional usage above is considered more standard. David perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages. The nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.",
    "solution":"The second text uses literally in its traditional sense: in a factual, non-exaggerated way.\nThe curry that the chef prepared was so spicy that Julian literally had to drink three glasses of milk to ease the pain.\nThe first text uses literally in its nontraditional sense: nearly or in effect (often exaggerated). Julian's mouth may be in pain, but it is not actually on fire.\nThe curry that the chef prepared was so spicy that Julian's mouth was literally on fire by the time he finished his meal.\nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word literally because it is generally considered incorrect.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which bird's beak is also adapted to get nectar out of long flowers?",
    "choices":[
      "snowy owl",
      "violet sabrewing"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Malachite sunbirds live in the coastal and hilly areas of South Africa. The shape of the 's beak is adapted to get nectar out of long flowers.\nFigure: malachite sunbird.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: beaks, mouths, and necks",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the malachite sunbird.\nThe malachite sunbird has a long, thin beak. Its beak is adapted to get nectar out of long flowers. The malachite sunbird's long, thin beak can reach deep into the flowers.\nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.\nThe violet sabrewing has a long, thin beak. Its beak is adapted to get nectar out of long flowers.\nThe snowy owl has a short hooked beak. Its beak is not adapted to get nectar out of long flowers. The snowy owl uses its beak to tear through meat.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1299\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which sentence is more formal?",
    "choices":[
      "Susan McKee is an ace reporter, so it was not surprising that she was nominated for an award.",
      "Susan McKee is an excellent reporter, so it came as no surprise when her work was nominated for an award."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Author's purpose and tone",
    "skill":"Which sentence is more formal?",
    "lecture":"Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing: <br\/><br\/> Type | Examples<br\/> slang | cool, awesome<br\/> idioms | knock your socks off<br\/> conversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah<br\/> abbreviated language | ASAP, FYI<br\/> overly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store<br\/> contractions | can't, won't<br\/> <br\/> Contractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing. Compare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal. Informal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners. Formal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.",
    "solution":"The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses slang (ace).\nThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the slang, so it is more formal overall.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Washington?",
    "choices":[
      "Salem",
      "Olympia",
      "Nampa",
      "Spokane"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify the 50 state capitals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Olympia is the capital of Washington.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1302\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is dolerite a mineral?",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Dolerite has the following properties:\nfound in nature\nnot a pure substance\nno fixed crystal structure\nsolid\nnot made by living things",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Rocks and minerals",
    "skill":"Identify rocks and minerals",
    "lecture":"Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties: It is a solid. It is formed in nature. It is not made by organisms. It is a pure substance. It has a fixed crystal structure. If a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral. Look closely at the last three properties: A mineral is not made by organisms. Organisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals. Humans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals. A mineral is a pure substance. A pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances. A mineral has a fixed crystal structure. The crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.",
    "solution":"Dolerite does not have all the properties of a mineral. So, dolerite is not a mineral.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1307\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same genus as the North American beaver.",
    "choices":[
      "Alouatta caraya",
      "Castor canadensis",
      "Hystrix cristata"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This organism is a North American beaver. Its scientific name is Castor canadensis.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification and scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"A North American beaver's scientific name is Castor canadensis. The first word of its scientific name is Castor.\nAlouatta caraya is in the genus Alouatta. The first word of its scientific name is Alouatta. So, Alouatta caraya and Castor canadensis are not in the same genus.\nHystrix cristata is in the genus Hystrix. The first word of its scientific name is Hystrix. So, Hystrix cristata and Castor canadensis are not in the same genus.\nThis organism and the North American beaver are in the same genus and the same species! Both organisms have the same scientific name, Castor canadensis.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1308\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a compound sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "Tomorrow the actors will practice their lines onstage.",
      "I pretend to be a knight, and Jeanette pretends to be an astronaut."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple or compound?",
    "lecture":"A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate. The pitcher threw the ball to first base. A compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. The pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it. Some simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences. Anna and James will watch the fireworks tonight. This simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James. The singers bowed and walked off the stage. This simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat. This is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.",
    "solution":"The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction and.\nI pretend to be a knight, and Jeanette pretends to be an astronaut.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same species as the agile wallaby.",
    "choices":[
      "Alouatta palliata",
      "Macropus agilis",
      "Lontra canadensis"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This organism is an agile wallaby. Its scientific name is Macropus agilis.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"An agile wallaby's scientific name is Macropus agilis.\nAlouatta palliata does not have the same scientific name as an agile wallaby. So, Macropus agilis and Alouatta palliata are not in the same species.\nMacropus agilis has the same scientific name as an agile wallaby. So, these organisms are in the same species.\nLontra canadensis does not have the same scientific name as an agile wallaby. So, Macropus agilis and Lontra canadensis are not in the same species.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1317\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which tense does the sentence use?\nThe girl will take a bath before bed.",
    "choices":[
      "present tense",
      "past tense",
      "future tense"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"verbs",
    "category":"Verb tense",
    "skill":"Is the sentence in the past, present, or future tense?",
    "lecture":"Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now. Most present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es. Two verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms. Past tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened. Most past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed. Some verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms. Future tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen. All future-tense verbs use the word will. <br\/><br\/> Present | Past | Future<br\/> walk, walks | walked | will walk<br\/> go, goes | went | will go<br\/>",
    "solution":"The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, take. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which ocean is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "the Southern Ocean",
      "the Arctic Ocean",
      "the Indian Ocean",
      "the Pacific Ocean"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Physical Geography",
    "skill":"Oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean.",
    "solution":"This is the Indian Ocean.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1325\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which colony was Middle Colonies?",
    "choices":[
      "Pennsylvania",
      "Maryland",
      "Rhode Island"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The map below shows the Thirteen Colonies in 1750.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"English colonies in North America",
    "skill":"Middle colonies: founding and government",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The four Middle Colonies are dark blue on the map:\nDuring colonial times, Delaware was usually called the Three Lower Counties on the Delaware, or the Lower Counties for short.\nNew York claimed part of the land that would later become the state of Vermont. But New Hampshire, a New England colony, also claimed this area.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1327\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property matches this object?",
    "choices":[
      "flexible",
      "slippery"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the better answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Identify properties of an object",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.",
    "solution":"Look at the object.\nThink about each property.\nA flexible object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. The spring is flexible.\nA slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. The spring is not slippery.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1330\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of New Hampshire?",
    "choices":[
      "Concord",
      "Augusta",
      "Manchester",
      "Boston"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Northeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Concord is the capital of New Hampshire.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1332\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence.\nThe bee hummingbird is the () hummingbird.",
    "choices":[
      "loudest",
      "fastest",
      "smallest"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Read the first part of the passage about hummingbirds.\nThe smallest bird in the world is the hummingbird. A hummingbird is as light as a piece of paper.\nThe smallest hummingbird is called the bee hummingbird. It is the same size as a big bug.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade1",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reading-comprehension",
    "category":"Read-alone texts",
    "skill":"Read passages about animals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The passage says the smallest hummingbird is called the bee hummingbird.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1342\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Can Lithops bromfieldii cells make their own food?",
    "choices":[
      "no",
      "yes"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This organism is Lithops bromfieldii. It is a member of the plant kingdom.\nLithops bromfieldii lives in South Africa. Each L. bromfieldii is made up of two brown or gray leaves. Because of its unusual appearance, L. bromfieldii is sometimes called a living stone.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Describe, classify, and compare kingdoms",
    "lecture":"In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms. Organisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom. <br\/><br\/>  | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | Plants<br\/> How many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | many<br\/> Do their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yes<br\/> Can their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes<br\/>",
    "solution":"Lithops bromfieldii is a plant. Plant cells can make their own food. Plant cells make food using photosynthesis.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1353\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Identify the question that Evelyn's experiment can best answer.",
    "choices":[
      "Can light bulbs stay lit longer when circuits include copper or when circuits include iron?",
      "Do circuits that include iron produce dimmer light than circuits that include copper?"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below.\n\nEvelyn built an electric circuit: she used wires to connect a battery to a light bulb, the light bulb to a small piece of copper, and the copper back to the battery. When the circuit was complete, the light turned on. Evelyn observed the brightness of the light for five seconds. She then replaced the copper with a piece of iron of equal size and noted whether the light became brighter or dimmer. Evelyn built three more of the same type of circuit. She repeated the tests with each circuit. Evelyn recorded whether the circuits produced brighter light when the circuit included copper or when the circuit included iron.\nFigure: a circuit with a battery, a light bulb, and a piece of copper.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify the experimental question",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment. Imagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured. First, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested. Then, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured. Experiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height. Examples of questions that this experiment can answer include: Does soil type affect the height of daffodil plants? Do daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil? Are daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1356\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nKayla, I've told you a million times: you need to dry the dishes before you put them away.",
    "choices":[
      "hyperbole",
      "oxymoron"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify figures of speech: euphemism, hyperbole, oxymoron, paradox",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! An oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Some reviewers are calling this book a new classic. A paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Always expect the unexpected.",
    "solution":"The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nA million times is an exaggeration, since it is unlikely that Kayla has actually been told this a million times.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnetic force is weaker in Pair 2.",
      "The magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Compare strengths of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart.",
    "solution":"Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.\nThe magnets in Pair 1 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1 than in Pair 2.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1361\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nJaylen's leaving his job? That's old news. He's been planning that for months.",
    "choices":[
      "oxymoron",
      "anaphora"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify the figure of speech: review",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Anaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses. We are united. We are powerful. We are winners. Antithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure. I want to help, not to hurt. Apostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity. Oh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully? Assonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words. Try to light the fire. Chiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words. Never let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! An oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Some reviewers are calling this book a new classic. A paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Always expect the unexpected. Understatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is. As you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.",
    "solution":"The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nOld news is a contradiction, because news is recent information.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is harder?",
    "choices":[
      "clay tile",
      "paper bag"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of materials",
    "lecture":"Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. A material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy. For example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.",
    "solution":"Hard is a property. A hard material keeps its shape when you press on it with your finger.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pushing on the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the clay tile is harder. If you step on clay tile, it will not change shape.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which continent is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Asia",
      "North America",
      "Africa",
      "South America"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Oceans and continents",
    "skill":"Identify oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents.",
    "solution":"This continent is Africa.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1373\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nAll for one, one for all.\n\u2014Alexandre Dumas, The Three Musketeers",
    "choices":[
      "chiasmus",
      "hyperbole"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify the figure of speech: review",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Anaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses. We are united. We are powerful. We are winners. Antithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure. I want to help, not to hurt. Apostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity. Oh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully? Assonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words. Try to light the fire. Chiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words. Never let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! An oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Some reviewers are calling this book a new classic. A paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Always expect the unexpected. Understatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is. As you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.",
    "solution":"The text uses chiasmus, an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nThe second half of the sentence reverses the order of the words all and one relative to the first half.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "the Marshall Islands",
      "the Federated States of Micronesia",
      "Palau",
      "Fiji"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Oceania: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of Oceania",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is Palau.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1381\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which solution has a higher concentration of yellow particles?",
    "choices":[
      "Solution A",
      "Solution B",
      "neither; their concentrations are the same"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each yellow ball represents one particle of solute.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Compare concentrations of solutions",
    "lecture":"A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent. concentration = particles of solute \/ volume of solvent",
    "solution":"In Solution A and Solution B, the yellow particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of yellow particles, look at both the number of yellow particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of yellow particles per milliliter.\nSolution A has more yellow particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of yellow particles.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1386\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which i in column 1?",
    "choices":[
      "the diner",
      "the library",
      "the theater",
      "the park"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Use a letter-number grid",
    "lecture":"A grid is made up of lines of squares. They are organized in rows and columns. A grid can help you use a map. A row is a line of squares that goes from side to side. Rows are marked with letters. A column is a line of squares that goes up and down. Columns are marked with numbers.",
    "solution":"The park is in column 1.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1394\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest east?",
    "choices":[
      "Utah",
      "Montana",
      "Oklahoma",
      "Oregon"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Maps",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Oklahoma is farthest east.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1397\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What can Lacey and Martin trade to each get what they want?",
    "choices":[
      "Martin can trade his broccoli for Lacey's oranges.",
      "Martin can trade his almonds for Lacey's tomatoes.",
      "Lacey can trade her tomatoes for Martin's carrots.",
      "Lacey can trade her tomatoes for Martin's broccoli."
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":"Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.\nLacey and Martin open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Neither Lacey nor Martin got everything that they wanted. The table below shows which items they each wanted:\n\nLook at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.\nLacey's lunch Martin's lunch",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Trade and specialization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the table and images.\nLacey wants broccoli. Martin wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1404\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which type of sentence is this?\nLee took several incredible panoramic photographs of the sweeping view from the top of Table Mountain.",
    "choices":[
      "compound",
      "complex",
      "compound-complex",
      "simple"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Phrases and clauses",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex?",
    "lecture":"A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence. the oranges on our tree are ripe The clause can stand alone. It is independent. after we pick up Kevin from work The clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent. A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause. Ben and I spent all day relaxing by the pool. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat. Ben usually wears his heavy coat in the winter. A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. We saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose. If she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. During his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome. A compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. After Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym. Sometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause. Orcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.",
    "solution":"The sentence is simple. It is a single independent clause.\nLee took several incredible panoramic photographs of the sweeping view from the top of Table Mountain.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same species as the green tree frog.",
    "choices":[
      "Hyla cinerea",
      "Atelopus zeteki",
      "Bufo viridis"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This organism is a green tree frog. Its scientific name is Hyla cinerea.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"A green tree frog's scientific name is Hyla cinerea.\nBufo viridis does not have the same scientific name as a green tree frog. So, Hyla cinerea and Bufo viridis are not in the same species.\nHyla cinerea has the same scientific name as a green tree frog. So, these organisms are in the same species.\nAtelopus zeteki does not have the same scientific name as a green tree frog. So, Hyla cinerea and Atelopus zeteki are not in the same species.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1408\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the direction of this push?",
    "choices":[
      "toward his hands",
      "away from his hands"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Two friends are out in a park. One man walks. He uses a force to push the other man's wheelchair with his hands.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Identify directions of forces",
    "lecture":"A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to another. Every force has a direction. The direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing. The direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling.",
    "solution":"The walking man pushes the wheelchair. The direction of the push is away from his hands.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1414\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following could Dakota's test show?",
    "choices":[
      "if the blade guards would break in a crash",
      "how much the drone weighed with the blade guards",
      "if adding the blade guards made the drone fly poorly"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design.\nThe passage below describes how the engineering-design process was used to test a solution to a problem. Read the passage. Then answer the question below.\n\nDakota was designing small aircraft called drones to pick up items from warehouse shelves. She knew that the drones' propeller blades would get damaged if they bumped into anything while flying through the warehouse. So, Dakota wanted to add blade guards to protect the propeller blades. The guards had to be sturdy so they would not break in a crash. But she thought that if the guards weighed too much, the drones would not fly well.\nSo, Dakota put guards made of lightweight metal on one drone. Then she observed how well the drone flew with the guards.\nFigure: a drone without blade guards.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Engineering practices",
    "skill":"Evaluate tests of engineering-design solutions",
    "lecture":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured. Imagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves. First, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind. Then, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved. Tests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1417\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the amphibian.",
    "choices":[
      "green chameleon",
      "hammerhead shark",
      "western toad",
      "Banggai cardinalfish"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Amphibians have moist skin and begin their lives in water.",
    "solution":"A hammerhead shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nHammerhead sharks get their names from the shape of their heads. They have a wide, flat head and a small mouth.\nA green chameleon is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nChameleons eat insects. They use their long, sticky tongues to catch their prey.\nA western toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.\nA Banggai cardinalfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nCardinalfish often live near coral reefs. They are nocturnal, which means that they are active mostly at night.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is a strawberry a good or a service?",
    "choices":[
      "a service",
      "a good"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Economics",
    "skill":"Goods and services",
    "lecture":"Everything you can buy is either a good or a service. A good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good. A service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service.",
    "solution":"To decide whether a strawberry is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs a strawberry something you can touch? Yes.\nIs a strawberry a job you might pay someone else to do? No.\nSo, a strawberry is a good.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the euphemism in this text suggest?\nWill is big-boned, so despite being in middle school, he often shops in the men's department.",
    "choices":[
      "Will has larger bones than most people.",
      "Will is overweight."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret the figure of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.",
    "solution":"The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe euphemism big-boned suggests that Will is overweight.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is Oxalis acetosella made up of one cell?",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This organism is Oxalis acetosella. It is a member of the plant kingdom.\nOxalis acetosella is commonly called wood sorrel. A wood sorrel plant has heart-shaped leaves and white flowers. Its flowers and leaves can fold up at night. Folding up helps protect the flowers and leaves from being eaten by insects.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Describe, classify, and compare kingdoms",
    "lecture":"In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms. Organisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom. <br\/><br\/>  | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | Plants<br\/> How many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | many<br\/> Do their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yes<br\/> Can their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes<br\/>",
    "solution":"Oxalis acetosella is a plant. Plants are made up of many cells.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1441\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which sentence is more formal?",
    "choices":[
      "On a date next week TBD, the library will close so that new computers can be installed.",
      "The library will close for one day next week so that new computers can be installed."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Author's purpose and tone",
    "skill":"Which sentence is more formal?",
    "lecture":"Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing: <br\/><br\/> Type | Examples<br\/> slang | cool, awesome<br\/> idioms | knock your socks off<br\/> conversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah<br\/> abbreviated language | ASAP, FYI<br\/> overly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store<br\/> contractions | can't, won't<br\/> <br\/> Contractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing. Compare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal. Informal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners. Formal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.",
    "solution":"The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses abbreviated language (TBD).\nThe first sentence does not use abbreviated language, so it is more formal.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material, but some of them are different sizes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller.",
    "solution":"Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.\nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1457\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature",
      "sample B",
      "sample A"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"Each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. The particles in sample B also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.\nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1487\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which month has the lowest average precipitation in London?",
    "choices":[
      "November",
      "May",
      "July"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Use the graph to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Use climate data to make predictions",
    "lecture":"Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average precipitation for each month. The average precipitation can be used to describe the climate of a location. A bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average.",
    "solution":"To describe the average precipitation trends in London, look at the graph.\nChoice \"May\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Nov\" is incorrect.\nJuly has an average monthly precipitation of about 45 millimeters. This is lower than in any other month. So, July has the lowest average precipitation.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1489\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Nebraska?",
    "choices":[
      "Bismarck",
      "Lincoln",
      "Omaha",
      "Topeka"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Lincoln is the capital of Nebraska.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1490\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following trait inherited or acquired?\nJerry has five toes on each foot.",
    "choices":[
      "inherited",
      "acquired"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Hint: Jerry was born with five toes on each foot.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Identify inherited and acquired traits",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.",
    "solution":"Most humans are born with five toes on each foot. So, having five toes is an inherited trait.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nshy - spool",
    "choices":[
      "symbol",
      "slippery"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince slippery is between the guide words shy - spool, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Identify the question that Alvin's experiment can best answer.",
    "choices":[
      "Does temperature affect how much bacteria can grow in liquid?",
      "Do more bacteria grow in liquid with cinnamon than in liquid without cinnamon?"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below.\n\nAlvin mixed bacteria into a nutrient-rich liquid where the bacteria could grow. He poured four ounces of the mixture into each of ten glass flasks. In five of the ten flasks, he also added one teaspoon of cinnamon. He allowed the bacteria in the flasks to grow overnight in a 37\u00b0C room. Then, Alvin used a microscope to count the number of bacteria in a small sample from each flask. He compared the amount of bacteria in the liquid with cinnamon to the amount of bacteria in the liquid without cinnamon.\nFigure: flasks of liquid for growing bacteria.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify the experimental question",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment. Imagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured. First, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested. Then, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured. Experiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height. Examples of questions that this experiment can answer include: Does soil type affect the height of daffodil plants? Do daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil? Are daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1498\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nThe Atacama Desert in Chile is one of the driest places on Earth. It has an average precipitation of only 1.5 centimeters per year.",
    "choices":[
      "weather",
      "climate"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Hint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"What's the difference between weather and climate?",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the text carefully.\nThe Atacama Desert in Chile is one of the driest places on Earth. It has an average precipitation of only 1.5 centimeters per year.\nThis passage tells you about the usual precipitation in the Atacama Desert. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "repel",
      "attract"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.\n\nHint: Magnets that attract pull together. Magnets that repel push apart.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south. Here are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S. If different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1512\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?",
    "choices":[
      "Mr. Garza was reaching for the ladle in the gravy bowl when his wife took it away.",
      "Mr. Garza was reaching for the ladle in the gravy bowl when his wife took the ladle away."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Pronouns",
    "skill":"Identify vague pronoun references",
    "lecture":"When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.",
    "solution":"The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to the ladle or the gravy bowl.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the ladle.\nMr. Garza was reaching for the ladle in the gravy bowl when his wife took the ladle away.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence.\nAn icicle forming on the edge of a roof is a ().",
    "choices":[
      "physical change",
      "chemical change"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Identify physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Burning a piece of paper is a chemical change. When paper gets hot enough, it reacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same. Cutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper. A change of state is a type of physical change. For example, ice melting is a physical change. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.",
    "solution":"An icicle forming on the edge of a roof is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. Liquid water freezes and becomes solid, but it is still made of water. A different type of matter is not formed.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of West Virginia?",
    "choices":[
      "Topeka",
      "Tallahassee",
      "Charleston",
      "Huntington"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Southeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Charleston is the capital of West Virginia.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1523\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Missouri?",
    "choices":[
      "Pierre",
      "Kansas City",
      "Jefferson City",
      "Saint Louis"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Jefferson City is the capital of Missouri.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1525\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles?",
    "choices":[
      "neither; their concentrations are the same",
      "Solution B",
      "Solution A"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each blue ball represents one particle of solute.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Compare concentrations of solutions",
    "lecture":"A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent. concentration = particles of solute \/ volume of solvent",
    "solution":"In Solution A and Solution B, the blue particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles, look at both the number of blue particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of blue particles per milliliter.\nSolution A has more blue particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of blue particles.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1534\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these three objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "salty",
      "smooth",
      "flexible"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the best answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA flexible object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. The fries are flexible, but the potato chips are not.\nA smooth object is not scratchy or rough. The potato chips and the fries are not smooth.\nPotato chips have a salty taste. All three objects are salty.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is salty.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1543\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of South Carolina?",
    "choices":[
      "Charleston",
      "Columbia",
      "Memphis",
      "Atlanta"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Southeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Columbia is the capital of South Carolina.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1544\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Toriel's phenotype for the coat color trait?",
    "choices":[
      "a reddish-brown coat",
      "a black coat"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"In a group of horses, some individuals have a black coat and others have a reddish-brown coat. In this group, the gene for the coat color trait has two alleles. The allele for a reddish-brown coat (l) is recessive to the allele for a black coat (L).\nToriel is a horse from this group. Toriel has the homozygous genotype LL for the coat color gene.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: dominant and recessive",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. Some traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene. An organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene. An organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene. The types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. A dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers. A recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.",
    "solution":"Toriel's genotype for the coat color gene is LL. Toriel's genotype of LL has only L allelles. The L allele is for a black coat. So, Toriel's phenotype for the coat color trait must be a black coat.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Toriel's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for a reddish-brown coat (l) is recessive to the allele for a black coat (L). This means L is a dominant allele, and l is a recessive allele.\nToriel's genotype of LL has two dominant alleles. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Toriel's phenotype for the coat color trait must be a black coat.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Massachusetts?",
    "choices":[
      "Boston",
      "Providence",
      "Cambridge",
      "Charlotte"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Northeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Boston is the capital of Massachusetts.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1574\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Identify the question that Juan's experiment can best answer.",
    "choices":[
      "Do more bacteria grow in liquid with cinnamon than in liquid without cinnamon?",
      "Does temperature affect how much bacteria can grow in liquid?"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below.\n\nJuan mixed bacteria into a nutrient-rich liquid where the bacteria could grow. He poured four ounces of the mixture into each of ten glass flasks. In five of the ten flasks, he also added one teaspoon of cinnamon. He allowed the bacteria in the flasks to grow overnight in a 37\u00b0C room. Then, Juan used a microscope to count the number of bacteria in a small sample from each flask. He compared the amount of bacteria in the liquid with cinnamon to the amount of bacteria in the liquid without cinnamon.\nFigure: flasks of liquid for growing bacteria.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify the experimental question",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment. Imagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured. First, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested. Then, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured. Experiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height. Examples of questions that this experiment can answer include: Does soil type affect the height of daffodil plants? Do daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil? Are daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1575\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?",
    "choices":[
      "Mr. Warren wanted the new employees to fill out their intake forms, but he couldn't find the forms.",
      "Mr. Warren wanted the new employees to fill out their intake forms, but he couldn't find them."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Pronouns",
    "skill":"Identify vague pronoun references",
    "lecture":"When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.",
    "solution":"The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them could refer to the new employees or their intake forms.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Them has been replaced with the forms.\nMr. Warren wanted the new employees to fill out their intake forms, but he couldn't find the forms.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the reptile below.",
    "choices":[
      "giraffe",
      "coral snake"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Reptiles have scaly, waterproof skin. Most reptiles live on land. A tortoise is an example of a reptile.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common. Scientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.",
    "solution":"A coral snake is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nA giraffe is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1585\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the vertebrate.",
    "choices":[
      "grasshopper",
      "pig"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Hint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are vertebrates.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify vertebrates and invertebrates",
    "lecture":"Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals. A vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange. An invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have a hard outer cover on their body. Other invertebrates have a soft body.",
    "solution":"A pig is a mammal. Like other mammals, a pig is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA grasshopper is an insect. Like other insects, a grasshopper is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\na copper statue turning green\nbaking an apple pie",
    "choices":[
      "Both are only physical changes.",
      "Both are chemical changes.",
      "Both are caused by cooling.",
      "Both are caused by heating."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nA copper statue turning green is a chemical change. The copper reacts with oxygen in the air. This reaction forms a different type of matter called copper oxide. The copper oxide is green.\nBaking an apple pie is a chemical change. The type of matter in the pie changes when it is baked. The crust turns brown, and the apples become soft.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBaking is caused by heating. But a copper statue turning green is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What can Harper and Adriana trade to each get what they want?",
    "choices":[
      "Harper can trade her tomatoes for Adriana's broccoli.",
      "Adriana can trade her broccoli for Harper's oranges.",
      "Adriana can trade her almonds for Harper's tomatoes.",
      "Harper can trade her tomatoes for Adriana's carrots."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.\nHarper and Adriana open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Neither Harper nor Adriana got everything that they wanted. The table below shows which items they each wanted:\n\nLook at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.\nHarper's lunch Adriana's lunch",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Trade and specialization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the table and images.\nHarper wants broccoli. Adriana wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1602\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following fossils is older? Select the more likely answer.",
    "choices":[
      "ginkgo leaf",
      "wood"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This diagram shows fossils in an undisturbed sedimentary rock sequence.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Fossils",
    "skill":"Compare ages of fossils in a rock sequence",
    "lecture":"A fossil is the preserved evidence of an ancient organism. Some fossils are formed from body parts such as bones or shells. Other fossils, such as footprints or burrows, are formed from traces of an organism's activities. Fossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually form in layers. Over time, new layers are added on top of old layers in a series called a rock sequence. The layers in an undisturbed rock sequence are in the same order as when they formed. So, the deeper layers are older than the shallower layers. The relative ages of fossils can be determined from their positions in an undisturbed rock sequence. Older fossils are usually in deeper layers, and younger fossils are usually in shallower layers.",
    "solution":"Look again at the fossils in the rock sequence diagram.\nCompare the positions of these fossils to determine which one is older:\nThe wood fossil is in a deeper layer in the rock sequence than the ginkgo leaf fossil. So, the wood fossil is most likely older than the ginkgo leaf fossil.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1616\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the mass of a school bus?",
    "choices":[
      "15 ounces",
      "15 pounds",
      "15 tons"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of mass",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Mass is a measurement of how much matter something contains. There are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons. There are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton. So, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton. A slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the mass of a school bus is 15 tons.\n15 ounces and 15 pounds are both too light.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal is also adapted to be camouflaged among green leaves?",
    "choices":[
      "green silver-line",
      "fire salamander"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Emerald tree boas live in the forests of South America. The tree boa is adapted to be camouflaged among green leaves.\nFigure: emerald tree boa.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: skins and body coverings",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the emerald tree boa.\nThe emerald tree boa has bright green scales covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged among green leaves. The word camouflage means to blend in.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe green silver-line has a green body. It is adapted to be camouflaged among green leaves.\nThe fire salamander has brightly colored skin. It is not adapted to be camouflaged among green leaves.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1638\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "repel",
      "attract"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south. Here are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S. If opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1639\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest east?",
    "choices":[
      "Wisconsin",
      "Washington",
      "Pennsylvania",
      "Utah"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Pennsylvania is farthest east.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1644\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?",
    "choices":[
      "After Maria scolded Susan for missing the deadline, she felt awful.",
      "Maria felt awful after she scolded Susan for missing the deadline."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Pronouns",
    "skill":"Identify vague pronoun references",
    "lecture":"When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.",
    "solution":"The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Maria or Susan.\nAfter Maria scolded Susan for missing the deadline, she felt awful.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nMaria felt awful after she scolded Susan for missing the deadline.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which material is this coat made of?",
    "choices":[
      "concrete",
      "metal"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Identify multiple materials in objects",
    "lecture":"A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. Some objects are made of just one material. Most nails are made of metal. Other objects are made of more than one material. This hammer is made of metal and wood.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the coat.\nThe coat is made of two materials. The buckle is made of metal. The rest of the coat is made of wool.\nWool comes from the fluffy coats of sheep! First, a farmer cuts the sheep's coats. Then, the wool is spun into yarn. The yarn can be dyed and used to make clothes.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1662\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following could Manuel's test show?",
    "choices":[
      "which design would have the greatest distance between the concert area and the road",
      "which design would have the least traffic noise in the concert area",
      "if at least 20% of the park would be shaded by trees in each design"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design.\nThe passage below describes how the engineering-design process was used to test a solution to a problem. Read the passage. Then answer the question below.\n\nManuel was a landscape architect who was hired to design a new city park. The city council wanted the park to have space for outdoor concerts and to have at least 20% of the park shaded by trees. Manuel thought the concert area should be at least 150 meters from the road so traffic noise didn't interrupt the music. He developed three possible designs for the park with the concert area in a different location in each design. Then, he tested each design by measuring the distance between the road and the concert area.\nFigure: studying an architect's design.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Engineering practices",
    "skill":"Evaluate tests of engineering-design solutions",
    "lecture":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured. Imagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves. First, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind. Then, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved. Tests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1664\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Does the sentence use a simile or a metaphor?\nFrom across the room, Uncle Ronald's laughter was booming thunder.",
    "choices":[
      "simile",
      "metaphor"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Identify similes and metaphors",
    "lecture":"Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike. A simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as. My sister runs like a cheetah. The sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like. A cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast. The cat's fur was as dark as the night. The cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as. The night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark. A metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as. The snow formed a blanket over the town. The snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as. A blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely. Using similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader.",
    "solution":"From across the room, Uncle Ronald's laughter was booming thunder.\nThe words laughter and thunder are compared without the word like or as. So, the sentence uses a metaphor.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the liquid.",
    "choices":[
      "ballet shoes",
      "hammer",
      "wet paint",
      "ring"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"States of matter",
    "skill":"Identify solids, liquids, and gases",
    "lecture":"Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own. Some solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid. When matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle. Some liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk. When matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space. Many gases are invisible. Air is a gas.",
    "solution":"A ring is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. A ring keeps its shape, even when you take it off your finger.\nA ballet shoe is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. When a dancer wears a ballet shoe, it may bend a little. But the ballet shoe still has a size and shape of its own.\nA hammer is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. A hammer is made of iron and wood. Both iron and wood are solids.\nWet paint is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour wet paint out of a can, the paint will change shape. But the wet paint will still take up the same amount of space.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\n\"That fits you well,\" Bobby remarked after Paula's cap fell over her eyes for the tenth time.",
    "choices":[
      "The cap was a good fit.",
      "The cap was too big."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.",
    "solution":"The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nFits you well ironically suggests that the cap was too big. The cap was falling over Paula's eyes, so it didn't fit her well at all.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the description that doesn't belong.",
    "choices":[
      "old",
      "after",
      "during",
      "before"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"vocabulary",
    "category":"Categories",
    "skill":"Select the words that don't belong",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Old doesn't belong.\nDuring, before, and after all describe the order of events.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\nerosion caused by wind\nmixing sand and water",
    "choices":[
      "Both are caused by heating.",
      "Both are only physical changes.",
      "Both are chemical changes.",
      "Both are caused by cooling."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Chemical reactions",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule. In a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns. In a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nErosion caused by wind is a physical change. The wind carries away tiny pieces of rock. But the pieces of rock do not become a different type of matter.\nMixing sand and water is a physical change. Adding water makes the sand wet. But both the sand and water are still made of the same type of matter as before.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following organisms is the tertiary consumer in this food web?",
    "choices":[
      "copepod",
      "rotifer",
      "green algae"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Below is a food web from Little Rock Lake, a freshwater lake ecosystem in Wisconsin.\nA food web models how the matter eaten by organisms moves through an ecosystem. The arrows in a food web represent how matter moves between organisms in an ecosystem.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Interpret food webs I",
    "lecture":"A food web is a model. A food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food. Arrows show how matter moves. A food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating. An organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web. An organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web.",
    "solution":"Tertiary consumers eat secondary consumers. So, in a food web, tertiary consumers have arrows pointing to them from secondary consumers. Secondary consumers have arrows pointing to them from primary consumers. And primary consumers have arrows pointing to them from producers.\nThe copepod has an arrow pointing to it from the rotifer. The rotifer is a secondary consumer, so the copepod is a tertiary consumer.\nThe rotifer has arrows pointing to it from the green algae and the water flea. Neither the green algae nor the water flea is a secondary consumer, so the rotifer is not a tertiary consumer.\nThe black crappie has arrows pointing to it from the rotifer and the shiner. The rotifer and the shiner are secondary consumers, so the black crappie is a tertiary consumer.\nThe green algae does not have any arrows pointing to it, so it is not a tertiary consumer.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1677\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which type of relationship is formed when a megabat eats a fig and drops the fig tree's seeds in a new location?",
    "choices":[
      "parasitic",
      "mutualistic",
      "commensal"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the passage. Then answer the question.\n\nMegabats are large-bodied bats that eat fruit, including figs.\nWhen a megabat eats a fig, it may also swallow the seeds inside the fig. The bat gets energy from the fruit but cannot digest the seeds. The seeds pass through the bat's digestive system and are disposed of in its feces.\nThe bat often drops the seeds far from the fig tree that produced the fruit. When a seed germinates, or begins to grow, in a new location, it doesn't need to compete with its parent tree for resources. So, both the fig seed and the parent tree have a better chance of surviving.\nFigure: a megabat carrying a fig away from a fig tree.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecological interactions",
    "skill":"Classify symbiotic relationships",
    "lecture":"When two organisms of different species interact in a way that affects one or both organisms, they form a symbiotic relationship. The word symbiosis comes from a Greek word that means living together. Scientists define types of symbiotic relationships based on how each organism is affected. This table lists three common types of symbiotic relationships. It shows how each organism is affected in each type of symbiotic relationship. <br\/><br\/> Type of symbiotic relationship | Organism of one species... | Organism of the other species...<br\/> Commensal | benefits | is not significantly affected<br\/> Mutualistic | benefits | benefits<br\/> Parasitic | benefits | is harmed (but not usually killed)<br\/>",
    "solution":"When a megabat eats a fig, the megabat gets the food it needs to survive and grow. So the megabat benefits from its relationship with the fig tree.\nBoth the fig tree and its seeds have a better chance of surviving when the bat moves the seeds to a new location. So, the fig tree also benefits from its relationship with the megabat.\nSince both the megabat and the fig tree benefit, a mutualistic relationship is formed when a megabat eats a fig and drops the fig tree's seeds in a new location.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1678\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the mammal below.",
    "choices":[
      "giraffe",
      "green tree frog"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Mammals have hair or fur and feed their young milk. A zebra is an example of a mammal.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common. Scientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.",
    "solution":"A green tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nThere are many kinds of tree frogs. Most tree frogs are very small. They can walk on thin branches.\nA giraffe is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.\nGiraffes eat mostly leaves that are too high up for other animals to reach.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1679\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of South Dakota?",
    "choices":[
      "Pierre",
      "Newark",
      "Charleston",
      "Sioux Falls"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Pierre is the capital of South Dakota.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1681\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence.\nStapling an envelope shut is a ().",
    "choices":[
      "physical change",
      "chemical change"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Identify physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Burning a piece of paper is a chemical change. When paper gets hot enough, it reacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same. Cutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper. A change of state is a type of physical change. For example, ice melting is a physical change. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.",
    "solution":"Stapling an envelope shut is a physical change. The envelope and the staple get new shapes. Both are still made of the same type of matter.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same species as the pink-backed pelican.",
    "choices":[
      "Strix uralensis",
      "Pelecanus rufescens",
      "Ardea cinerea"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This organism is a pink-backed pelican. Its scientific name is Pelecanus rufescens.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification and scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"A pink-backed pelican's scientific name is Pelecanus rufescens.\nPelecanus rufescens has the same scientific name as a pink-backed pelican. So, these organisms are in the same species.\nStrix uralensis does not have the same scientific name as a pink-backed pelican. So, Pelecanus rufescens and Strix uralensis are not in the same species.\nArdea cinerea does not have the same scientific name as a pink-backed pelican. So, Pelecanus rufescens and Ardea cinerea are not in the same species.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1684\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest north?",
    "choices":[
      "Louisiana",
      "Michigan",
      "Illinois",
      "New Mexico"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Michigan is farthest north.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1688\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which tense does the sentence use?\nWe will camp for two nights.",
    "choices":[
      "past tense",
      "present tense",
      "future tense"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"verbs",
    "category":"Verb tense",
    "skill":"Is the sentence in the past, present, or future tense?",
    "lecture":"Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now. Most present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es. Two verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms. Past tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened. Most past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed. Some verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms. Future tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen. All future-tense verbs use the word will. <br\/><br\/> Present | Past | Future<br\/> walk, walks | walked | will walk<br\/> go, goes | went | will go<br\/>",
    "solution":"The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, camp. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Samuel inherited this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Samuel and his father both have short hair.",
      "Samuel's parents were born with straight hair. They passed down this trait to Samuel."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nSamuel has straight hair.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Identify the question that Cameron's experiment can best answer.",
    "choices":[
      "Can pennies hold more drops of water mixed with dish soap or water mixed with hand soap?",
      "Can pennies hold more drops of pure water or water mixed with hand soap?"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below.\n\nCameron used a dropper to put equal-sized drops of pure water, one at a time, onto a penny. The drops stayed together and formed a dome on the penny's surface. Cameron recorded the number of drops he could add before the water spilled over the edge of the penny. Then, he rinsed and dried the penny, and repeated the test using water mixed with hand soap. He repeated these trials on nine additional pennies. Cameron compared the average number of pure water drops to the average number of water drops mixed with hand soap that he could add to a penny before the water spilled over.\nFigure: a dome of water on the surface of a penny.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify the experimental question",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment. Imagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured. First, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested. Then, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured. Experiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height. Examples of questions that this experiment can answer include: Does soil type affect the height of daffodil plants? Do daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil? Are daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1692\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence.\nMixing eggs, oil, and vinegar to make mayonnaise is a ().",
    "choices":[
      "physical change",
      "chemical change"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule. In a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Burning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns. In a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.",
    "solution":"Mixing eggs, oil, and vinegar to make mayonnaise is a physical change. Mayonnaise is a mixture. Making a mixture does not form a different type of matter. The eggs, oil, and vinegar look different when they are mixed together. But, their molecules do not change.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which change better matches the sentence?\nLava comes out of the ground.",
    "choices":[
      "volcanic eruption",
      "flood"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Earth events",
    "skill":"Classify changes to Earth's surface",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material, but some of them are different shapes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets.",
    "solution":"Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.\nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1705\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Last year, there were seven men's clothing stores on Main Street in Milford. This year, there are only three. What probably happened to the overall supply of men's shirts in Milford?",
    "choices":[
      "The supply probably went down.",
      "The supply probably went up."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Supply and demand",
    "skill":"Understand overall supply and demand",
    "lecture":"Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply. <br\/><br\/>  | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand<br\/> Supply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up<br\/> Supply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down<br\/> <br\/> Producers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up.",
    "solution":"When four men's clothing stores closed on Main Street, the number of suppliers went down. There were fewer stores selling men's shirts. So, the supply of men's shirts probably went down.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the statement. Assume that the motorcycle's mass did not change.\nThe gravitational potential energy stored between the motorcycle and Earth () as Emmett rode up the hill.",
    "choices":[
      "decreased",
      "increased",
      "stayed the same"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the text about an object in motion.\nEmmett rode his motorcycle from the bottom of a hill to the top of the hill.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Kinetic and potential energy",
    "skill":"Identify changes in gravitational potential energy",
    "lecture":"Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth. The amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower. If the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen. <br\/><br\/> When an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...<br\/> increases | increases<br\/> decreases | decreases<br\/> stays the same | stays the same<br\/>",
    "solution":"Think about how the distance between the motorcycle and the center of Earth changed.\nThe top of the hill is higher than the bottom of the hill. As Emmett rode toward the top of the hill, the distance between the motorcycle and the center of Earth increased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the motorcycle and Earth increased as Emmett rode up the hill.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the expected ratio of offspring with a white body to offspring with a brown body? Choose the most likely ratio.",
    "choices":[
      "4:0",
      "3:1",
      "0:4",
      "2:2",
      "1:3"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"In a group of Channel catfish, some individuals have a brown body and others have a white body. In this group, the gene for the body color trait has two alleles. The allele for a white body (b) is recessive to the allele for a brown body (B).\nThis Punnett square shows a cross between two Channel catfish.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Use Punnett squares to calculate ratios of offspring types",
    "lecture":"Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive? How do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. If an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait. If an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait. A Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type. For example, consider the Punnett square below. <br\/><br\/>  | F | f<br\/> F | FF | Ff<br\/> f | Ff | ff<br\/> <br\/> There is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.",
    "solution":"To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with a white body or a brown body, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the body color trait. The question tells you that the b allele, which is for a white body, is recessive to the B allele, which is for a brown body.\nA white body is the recessive allele's version of the body color trait. A Channel catfish with the recessive version of the body color trait must have only recessive alleles for the body color gene. So, offspring with a white body must have the genotype bb.\nThere are 0 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype bb.\nA brown body is the dominant allele's version of the body color trait. A Channel catfish with the dominant version of the body color trait must have at least one dominant allele for the body color gene. So, offspring with a brown body must have the genotype BB or Bb.\nAll 4 boxes in the Punnett square have the genotype BB or Bb.\nSo, the expected ratio of offspring with a white body to offspring with a brown body is 0:4. This means that, based on the Punnett square, this cross will never produce offspring with a white body. Instead, this cross is expected to always produce offspring with a brown body.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1716\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nEdgar's '64 Impala groaned as he turned the ignition. Yet again he resolved to refurbish it over the summer.",
    "choices":[
      "personification",
      "metaphor"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Alliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words. What a lucky little lady you are! An allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. An idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned. The assignment was a piece of cake. A simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike. The cat's fur was as dark as the night. A metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as. The snow formed a blanket over the town. Onomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound. The scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat. Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. The trees danced in the wind. A pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning. A great new broom is sweeping the nation. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.",
    "solution":"The text uses personification, giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nEdgar's '64 Impala groaned describes the car as if it were human.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Montana?",
    "choices":[
      "Billings",
      "Salem",
      "Honolulu",
      "Helena"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Helena is the capital of Montana.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1728\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word is not like the others?",
    "choices":[
      "water",
      "juice",
      "glass",
      "milk"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"vocabulary",
    "category":"Categories",
    "skill":"Which word is not like the others?",
    "lecture":"Some words are alike. They go together in a group. Red, blue, and green go together. They are colors. Mom, dad, grandma, and grandpa go together. They are people in a family.",
    "solution":"Juice, water, and milk go together. They are drinks. Glass is not a drink, so it is not like the other words.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\n\"Jason's personality is very Jekyll and Hyde,\" Sasha told her brother.",
    "choices":[
      "literature",
      "a song"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. Here, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion Jekyll and Hyde is literature.\nRobert Louis Stevenson's popular Victorian novella Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde tells the story of a man with two distinct personalities. Known to the world as a kind and highly respected doctor, at night he transforms into a monstrous person.\nThe allusion Jekyll and Hyde means kind then cruel.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following trait inherited or acquired?\nWayne has naturally dark skin.",
    "choices":[
      "acquired",
      "inherited"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Identify inherited and acquired traits",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.",
    "solution":"Humans do not choose their skin color. Babies get their skin color from their parents. So, Wayne's skin color is an inherited trait.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Maine?",
    "choices":[
      "Augusta",
      "Portland",
      "Savannah",
      "Louisville"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Northeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Augusta is the capital of Maine.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1759\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Using only these supplies, which question can Chloe investigate with an experiment?",
    "choices":[
      "Do round rocks or flat rocks skip more times when thrown across the river?",
      "Do rocks skip more times when thrown across a river or across a pond?",
      "Do small rocks or large rocks skip more times when thrown across the river?"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Chloe likes to skip rocks at the river. She notices that some of the rocks she throws skip off the surface of the water many times, while others skip once and then sink. She wonders what factors affect how well rocks skip on the water. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\n10 small flat rocks\n10 large flat rocks\naccess to the river by her school",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nAdam said he would put in a good word for Sophia with their boss, but she knew he had a reputation as a Benedict Arnold.",
    "choices":[
      "a movie",
      "U.S. history"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. Here, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion Benedict Arnold is U.S. history.\nBenedict Arnold was an American officer who secretly aided the British during the American Revolution.\nThe allusion Benedict Arnold means a traitor.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is a pair of jeans a solid, a liquid, or a gas?",
    "choices":[
      "a gas",
      "a liquid",
      "a solid"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"States of matter",
    "skill":"Identify and sort solids, liquids, and gases",
    "lecture":"Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own. Some solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid. When matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle. Some liquids are thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk. When matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space. Many gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas.",
    "solution":"A pair of jeans is a solid. You can fold a pair of jeans. But it will still have a size and shape of its own.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1770\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?",
    "choices":[
      "At lunchtime, Steven can often be found reading at his favorite caf\u00e9, where the servers provide unlimited coffee refills.",
      "At lunchtime, Steven can often be found reading at his favorite caf\u00e9, where they provide unlimited coffee refills."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Pronouns",
    "skill":"Identify vague pronoun references",
    "lecture":"When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.",
    "solution":"The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. They has been replaced with the servers.\nAt lunchtime, Steven can often be found reading at his favorite caf\u00e9, where the servers provide unlimited coffee refills.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Matthew acquired this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Matthew learned history by reading.",
      "Matthew is most interested in American history."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nMatthew knows a lot about history.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the motion of two beluga whales. Which beluga whale was moving at a lower speed?",
    "choices":[
      "a beluga whale that moved 30kilometers in 5hours",
      "a beluga whale that moved 20kilometers in 5hours"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Compare the speeds of moving objects",
    "lecture":"An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time. Distance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer. Time tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour. Think about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed.",
    "solution":"Look at the distance each beluga whale moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne beluga whale moved 20 kilometers in 5 hours.\nThe other beluga whale moved 30 kilometers in 5 hours.\nNotice that each beluga whale spent the same amount of time moving. The beluga whale that moved 20 kilometers moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that beluga whale must have moved at a lower speed.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the one substance that is not a mineral.",
    "choices":[
      "Quartz is not made by living things. It is a pure substance.",
      "Pyrite is a pure substance. It is formed in nature.",
      "Plastic is not a pure substance. It is made in a factory."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Rocks and minerals",
    "skill":"Identify minerals using properties",
    "lecture":"Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals. Minerals and rocks have the following properties: <br\/><br\/> Property | Mineral | Rock<br\/> It is a solid. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is a pure substance. | Yes | No<br\/> It has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No<br\/> <br\/> You can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither. Look closely at the last three properties: Minerals and rocks are not made by organisms. Organisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be  minerals or rocks. Humans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks. A mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not. A pure substance is made of only one type of matter.  Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures. A mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not. The crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way. However, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different!",
    "solution":"Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.\nPyrite is a mineral.\nQuartz is a mineral.\nPlastic is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.\nPlastic is made in a factory. But all minerals are formed in nature.\nSo, plastic is not a mineral.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the amphibian.",
    "choices":[
      "robin",
      "cane toad",
      "sea turtle",
      "koala"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Amphibians have moist skin and begin their lives in water.",
    "solution":"A koala is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.\nKoalas sleep for up to 20 hours a day!\nA robin is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nA robin is a songbird. It sings different songs at different times of the day.\nA sea turtle is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nSea turtles live in the water, but they lay their eggs on land.\nA cane toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nIt is 65\u00b0F in Kylie's backyard.",
    "choices":[
      "weather",
      "climate"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Hint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"What's the difference between weather and climate?",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the text carefully.\nIt is 65\u00b0F in Kylie's backyard.\nThis passage tells you about the temperature in Kylie's backyard right now. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Brody inherited this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Brody's mother cuts his hair every month.",
      "Brody's parents have blond hair. They passed down this trait to Brody."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nBrody has blond hair.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which type of force from the uncle slides the sled along behind him?",
    "choices":[
      "push",
      "pull"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"An uncle plays with his nieces on the beach. He applies a force to the rope on their sled. The sled slides along behind him.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Identify pushes and pulls",
    "lecture":"A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to a second object. The direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing. The direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling.",
    "solution":"The uncle applies a force to the rope on the sled. The sled slides along behind him. The direction of this force is toward the uncle. This force is a pull.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1801\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which i in row C?",
    "choices":[
      "the library",
      "the restaurant",
      "the park",
      "the grocery store"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Use a letter-number grid",
    "lecture":"A grid is made up of lines of squares. They are organized in rows and columns. A grid can help you use a map. A row is a line of squares that goes from side to side. Rows are marked with letters. A column is a line of squares that goes up and down. Columns are marked with numbers.",
    "solution":"The restaurant is in row C.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1805\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "repel",
      "attract"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south. Here are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S. If opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1807\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these oceans does the prime meridian intersect?",
    "choices":[
      "the Indian Ocean",
      "the Arctic Ocean",
      "the Pacific Ocean"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Maps",
    "skill":"Use lines of latitude and longitude",
    "lecture":"Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps. Lines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there. Lines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator. Lines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles. The equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W. Together, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place.",
    "solution":"The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects the Arctic Ocean. It does not intersect the Pacific Ocean or the Indian Ocean.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1812\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which object has the most thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "a cherry pie at a temperature of 78\u00b0F",
      "a cherry pie at a temperature of 73\u00b0F",
      "a cherry pie at a temperature of 87\u00b0F"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The objects are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Heat and thermal energy",
    "skill":"How is temperature related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.",
    "solution":"All three cherry pies have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 87\u00b0F pie is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nslush - star",
    "choices":[
      "seventh",
      "spray"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince spray is between the guide words slush - star, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the bird below.",
    "choices":[
      "African bullfrog",
      "pelican"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Birds have feathers, two wings, and a beak. An ostrich is an example of a bird.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common. Scientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.",
    "solution":"A pelican is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nAn African bullfrog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1827\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following statement about our solar system true or false?\nThe volume of Earth is more than ten times the volume of Mercury.",
    "choices":[
      "true",
      "false"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Use the data to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"true-or-false",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Astronomy",
    "skill":"Analyze data to compare properties of planets",
    "lecture":"A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet. The primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation. For example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km^3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 10^15 km^3. To compare two numbers written in scientific notation, first compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example: 1.43 x 10^15 is larger than 1.43 x 10^12 If their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example: 1.43 x 10^15 is larger than 1.25 x 10^15 To multiply a number written in scientific notation by a power of 10, write the multiple of 10 as 10 raised to an exponent. Then, add the exponents. For example: 1.43 x 10^15 \u00b7 1000 = 1.43 x 10^15 \u00b7 10^3 = 1.43 x 10^(15 + 3) = 1.43 x 10^18",
    "solution":"To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of ten times the volume of Mercury.\nThen compare the result to the volume of Earth. The volume of Earth is 1.08 x 10^12 km^3, which is greater than 6.08 x 10^11 km^3. So, the volume of Earth is more than ten times the volume of Mercury.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1838\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is a rubber duck a solid or a liquid?",
    "choices":[
      "a solid",
      "a liquid"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"States of matter",
    "skill":"Classify matter as solid or liquid",
    "lecture":"Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own. Some solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break. A glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid. When matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container. Think about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space. Juice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid.",
    "solution":"A rubber duck is a solid. You can squeeze a rubber duck. But it will still have a size and shape of its own.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1844\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What can Max and Edmond trade to each get what they want?",
    "choices":[
      "Max can trade his tomatoes for Edmond's broccoli.",
      "Max can trade his tomatoes for Edmond's sandwich.",
      "Edmond can trade his broccoli for Max's oranges.",
      "Edmond can trade his almonds for Max's tomatoes."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.\nMax and Edmond open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Both of them could be happier with their lunches. Max wanted broccoli in his lunch and Edmond was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Trade and specialization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Max wanted broccoli in his lunch and Edmond was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.\nMax has tomatoes. Edmond has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1850\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest west?",
    "choices":[
      "Michigan",
      "Arkansas",
      "Alabama",
      "North Dakota"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Maps",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. North Dakota is farthest west.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1855\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What kind of sentence is this?\nWhat made Sally so upset?",
    "choices":[
      "imperative",
      "interrogative"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory?",
    "lecture":"There are four kinds of sentences. A declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period. I have an older brother and a younger sister. An interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark. How tall are you? An imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point. Read the first chapter by next week. Look out for that car! An exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point. Some whales are over ninety feet long! I can't wait until tomorrow!",
    "solution":"The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\n\"Sleeping through the rooster's crowing was no problem,\" Jack joked with a yawn.",
    "choices":[
      "Jack slept poorly.",
      "Jack slept well."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.",
    "solution":"The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nSleeping through the rooster's crowing was no problem ironically suggests that Jack slept poorly. Jack was tired, so the rooster's crowing was clearly a problem.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is this cucumber plant's genotype for the fruit texture gene?",
    "choices":[
      "Ff",
      "bumpy fruit"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"In a group of cucumber plants, some individuals have bumpy fruit and others have smooth fruit. In this group, the gene for the fruit texture trait has two alleles. The allele F is for bumpy fruit, and the allele f is for smooth fruit.\nA certain cucumber plant from this group has bumpy fruit. This plant has one allele for bumpy fruit and one allele for smooth fruit.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.",
    "solution":"An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The cucumber plant has one allele for bumpy fruit (F) and one allele for smooth fruit (f). So, the plant's genotype for the fruit texture gene is Ff.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following fossils is younger? Select the more likely answer.",
    "choices":[
      "wood",
      "mammal tooth"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This diagram shows fossils in an undisturbed sedimentary rock sequence.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Fossils",
    "skill":"Compare ages of fossils in a rock sequence",
    "lecture":"A fossil is the preserved evidence of an ancient organism. Some fossils are formed from body parts such as bones or shells. Other fossils, such as footprints or burrows, are formed from traces of an organism's activities. Fossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually form in layers. Over time, new layers are added on top of old layers in a series called a rock sequence. The layers in an undisturbed rock sequence are in the same order as when they formed. So, the deeper layers are older than the shallower layers. The relative ages of fossils can be determined from their positions in an undisturbed rock sequence. Older fossils are usually in deeper layers, and younger fossils are usually in shallower layers.",
    "solution":"Look again at the fossils in the rock sequence diagram.\nCompare the positions of these fossils to determine which one is younger:\nThe mammal tooth fossil is in a shallower layer in the rock sequence than the wood fossil. So, the mammal tooth fossil is most likely younger than the wood fossil.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1866\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "North Carolina",
      "Rhode Island",
      "Connecticut",
      "New Hampshire"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"Colonial America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is Rhode Island.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1870\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these three objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "stretchy",
      "colorful",
      "bumpy"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Select the best answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA bumpy object is covered in lumps and bumps. All three objects are bumpy.\nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. None of the objects are stretchy.\nA colorful object has one or more bright colors. The gold nugget is colorful, but the pretzel and the log are not.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is bumpy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1872\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest north?",
    "choices":[
      "South Carolina",
      "Oklahoma",
      "Minnesota",
      "Delaware"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Minnesota is farthest north.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1875\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature",
      "sample A",
      "sample B"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. The particles in sample A also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.\nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1876\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "repel",
      "attract"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces. Magnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S). Here are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles. If opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1880\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which better describes the Taklamakan Desert ecosystem?",
    "choices":[
      "It has warm, wet summers. It also has long, cold winters.",
      "It has long, cold winters. It also has a small amount of rain or snow."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Figure: Taklamakan Desert.\nThe Taklamakan Desert is a cold desert ecosystem in northwestern China.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Describe ecosystems",
    "lecture":"An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment. There are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other: the pattern of weather, or climate the type of soil the organisms that live there",
    "solution":"A cold desert is a type of ecosystem. Cold deserts have the following features: a small amount of rain or snow, dry, thin soil, and long, cold winters. So, the Taklamakan Desert has long, cold winters. It also has a small amount of rain or snow.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1881\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Milo's genotype for the fur type gene?",
    "choices":[
      "FF",
      "straight fur"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"In a group of cats, some individuals have straight fur and others have curly fur. In this group, the gene for the fur type trait has two alleles. The allele F is for straight fur, and the allele f is for curly fur.\nMilo, a cat from this group, has straight fur. Milo has two alleles for straight fur.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.",
    "solution":"An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Milo has two alleles for straight fur (F). So, Milo's genotype for the fur type gene is FF.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Bella acquired this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Bella's scar was caused by an accident. She cut her leg when she was climbing a tree.",
      "Some scars fade more quickly than others."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nBella has a scar on her left leg.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Heredity",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following could Omar's test show?",
    "choices":[
      "how much athletes would sweat in the fabric",
      "how long it would take the sample fabric to dry after it absorbed one drop of water",
      "if the sample fabric would absorb one drop of water in less than one second"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design.\nThe passage below describes how the engineering-design process was used to test a solution to a problem. Read the passage. Then answer the question below.\n\nOmar, a materials engineer, was developing a quick-drying fabric for athletic clothing. The fabric needed to absorb one drop of water in less than one second and dry completely in less than five minutes. Omar thought a fabric made from cotton and polyester would both absorb water well and dry quickly. But he needed to decide what percentage of each material to use.\nSo, he made a sample fabric that was 50% cotton and 50% polyester. Then he put one drop of water on the sample. He timed how long it took the fabric to dry after the water was absorbed.\nFigure: fabric that has not absorbed drops of water.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Engineering practices",
    "skill":"Evaluate tests of engineering-design solutions",
    "lecture":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured. Imagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves. First, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind. Then, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved. Tests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1906\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Kansas?",
    "choices":[
      "Topeka",
      "Wichita",
      "Kansas City",
      "Jefferson City"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Topeka is the capital of Kansas.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1911\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which sentence states a fact?",
    "choices":[
      "Tomato plants, with their bright colors and sturdy vines, make attractive additions to home gardens.",
      "Certain insects help flowering plants reproduce by moving pollen between the plant's different parts."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Distinguish facts from opinions",
    "lecture":"A fact is something that can be proved by research or observation. Napoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI. The statement above is a fact. The statement can be proved by researching the height of each man and comparing them. An opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved. Napoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI. The statement above is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" leader, so the statement cannot be proved.",
    "solution":"The first sentence states a fact.\nCertain insects help flowering plants reproduce by moving pollen between the plant's different parts.\nIt can be proved by reading an article about how flowering plants are pollinated.\nThe second sentence states an opinion.\nTomato plants, with their bright colors and sturdy vines, make attractive additions to home gardens.\nAttractive shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about which plants make home gardens attractive.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "sample B",
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature",
      "sample A"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.\nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1925\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Edna acquired this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Edna is most interested in American history.",
      "Edna learned history by reading."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nEdna knows a lot about history.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the solid.",
    "choices":[
      "water in a fishbowl",
      "rock",
      "milk"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"States of matter",
    "skill":"Identify solids and liquids",
    "lecture":"Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own. Some solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break. A glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid. When matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container. Think about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space. Juice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which plant can produce eggs and sperm?",
    "choices":[
      "a mature fern",
      "a heart-shaped plant"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This diagram shows the life cycle of a fern.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Plant reproduction",
    "skill":"Moss and fern life cycles",
    "lecture":"Fern plants reproduce using both asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction. Mature ferns have flat leaves called fronds. Ferns have structures that look like small dots on the underside of their fronds. These structures are called spore cases. The mature ferns use asexual reproduction to make spores. When the spore cases open, the spores are released. When a spore lands on the ground and germinates, it grows into a small heart-shaped plant. The heart-shaped plant begins the fern's sexual reproduction stage by making eggs and sperm. Ferns live in damp environments, and sperm can swim though small water drops. Self-fertilization happens when a sperm swims to an egg on the same heart-shaped plant. Cross-fertilization happens when the sperm swims to an egg on a nearby plant. Fertilization happens when a sperm and an egg fuse. The fertilized egg germinates and grows into a mature fern. The mature fern can make spores and begin the fern life cycle again.",
    "solution":"A heart-shaped plant can produce eggs and sperm.\nA mature fern produces spores, not eggs and sperm.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1938\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nStefan's leaving his job? That's old news. He's been planning that for months.",
    "choices":[
      "chiasmus",
      "oxymoron"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify the figure of speech: review",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Anaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses. We are united. We are powerful. We are winners. Antithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure. I want to help, not to hurt. Apostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity. Oh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully? Assonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words. Try to light the fire. Chiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words. Never let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! An oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Some reviewers are calling this book a new classic. A paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Always expect the unexpected. Understatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is. As you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.",
    "solution":"The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nOld news is a contradiction, because news is recent information.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Choose the poem that uses repetition.",
    "choices":[
      "There was a crooked man, and he walked a crooked mile.\nHe found a crooked sixpence upon a crooked stile.\nHe bought a crooked cat, which caught a crooked mouse,\nAnd they all lived together in a little crooked house.",
      "Therefore all seasons shall be sweet to thee,\nWhether the summer clothe the general earth\nWith greenness, or the redbreast sit and sing\nBetwixt the tufts of snow on the bare branch."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"From Samuel Taylor Coleridge, \"Frost at Midnight\" and from Mother Goose, \"The Crooked Sixpence\"",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reading-comprehension",
    "category":"Poetry elements",
    "skill":"Identify elements of poetry",
    "lecture":"Poetry is a special kind of writing. It has many elements that make it different from ordinary writing. Knowing these elements can help you talk about poetry, understand it better, and enjoy it more. A poem rhymes when it has a pattern of words that end in the same sound. End rhyme is when the rhymes appear at the end of a poem's lines. Little Betty Blue, Lost her holiday shoe. \u2014From Mother Goose Internal rhyme is when at least one of the rhyming words appears inside the poem's lines. Sweet dreams of pleasant streams. \u2014From William Blake, \"A Cradle Song\" Rhythm is the pattern of strong and weak syllables, or stress, in a poem. You can recognize rhythm in a poem by listening to how it sounds. Poems with regular rhythm have a beat, like in music. He watches from his mountain walls, And like a thunderbolt he falls. \u2014From Alfred, Lord Tennyson, \"The Eagle\" The syllables in bold are strong. We say them with more force than the other syllables. In this poem, every weak syllable is followed by a strong syllable. Each line sounds like da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM. To better hear the rhythm, try reading it aloud while clapping on each strong syllable. Free verse is when a poem has neither a regular rhythm nor a rhyme pattern. The old bridge has a wrinkled face. He bends his back For us to go over. \u2014From Hilda Conkling, \"The Old Bridge\" The syllables in bold are strong. You can see this poem does not have a regular rhythm. It also doesn't have a rhyme pattern. Repetition is when words, phrases, or whole lines are repeated. The dainty flying squirrel In vest of shining white, In coat of silver gray, And vest of shining white. \u2014Adapted from Mary E. Burt, \"The Flying Squirrel\" Alliteration is when beginning consonant sounds are repeated in words that are close together. Where the wild men watched and waited Wolves in the forest, and bears in the bush. \u2014From Bayard Taylor, \"A Night with a Wolf\" Onomatopoeia is when language sounds like what it talks about. Sometimes the onomatopoeia uses made-up words: Tlot-tlot! tlot-tlot! Had they heard it? The horse hoofs ringing clear. \u2014From Alfred Noyes, \"The Highwayman\" Sometimes the onomatopoeia uses real words: Hark! the honey bee is humming. \u2014From Mary Howitt, \"The Voice of Spring\"",
    "solution":"This poem uses repetition. It repeats words, phrases, or lines.\nThere was a crooked man, and he walked a crooked mile.\nHe found a crooked sixpence upon a crooked stile.\nAnd they all lived together in a little crooked house.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the statement.\nBromomethane is ().",
    "choices":[
      "a compound",
      "an elementary substance"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The model below represents a molecule of bromomethane. Bromomethane was once used by farmers to kill harmful organisms in soil. It is no longer used because it damages the atmosphere's ozone layer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"Classify elementary substances and compounds using models",
    "lecture":"All substances are made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl. Scientists can use models to represent molecules. A ball-and-stick model of a molecule is shown below. This model represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride. In a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent chemical bonds. Notice how each ball is labeled with a symbol for a chemical element. The ball represents one atom of that element.",
    "solution":"Count the number of chemical elements represented in the model. Then, decide if bromomethane is an elementary substance or a compound.\nIn this model, each ball is labeled with C for carbon, H for hydrogen, or Br for bromine. So, the model shows you that bromomethane is made of three chemical elements bonded together.\nSubstances made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, bromomethane is a compound.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1956\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What can Latrell and Todd trade to each get what they want?",
    "choices":[
      "Latrell can trade his tomatoes for Todd's sandwich.",
      "Todd can trade his almonds for Latrell's tomatoes.",
      "Latrell can trade his tomatoes for Todd's broccoli.",
      "Todd can trade his broccoli for Latrell's oranges."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.\nLatrell and Todd open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Both of them could be happier with their lunches. Latrell wanted broccoli in his lunch and Todd was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Trade and specialization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Latrell wanted broccoli in his lunch and Todd was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.\nLatrell has tomatoes. Todd has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1957\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which better describes the Peary Land ecosystem?",
    "choices":[
      "It has mostly small plants. It also has short, cold summers.",
      "It has warm summers. It also has cool winters."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Figure: Peary Land.\nPeary Land is a tundra ecosystem in northern Greenland.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Describe ecosystems",
    "lecture":"An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment. There are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other: the pattern of weather, or climate the type of soil the organisms that live there",
    "solution":"A tundra is a type of ecosystem. Tundras have the following features: long, cold winters and short, cold summers, soil that is frozen year-round, and mostly small plants. So, Peary Land has mostly small plants. It also has short, cool summers.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1968\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which part of an apple tree can make seeds?",
    "choices":[
      "the flowers",
      "the fruit"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This diagram shows the life cycle of an apple tree.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Plant reproduction",
    "skill":"Angiosperm and conifer life cycles",
    "lecture":"Flowering plants, called angiosperms, use their flowers for sexual reproduction. Flowers can have male parts, female parts, or both! The male part is called the stamen, and the female part is called the pistil. Both the male and female parts are needed for sexual reproduction. The female part produces eggs, and the male part produces pollen. Pollen contains cells that become sperm. Pollination happens when pollen lands on top of the pistil. Self-pollination happens when a plant with both male and female parts pollinates itself. Cross-pollination happens when pollen from one plant lands on the pistil of a flower on a different plant. Animals, including birds and insects, can be pollinators. Many pollinators come to flowers to get food. As a pollinator feeds, it moves pollen from one flower to another. After pollination, sperm from the pollen fuse with eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs then grow into seeds. When a seed lands on the ground, it can germinate and grow into a new plant. The new plant can grow flowers and begin the angiosperm plant life cycle again.",
    "solution":"An apple tree's flowers can make seeds. Inside a flower, a sperm cell and an egg fuse to make a fertilized egg. The fertilized egg grows into a seed.\nThe fruit grows from the ovary around the seeds. But the fruit does not make the seeds.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1969\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which sentence states a fact?",
    "choices":[
      "Our five-cent coin is called a nickel, but it's mostly made of copper.",
      "In today's economy, a nickel is just about worthless."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Distinguish facts from opinions",
    "lecture":"A fact is something that can be proved to be true. The month of July has more days than the month of June. This is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month. An opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true. July is a better month than June for camping. This is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping.",
    "solution":"The second sentence states a fact.\nOur five-cent coin is called a nickel, but it's mostly made of copper.\nIt can be proved by looking up information about U.S. coins.\nThe first sentence states an opinion.\nIn today's economy, a nickel is just about worthless.\nJust about worthless shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what is worthless.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Dominica",
      "Haiti",
      "Cuba",
      "the Dominican Republic"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"The Americas: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of the Caribbean",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is the Dominican Republic.\nWhy does the Dominican Republic share its island with another country?\nThe Dominican Republic and Haiti share the island of Hispaniola. It is home to the earliest European settlements in the Americas. Christopher Columbus founded the first European settlement on the island in 1492 during his first voyage across the Atlantic.\nThough many people lived on the island before Columbus's arrival, European countries quickly began to colonize the island. Eventually France and Spain both established colonies. The Spanish colony eventually became the country of the Dominican Republic, and the French colony eventually became the country of Haiti. Today, people in the two countries speak different languages and have many cultural differences.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1975\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a caterpillar?",
    "choices":[
      "38 millimeters",
      "38 kilometers",
      "38 centimeters",
      "38 meters"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of distance, mass, and volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter. The tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long. A red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the length of a caterpillar is 38 millimeters.\n38 centimeters, 38 meters, and 38 kilometers are all too long.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Beth inherited this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Beth and her mother both wear their hair in braids.",
      "Beth's parents have red hair. They passed down this trait to Beth."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nBeth has red hair.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Bianca's genotype for the eye color gene?",
    "choices":[
      "brown eyes",
      "EE"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"In a group of guinea pigs, some individuals have brown eyes and others have red eyes. In this group, the gene for the eye color trait has two alleles. The allele E is for brown eyes, and the allele e is for red eyes.\nBianca, a guinea pig from this group, has brown eyes. Bianca has two alleles for brown eyes.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.",
    "solution":"An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Bianca has two alleles for brown eyes (E). So, Bianca's genotype for the eye color gene is EE.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal's mouth is also adapted to tear through meat?",
    "choices":[
      "marmot",
      "tiger"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"are carnivores, or meat eaters. They eat small mammals and birds. The lynx's mouth is adapted to tear through meat.\nFigure: Eurasian lynx.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: beaks, mouths, and necks",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the Eurasian lynx.\nThe Eurasian lynx has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted to tear through meat. The Eurasian lynx uses its large mouth to grab its prey. It uses its sharp teeth to cut up the meat of the prey into pieces it can swallow.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe tiger has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted to tear through meat.\nThe marmot has large front teeth. It does not have sharp teeth. So, its mouth is not adapted to tear through meat. The marmot uses its mouth to gnaw on plant matter.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1990\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Virginia?",
    "choices":[
      "Charleston",
      "Richmond",
      "Norfolk",
      "Arlington"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Southeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Richmond is the capital of Virginia.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1991\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"In this food web, which organism contains matter that eventually moves to the bat star?",
    "choices":[
      "kelp",
      "sea otter",
      "orca"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Below is a food web from an ocean ecosystem in Monterey Bay, off the coast of California.\nA food web models how the matter eaten by organisms moves through an ecosystem. The arrows in a food web represent how matter moves between organisms in an ecosystem.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecological interactions",
    "skill":"Interpret food webs II",
    "lecture":"A food web is a model. A food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food. Arrows show how matter moves. A food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating. An organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web. An organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web.",
    "solution":"Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows to the bat star.\nThe only arrow pointing from the sea otter leads to the orca. The only arrow pointing from the orca leads to the sea cucumber. No arrows point from the sea cucumber to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the sea otter to the bat star.There are three paths matter can take from the zooplankton to the bat star: zooplankton->kelp bass->bat star. zooplankton->plainfin midshipman->kelp bass->bat star. zooplankton->black rockfish->kelp bass->bat star. There is one path matter can take from the kelp to the bat star: kelp->kelp bass->bat star. orca. The only arrow pointing from the orca leads to the sea cucumber. No arrows point from the sea cucumber to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the orca to the bat star..",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1997\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Earth's organisms rely on the atmosphere for which of the following?",
    "choices":[
      "oxygen",
      "sunlight"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Read the text. Then answer the question.\nEarth is surrounded by a layer of gases called the atmosphere. The gases that make up the atmosphere sustain life on Earth. Living organisms take in and release some of these gases. Gases in the atmosphere also help insulate Earth from extreme temperatures and block some harmful forms of sunlight.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Climate change",
    "skill":"The greenhouse effect",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Read the text carefully. The underlined text below shows information about each answer choice.\nEarth is surrounded by a layer of gases called the atmosphere. The gases that make up the atmosphere sustain life on Earth. Living organisms take in and release some of these gases. Gases in the atmosphere also help insulate Earth from extreme temperatures and block some harmful forms of sunlight.\nEarth's atmosphere contains many different gases, including oxygen and carbon dioxide. These gases are both taken in and released by living organisms. Animals breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide. Plants use carbon dioxide and release oxygen during photosynthesis.\nSome of the gases that make up the atmosphere also insulate Earth, helping to maintain its stable temperatures.\nWhile many gases interact with sunlight, Earth's atmosphere does not provide sunlight.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/1999\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Using only these supplies, which question can Rita investigate with an experiment?",
    "choices":[
      "Do squash plants grow larger if the seeds are planted in small pots or in large pots?",
      "If squash seeds and tomato seeds are planted with compost, which type of plant grows larger?",
      "Do squash plants grow larger if the seeds are planted with compost or without compost?"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Rita has a small vegetable garden, which includes a compost pile of food scraps. She notices that some of the squash plants growing next to the compost pile grow differently than squash plants that are farther away. She wonders what factors affect how her squash plants grow. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\none type of squash seeds\nfour large clay pots\nsoil\na compost pile\nwater",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Massachusetts?",
    "choices":[
      "Hartford",
      "Boston",
      "Montpelier",
      "Albany"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Northeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Boston is the capital of Massachusetts.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2019\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following could Bryant's test show?",
    "choices":[
      "whether a parachute with a 1 m vent would swing too much at 400 km per hour",
      "how steady a parachute with a 1 m vent was at 200 km per hour",
      "if the spacecraft was damaged when using a parachute with a 1 m vent going 200 km per hour"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design.\nThe passage below describes how the engineering-design process was used to test a solution to a problem. Read the passage. Then answer the question below.\n\nBryant was an aerospace engineer who was developing a parachute for a spacecraft that would land on Mars. He needed to add a vent at the center of the parachute so the spacecraft would land smoothly. However, the spacecraft would have to travel at a high speed before landing. If the vent was too big or too small, the parachute might swing wildly at this speed. The movement could damage the spacecraft.\nSo, to help decide how big the vent should be, Bryant put a parachute with a 1 m vent in a wind tunnel. The wind tunnel made it seem like the parachute was moving at 200 km per hour. He observed the parachute to see how much it swung.\nFigure: a spacecraft's parachute in a wind tunnel.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Engineering practices",
    "skill":"Evaluate tests of engineering-design solutions",
    "lecture":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured. Imagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves. First, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind. Then, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved. Tests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2031\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which text uses the word factoid in its traditional sense?",
    "choices":[
      "As a geneticist, Tracy enjoys watching science documentaries and sharing various factoids she's learned with her colleagues.",
      "As a geneticist, Tracy dislikes many popular sci-fi movies because they often present audiences with factoids that misrepresent her field."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Word usage and nuance",
    "skill":"Explore words with new or contested usages",
    "lecture":"Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner. When a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences. Britney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam. The traditional usage above is considered more standard. David perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages. The nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.",
    "solution":"The second text uses factoid in its traditional sense: something made up presented as a true fact.\nAs a geneticist, Tracy dislikes many popular sci-fi movies because they often present audiences with factoids that misrepresent her field.\nThe first text uses factoid in its nontraditional sense: a trivial but true fact.\nAs a geneticist, Tracy enjoys watching science documentaries and sharing various factoids she's learned with her colleagues.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word factoid because it is considered more standard.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Suppose Henry decides to plant the hickory tree. Which result would be a cost?",
    "choices":[
      "The hickory tree will use up more space than the carnations would have used up.",
      "Henry will get to look at the hickory tree. He thinks it will look more beautiful than the carnations would have looked."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Henry is deciding whether to plant carnations or a hickory tree in his backyard. He wants to make his backyard more beautiful. But he also wants to leave space for doing fun things.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Costs and benefits",
    "lecture":"Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits. Costs are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need. Benefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.",
    "solution":"This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Henry wants or needs:\nThe hickory tree will use up more space than the carnations would have used up.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which soccer ball has less thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "the colder soccer ball",
      "the hotter soccer ball"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two soccer balls are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Thermal energy",
    "skill":"How are temperature and mass related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving. The energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. What happens if the amount of matter changes? A 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has half as much thermal energy as a 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the smaller brick has half as many atoms. So, it has half as much thermal energy.",
    "solution":"The two soccer balls are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the colder soccer ball has less thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Using only these supplies, which question can Tracy investigate with an experiment?",
    "choices":[
      "Does milk chocolate or dark chocolate melt faster when heated on the stove?",
      "Does dark chocolate or white chocolate melt faster when heated on the stove?",
      "Does milk chocolate melt faster when heated in a microwave or on a stove?"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Tracy leaves some chocolates in her jacket pocket. When she finds the chocolates later, she notices that some of them have melted. She wonders what factors affect how quickly chocolate melts. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\none bar of milk chocolate\none bar of dark chocolate\na stove\na pot",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal is also adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert?",
    "choices":[
      "kingsnake",
      "horned viper"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Camels live in dry places such as deserts. The  is adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert.\nFigure: camel.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: skins and body coverings",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the camel.\nThe camel has sand-colored fur covering its skin. It is adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert. The word camouflage means to blend in.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe horned viper has sand-colored scales covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert.\nThis kingsnake has red, black, and yellow rings on its body. It is not adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2060\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Papua New Guinea",
      "Fiji",
      "New Zealand",
      "Samoa"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Oceania: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of Oceania",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is Fiji.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2061\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a potato?",
    "choices":[
      "6 miles",
      "6 yards",
      "6 inches",
      "6 feet"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of distance, mass, and volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles. There are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile. A football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the length of a potato is 6 inches.\n6 feet, 6 yards, and 6 miles are all too long.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Look at the models of molecules below. Select the elementary substance.",
    "choices":[
      "methane",
      "tetraphosphorus",
      "ethane"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"Identify elementary substances and compounds using models",
    "lecture":"There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you. A substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl. Scientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride. In a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2070\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of California?",
    "choices":[
      "Little Rock",
      "Boston",
      "Milwaukee",
      "Sacramento"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Sacramento is the capital of California.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2071\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Alaska?",
    "choices":[
      "Honolulu",
      "Phoenix",
      "Juneau",
      "Sacramento"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Juneau is the capital of Alaska.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2074\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which tense does the sentence use?\nHannah towers over her older sister.",
    "choices":[
      "present tense",
      "future tense",
      "past tense"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"verbs",
    "category":"Verb tense",
    "skill":"Is the sentence in the past, present, or future tense?",
    "lecture":"Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now. Most present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es. Two verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms. Past tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened. Most past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed. Some verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms. Future tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen. All future-tense verbs use the word will. <br\/><br\/> Present | Past | Future<br\/> walk, walks | walked | will walk<br\/> go, goes | went | will go<br\/>",
    "solution":"The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, towers. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is this organism's common name?",
    "choices":[
      "Ceratophrys cornuta",
      "Surinam horned frog"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This organism is Ceratophrys cornuta. It is also called a Surinam horned frog.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification and scientific names",
    "skill":"Identify common and scientific names",
    "lecture":"An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know. An organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English. Scientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca.",
    "solution":"Ceratophrys cornuta is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not. So, it is the scientific name.\nCeratophrys cornuta is the organism's scientific name. So, you know that Surinam horned frog is the common name.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2083\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nRoll on, thou dark and deep blue Ocean\u2014roll!\n\u2014Lord Byron, \"Childe Harold's Pilgrimage\"",
    "choices":[
      "chiasmus",
      "apostrophe"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify the figure of speech: anaphora, antithesis, apostrophe, assonance, chiasmus, understatement",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Anaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses. We are united. We are powerful. We are winners. Antithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure. I want to help, not to hurt. Apostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity. Oh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully? Assonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words. Try to light the fire. Chiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words. Never let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you. Understatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is. As you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.",
    "solution":"The text uses apostrophe, a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nThou dark and deep blue Ocean is a direct address to the ocean, a nonhuman entity.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following could Cameron's test show?",
    "choices":[
      "if the spacecraft was damaged when using a parachute with a 1 m vent going 200 km per hour",
      "how steady a parachute with a 1 m vent was at 200 km per hour",
      "whether a parachute with a 1 m vent would swing too much at 400 km per hour"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design.\nThe passage below describes how the engineering-design process was used to test a solution to a problem. Read the passage. Then answer the question below.\n\nCameron was an aerospace engineer who was developing a parachute for a spacecraft that would land on Mars. He needed to add a vent at the center of the parachute so the spacecraft would land smoothly. However, the spacecraft would have to travel at a high speed before landing. If the vent was too big or too small, the parachute might swing wildly at this speed. The movement could damage the spacecraft.\nSo, to help decide how big the vent should be, Cameron put a parachute with a 1 m vent in a wind tunnel. The wind tunnel made it seem like the parachute was moving at 200 km per hour. He observed the parachute to see how much it swung.\nFigure: a spacecraft's parachute in a wind tunnel.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Engineering practices",
    "skill":"Evaluate tests of engineering-design solutions",
    "lecture":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured. Imagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves. First, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind. Then, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved. Tests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2096\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which correctly shows the title of a book?",
    "choices":[
      "\"Little House in the Big Woods\"",
      "***Little House in the Big Woods***"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Formatting titles",
    "lecture":"The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead. A Midsummer Night's Dream The title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks. \"You Are My Sunshine\"",
    "solution":"A book should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **Little House in the Big Woods**.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Hayley acquired this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Hayley is most interested in human biology.",
      "Hayley learned biology by reading, observing, and experimenting."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nHayley knows a lot about biology.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is this horse fly's scientific name?",
    "choices":[
      "Scaptia lata",
      "Scaptia beyonceae"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This species of horse fly was discovered in Australia in 1981. It has a golden abdomen. This horse fly was named after the singer and actress Beyonc\u00e9 Knowles-Carter!",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Scientific names",
    "skill":"Origins of scientific names",
    "lecture":"When a scientist identifies a new organism, he or she chooses its scientific name. Sometimes, an organism is named after the place where it was first found. Other times, an organism is named after the scientist who first identified it. Or, the scientific name might describe the organism's physical traits. Many of the words that make up scientific names are based on words from old languages, like Latin and classical Greek. Sometimes, English words are changed to make them sound more like Latin or Greek. The new words are then used in an organism's scientific name.",
    "solution":"This organism's scientific name refers to Beyonc\u00e9 Knowles-Carter.\nThe word beyonceae refers to Beyonc\u00e9 Knowles-Carter. So, this horse fly's scientific name is Scaptia beyonceae.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2109\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Does Rafflesia arnoldii have cells that have a nucleus?",
    "choices":[
      "no",
      "yes"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This organism is Rafflesia arnoldii. It is a member of the plant kingdom.\nRafflesia arnoldii has the largest flowers in the world. A single flower can be three feet wide! R. arnoldii is commonly called a corpse flower because the flower smells like rotting meat.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Describe, classify, and compare kingdoms",
    "lecture":"In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms. Organisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom. <br\/><br\/>  | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | Plants<br\/> How many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | many<br\/> Do their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yes<br\/> Can their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes<br\/>",
    "solution":"Rafflesia arnoldii is a plant. Plant cells have a nucleus.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2115\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?",
    "choices":[
      "Leah roomed with Olivia last year, but Olivia's messiness became a point of contention.",
      "Leah roomed with Olivia last year, but her messiness became a point of contention."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Pronouns and antecedents",
    "skill":"Identify vague pronoun references",
    "lecture":"When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.",
    "solution":"The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun her could refer to Leah's or Olivia's.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Her has been replaced with Olivia's.\nLeah roomed with Olivia last year, but Olivia's messiness became a point of contention.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence so that it uses personification.\nThe sculptor hoped that her clay would be () than it had been the day before.",
    "choices":[
      "softer",
      "more obedient"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Creative techniques",
    "skill":"Use personification",
    "lecture":"Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point. The trees danced in the wind. The word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.",
    "solution":"Complete the sentence with the phrase more obedient. It describes the clay as if it were a person who can choose to obey or disobey.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the paragraph.\nEarth's surface is made mostly of rock. Water, wind, and ice can break down this rock to form ().",
    "choices":[
      "melted rock",
      "loose pieces",
      "bigger pieces"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"literacy-in-science",
    "category":"Rocks and minerals",
    "skill":"Changes to Earth's surface: erosion",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Water, wind, and ice can break down rock into loose pieces. This breakdown of rock is called weathering. Here are some ways that weathering can happen.\nWater crashes into a rock. Over time, the rock starts breaking down into smaller pieces.\nWind blows grains of sand into a rock. As the sand hits the rock, small pieces break off from the rock.\nWater flows into a crack in a rock. On a cold night, the water freezes to form ice. As the water freezes, it takes up more space. This makes the crack bigger. Over time, the crack becomes big enough to break the rock into smaller pieces.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Wisconsin?",
    "choices":[
      "Frankfort",
      "Lincoln",
      "Green Bay",
      "Madison"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Madison is the capital of Wisconsin.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2136\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\ncrushing a mineral into powder\nknitting yarn into a scarf",
    "choices":[
      "Both are chemical changes.",
      "Both are only physical changes.",
      "Both are caused by cooling.",
      "Both are caused by heating."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Chemical reactions",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule. In a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns. In a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nCrushing a mineral into powder is a physical change. The mineral breaks into tiny pieces. But it is still made of the same type of matter.\nKnitting yarn into a scarf is a physical change. The yarn gets a different shape, but it is still made of the same type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Olivia inherited this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Olivia's neighbor also has straight hair.",
      "Olivia's biological parents have red hair. Olivia also has red hair.",
      "Olivia's biological mother often wears her straight hair in a ponytail."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nOlivia has straight hair.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?",
    "choices":[
      "weather",
      "climate"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Figure: Houston.\nHouston is a city near the coast of Texas. On average, Houston receives about 49 inches of rain each year.\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Weather and climate around the world",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the passage carefully.\nHouston is a city near the coast of Texas. On average, Houston receives about 49 inches of rain each year.\nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual pattern of precipitation in Houston. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2162\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which pencil has a lower temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "the pencil with more thermal energy",
      "the pencil with less thermal energy"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Two pencils are identical except for their thermal energies.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Thermal energy",
    "skill":"How are temperature and mass related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving. The energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. What happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.",
    "solution":"The two pencils are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the pencil with less thermal energy has a lower temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\npear - pump",
    "choices":[
      "princess",
      "path"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince princess is between the guide words pear - pump, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the statement.\nAmmonia is ().",
    "choices":[
      "a compound",
      "an elementary substance"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Most of the ammonia produced every year is used by farmers to help crops grow. The chemical formula for ammonia is NH3.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"Classify elementary substances and compounds using chemical formulas",
    "lecture":"Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be. The symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula. An elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol. The symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule. For example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula. The chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms. A compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols. For example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms.",
    "solution":"You can tell whether ammonia is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for ammonia is NH3. This formula contains two symbols: N for nitrogen and H for hydrogen. So, the formula tells you that ammonia is made of two chemical elements bonded together.\nSubstances made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, ammonia is a compound.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Suppose Lola decides to go on the scorpion. Which result would be a cost?",
    "choices":[
      "Lola will save some ride tickets. She needs fewer tickets to go on the scorpion than on the flying bobsled.",
      "Lola will give up the chance to go on the flying bobsled. She would have had more fun on that ride."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Lola is deciding which ride to go on at the fair. She can go on either the flying bobsled or the scorpion. She wants to have as much fun as possible at the fair.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Costs and benefits",
    "lecture":"Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits. Costs are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need. Benefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.",
    "solution":"This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Lola wants or needs:\nLola will give up the chance to go on the flying bobsled. She would have had more fun on that ride.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the expected ratio of offspring with black wool to offspring with white wool? Choose the most likely ratio.",
    "choices":[
      "2:2",
      "1:3",
      "4:0",
      "3:1",
      "0:4"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"In a group of sheep, some individuals have white wool and others have black wool. In this group, the gene for the wool color trait has two alleles. The allele for white wool (L) is dominant over the allele for black wool (l).\nThis Punnett square shows a cross between two sheep.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Use Punnett squares to calculate ratios of offspring types",
    "lecture":"Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive? How do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. If an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait. If an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait. A Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type. For example, consider the Punnett square below. <br\/><br\/>  | F | f<br\/> F | FF | Ff<br\/> f | Ff | ff<br\/> <br\/> There is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.",
    "solution":"To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with black wool or white wool, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the wool color trait. The question tells you that the L allele, which is for white wool, is dominant over the l allele, which is for black wool.\nBlack wool is the recessive allele's version of the wool color trait. A sheep with the recessive version of the wool color trait must have only recessive alleles for the wool color gene. So, offspring with black wool must have the genotype ll.\nAll 4 boxes in the Punnett square have the genotype ll.\nWhite wool is the dominant allele's version of the wool color trait. A sheep with the dominant version of the wool color trait must have at least one dominant allele for the wool color gene. So, offspring with white wool must have the genotype LL or Ll.\nThere are 0 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype LL or Ll.\nSo, the expected ratio of offspring with black wool to offspring with white wool is 4:0. This means that, based on the Punnett square, this cross will always produce offspring with black wool. This cross is expected to never produce offspring with white wool.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2175\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these two objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "bouncy",
      "soft"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Different objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA soft object changes shape when you squeeze it. Both objects are soft.\nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The ball of wet clay is not bouncy.\nThe property that both objects have in common is soft.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2176\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles?",
    "choices":[
      "neither; their concentrations are the same",
      "Solution B",
      "Solution A"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each blue ball represents one particle of solute.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Compare concentrations of solutions",
    "lecture":"A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent. concentration = particles of solute \/ volume of solvent",
    "solution":"In Solution A and Solution B, the blue particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles, look at both the number of blue particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of blue particles per milliliter.\nSolution B has more blue particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of blue particles.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2183\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which term matches the picture?",
    "choices":[
      "fimbriae",
      "flagella"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the text.\nFlagella and fimbriae are both structures that extend from bacterial cell bodies, but these structures have very different purposes.\nFlagella are long whip-like structures anchored in bacteria's cell membranes. The primary function of flagella is for cellular movement.\nFimbriae are short hair-like structures that protrude from the surface of the cell. Fimbriae allow bacterial cells to attach to surfaces, including other cells.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"vocabulary",
    "category":"Context clues",
    "skill":"Determine the meaning of domain-specific words with pictures",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Flagella are long whip-like structures that help cells move through liquids.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2184\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on the timeline, which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The Aztec civilization existed from around 1300 until 1521.",
      "The Aztec were the only civilization to exist in the early Americas.",
      "The Aztec civilization lasted longer than the Maya civilization."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The Aztec were a people who created one of the most powerful civilizations in the early Americas. Historians call this civilization the Aztec Empire. Look at the timeline. Then answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"world-history",
    "category":"Early Americas",
    "skill":"Foundations of Aztec civilization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2185\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "Florida",
      "Virginia",
      "North Carolina",
      "Georgia"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"English colonies in North America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is Georgia.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2187\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the statement.\nChloromethane is ().",
    "choices":[
      "a compound",
      "an elementary substance"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Chloromethane is found in chemicals that some farmers use to kill weeds. The chemical formula for chloromethane is CH3Cl.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"Classify elementary substances and compounds using chemical formulas",
    "lecture":"There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you. A substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be. The atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula. An elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol. The atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule. For example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms. A compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols. The chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula. For example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two atoms.",
    "solution":"You can tell whether chloromethane is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of atomic symbols in its chemical formula. An atomic symbol consists of either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for chloromethane, CH3 Cl, contains three atomic symbols: C for carbon, H for hydrogen, and Cl for chlorine. So, the formula tells you that chloromethane is composed of three chemical elements bonded together.\nSince chloromethane is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, chloromethane is a compound.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal's limbs are also adapted for swimming?",
    "choices":[
      "California sea lion",
      "flying fox"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Sea turtles live in the ocean. They cover long distances in search of food and places to nest.\nThe  has four flippers for limbs. Its limbs are adapted for swimming.\nFigure: sea turtle.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: feet and limbs",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. Arms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the sea turtle.\nThe sea turtle uses its flippers to push itself through water. The flippers can also help it change direction while swimming.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe California sea lion has flippers. Its limbs are adapted for swimming.\nThe flying fox has large wings and short legs. Its limbs are not adapted for swimming. The flying fox uses its limbs to fly and hang from trees.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2191\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Oregon?",
    "choices":[
      "Albany",
      "Boise",
      "Nashville",
      "Salem"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Salem is the capital of Oregon.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2193\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is chocolate a mineral?",
    "choices":[
      "no",
      "yes"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Chocolate has the following properties:\nsolid\nmade in a chocolate factory\nnot a pure substance\nno fixed crystal structure",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Rocks and minerals",
    "skill":"Identify rocks and minerals",
    "lecture":"Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties: It is a solid. It is formed in nature. It is not made by organisms. It is a pure substance. It has a fixed crystal structure. If a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral. Look closely at the last three properties: A mineral is not made by organisms. Organisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals. Humans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals. A mineral is a pure substance. A pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances. A mineral has a fixed crystal structure. The crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.",
    "solution":"Chocolate does not have all the properties of a mineral. So, chocolate is not a mineral.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2199\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Identify the question that Stacy's experiment can best answer.",
    "choices":[
      "Do radish plants grown under bright light have more leaves than radish plants grown under dim light?",
      "Do radishes grown under bright light get bigger than radishes grown under dim light?"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below.\n\nStacy planted 20 radish plants in a greenhouse, putting each plant in its own pot. She placed ten of the pots under bright light and the other ten pots under dim light. Stacy watered all the plants twice a day. After two months, she pulled the radish plants from the ground, threw away the leafy green tops, and measured the sizes of the radishes. She compared the sizes of the radishes grown under bright light to the sizes of the radishes grown under dim light.\nFigure: a radish plant in soil.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify the experimental question",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment. Imagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured. First, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested. Then, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured. Experiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height. Examples of questions that this experiment can answer include: Does soil type affect the height of daffodil plants? Do daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil? Are daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2200\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following statements describes the Roman Empire during the Pax Romana?",
    "choices":[
      "The Roman Empire only controlled land in Europe and Africa.",
      "The Roman Empire controlled parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa.",
      "The Roman Empire controlled all of the land around the Caspian Sea."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The period of the Pax Romana, or the Roman Peace, lasted from 27 BCE to 180 CE. During this period, the Roman Empire reached its largest size. Look at the map of the Roman Empire during the Pax Romana. Then answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"world-history",
    "category":"Rome and the Byzantine Empire",
    "skill":"The fall of the Western Roman Empire",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2203\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "Connecticut",
      "Mississippi",
      "Pennsylvania",
      "Massachusetts"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"Colonial America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is Connecticut.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2209\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Tony acquired this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Tony's scar was caused by an accident. He cut his arm when he fell off his bicycle.",
      "Some scars fade more quickly than others."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nTony has a scar on his right arm.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What can Greg and Ben trade to each get what they want?",
    "choices":[
      "Greg can trade his tomatoes for Ben's carrots.",
      "Greg can trade his tomatoes for Ben's broccoli.",
      "Ben can trade his almonds for Greg's tomatoes.",
      "Ben can trade his broccoli for Greg's oranges."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.\nGreg and Ben open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Neither Greg nor Ben got everything that they wanted. The table below shows which items they each wanted:\n\nLook at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.\nGreg's lunch Ben's lunch",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Trade and specialization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the table and images.\nGreg wants broccoli. Ben wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2223\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which kind of place usually has quieter neighborhoods?",
    "choices":[
      "an urban area",
      "a suburban area"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Compare urban, suburban, and rural areas",
    "lecture":"People around the world live in three main kinds of places: urban areas, suburban areas, and rural areas. An urban area is a city. It has many people and businesses. The buildings are close to each other. The buildings are often tall and have many floors. Since there are so many people, traffic is usually bad. People will walk or take the bus, train, or subway to avoid traffic. A suburban area, or suburb, is near a city. It is quieter and less crowded than an urban area. People usually live in houses with yards. Most people drive to get places. A rural area is less crowded than both urban and suburban areas. Houses are much more spread out. People usually have to drive to get places. People in rural areas often live on farms or ranches. Some places, like small towns, don't really fit into any of the types. A small town does not have as many people as an urban area, but it has more people than a rural area. It is not near a city, so it is not called a suburb.",
    "solution":"Suburban areas usually have quieter neighborhoods. There are fewer people, and houses are farther apart.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which organ works with muscles to move the body?",
    "choices":[
      "lungs",
      "stomach",
      "skeleton"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Animals",
    "skill":"Human organs and their functions",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a compound sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "Mr. Buchanan's afternoon lecture was about art and culture in Germany before World War II.",
      "Preston couldn't find the definition for flax in the book's glossary, so he looked it up online."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple, compound, or complex?",
    "lecture":"A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence. the oranges on our tree are ripe The clause can stand alone. It is independent. after we pick up Kevin from work The clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent. A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause. Ben and I spent all day relaxing by the pool. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat. Ben usually wears his heavy coat in the winter. A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. We saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while. If she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.",
    "solution":"The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction so.\nPreston couldn't find the definition for flax in the book's glossary, so he looked it up online.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the living thing.",
    "choices":[
      "windmill",
      "paper clip",
      "lion",
      "brick wall"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify living and nonliving things",
    "lecture":"All living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell. All living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change. All living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense.",
    "solution":"A lion is a living thing.\nLions grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water. Lions are made up of many cells.\nA paper clip is not a living thing.\nPaper clips do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.\nA brick wall is not a living thing.\nBrick walls do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.\nA windmill is not a living thing.\nA windmill does not have all the traits of a living thing. It moves in the wind, but it does not grow. It does not need food or water.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\ncrushing a mineral into powder\npouring milk on oatmeal",
    "choices":[
      "Both are chemical changes.",
      "Both are only physical changes.",
      "Both are caused by cooling.",
      "Both are caused by heating."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nCrushing a mineral into powder is a physical change. The mineral breaks into tiny pieces. But it is still made of the same type of matter.\nPouring milk on oatmeal is a physical change. The oatmeal and milk form a creamy mixture. But making this mixture does not form a different type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which object has more thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "a 750-gram rock at a temperature of 95\u00b0F",
      "a 750-gram rock at a temperature of 20\u00b0F"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The objects are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Heat and thermal energy",
    "skill":"How is temperature related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.",
    "solution":"The two rocks have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 95\u00b0F rock is hotter than the 20\u00b0F rock, it has more thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which drop of honey has more thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "the hotter drop of honey",
      "the colder drop of honey"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two drops of honey are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Heat and thermal energy",
    "skill":"How are temperature and mass related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving. The energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. What happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.",
    "solution":"The two drops of honey are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter drop of honey has more thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\n\"This salsa could use a little more spice,\" Cameron said as he gulped down water and wiped tears from his eyes.",
    "choices":[
      "The salsa was too spicy.",
      "The salsa triggered Cameron's allergies."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.",
    "solution":"The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nCould use a little more spice ironically suggests that the salsa was too spicy. Cameron gulped down water and wiped tears from his eyes, indications that the salsa was indeed too spicy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the bird.",
    "choices":[
      "cobra",
      "salmon",
      "bison",
      "blue-footed booby"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Birds have feathers, two wings, and a beak.",
    "solution":"A bison is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.\nMale bison have horns. They can use their horns to defend themselves.\nA salmon is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nUnlike most other fish, salmon can live in both fresh water and salt water.\nA blue-footed booby is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nBlue-footed boobies live on tropical islands in the Pacific Ocean.\nA cobra is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nMost cobras have a wide, flat hood below their head. A cobra can display its hood to scare away a predator.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following trait inherited or acquired?\nCara has naturally brown hair.",
    "choices":[
      "inherited",
      "acquired"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Identify inherited and acquired traits",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.",
    "solution":"Humans do not choose their natural hair color. Some people dye their hair. But this does not change their natural hair color.\nChildren get their natural hair color from their parents. So, Cara's hair color is an inherited trait.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature",
      "sample B",
      "sample A"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. The particles in sample A also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.\nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2270\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the mammal below.",
    "choices":[
      "green moray eel",
      "red kangaroo",
      "catfish",
      "robin"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Mammals have hair or fur and feed their young milk.\nMammals are warm-blooded. Warm-blooded animals can control their body temperature.\nA giraffe is an example of a mammal.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals.",
    "solution":"A robin is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nA robin is a songbird. It sings different songs at different times of the day.\nA catfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nUnlike most other fish, catfish do not have scales! They have slimy skin.\nA green moray eel is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nEels are long and thin. They may have small fins. They look like snakes, but they are fish!\nA red kangaroo is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.\nKangaroos hop to move around. They use their large tails for balance while hopping.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2272\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the statement.\nPropane is ().",
    "choices":[
      "an elementary substance",
      "a compound"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The model below represents a molecule of propane. Propane is used as fuel for heaters, engines, and outdoor grills.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"Classify elementary substances and compounds using models",
    "lecture":"All substances are made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl. Scientists can use models to represent molecules. A ball-and-stick model of a molecule is shown below. This model represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride. In a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent chemical bonds. Notice how each ball is labeled with a symbol for a chemical element. The ball represents one atom of that element.",
    "solution":"Count the number of chemical elements represented in the model. Then, decide if propane is an elementary substance or a compound.\nIn this model, each ball is labeled with C for carbon or H for hydrogen. So, the model shows you that propane is made of two chemical elements bonded together.\nSubstances made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, propane is a compound.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2275\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Identify the question that Eric's experiment can best answer.",
    "choices":[
      "Does temperature affect how much bacteria can grow in liquid?",
      "Do more bacteria grow in liquid with cinnamon than in liquid without cinnamon?"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below.\n\nEric mixed bacteria into a nutrient-rich liquid where the bacteria could grow. He poured four ounces of the mixture into each of ten glass flasks. In five of the ten flasks, he also added one teaspoon of cinnamon. He allowed the bacteria in the flasks to grow overnight in a 37\u00b0C room. Then, Eric used a microscope to count the number of bacteria in a small sample from each flask. He compared the amount of bacteria in the liquid with cinnamon to the amount of bacteria in the liquid without cinnamon.\nFigure: flasks of liquid for growing bacteria.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify the experimental question",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment. Imagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured. First, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested. Then, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured. Experiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height. Examples of questions that this experiment can answer include: Does soil type affect the height of daffodil plants? Do daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil? Are daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2276\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material, but some of them are different sizes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger.",
    "solution":"The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.\nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2282\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "New Hampshire",
      "Connecticut",
      "Indiana",
      "Ohio"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"Colonial America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is Connecticut.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2290\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Assume all other forces on Hakim are balanced. Which statement describes the forces on Hakim?",
    "choices":[
      "The forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Hakim.",
      "The forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Hakim."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Hakim is standing on a diving board at the pool. Earth's gravity is pulling down on Hakim with a force of 400N. The diving board is pushing up on Hakim with a force of 400N.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Balanced and unbalanced forces",
    "lecture":"A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces. When opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object. When opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object.",
    "solution":"To determine if there is a net force on Hakim, look at the forces:\nEarth's gravity is pulling Hakim down with a force of 400 N.\nThe diving board is pushing Hakim up with a force of 400 N.\nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have the same magnitude: 400 N. This means that the forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Hakim.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nEdward picked up his pace on the trail as his spidey sense began to tingle.",
    "choices":[
      "Italian history",
      "a comic book"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. Here, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion spidey sense is a comic book.\nThe comic book superhero Spider-Man possesses a spidey sense that warns him of impending trouble.\nThe allusion spidey sense means a sense of danger coming.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Each bus takes the same amount of time to stop. Which school bus needs a larger force to come to a stop?",
    "choices":[
      "a school bus carrying 600 pounds",
      "a school bus carrying 500 pounds"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Kids from two different schools are riding their school buses home. The buses are the same. They are going the same speed. But different numbers of kids are riding in each bus.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"How do mass and force affect motion?",
    "lecture":"A force is a push or a pull. A force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction. Forces can be different sizes. Think about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object.",
    "solution":"Look for the school bus that is heavier.\nA school bus carrying 600 pounds is heavier than a school bus carrying 500 pounds. So, the school bus carrying 600 pounds needs a larger force to come to a stop in the same amount of time as the other bus.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "Mississippi",
      "Maryland",
      "Florida",
      "Georgia"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"English colonies in North America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is Georgia.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2312\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following organisms is the omnivore in this food web?",
    "choices":[
      "shiner",
      "black crappie",
      "copepod"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Below is a food web from Little Rock Lake, a freshwater lake ecosystem in Wisconsin.\nA food web models how the matter eaten by organisms moves through an ecosystem. The arrows in a food web represent how matter moves between organisms in an ecosystem.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Interpret food webs I",
    "lecture":"A food web is a model. A food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food. Arrows show how matter moves. A food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating. An organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web. An organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web.",
    "solution":"Omnivores are consumers that eat both producers and other consumers. So, an omnivore has arrows pointing to it from at least one producer and at least one consumer.\nThe black crappie has three arrows pointing to it. These arrows start from the rotifer, the water flea, and the shiner, which are all consumers. So, the black crappie is a consumer but not an omnivore.\nThe rotifer has an arrow pointing to it from the green algae, which is a producer. The rotifer also has an arrow pointing to it from the water flea, which is a consumer. The rotifer eats a producer and a consumer, so it is an omnivore.\nThe copepod has an arrow pointing to it from the golden algae, which is a producer. The copepod also has an arrow pointing to it from the rotifer, which is a consumer. The copepod eats a producer and a consumer, so it is an omnivore.\nThe shiner has only one arrow pointing to it. This arrow starts from the water flea, which is a consumer. So, the shiner is a consumer but not an omnivore.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2315\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these four objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "shiny",
      "sweet",
      "transparent"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the best answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nSugar has a sweet taste. The trombone is not sweet.\nA shiny object reflects a lot of light. You can usually see your reflection in a shiny object. All four objects are shiny.\nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. None of the objects are transparent.\nThe property that all four objects have in common is shiny.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2320\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of New Mexico?",
    "choices":[
      "Denver",
      "Albuquerque",
      "Boston",
      "Santa Fe"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Santa Fe is the capital of New Mexico.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2325\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material, but some of them are different sizes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller.",
    "solution":"Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.\nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2326\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?",
    "choices":[
      "At the conference, the authors met with some publishers to discuss their new books.",
      "At the conference, the authors discussed their new books with some publishers."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Pronouns and antecedents",
    "skill":"Identify vague pronoun references",
    "lecture":"When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.",
    "solution":"The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun their could refer to the authors' or the publishers'.\nAt the conference, the authors met with some publishers to discuss their new books.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nAt the conference, the authors discussed their new books with some publishers.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "New Zealand",
      "Australia",
      "Tuvalu",
      "Papua New Guinea"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Oceania: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of Oceania",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is New Zealand.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2338\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles?",
    "choices":[
      "Solution B",
      "Solution A",
      "neither; their concentrations are the same"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each purple ball represents one particle of solute.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Compare concentrations of solutions",
    "lecture":"A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent. concentration = particles of solute \/ volume of solvent",
    "solution":"In Solution A and Solution B, the purple particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles, look at both the number of purple particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of purple particles per milliliter.\nSolution B has more purple particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of purple particles.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2340\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the temperature of a cup of hot coffee?",
    "choices":[
      "145\u00b0F",
      "145\u00b0C"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Estimate temperatures",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Temperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units. <br\/><br\/> 212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0C<br\/> 98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0C<br\/> 68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0C<br\/> 32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0C<br\/>",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the temperature of a cup of hot coffee is 145\u00b0F.\n145\u00b0C is too hot.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following trait inherited or acquired?\nPolly has naturally curly hair.",
    "choices":[
      "inherited",
      "acquired"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Hint: Some humans are born with naturally curly hair. Others are born with naturally straight hair.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Identify inherited and acquired traits",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.",
    "solution":"Human hair can be naturally curly or naturally straight. Curly and straight are examples of hair texture.\nSome people decide to change how their hair looks. But this doesn't affect the natural texture of their hair. So, having naturally curly hair is an inherited trait.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Sage's phenotype for the fleece type trait?",
    "choices":[
      "a hairy fleece",
      "a woolly fleece"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This passage describes the fleece type trait in sheep:\n\nIn a group of sheep, some individuals have a hairy fleece and others have a woolly fleece. In this group, the gene for the fleece type trait has two alleles. The allele for a hairy fleece (F) is dominant over the allele for a woolly fleece (f).\nSage is a sheep from this group. Sage has the homozygous genotype FF for the fleece type gene.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: dominant and recessive",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. Some traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene. An organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene. An organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene. The types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. A dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers. A recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.",
    "solution":"Sage's genotype for the fleece type gene is FF. Sage's genotype of FF has only F allelles. The F allele is for a hairy fleece. So, Sage's phenotype for the fleece type trait must be a hairy fleece.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Sage's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for a hairy fleece (F) is dominant over the allele for a woolly fleece (f). This means F is a dominant allele, and f is a recessive allele.\nSage's genotype of FF has two dominant alleles. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Sage's phenotype for the fleece type trait must be a hairy fleece.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nLooking at his life, we couldn't help but see Tucker as a Job-like figure.",
    "choices":[
      "Roman history",
      "the Bible"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. The protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose. The word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion Job is the Bible.\nIn the Bible, Job remains faithful and loyal to God, even after the unjust loss of his possessions, family, and health.\nThe allusion Job means someone who patiently endures adversity.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nTyler, the company you work for just filed for bankruptcy! How can I trust you with our money?",
    "choices":[
      "guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something",
      "appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> red herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that Tyler must be fiscally irresponsible, because he works for a company that went bankrupt. However, even though his company is perceived as fiscally irresponsible, that doesn't necessarily mean that Tyler is, too. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nBella anticipated that the free makeover her friend was promising would turn out to be a Trojan horse.",
    "choices":[
      "British history",
      "Greek mythology"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. Here, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion Trojan horse is Greek mythology.\nIn Greek mythology, the Greek army tricks the Trojan army into taking a large wooden horse into their carefully guarded city. The horse turns out to be filled with Greek warriors who, once inside the city of Troy, open the gates to the Greek army waiting outside.\nThe allusion Trojan horse means a deceptive or harmful offering.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Louisiana?",
    "choices":[
      "Baton Rouge",
      "Nashville",
      "New Orleans",
      "Topeka"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Southeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Baton Rouge is the capital of Louisiana.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2376\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which text uses the word ironic in its traditional sense?",
    "choices":[
      "Last winter, Henry took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, a rare snowstorm happened to hit Florida that week.",
      "Last winter, Henry took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, he just missed a few of his college friends, who had been in Florida the previous week."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Word usage and nuance",
    "skill":"Explore words with new or contested usages",
    "lecture":"Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner. When a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences. Britney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam. The traditional usage above is considered more standard. David perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages. The nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.",
    "solution":"The second text uses ironic in its traditional sense: contrary to what was intended, often in an amusing way. It's ironic because Henry tried to get away from the snow but found himself in a snowstorm regardless.\nLast winter, Henry took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, a rare snowstorm happened to hit Florida that week.\nThe first text uses ironic in its nontraditional sense: marked by coincidence. It was a coincidence that Henry's friends were in Florida the week before.\nLast winter, Henry took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, he just missed a few of his college friends, who had been in Florida the previous week.\nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word ironic because it is generally considered incorrect.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these oceans does the prime meridian intersect?",
    "choices":[
      "the Indian Ocean",
      "the Atlantic Ocean",
      "the Pacific Ocean"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Maps",
    "skill":"Use lines of latitude and longitude",
    "lecture":"Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps. Lines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there. Lines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator. Lines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles. The equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W. Together, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place.",
    "solution":"The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects the Atlantic Ocean. It does not intersect the Indian Ocean or the Pacific Ocean.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2381\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Vermont?",
    "choices":[
      "Concord",
      "Fargo",
      "Burlington",
      "Montpelier"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Northeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Montpelier is the capital of Vermont.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2393\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nJeffrey spoke at the city council meeting, claiming the new recycling regulations were draconian.",
    "choices":[
      "a fable",
      "Greek history"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. The protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose. The word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion draconian is Greek history.\nDraco, a government official in seventh-century Athens, Greece, wrote a code of laws that called for severe punishments for even minor offenses.\nThe allusion draconian means harsh.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What can Diana and Rebecca trade to each get what they want?",
    "choices":[
      "Diana can trade her tomatoes for Rebecca's sandwich.",
      "Rebecca can trade her almonds for Diana's tomatoes.",
      "Rebecca can trade her broccoli for Diana's oranges.",
      "Diana can trade her tomatoes for Rebecca's broccoli."
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":"Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.\nDiana and Rebecca open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Both of them could be happier with their lunches. Diana wanted broccoli in her lunch and Rebecca was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Trade and specialization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Diana wanted broccoli in her lunch and Rebecca was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.\nDiana has tomatoes. Rebecca has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2399\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What can Marshall and Nick trade to each get what they want?",
    "choices":[
      "Nick can trade his broccoli for Marshall's oranges.",
      "Nick can trade his almonds for Marshall's tomatoes.",
      "Marshall can trade his tomatoes for Nick's broccoli.",
      "Marshall can trade his tomatoes for Nick's carrots."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.\nMarshall and Nick open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Neither Marshall nor Nick got everything that they wanted. The table below shows which items they each wanted:\n\nLook at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.\nMarshall's lunch Nick's lunch",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Trade and specialization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the table and images.\nMarshall wants broccoli. Nick wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2402\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest south?",
    "choices":[
      "Maine",
      "Kansas",
      "Montana",
      "Wisconsin"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Maps",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Kansas is farthest south.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2407\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"How long does it take to do ten jumping jacks?",
    "choices":[
      "22 seconds",
      "22 hours"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose units of time",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Imagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds? The number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing. Time is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven. There are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute. There are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for how long it takes to do ten jumping jacks is 22 seconds.\n22 hours is too slow.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Use the evidence in the text to select the photosynthetic organism.",
    "choices":[
      "Red sea urchins are marine animals covered with hard spines. The urchins' cells take in minerals from the water and use these minerals to form the spines.",
      "Thistles are a type of flowering plant covered in prickly spines. Thistle plant cells contain chloroplasts, and their flowers contain a nectar that attracts birds and butterflies."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Photosynthesis",
    "skill":"Identify the photosynthetic organism",
    "lecture":"Organisms that carry out photosynthesis are called photosynthetic organisms. During photosynthesis, these organisms use light energy, carbon dioxide, and water to produce sugars and oxygen. Photosynthetic organisms also often have the following characteristics: They are producers, which are organisms that make their own food inside their cells. Because producers make their own food, they typically do not eat other organisms. Their cells contain chloroplasts, which are cell structures where photosynthesis occurs. Their chloroplasts often contain a green substance called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll captures light energy from the Sun to power photosynthesis. They use the sugars they produce during photosynthesis as food. This food provides energy that helps the organisms live, grow, and reproduce.",
    "solution":"This organism is photosynthetic:\nThe text tells you that thistle plant cells contain chloroplasts. This is evidence that the thistle is a photosynthetic organism.\nThis organism is not photosynthetic:\nThe text does not provide evidence that the red sea urchin is photosynthetic.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which solution has a higher concentration of green particles?",
    "choices":[
      "Solution A",
      "neither; their concentrations are the same",
      "Solution B"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each green ball represents one particle of solute.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Compare concentrations of solutions",
    "lecture":"A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent. concentration = particles of solute \/ volume of solvent",
    "solution":"In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.\nSolution A has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of green particles.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2427\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which statement describes the golf ball's motion?",
    "choices":[
      "The golf ball is accelerating.",
      "The golf ball has a constant velocity."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"A golf ball is sitting still on the grass three feet from the hole.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Identify whether objects are accelerating",
    "lecture":"An object's velocity describes its speed and its direction. An object has a constant velocity when neither its speed nor its direction is changing. So, an object has a constant velocity when the object is: moving in a straight line at a constant speed, or remaining motionless. If an object does not have a constant velocity, the object is accelerating. An object is accelerating when either its speed or its direction is changing. So, an object is accelerating when the object is: speeding up, slowing down, or changing direction.",
    "solution":"The golf ball is remaining motionless. So, the golf ball has a constant velocity.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Using only these supplies, which question can Britney investigate with an experiment?",
    "choices":[
      "Do small rocks or large rocks skip more times when thrown across the river?",
      "Do rocks skip more times when thrown across a river or across a pond?",
      "Do round rocks or flat rocks skip more times when thrown across the river?"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Britney likes to skip rocks at the river. She notices that some of the rocks she throws skip off the surface of the water many times, while others skip once and then sink. She wonders what factors affect how well rocks skip on the water. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\n10 small flat rocks\n10 large flat rocks\naccess to the river by her school",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of New Jersey?",
    "choices":[
      "Jersey City",
      "Trenton",
      "Augusta",
      "Albany"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Northeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Trenton is the capital of New Jersey.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2436\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the invertebrate.",
    "choices":[
      "turkey vulture",
      "redback spider"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Hint: Insects, spiders, and worms are invertebrates.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify vertebrates and invertebrates",
    "lecture":"Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals. A vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange. An invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have a hard outer cover on their body. Other invertebrates have a soft body.",
    "solution":"A turkey vulture is a bird. Like other birds, a turkey vulture is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nLike other spiders, a redback spider is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which tense does the sentence use?\nMr. Carson explained the idea to his son.",
    "choices":[
      "future tense",
      "present tense",
      "past tense"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"verbs",
    "category":"Verb tense",
    "skill":"Is the sentence in the past, present, or future tense?",
    "lecture":"Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now. Most present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es. Two verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms. Past tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened. Most past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed. Some verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms. Future tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen. All future-tense verbs use the word will. <br\/><br\/> Present | Past | Future<br\/> walk, walks | walked | will walk<br\/> go, goes | went | will go<br\/>",
    "solution":"The sentence is in past tense. You can tell because it uses a past-tense verb, explained. The verb ends in -ed and tells you about something that has already happened.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is a necklace a good or a service?",
    "choices":[
      "a service",
      "a good"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Economics",
    "skill":"Goods and services",
    "lecture":"Everything you can buy is either a good or a service. A good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good. A service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service.",
    "solution":"To decide whether a necklace is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs a necklace something you can touch? Yes.\nIs a necklace a job you might pay someone else to do? No.\nSo, a necklace is a good.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nDid you really vote for Edgar as class treasurer? Didn't you hear that his uncle was imprisoned for embezzling $1.5 million?",
    "choices":[
      "straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against",
      "guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> red herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that Edgar can't be trusted with money, because his uncle embezzled money. However, even though his uncle couldn't be trusted with money, that doesn't necessarily mean that Edgar can't be trusted with it. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Identify the question that Irma's experiment can best answer.",
    "choices":[
      "Does the amount of water in a glass affect whether eggs sink or float in the water?",
      "Are eggs more likely to float in fresh water or salty water?"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below.\n\nIrma poured four ounces of water into each of six glasses. Irma dissolved one tablespoon of salt in each of three glasses, and did not add salt to the other three. Then, Irma placed an egg in one glass and observed if the egg floated. She removed the egg and dried it. She repeated the process with the other five glasses, recording each time if the egg floated. Irma repeated this test with two more eggs and counted the number of times the eggs floated in fresh water compared to salty water.\nFigure: an egg floating in a glass of salty water.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify the experimental question",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment. Imagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured. First, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested. Then, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured. Experiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height. Examples of questions that this experiment can answer include: Does soil type affect the height of daffodil plants? Do daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil? Are daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2458\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Look at the models of molecules below. Select the elementary substance.",
    "choices":[
      "ozone",
      "2-chloroethanol",
      "benzene"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"Identify elementary substances and compounds using models",
    "lecture":"There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you. A substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl. Scientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride. In a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2459\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Look at the picture. Which word best describes the sound this hammer makes?",
    "choices":[
      "buzzing",
      "dripping",
      "banging"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Descriptive details",
    "skill":"Choose the sensory details that match the picture",
    "lecture":"When you write, you can use sensory details. These sense words help your reader understand what something looks, sounds, tastes, smells, or feels like. <br\/><br\/> Sensory Category | Description<br\/> Sight | These are words like bright, clean, and purple. A reader can imagine looking at these details.<br\/> Sound | These are words like hissing, buzzing, and ringing. A reader can imagine hearing these details.<br\/> Taste | These are words like juicy, sweet, and burnt. A reader can imagine tasting these details.<br\/> Smell | These are words like fruity, sweet, and stinky. A reader can imagine smelling these details.<br\/> Touch | These are words like fuzzy, wet, and soft. A reader can imagine feeling these details.<br\/> <br\/> Many sense words can describe more than one sense. For example, soft can describe a touch or a sound. And sweet can describe a taste or a smell.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture.\nThe word banging describes the sound this hammer makes.\nDripping and buzzing can also describe sounds. But they do not describe the sounds this hammer makes.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2461\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "attract",
      "repel"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south. Here are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S. If opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2465\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the statement.\nLithium bromide is ().",
    "choices":[
      "an elementary substance",
      "a compound"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The model below represents lithium bromide. Lithium bromide is used to absorb moisture from the air.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"Classify elementary substances and compounds using models",
    "lecture":"There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you. A substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be. Scientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a space-filling model. The space-filling model below represents the compound potassium chloride. In a space-filling model, the balls represent atoms that are bonded together. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance.",
    "solution":"Use the model to determine whether lithium bromide is an elementary substance or a compound.\nStep 1: Interpret the model.\n.\nUse the legend to determine the chemical element represented by each color. The colors and atomic symbols from the legend are shown in the table below. The table also includes the names of the chemical elements represented in the model.\nYou can see from the model that lithium bromide is composed of lithium atoms and bromine atoms bonded together.\nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.\nYou know from Step 1 that lithium bromide is composed of two chemical elements: lithium and bromine. Since lithium bromide is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, lithium bromide is a compound.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2475\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the volume of a water balloon?",
    "choices":[
      "17 cups",
      "17 gallons",
      "17 fluid ounces"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Volume is a measurement of how much space something takes up. There are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons. As the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon. A glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the volume of a water balloon is 17 fluid ounces.\n17 cups and 17 gallons are both too much.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Suppose Shawna decides to bake coffee cake muffins. Which result would be a cost?",
    "choices":[
      "Shawna will give up some muffins. She could have made more cranberry muffins than coffee cake muffins.",
      "Shawna will get to eat coffee cake muffins. She thinks coffee cake muffins are tastier than cranberry muffins."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Shawna is deciding whether to bake coffee cake muffins or cranberry muffins. She wants the muffins to be tasty. But she also wants to make a lot of muffins.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Costs and benefits",
    "lecture":"Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits. Costs are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need. Benefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.",
    "solution":"This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Shawna wants or needs:\nShawna will give up some muffins. She could have made more cranberry muffins than coffee cake muffins.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Hawaii?",
    "choices":[
      "Juneau",
      "Salt Lake City",
      "Hilo",
      "Honolulu"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2489\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nYou look as if you're licking some invisible something on your lips.",
    "choices":[
      "assonance",
      "euphemism"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify the figure of speech: review",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Anaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses. We are united. We are powerful. We are winners. Antithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure. I want to help, not to hurt. Apostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity. Oh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully? Assonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words. Try to light the fire. Chiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words. Never let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! An oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Some reviewers are calling this book a new classic. A paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Always expect the unexpected. Understatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is. As you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.",
    "solution":"The text uses assonance, the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nThe words if, licking, invisible, and lips share a vowel sound.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Minnesota?",
    "choices":[
      "Saint Paul",
      "Jefferson City",
      "Topeka",
      "Minneapolis"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Saint Paul is the capital of Minnesota.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2493\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the simile in this text suggest?\nLeslie rubbed coconut oil on her hands, which were like the parched earth during a drought.",
    "choices":[
      "Leslie's hands were dry and cracked.",
      "Leslie was baking something."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret the figure of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. A simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike. The cat's fur was as dark as the night.",
    "solution":"The text includes a simile, using like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe simile like the parched earth during a drought suggests that Leslie's hands were dry and cracked. A drought is a period without rain; the ground during a drought can become hard and cracked.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the one substance that is not a mineral.",
    "choices":[
      "Potassium feldspar is a solid. It is not made by living things.",
      "Turquoise is formed in nature. It is a solid.",
      "Plastic is made in a factory. It is a solid."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Rocks and minerals",
    "skill":"Identify minerals using properties",
    "lecture":"Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals. Minerals and rocks have the following properties: <br\/><br\/> Property | Mineral | Rock<br\/> It is a solid. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is a pure substance. | Yes | No<br\/> It has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No<br\/> <br\/> You can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither. Look closely at the last three properties: Minerals and rocks are not made by organisms. Organisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be  minerals or rocks. Humans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks. A mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not. A pure substance is made of only one type of matter.  Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures. A mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not. The crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way. However, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different!",
    "solution":"Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.\nPotassium feldspar is a mineral.\nPlastic is made in a factory. But all minerals are formed in nature.\nSo, plastic is not a mineral.\nTurquoise is a mineral.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles?",
    "choices":[
      "neither; their concentrations are the same",
      "Solution B",
      "Solution A"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each pink ball represents one particle of solute.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Compare concentrations of solutions",
    "lecture":"A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent. concentration = particles of solute \/ volume of solvent",
    "solution":"In Solution A and Solution B, the pink particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles, look at both the number of pink particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of pink particles per milliliter.\nSolution B has more pink particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of pink particles.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2517\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which sentence is more formal?",
    "choices":[
      "Avila Electronics has a reputation for responding quickly to all customer concerns and questions.",
      "Avila Electronics has a reputation for responding real quick to customer concerns and questions."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Author's purpose and tone",
    "skill":"Which sentence is more formal?",
    "lecture":"Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing: <br\/><br\/> Type | Examples<br\/> slang | cool, awesome<br\/> idioms | knock your socks off<br\/> conversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah<br\/> abbreviated language | ASAP, FYI<br\/> overly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store<br\/> contractions | can't, won't<br\/> <br\/> Contractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing. Compare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal. Informal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners. Formal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.",
    "solution":"The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses conversational language (real quick).\nThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the conversational language, so it is more formal overall.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Alaska?",
    "choices":[
      "Juneau",
      "Olympia",
      "Denver",
      "Salt Lake City"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify the 50 state capitals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Juneau is the capital of Alaska.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2524\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "repel",
      "attract"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south. Here are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S. If opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2534\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Hawaii?",
    "choices":[
      "Olympia",
      "Honolulu",
      "Hilo",
      "Santa Fe"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2537\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal's mouth is also adapted for gnawing?",
    "choices":[
      "Podolsk mole rat",
      "tamandua"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Nutrias eat plant parts such as stems and branches. They eat by biting off small pieces at a time, or gnawing. The 's mouth is adapted for gnawing.\nFigure: nutria.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: beaks, mouths, and necks",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the nutria.\nThe nutria has large front teeth. Its mouth is adapted for gnawing. The large front teeth can help the nutria break off pieces of food that it can swallow.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe Podolsk mole rat has large front teeth. Its mouth is adapted for gnawing.\nThe tamandua has a long tube-shaped mouth and no teeth. Its mouth is not adapted for gnawing. The tamandua uses its mouth to get insects out of holes and burrows.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2540\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Ruben acquired this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Ruben's neighbor taught him how to repair a kite.",
      "Ruben likes to fly a kite with his younger brother.",
      "Ruben's friend taught him how to fly a kite."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nRuben knows how to fly a kite.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What type of rock is marble?",
    "choices":[
      "metamorphic",
      "igneous"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Marble is a type of rock. It is used as a building material in many parts of the world. Marble forms when limestone is changed by heating and squeezing.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Rocks and minerals",
    "skill":"Classify rocks as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic",
    "lecture":"Igneous rock is formed when melted rock cools and hardens into solid rock. This type of change can occur at Earth's surface or below it. Sedimentary rock is formed when layers of sediment are pressed together to make rock. This type of change occurs below Earth's surface. Metamorphic rock is formed when a rock is changed by heating and squeezing. This type of change often occurs deep below Earth's surface. Over time, the old rock becomes a new rock with different properties.",
    "solution":"Marble is a metamorphic rock. Like other metamorphic rocks, it forms when a rock is changed by heating and squeezing.\nThe center of our planet is very hot. Deep below Earth's surface, rocks can be heated to high temperatures. The rocks can also be squeezed by the weight of rocks around them. Sometimes, the heating and squeezing changes the type of minerals in a rock. These changes form a new type of rock, called a metamorphic rock. The word metamorphic comes from the word metamorphism, which means change.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2543\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Neil Armstrong was the first person to do which of these things?",
    "choices":[
      "walk on the moon",
      "climb Mount Everest",
      "fly an airplane",
      "sail around the world"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"Historical figures",
    "skill":"Neil Armstrong",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"In 1969, Neil Armstrong led a mission to the moon. He became the first person to walk on the surface of the moon. No one had ever done that before.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\npouring milk on oatmeal\nwater evaporating from a puddle",
    "choices":[
      "Both are caused by heating.",
      "Both are caused by cooling.",
      "Both are chemical changes.",
      "Both are only physical changes."
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nPouring milk on oatmeal is a physical change. The oatmeal and milk form a creamy mixture. But making this mixture does not form a different type of matter.\nWater evaporating from a puddle is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The liquid changes into a gas, but a different type of matter is not formed.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nWater evaporating is caused by heating. But pouring milk on oatmeal is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Virginia?",
    "choices":[
      "Richmond",
      "Arlington",
      "Lexington",
      "Jefferson City"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Southeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Richmond is the capital of Virginia.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2550\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which statement is true about the average monthly precipitation in Charlotte?",
    "choices":[
      "Precipitation does not change much from month to month.",
      "January is the month with the highest average precipitation.",
      "June is wetter than July."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Use the graph to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Use climate data to make predictions",
    "lecture":"Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average precipitation for each month. The average precipitation can be used to describe the climate of a location. A bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average.",
    "solution":"To describe the average precipitation trends in Charlotte, look at the graph.\nChoice \"Jan\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Jun\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"June is wetter than July.\" is incorrect.\nWetter months have a higher average precipitation than drier months. June and July have the same average monthly precipitation. So, June is not wetter than July.\nChoice \"January is the month with the highest average precipitation.\" is incorrect.\nSeveral other months have a slightly higher average precipitation than January.\nChoice \"Precipitation does not change much from month to month.\" is incorrect.\nThe average monthly precipitation changes only slightly throughout the year.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2553\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a tennis racket?",
    "choices":[
      "50 centimeters",
      "50 meters"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of distance",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Imagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers? The number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing. Now look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters. There are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter. There are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the length of a tennis racket is 50 centimeters.\n50 meters is too long.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"In this food web, which organism contains matter that eventually moves to the sea cucumber?",
    "choices":[
      "bat star",
      "kelp",
      "kelp bass",
      "black rockfish"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Below is a food web from an ocean ecosystem in Monterey Bay, off the coast of California.\nA food web models how the matter eaten by organisms moves through an ecosystem. The arrows in a food web represent how matter moves between organisms in an ecosystem.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecological interactions",
    "skill":"Interpret food webs II",
    "lecture":"A food web is a model. A food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food. Arrows show how matter moves. A food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating. An organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web. An organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web.",
    "solution":"Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows to the sea cucumber.There is one path matter can take from the kelp to the sea cucumber: kelp->sea urchin->sea otter->orca->sea cucumber. black rockfish. The only arrow pointing from the black rockfish leads to the kelp bass. The only arrow pointing from the kelp bass leads to the bat star. No arrows point from the bat star to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the black rockfish to the sea cucumber.. kelp bass. The only arrow pointing from the kelp bass leads to the bat star. No arrows point from the bat star to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the kelp bass to the sea cucumber.. bat star. No arrows point from the bat star to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the bat star to the sea cucumber..",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2565\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Minnesota?",
    "choices":[
      "Minneapolis",
      "Frankfort",
      "Indianapolis",
      "Saint Paul"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Saint Paul is the capital of Minnesota.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2587\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"During this time, thermal energy was transferred from () to ().",
    "choices":[
      "each salmon . . . the surroundings",
      "the surroundings . . . each salmon"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Hansen lit the charcoal in his grill to cook two identical salmon. He put one fish on the left half of the grill and one fish on the right half of the grill. This table shows how the temperature of each salmon changed over 6minutes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Thermal energy",
    "skill":"Compare thermal energy transfers",
    "lecture":"A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy: An increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings. A decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings.",
    "solution":"The temperature of each salmon increased, which means that the thermal energy of each salmon increased. So, thermal energy was transferred from the surroundings to each salmon.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2589\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Identify the question that Sandeep's experiment can best answer.",
    "choices":[
      "Can pennies hold more drops of water mixed with dish soap or water mixed with hand soap?",
      "Can pennies hold more drops of pure water or water mixed with hand soap?"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below.\n\nSandeep used a dropper to put equal-sized drops of pure water, one at a time, onto a penny. The drops stayed together and formed a dome on the penny's surface. Sandeep recorded the number of drops he could add before the water spilled over the edge of the penny. Then, he rinsed and dried the penny, and repeated the test using water mixed with hand soap. He repeated these trials on nine additional pennies. Sandeep compared the average number of pure water drops to the average number of water drops mixed with hand soap that he could add to a penny before the water spilled over.\nFigure: a dome of water on the surface of a penny.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify the experimental question",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment. Imagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured. First, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested. Then, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured. Experiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height. Examples of questions that this experiment can answer include: Does soil type affect the height of daffodil plants? Do daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil? Are daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2592\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nThe artist's drawings are characterized by chimerical creatures appearing in settings such as bus stations and Laundromats.",
    "choices":[
      "Greek mythology",
      "modern history"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. The protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose. The word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion chimerical is Greek mythology.\nAccording to Greek mythology, a Chimera was an improbable fire-breathing monster with the head of a lion, the body of a goat, and the tail of a serpent.\nThe allusion chimerical means fanciful.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which text uses the word travesty in its traditional sense?",
    "choices":[
      "Walter's ill-researched essay about the Space Race received a poor grade because it presented such a travesty of the actual historical events.",
      "Walter realized that his essay about the Space Race was a bit inaccurate, but he still thought it a travesty that such an entertaining essay should receive a poor grade."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Word usage and nuance",
    "skill":"Explore words with new or contested usages",
    "lecture":"Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner. When a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences. Britney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam. The traditional usage above is considered more standard. David perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages. The nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.",
    "solution":"The first text uses travesty in its traditional sense: a ridiculous imitation; a parody.\nWalter's ill-researched essay about the Space Race received a poor grade because it presented such a travesty of the actual historical events.\nThe second text uses travesty in its nontraditional sense: a disappointment or a tragedy.\nWalter realized that his essay about the Space Race was a bit inaccurate, but he still thought it a travesty that such an entertaining essay should receive a poor grade.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word travesty because it is considered more standard.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same species as the Victoria crowned pigeon.",
    "choices":[
      "Goura victoria",
      "Dendrobates leucomelas",
      "Aequorea victoria"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This organism is a Victoria crowned pigeon. Its scientific name is Goura victoria.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"A Victoria crowned pigeon's scientific name is Goura victoria.\nDendrobates leucomelas does not have the same scientific name as a Victoria crowned pigeon. So, Goura victoria and Dendrobates leucomelas are not in the same species.\nAequorea victoria does have the same species within its genus as a Victoria crowned pigeon, but they are not in the same genus! They do not have the same scientific name as each other. So, these organisms are not in the same species.\nGoura victoria has the same scientific name as a Victoria crowned pigeon. So, these organisms are in the same species.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2602\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is syenite a mineral or a rock?",
    "choices":[
      "rock",
      "mineral"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Syenite has the following properties:\ncoarse-grained texture\nno fixed crystal structure\nsolid\nnaturally occurring\nnot made by organisms\nnot a pure substance",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Rocks and minerals",
    "skill":"Identify rocks and minerals",
    "lecture":"Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals. Minerals and rocks have the following properties: <br\/><br\/> Property | Mineral | Rock<br\/> It is a solid. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is a pure substance. | Yes | No<br\/> It has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No<br\/> <br\/> You can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither. Look closely at the last three properties: Minerals and rocks are not made by organisms. Organisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be  minerals or rocks. Humans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks. A mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not. A pure substance is made of only one type of matter.  Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures. A mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not. The crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way. However, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different!",
    "solution":"The properties of syenite match the properties of a rock. So, syenite is a rock.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2606\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "Georgia",
      "Iowa",
      "Virginia",
      "Delaware"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"Colonial America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is Delaware.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2611\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a run-on sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "Coach Yamamoto talked to her team before the game.",
      "Janelle blows big bubbles, Damon pops them."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is it a complete sentence or a run-on?",
    "lecture":"A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb. My friends walk along the path. A run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma. I knocked on the door it opened. It started raining, we ran inside. To fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence. I knocked on the door. It opened. It started raining. We ran inside. You can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. I knocked on the door, and it opened. It started raining, so we ran inside.",
    "solution":"Janelle blows big bubbles, Damon pops them is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined by just a comma: Janelle blows big bubbles and Damon pops them.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"In this food web, which organism contains matter that eventually moves to the parasol fungus?",
    "choices":[
      "gray fox",
      "bobcat",
      "black racer",
      "beaver"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":"Below is a food web from Shenandoah National Park, a forest ecosystem in Virginia.\nA food web models how the matter eaten by organisms moves through an ecosystem. The arrows in a food web represent how matter moves between organisms in an ecosystem.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecological interactions",
    "skill":"Interpret food webs II",
    "lecture":"A food web is a model. A food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food. Arrows show how matter moves. A food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating. An organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web. An organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web.",
    "solution":"Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows to the parasol fungus.\nThere are two arrows pointing from the gray fox to other organisms. One arrow points to the bobcat. The only arrow pointing from the bobcat leads to the bolete fungus. The other arrow pointing from the gray fox leads to the bolete fungus. No arrows point from the bolete fungus to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the gray fox to the parasol fungus.\nThe only arrow pointing from the black racer leads to the bolete fungus. No arrows point from the bolete fungus to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the black racer to the parasol fungus.There is one path matter can take from the black bear to the parasol fungus: black bear->parasol fungus. bobcat. The only arrow pointing from the bobcat leads to the bolete fungus. No arrows point from the bolete fungus to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the bobcat to the parasol fungus.. There is one path matter can take from the beaver to the parasol fungus: beaver->black bear->parasol fungus.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2622\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a sentence fragment?",
    "choices":[
      "Sacramento is the capital of California, the state government meets there.",
      "All the goats, cows, and horses on the farm."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is it a complete sentence, a fragment, or a run-on?",
    "lecture":"A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb. My friends walk along the path. A sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb. Knows the answer. This is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject. Who knows the answer? She knows the answer. The bright red car. This is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb. What did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped. A run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma. I knocked on the door it opened. It started raining, we ran inside. To fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence. I knocked on the door. It opened. It started raining. We ran inside. You can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. I knocked on the door, and it opened. It started raining, so we ran inside.",
    "solution":"All the goats, cows, and horses on the farm is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is a lamp a good or a service?",
    "choices":[
      "a service",
      "a good"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Economics",
    "skill":"Goods and services",
    "lecture":"Everything you can buy is either a good or a service. A good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good. A service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service.",
    "solution":"To decide whether a lamp is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs a lamp something you can touch? Yes.\nIs a lamp a job you might pay someone else to do? No.\nSo, a lamp is a good.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which tense does the sentence use?\nEveryone will admire your strength and courage.",
    "choices":[
      "past tense",
      "present tense",
      "future tense"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"verbs",
    "category":"Verb tense",
    "skill":"Is the sentence in the past, present, or future tense?",
    "lecture":"Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now. Most present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es. Two verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms. Past tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened. Most past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed. Some verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms. Future tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen. All future-tense verbs use the word will. <br\/><br\/> Present | Past | Future<br\/> walk, walks | walked | will walk<br\/> go, goes | went | will go<br\/>",
    "solution":"The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, admire. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is an empty glass a solid, a liquid, or a gas?",
    "choices":[
      "a gas",
      "a liquid",
      "a solid"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"States of matter",
    "skill":"Classify matter as solid, liquid, or gas",
    "lecture":"Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own. Some solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid. When matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle. Some liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk. When matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space. Many gases are invisible. Air is a gas.",
    "solution":"An empty glass is a solid. If someone drops a glass, it may break into pieces. But each piece will still have a size and shape of its own.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2642\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is Lithops bromfieldii made up of one cell?",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This organism is Lithops bromfieldii. It is a member of the plant kingdom.\nLithops bromfieldii lives in South Africa. Each L. bromfieldii is made up of two brown or gray leaves. Because of its unusual appearance, L. bromfieldii is sometimes called a living stone.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Describe, classify, and compare kingdoms",
    "lecture":"In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms. Organisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom. <br\/><br\/>  | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | Plants<br\/> How many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | many<br\/> Do their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yes<br\/> Can their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes<br\/>",
    "solution":"Lithops bromfieldii is a plant. Plants are made up of many cells.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2646\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?",
    "choices":[
      "Jake and his best friend go to the same college, but Jake is graduating this coming June.",
      "Jake and his best friend go to the same college, but he is graduating this coming June."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"pronouns",
    "category":"Pronouns and antecedents",
    "skill":"Identify vague pronoun references",
    "lecture":"When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.",
    "solution":"The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun he could refer to Jake or his best friend.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. He has been replaced with Jake.\nJake and his best friend go to the same college, but Jake is graduating this coming June.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What kind of sentence is this?\nGive me one good reason I should consider purchasing a hybrid vehicle.",
    "choices":[
      "imperative",
      "exclamatory",
      "interrogative"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory?",
    "lecture":"There are four kinds of sentences. A declarative sentence is a statement and always ends with a period. The nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure. An imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point. For this assignment, use references to support your claims. Don't drive so quickly in the construction zone! An interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark. Given the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction? An exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point. I can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!",
    "solution":"The sentence makes a demand, so it is an imperative sentence. Here, it ends with a period.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest north?",
    "choices":[
      "Maryland",
      "Nevada",
      "Vermont",
      "Louisiana"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Vermont is farthest north.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2655\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature",
      "sample B",
      "sample A"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.\nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2657\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "repel",
      "attract"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces. Magnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S). Here are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles. If opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2659\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence.\nIn this chemical reaction, carbon monoxide is a ().",
    "choices":[
      "product",
      "reactant"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This passage describes a chemical reaction. Read the passage. Then, follow the instructions below.\nOzone is a gas found high up in Earth's atmosphere. In places with severe air pollution, ozone can also be found in the air closer to the ground. This ground-level ozone forms when oxygen in the air combines with carbon monoxide and other chemicals in polluted air. Ground-level ozone can harm humans by damaging their lungs.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Chemical reactions",
    "skill":"Identify reactants and products",
    "lecture":"A chemical change occurs when new substances are formed from existing substances. This process is called a chemical reaction. In a chemical reaction, one or more substances change into one or more different substances. During the reaction, the atoms of the original substances are rearranged to form other substances. The original substances in a chemical reaction are called reactants. These substances react, or go through a chemical change. The substances that are formed in a chemical reaction are called products. These substances are produced by the chemical reaction. So, in a chemical reaction, reactants go through a chemical change to form products.",
    "solution":"Read the underlined text carefully. Look for information about what happens to carbon monoxide in this chemical reaction.\nOzone is a gas found high up in Earth's atmosphere. In places with severe air pollution, ozone can also be found in the air closer to the ground. This ground-level ozone forms when oxygen in the air combines with carbon monoxide and other chemicals in polluted air. Ground-level ozone can harm humans by damaging their lungs.\nThe underlined text tells you that when oxygen and carbon monoxide combine, ozone is formed. When oxygen and carbon monoxide react, or go through a chemical change, their atoms are rearranged to form ozone. Because carbon monoxide reacts in this chemical reaction, carbon monoxide is a reactant.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest west?",
    "choices":[
      "Florida",
      "Louisiana",
      "Kentucky",
      "Vermont"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Maps",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Louisiana is farthest west.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2665\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nIt took a Herculean effort on the part of two bystanders to move the stalled car out of traffic.",
    "choices":[
      "a song",
      "classical mythology"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. Here, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion Herculean is classical mythology.\nIn classical mythology, Hercules is the son of a god and possesses incredible, superhuman strength.\nThe allusion Herculean means powerful.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which object has less thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "a 6-kilogram block of steel at a temperature of 110\u00b0F",
      "a 6-kilogram block of steel at a temperature of 65\u00b0F"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The objects are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Heat and thermal energy",
    "skill":"How is temperature related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.",
    "solution":"The two blocks of steel have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 65\u00b0F block is colder than the 110\u00b0F block, it has less thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on the text, what is one thing that spinner dolphins do?",
    "choices":[
      "They spin around in the air.",
      "They hunt for food during the day.",
      "They leap in the air to catch their food."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Read the text about spinner dolphins.\nHave you ever seen a dolphin spin through the water? How about a dolphin that jumps high above the ocean? If so, you have probably seen a spinner dolphin. These playful dolphins are able to leap into the air and then spin around a few times before crashing back into the water.\nThough these dolphins love to play, they spend much of their day swimming peacefully in harbors and resting. This helps them conserve energy for the busy night ahead. When the sun goes down, spinner dolphins hunt for food. At night, the sea animals that the dolphins eat move from the deep ocean toward the surface of the water. After a night of hunting and eating, spinner dolphins are ready to rest in the harbors again.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reading-comprehension",
    "category":"Informational texts: level 1",
    "skill":"Read passages about animals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the text in bold below. It tells you that spinner dolphins spin around in the air.\nHave you ever seen a dolphin spin through the water? How about a dolphin that jumps high above the ocean? If so, you have probably seen a spinner dolphin. These animals are able to leap into the air and then spin around a few times before crashing back into the water.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2669\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?",
    "choices":[
      "Mrs. Trevino told her friend to exercise on a regular basis and get more sleep in order to have more energy throughout the day.",
      "Mrs. Trevino told her friend that she needs to exercise on a regular basis and get more sleep in order to have more energy throughout the day."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Pronouns",
    "skill":"Identify vague pronoun references",
    "lecture":"When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.",
    "solution":"The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Mrs. Trevino or her friend.\nMrs. Trevino told her friend that she needs to exercise on a regular basis and get more sleep in order to have more energy throughout the day.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nMrs. Trevino told her friend to exercise on a regular basis and get more sleep in order to have more energy throughout the day.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is a watch a solid, a liquid, or a gas?",
    "choices":[
      "a solid",
      "a liquid",
      "a gas"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"States of matter",
    "skill":"Identify and sort solids, liquids, and gases",
    "lecture":"Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own. Some solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid. When matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle. Some liquids are thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk. When matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space. Many gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas.",
    "solution":"A watch is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.\nA watch can bend to fit your wrist, but the watch will still have its own shape.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2672\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Michigan?",
    "choices":[
      "Tampa",
      "Newport",
      "Grand Rapids",
      "Lansing"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Lansing is the capital of Michigan.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2673\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following trait inherited or acquired?\nMalik can fly an airplane.",
    "choices":[
      "inherited",
      "acquired"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Identify inherited and acquired traits",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.",
    "solution":"People are not born knowing how to fly an airplane. Instead, some people learn how to fly airplanes. So, flying an airplane is an acquired trait.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nMost of the people who knew Grayson considered him to be an unrepentant Casanova.",
    "choices":[
      "Greek mythology",
      "history"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. The protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose. The word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion Casanova is history.\nThe autobiography of Giovanni Giacomo Casanova, an eighteenth-century Italian adventurer, details and perhaps exaggerates his amorous adventures and success with women.\nThe allusion Casanova means a womanizer.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following was an independent variable in this experiment?",
    "choices":[
      "the number of rusted steel squares",
      "the type of liquid used"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and think about the variables that are described.\n\nFrancesca was using steel to make rusted sculptures. After building each sculpture, she caused the steel in the sculpture to rust by placing it into a tub filled with salt water for eight hours. Francesca wondered if steel would rust faster submerged in vinegar instead of salt water.\nTo find out, Francesca cut ten squares of steel sheet metal and split them into two equal groups. She put one group of squares into a tub filled with salt water and the other group of squares into a tub filled with vinegar. Once an hour for eight hours, Francesca counted the number of rusted steel squares in each group.\nHint: An independent variable is a variable whose effect you are investigating. A dependent variable is a variable that you measure.\nFigure: a sculpture made from rusted steel.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify independent and dependent variables",
    "lecture":"Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to find out how one variable affects another variable. For example, imagine that you want to find out if fertilizer affects the number of tomatoes a tomato plant grows. To answer this question, you decide to set up two equal groups of tomato plants. Then, you add fertilizer to the soil of the plants in one group but not in the other group. Later, you measure the effect of the fertilizer by counting the number of tomatoes on each plant. In this experiment, the amount of fertilizer added to the soil and the number of tomatoes were both variables. The amount of fertilizer added to the soil was an independent variable because it was the variable whose effect you were investigating. This type of variable is called independent because its value does not depend on what happens after the experiment begins. Instead, you decided to give fertilizer to some plants and not to others. The number of tomatoes was a dependent variable because it was the variable you were measuring. This type of variable is called dependent because its value can depend on what happens in the experiment.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2684\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of West Virginia?",
    "choices":[
      "Saint Louis",
      "Huntington",
      "Billings",
      "Charleston"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Southeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Charleston is the capital of West Virginia.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2685\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which phrase has a more positive connotation?",
    "choices":[
      "an impatient person",
      "an eager person"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"vocabulary",
    "category":"Shades of meaning",
    "skill":"Positive and negative connotation",
    "lecture":"Connotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations. For example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations. Eager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited. Impatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding.",
    "solution":"An eager person has a more positive connotation. An eager person is excited and happy. An impatient person is often rude, pushy, or demanding.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the motion of three cars. Which car was moving at the lowest speed?",
    "choices":[
      "a car that moved 700kilometers south in 10hours",
      "a car that moved 380kilometers north in 10hours",
      "a car that moved 240kilometers east in 10hours"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Compare the speeds of moving objects",
    "lecture":"An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time. Distance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer. Time tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour. Think about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed.",
    "solution":"Look at the distance each car moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each car moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each car moved for 10 hours. The car that moved 240 kilometers moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that car must have moved at the lowest speed.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nAfter Evelyn cooked and served a scrumptious dinner, Dad boasted that she is the Julia Child of our family.",
    "choices":[
      "allusion",
      "pun"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Alliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words. What a lucky little lady you are! An allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. An idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned. The assignment was a piece of cake. A simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike. The cat's fur was as dark as the night. A metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as. The snow formed a blanket over the town. Onomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound. The scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat. Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. The trees danced in the wind. A pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning. A great new broom is sweeping the nation. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.",
    "solution":"The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nJulia Child alludes to the famous chef who is known for popularizing French cuisine in the United States.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the part whose main job is to store nutrients, water, and waste in an animal cell.",
    "choices":[
      "mitochondria",
      "vacuoles",
      "cytoplasm"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Cells",
    "skill":"Identify functions of animal cell parts",
    "lecture":"The cell membrane controls which substances enter and leave the cell. The cell membrane also protects the cell from the outside environment. The cytoplasm is made up of a thick liquid that fills the space inside the cell membrane. The cytoplasm supports the other cell parts and holds them in place. Many important chemical reactions happen in the cytoplasm. The mitochondria break down sugar to release energy that the cell can use. The vacuoles store nutrients, such as sugar, in the cell. Vacuoles also store water and waste. The nucleus directs cell activities. It does this by sending instructions to different parts of the cell. The chromosomes contain the information that the cell uses for growth and activities. In animal and plant cells, the chromosomes are inside the nucleus.",
    "solution":"Vacuoles store water, waste, and nutrients such as sugar. Animal cells usually have several small vacuoles.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Shawn acquired this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Shawn's friend taught him how to fly a kite.",
      "Shawn's neighbor taught him how to repair a kite.",
      "Shawn likes to fly a kite with his younger brother."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nShawn knows how to fly a kite.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "Rhode Island",
      "Maryland",
      "Washington, D.C.",
      "New York"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"Colonial America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is Maryland.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2708\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following best describes a population in the Camargue wetlands?",
    "choices":[
      "the microscopic algae and the brine shrimp",
      "a flock of greater flamingos",
      "the salty water and the tamarisk trees"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the passage. Then answer the question below.\n\nDuring the wet season, there are heavy rains, and the salty ponds in the Camargue wetland in France fill with water. During the dry season, the ponds lose water, and the remaining water becomes saltier. Some plants, such as tamarisk trees, can live in this changing environment.\nThe salty Camargue wetlands are also a habitat for flocks of greater flamingos. Greater flamingos get their pink color from eating brine shrimp, which are tiny pink shrimp that live in the wetlands. Brine shrimp get their pink color from eating microscopic algae that contain pink pigments.\nFigure: greater flamingos in the Camargue wetlands.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Describe populations, communities, and ecosystems",
    "lecture":"In an environment, organisms interact with each other and with their nonliving surroundings. To help describe these interactions, ecologists use specific terms for different types of groups. A single organism is an individual. Individuals of the same species that live in the same place are part of a population. Multiple populations of different species that live in the same place are part of a community. Together, communities of living organisms and the nonliving parts of their environment make up an ecosystem.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2724\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the probability that a cat produced by this cross will have long fur?",
    "choices":[
      "1\/4",
      "4\/4",
      "3\/4",
      "2\/4",
      "0\/4"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"In a group of cats, some individuals have short fur and others have long fur. In this group, the gene for the fur length trait has two alleles. The allele for short fur (F) is dominant over the allele for long fur (f).\nThis Punnett square shows a cross between two cats.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Use Punnett squares to calculate probabilities of offspring types",
    "lecture":"Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive? How do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. If an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait. If an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait. In a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes. An event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction: probability of an event = number of ways the event can happen \/ number of equally likely outcomes You can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff. <br\/><br\/>  | F | f<br\/> F | FF | Ff<br\/> f | Ff | ff<br\/> <br\/> Consider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction: number of ways the event can happen \/ number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff \/ total number of boxes = 1 \/ 4.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2727\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a simple sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "Mr. Lowery's afternoon lecture was about art and culture in Germany before World War II.",
      "We can install the software now, or we can wait until next week."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple, compound, or complex?",
    "lecture":"A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence. the oranges on our tree are ripe The clause can stand alone. It is independent. after we pick up Kevin from work The clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent. A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause. Ben and I spent all day relaxing by the pool. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat. Ben usually wears his heavy coat in the winter. A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. We saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while. If she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.",
    "solution":"The second sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.\nMr. Lowery's afternoon lecture was about art and culture in Germany before World War II.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Washington?",
    "choices":[
      "Spokane",
      "Salem",
      "Seattle",
      "Olympia"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Olympia is the capital of Washington.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2734\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the motion of three ducks. Which duck was moving at the highest speed?",
    "choices":[
      "a duck that moved 1,055kilometers south in 10hours",
      "a duck that moved 610kilometers west in 10hours",
      "a duck that moved 850kilometers south in 10hours"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Compare the speeds of moving objects",
    "lecture":"An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time. Distance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer. Time tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour. Think about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed.",
    "solution":"Look at the distance each duck moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each duck moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each duck moved for 10 hours. The duck that moved 1,055 kilometers moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that duck must have moved at the highest speed.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest east?",
    "choices":[
      "Iowa",
      "North Dakota",
      "Washington",
      "Kentucky"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Kentucky is farthest east.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2749\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"In this experiment, which were part of a control group?",
    "choices":[
      "the snowboards with wax removed",
      "the snowboards with wax added"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The passage below describes an experiment.\n\nJeanette and Bryant were taking a snowboarding class. During the class, their instructor said they would go faster if they applied wax to the undersides of their snowboards.\nAfter the class, Jeanette applied a thin layer of wax to the underside of a snowboard and rode the board straight down a hill. Then, she removed the wax and rode the snowboard straight down the hill again. Bryant timed how long each ride took. Jeanette repeated these rides on four other snowboards, alternating whether she first rode with or without wax.\nFigure: a snowboarder.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify control and experimental groups",
    "lecture":"Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to investigate whether changing a variable between different groups has a specific outcome. For example, imagine you want to find out whether adding fertilizer to soil affects the height of pea plants. You could investigate this question with the following experiment: You grow one group of pea plants in soil with fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. This group shows you what happens when fertilizer is added to soil. Since fertilizer is the variable whose effect you are investigating, this group is an experimental group. You grow another group of pea plants in soil without fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. Since this group shows you what happens when fertilizer is not added to the soil, it is a control group. By comparing the results from the experimental group to the results from the control group, you can conclude whether adding fertilizer to the soil affects pea plant height.",
    "solution":"In this experiment, Jeanette and Bryant investigated whether adding wax to snowboards affects their speed. There was no wax on the snowboards with wax removed. So, they were part of a control group.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2754\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Use the evidence in the text to select the photosynthetic organism.",
    "choices":[
      "The barrel cactus is a producer in its ecosystem, so the cactus makes its own food inside its cells. The barrel cactus lives in deserts and uses energy from sunlight to make food.",
      "The crown-of-thorns starfish is a consumer in its ecosystem, so it eats other organisms for food. Crown-of-thorns starfish eat coral and are known for damaging coral reefs."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Photosynthesis",
    "skill":"Identify the photosynthetic organism",
    "lecture":"Organisms that carry out photosynthesis are called photosynthetic organisms. During photosynthesis, these organisms use light energy, carbon dioxide, and water to produce sugars and oxygen. Photosynthetic organisms also often have the following characteristics: They are producers, which are organisms that make their own food inside their cells. Because producers make their own food, they typically do not eat other organisms. Their cells contain chloroplasts, which are cell structures where photosynthesis occurs. Their chloroplasts often contain a green substance called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll captures light energy from the Sun to power photosynthesis. They use the sugars they produce during photosynthesis as food. This food provides energy that helps the organisms live, grow, and reproduce.",
    "solution":"This organism is photosynthetic:\nThe text tells you that a barrel cactus is a producer that uses energy from sunlight to make its own food. This is evidence that the barrel cactus is a photosynthetic organism.\nThis organism is not photosynthetic:\nThe text does not provide evidence that the crown-of-thorns starfish is photosynthetic.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which material is this magnifying glass made of?",
    "choices":[
      "linen",
      "plastic"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Identify multiple materials in objects",
    "lecture":"A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. Some objects are made of just one material. Most nails are made of metal. Other objects are made of more than one material. This hammer is made of metal and wood.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the magnifying glass.\nThe magnifying glass is made of two different materials. The handle is made of plastic, and the lens is made of glass.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2766\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which empty mug has a higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "the empty mug with more thermal energy",
      "the empty mug with less thermal energy"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two empty mugs are identical except for their thermal energies.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Thermal energy",
    "skill":"How are temperature and mass related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving. The energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. What happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.",
    "solution":"The two empty mugs are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the empty mug with more thermal energy has a higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Alaska?",
    "choices":[
      "Fairbanks",
      "Olympia",
      "Anchorage",
      "Juneau"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Juneau is the capital of Alaska.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2774\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the vertebrate.",
    "choices":[
      "barn owl",
      "leaf-curling spider"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Hint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are vertebrates.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify vertebrates and invertebrates",
    "lecture":"Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals. A vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange. An invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have a hard outer cover on their body. Other invertebrates have a soft body.",
    "solution":"A barn owl is a bird. Like other birds, a barn owl is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nLike other spiders, a leaf-curling spider is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which cup of black tea has a higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "the cup of black tea with more thermal energy",
      "the cup of black tea with less thermal energy"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two 350-gram cups of black tea are identical except for their thermal energies.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Heat and thermal energy",
    "skill":"How are temperature and mass related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving. The energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. What happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.",
    "solution":"The two cups of black tea are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the cup of black tea with more thermal energy has a higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same species as the marbled salamander.",
    "choices":[
      "Taricha torosa",
      "Lissotriton helveticus",
      "Ambystoma opacum"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"This organism is a marbled salamander. Its scientific name is Ambystoma opacum.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"A marbled salamander's scientific name is Ambystoma opacum.\nAmbystoma opacum has the same scientific name as a marbled salamander. So, these organisms are in the same species.\nLissotriton helveticus does not have the same scientific name as a marbled salamander. So, Ambystoma opacum and Lissotriton helveticus are not in the same species.\nTaricha torosa does not have the same scientific name as a marbled salamander. So, Ambystoma opacum and Taricha torosa are not in the same species.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2821\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "Rhode Island",
      "New Hampshire",
      "Massachusetts",
      "Connecticut"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"English colonies in North America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is Connecticut.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2823\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Pennsylvania?",
    "choices":[
      "Dover",
      "Sacramento",
      "Concord",
      "Harrisburg"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Northeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Harrisburg is the capital of Pennsylvania.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2824\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Does the sentence use a simile or a metaphor?\nMrs. Shelton is kind, and her heart is gold.",
    "choices":[
      "metaphor",
      "simile"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Identify similes and metaphors",
    "lecture":"Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike. A simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as. My sister runs like a cheetah. The sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like. A cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast. The cat's fur was as dark as the night. The cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as. The night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark. A metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as. The snow formed a blanket over the town. The snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as. A blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely. Using similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader.",
    "solution":"Mrs. Shelton is kind, and her heart is gold.\nThe words heart and gold are compared without the word like or as. So, the sentence uses a metaphor.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the one animal that has all of the amphibian traits listed above.",
    "choices":[
      "Red-headed poison frogs have moist, smooth skin. Female red-headed poison frogs lay their eggs on plants. The eggs have no shells and are protected by their father. When the eggs hatch, the father frog carries the tadpoles to water.",
      "Canadian lynx have furry, padded feet that help them walk on snow. Canadian lynx feed their offspring milk."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Amphibians are a group of animals with similar traits. The following traits can be used to identify amphibians:\nThey spend part of their lives in water and part on land.\nThey have moist skin.\nThey make eggs with no shells. Observe the animals and read the descriptions.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Use evidence to classify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live. How do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group.",
    "solution":"To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nAmphibians have the following traits:\nThey spend part of their lives in water and part on land.\nThey have moist skin.\nThey make eggs with no shells.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA Canadian lynx has the following traits:\nIt feeds its offspring milk.\nIt has fur.\nA Canadian lynx does not have all of the traits of an amphibian. A Canadian lynx is a mammal.\nA red-headed poison frog has the following traits:\nIt spends part of its life in water and part on land.\nIt has moist skin.\nIt makes eggs with no shells.\nA red-headed poison frog has the traits of an amphibian. A red-headed poison frog is an amphibian.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is the most flexible?",
    "choices":[
      "glass bowl",
      "wood board",
      "metal hair clip"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of materials",
    "lecture":"Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. A material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy. For example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.",
    "solution":"Flexible is a property. A flexible material can be bent without breaking easily.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine bending the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the metal hair clip is the most flexible. If you gently bend a metal hairclip, it will not break.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these cities is marked on the map?",
    "choices":[
      "San Diego",
      "San Francisco",
      "Las Vegas",
      "Salt Lake City"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Cities",
    "skill":"Cities of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The city is Salt Lake City, Utah. San Francisco, Las Vegas, and San Diego are marked with gray circles on the map below.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2864\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence so that it uses personification.\n\"You might think you'll always be young,\" Mrs. Nelson counseled, \"but time ()\".",
    "choices":[
      "affects everyone",
      "creeps up on you"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Creative techniques",
    "skill":"Use personification",
    "lecture":"Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point. The trees danced in the wind. The word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.",
    "solution":"Complete the sentence with the phrase creeps up on you. It describes time as if it were a sneaky person.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the reptile below.",
    "choices":[
      "Nile crocodile",
      "sea otter",
      "arroyo toad",
      "leafy seadragon"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Reptiles have scaly, waterproof skin. Most reptiles live on land.\nReptiles are cold-blooded. The body temperature of cold-blooded animals depends on their environment.\nA box turtle is an example of a reptile.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals.",
    "solution":"A Nile crocodile is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nCrocodiles hunt their prey in or near water.\nA leafy seadragon is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nA seadragon's body looks like a clump of seaweed. This helps the seadragon hide from its predators.\nAn arroyo toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.\nA sea otter is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.\nSea otters have very thick fur. Their fur keeps them warm in cold water.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2868\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word does not rhyme?",
    "choices":[
      "ring",
      "thing",
      "jump"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade1",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"phonological-awareness",
    "category":"Rhyming",
    "skill":"Which word does not rhyme?",
    "lecture":"Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound. The words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound. The words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound. The words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.",
    "solution":"The words ring and thing rhyme. They both end with the ing sound.\nThe word jump does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal's feet are also adapted to walk on snow and ice?",
    "choices":[
      "tokay gecko",
      "Siberian tiger"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Snow leopards live in the snowy mountains of central Asia. The 's feet are adapted for walking on snow and ice.\nFigure: snow leopard.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: feet and limbs",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the snow leopard.\nThe snow leopard has furry feet with large pads. Its feet are adapted to walk on snow and ice. The fur can help keep the snow leopard's feet warm. The large pads help spread its weight over a larger area. This allows it to walk on ice without slipping and to walk on snow without sinking in too deep.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe Siberian tiger has furry feet with large pads. Its feet are adapted to walk on snow and ice.\nThe tokay gecko has wide, sticky toes. Its feet are not adapted to walk on snow and ice. The tokay gecko uses its feet to climb trees and walk on leaves.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2874\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which correctly shows the title of a book?",
    "choices":[
      "there's a wocket in My Pocket!",
      "There's a Wocket in My Pocket!"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"capitalization",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Capitalizing titles",
    "lecture":"In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach These words are not important in titles: Articles, a, an, the Short prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up Coordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or",
    "solution":"Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The words a and in are not important, so they should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is There's a Wocket in My Pocket!",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which closing is correct for a letter?",
    "choices":[
      "With love,\nDana",
      "with love,\nDana"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"capitalization",
    "category":"Capitalization",
    "skill":"Greetings and closings of letters",
    "lecture":"A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue. Dear Aunt Sue, I'm glad you could come to my party, and thank you for the birthday gift. I could not have asked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think of you. With love, Rory",
    "solution":"The first closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a sofa?",
    "choices":[
      "4 yards",
      "4 inches",
      "4 feet",
      "4 miles"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of distance, mass, and volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles. There are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile. A football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the length of a sofa is 4 feet.\n4 inches is too short. 4 yards and 4 miles are too long.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which type of sentence is this?\nBert took several incredible panoramic photographs of the sweeping view from the top of Table Mountain.",
    "choices":[
      "complex",
      "compound-complex",
      "simple",
      "compound"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Phrases and clauses",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex?",
    "lecture":"A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence. the oranges on our tree are ripe The clause can stand alone. It is independent. after we pick up Kevin from work The clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent. A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause. Ben and I spent all day relaxing by the pool. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat. Ben usually wears his heavy coat in the winter. A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. We saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose. If she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. During his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome. A compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. After Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym. Sometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause. Orcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.",
    "solution":"The sentence is simple. It is a single independent clause.\nBert took several incredible panoramic photographs of the sweeping view from the top of Table Mountain.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Wyoming?",
    "choices":[
      "Laramie",
      "Cheyenne",
      "Helena",
      "Minneapolis"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2897\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Echo's phenotype for the coat color trait?",
    "choices":[
      "a red coat",
      "ll"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"In a group of cows, some individuals have a black coat and others have a red coat. In this group, the gene for the coat color trait has two alleles. The allele L is for a black coat, and the allele l is for a red coat.\nEcho, a cow from this group, has a red coat. Echo has two alleles for a red coat.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.",
    "solution":"An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Echo's observable version of the coat color trait is a red coat. So, Echo's phenotype for the coat color trait is a red coat.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these four objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "rough",
      "flexible",
      "opaque"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Select the best answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nAn opaque object does not let light through. All four objects are opaque.\nA flexible object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. The hair clip is flexible, but the building blocks are not.\nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. The hair clip and the binder are not rough.\nThe property that all four objects have in common is opaque.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2910\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the one substance that is not a mineral.",
    "choices":[
      "Native copper is formed in nature. It is a pure substance.",
      "Diamond is a solid. It is formed in nature.",
      "Molasses is made by humans. It is a liquid."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Rocks and minerals",
    "skill":"Identify minerals using properties",
    "lecture":"Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals. Minerals and rocks have the following properties: <br\/><br\/> Property | Mineral | Rock<br\/> It is a solid. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is a pure substance. | Yes | No<br\/> It has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No<br\/> <br\/> You can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither. Look closely at the last three properties: Minerals and rocks are not made by organisms. Organisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be  minerals or rocks. Humans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks. A mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not. A pure substance is made of only one type of matter.  Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures. A mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not. The crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way. However, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different!",
    "solution":"Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.\nMolasses is a liquid. But all minerals are solids.\nMolasses is made by humans. But minerals are not made by living things.\nSo, molasses is not a mineral.\nNative copper is a mineral.\nDiamond is a mineral.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Wisconsin?",
    "choices":[
      "Madison",
      "Green Bay",
      "Milwaukee",
      "Topeka"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Madison is the capital of Wisconsin.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2918\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the bird below.",
    "choices":[
      "kangaroo",
      "flamingo"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Birds have feathers, two wings, and a beak. A red-tailed hawk is an example of a bird.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common. Scientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.",
    "solution":"A flamingo is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nA kangaroo is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2934\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "the Dominican Republic",
      "Dominica",
      "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines",
      "Barbados"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"The Americas: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of the Caribbean",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is Dominica.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2941\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Kiribati",
      "Samoa",
      "Tonga",
      "Fiji"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Oceania: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of Oceania",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is Tonga.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2945\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nbeaver - bury",
    "choices":[
      "banner",
      "brier"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince brier is between the guide words beaver - bury, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following statement about our solar system true or false?\nJupiter's volume is more than 10,000 times as large as the volume of Mars.",
    "choices":[
      "true",
      "false"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Use the data to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"true-or-false",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Astronomy",
    "skill":"Analyze data to compare properties of planets",
    "lecture":"A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet. The primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation. For example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km^3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 10^15 km^3. To compare two numbers written in scientific notation, first compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example: 1.43 x 10^15 is larger than 1.43 x 10^12 If their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example: 1.43 x 10^15 is larger than 1.25 x 10^15 To multiply a number written in scientific notation by a power of 10, write the multiple of 10 as 10 raised to an exponent. Then, add the exponents. For example: 1.43 x 10^15 \u00b7 1000 = 1.43 x 10^15 \u00b7 10^3 = 1.43 x 10^(15 + 3) = 1.43 x 10^18",
    "solution":"To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 10,000 times the volume of Mars.\nThen compare the result to the volume of Jupiter. Jupiter's volume is 1.43 x 10^15 km^3, which is less than 1.63 x 10^15 km^3. So, Jupiter's volume is less than 10,000 times as large as the volume of Mars.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2975\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material, but some of them are different shapes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets.",
    "solution":"Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.\nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2985\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which better describes the Pisgah National Forest ecosystem?",
    "choices":[
      "It has soil that is poor in nutrients. It also has only a few types of trees.",
      "It has soil that is rich in nutrients. It also has only a few types of trees."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Figure: Pisgah National Forest.\nThe Pisgah National Forest is a temperate deciduous forest ecosystem in western North Carolina.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Describe ecosystems",
    "lecture":"An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment. There are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other: the pattern of weather, or climate the type of soil the organisms that live there",
    "solution":"A temperate deciduous forest is a type of ecosystem. Temperate deciduous forests have the following features: warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters, soil that is rich in nutrients, and only a few types of trees. So, the Pisgah National Forest has soil that is rich in nutrients. It also has only a few types of trees.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/2991\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "Rhode Island",
      "Connecticut",
      "Massachusetts",
      "New Hampshire"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"Colonial America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is Massachusetts.\nThe Massachusetts Colony included land that would later become the state of Maine. Maine was never its own colony.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3001\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Charlie inherited this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Charlie and his father both have dark hair.",
      "Charlie's parents have pale skin. They passed down this trait to Charlie."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nCharlie has pale skin.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Heredity",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the direction of this push?",
    "choices":[
      "away from the soccer player's foot",
      "toward the soccer player's foot"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"A soccer player kicks the ball with his foot to score. His foot pushes the ball to the goal.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Identify pushes and pulls",
    "lecture":"One object can make another object move with a push or a pull. The direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing. The direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling.",
    "solution":"The soccer player's kick is a type of push. The soccer player kicks the ball away from his foot to score a goal. The direction of the push is away from the soccer player's foot.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3005\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What can Hannah and Wendy trade to each get what they want?",
    "choices":[
      "Wendy can trade her almonds for Hannah's tomatoes.",
      "Wendy can trade her broccoli for Hannah's oranges.",
      "Hannah can trade her tomatoes for Wendy's carrots.",
      "Hannah can trade her tomatoes for Wendy's broccoli."
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":"Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.\nHannah and Wendy open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Neither Hannah nor Wendy got everything that they wanted. The table below shows which items they each wanted:\n\nLook at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.\nHannah's lunch Wendy's lunch",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Trade and specialization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the table and images.\nHannah wants broccoli. Wendy wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3010\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which text uses the word random in its traditional sense?",
    "choices":[
      "Martina made a random trip to the grocery store, though her kitchen was already stocked with a hodgepodge of food.",
      "At the grocery store, Martina hastily grabbed fruits and vegetables at random, filling her shopping cart with a hodgepodge of food."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Word usage and nuance",
    "skill":"Explore words with new or contested usages",
    "lecture":"Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner. When a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences. Britney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam. The traditional usage above is considered more standard. David perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages. The nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.",
    "solution":"The first text uses random in its traditional sense: made or occurring without a definite pattern.\nAt the grocery store, Martina hastily grabbed fruits and vegetables at random, filling her shopping cart with a hodgepodge of food.\nThe second text uses random in its nontraditional sense: odd or out of place.\nMartina made a random trip to the grocery store, though her kitchen was already stocked with a hodgepodge of food.\nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word random because it is generally considered incorrect.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a garden rake?",
    "choices":[
      "6 yards",
      "6 inches",
      "6 miles",
      "6 feet"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of distance, mass, and volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles. There are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile. A football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the length of a garden rake is 6 feet.\n6 inches is too short. 6 yards and 6 miles are too long.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following trait inherited or acquired?\nCharlie can ride a motorcycle.",
    "choices":[
      "acquired",
      "inherited"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Hint: Riding a motorcycle well takes practice.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Identify inherited and acquired traits",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.",
    "solution":"People are not born knowing how to ride a motorcycle. Instead, many people learn how to ride. So, riding a motorcycle is an acquired trait.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Would you find the word clutch on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ncriticism - cultivate",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince clutch is not between the guide words criticism - cultivate, it would not be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "the Federated States of Micronesia",
      "Nauru",
      "the Marshall Islands",
      "Kiribati"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Oceania: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of Oceania",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is the Marshall Islands.\nDoes the Marshall Islands have any territorial disputes?\nThe Marshall Islands claims to own Wake Island, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.\nThe United States claimed Wake Island in 1899 and has controlled it since then. But the Marshall Islands considers the island part of its territory. It says that its people have traveled to the island to gather food and resources for many years. Today, the island is mainly used by the U.S. Air Force.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3018\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"How long does it take to bake lasagna in the oven?",
    "choices":[
      "39 hours",
      "39 minutes"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose units of time",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Imagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds? The number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing. Time is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven. There are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute. There are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for how long it takes to bake lasagna in the oven is 39 minutes.\n39 hours is too slow.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material, but some of them are different sizes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller.",
    "solution":"The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.\nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3023\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Connecticut?",
    "choices":[
      "New Haven",
      "Hartford",
      "Trenton",
      "Newport"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Northeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Hartford is the capital of Connecticut.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3029\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?",
    "choices":[
      "I didn't like the ending of The Fault in Our Stars, but the book critic thought it was well-written.",
      "The book critic thought The Fault in Our Stars was well-written, but I didn't like the ending."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Pronouns",
    "skill":"Identify vague pronoun references",
    "lecture":"When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.",
    "solution":"The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to the ending or The Fault in Our Stars.\nI didn't like the ending of The Fault in Our Stars, but the book critic thought it was well-written.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nThe book critic thought The Fault in Our Stars was well-written, but I didn't like the ending.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same species as the gray heron.",
    "choices":[
      "Ardea cinerea",
      "Hyla cinerea",
      "Lonicera japonica"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This organism is a gray heron. Its scientific name is Ardea cinerea.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification and scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"A gray heron's scientific name is Ardea cinerea.\nLonicera japonica does not have the same scientific name as a gray heron. So, Ardea cinerea and Lonicera japonica are not in the same species.\nHyla cinerea does have the same species within its genus as a gray heron, but they are not in the same genus! They do not have the same scientific name as each other. So, these organisms are not in the same species.\nArdea cinerea has the same scientific name as a gray heron. So, these organisms are in the same species.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3033\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nneglect - normal",
    "choices":[
      "nice",
      "nylon"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince nice is between the guide words neglect - normal, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which continent is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Australia",
      "Asia",
      "South America",
      "North America"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Oceans and continents",
    "skill":"Identify oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents.",
    "solution":"This continent is North America.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3053\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Suppose Luna decides to get the cherries jubilee ice cream. Which result would be a cost?",
    "choices":[
      "Luna will give up the chance to get a free waffle cone. She would have enjoyed the waffle cone.",
      "Luna will get to eat the cherries jubilee ice cream. She likes this flavor more than vanilla bean."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Luna is deciding whether to get cherries jubilee ice cream or vanilla bean ice cream. She likes cherries jubilee more than vanilla bean. But a scoop of vanilla bean ice cream comes with a free waffle cone.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Costs and benefits",
    "lecture":"Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits. Costs are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need. Benefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.",
    "solution":"This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Luna wants or needs:\nLuna will give up the chance to get a free waffle cone. She would have enjoyed the waffle cone.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nRussell's '64 Impala groaned as he turned the ignition. Yet again he resolved to refurbish it over the summer.",
    "choices":[
      "personification",
      "simile"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Alliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words. What a lucky little lady you are! An allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. An idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned. The assignment was a piece of cake. A simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike. The cat's fur was as dark as the night. A metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as. The snow formed a blanket over the town. Onomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound. The scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat. Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. The trees danced in the wind. A pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning. A great new broom is sweeping the nation. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.",
    "solution":"The text uses personification, giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nRussell's '64 Impala groaned describes the car as if it were human.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nBefore Sophie had even met her future husband in person, she knew about his reputation as a Romeo.",
    "choices":[
      "Roman mythology",
      "literature"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. Here, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion Romeo is literature.\nIn William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, Romeo is known for the eloquent declaration of love with which he woos Juliet.\nThe allusion Romeo means a man who is very romantic.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What can Gabe and Maddie trade to each get what they want?",
    "choices":[
      "Gabe can trade his tomatoes for Maddie's carrots.",
      "Maddie can trade her broccoli for Gabe's oranges.",
      "Maddie can trade her almonds for Gabe's tomatoes.",
      "Gabe can trade his tomatoes for Maddie's broccoli."
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":"Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.\nGabe and Maddie open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Neither Gabe nor Maddie got everything that they wanted. The table below shows which items they each wanted:\n\nLook at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.\nGabe's lunch Maddie's lunch",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Trade and specialization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the table and images.\nGabe wants broccoli. Maddie wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3082\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nLeah should either stop reading those sappy paranormal romance novels or finally admit that she doesn't believe in empowering women.",
    "choices":[
      "bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct",
      "slippery slope fallacy: the false assumption that a small first step will lead to extreme consequences",
      "false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations<br\/> slippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that Leah either must give up reading a certain type of book or admit she doesn't believe in female empowerment. However, someone can both enjoy reading paranormal romance books and also believe in empowering women. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal's feet are also adapted for digging?",
    "choices":[
      "manatee",
      "honey badger"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"s are found in parts of Europe. They dig and live in burrows. The feet of the  are adapted for digging.\nFigure: Alpine marmot.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: feet and limbs",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the Alpine marmot.\nThe Alpine marmot has long, straight claws. Its feet are adapted for digging. The Alpine marmot uses its claws to break up soil and move it out of the way.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe honey badger has long, straight claws. Its feet are adapted for digging.\nThe manatee has short, stubby flippers for feet. Its feet are not adapted for digging. The manatee uses its flippers to move underwater.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3098\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Saint Kitts and Nevis",
      "Cuba",
      "Antigua and Barbuda",
      "Barbados"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"The Americas: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of the Caribbean",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is Antigua and Barbuda.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3108\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which material is this handsaw made of?",
    "choices":[
      "metal",
      "glass"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Identify multiple materials in objects",
    "lecture":"A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. Some objects are made of just one material. Most nails are made of metal. Other objects are made of more than one material. This hammer is made of metal and wood.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the handsaw.\nThe handsaw is made of two different materials. The handle is made of wood. The rest of the saw is made of metal.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3112\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which correctly shows the title of a movie?",
    "choices":[
      "***Return of the Jedi***",
      "\"Return of the Jedi\""
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Formatting titles",
    "lecture":"The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead. A Midsummer Night's Dream The title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks. \"You Are My Sunshine\"",
    "solution":"A movie should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **Return of the Jedi**.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nJerry dropped out of college to travel the world, but a year later, the prodigal son returned home and re-enrolled.",
    "choices":[
      "British history",
      "the Bible"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. Here, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion prodigal son is the Bible.\nIn a Biblical parable, the prodigal son irresponsibly spends the inheritance given to him by his father. When he returns home, he expects to be shamed, but his father forgives him.\nThe allusion prodigal son means a person who behaves recklessly but later makes a repentant return.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Suppose Mary decides to make split pea soup. Which result would be a cost?",
    "choices":[
      "Mary will give up the chance to eat the minestrone soup, which would have been tastier than the split pea soup.",
      "Mary will save some time. The minestrone soup would have taken longer to make than the split pea soup."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Mary is deciding whether to make minestrone soup or split pea soup for dinner. She wants dinner to be as tasty as possible. But she is also hungry and wants to eat soon.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Costs and benefits",
    "lecture":"Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits. Costs are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need. Benefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.",
    "solution":"This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Mary wants or needs:\nMary will give up the chance to eat the minestrone soup, which would have been tastier than the split pea soup.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest north?",
    "choices":[
      "Iowa",
      "Georgia",
      "Oklahoma",
      "Mississippi"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Iowa is farthest north.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3124\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material, but some of them are different sizes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger.",
    "solution":"Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.\nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3137\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\ncarving a piece of wood\nwater boiling on a stove",
    "choices":[
      "Both are chemical changes.",
      "Both are only physical changes.",
      "Both are caused by cooling.",
      "Both are caused by heating."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nCarving a piece of wood is a physical change. The wood changes shape, but it is still made of the same type of matter.\nWater boiling on the stove is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The liquid changes into a gas, but a different type of matter is not formed.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nWater boiling is caused by heating. But carving a piece of wood is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\n\"Someone had better turn on the heat,\" Lexi said, sweat glistening on her face.",
    "choices":[
      "The temperature was too warm.",
      "The temperature was too cool."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.",
    "solution":"The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nSomeone had better turn on the heat ironically suggests that the temperature was too warm. Lexi did not think that more heat was needed; she was already sweating.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same genus as the American white pelican.",
    "choices":[
      "Pelecanus philippensis",
      "Strix uralensis",
      "Ardea herodias"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This organism is an American white pelican. Its scientific name is Pelecanus erythrorhynchos.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification and scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"An American white pelican's scientific name is Pelecanus erythrorhynchos. The first word of its scientific name is Pelecanus.\nArdea herodias is in the genus Ardea. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea. So, Ardea herodias and Pelecanus erythrorhynchos are not in the same genus.\nPelecanus philippensis is in the genus Pelecanus. The first word of its scientific name is Pelecanus. So, Pelecanus philippensis and Pelecanus erythrorhynchos are in the same genus.\nStrix uralensis is in the genus Strix. The first word of its scientific name is Strix. So, Strix uralensis and Pelecanus erythrorhynchos are not in the same genus.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3162\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nWhen Alana first joined the track team, she was afraid of jumping, but she got over that hurdle.",
    "choices":[
      "verbal irony",
      "pun"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Alliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words. What a lucky little lady you are! An allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. An idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned. The assignment was a piece of cake. A simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike. The cat's fur was as dark as the night. A metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as. The snow formed a blanket over the town. Onomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound. The scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat. Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. The trees danced in the wind. A pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning. A great new broom is sweeping the nation. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.",
    "solution":"The text uses a pun, a word or phrase that humorously suggests more than one meaning.\nHurdle refers to an obstacle that one must overcome. It also refers to an object that a runner jumps over.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence.\nThe Aden Ridge formed at a () boundary.",
    "choices":[
      "convergent",
      "divergent",
      "transform"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the passage and look at the picture.\nThe Aden Ridge began to form millions of years ago as the Somalian Plate and the Arabian Plate moved away from each other. The plates are slowly moving apart at a rate of about 2 centimeters per year. On the map, the ridge is shown in the Gulf of Aden, between the countries of Somalia and Yemen.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Plate tectonics",
    "skill":"Describe tectonic plate boundaries around the world",
    "lecture":"The outer layer of Earth is broken up into many pieces called tectonic plates, or simply plates. The breaks between plates are called plate boundaries. Plate boundaries are classified by the way the plates are moving relative to each other: At a transform boundary, two plates are sliding past each other. At a convergent boundary, two plates are moving toward each other. At a divergent boundary, two plates are moving away from each other. divergent plate boundary When plates at a divergent boundary move apart, cracks form in the crust along the boundary. Melted rock rises from below the crust to fill these cracks. As the melted rock cools and hardens, it becomes new oceanic crust. Newer oceanic crust weighs less than older oceanic crust. So, the crust on either side of the boundary rises up higher than the older crust that is farther from the boundary. This difference in elevation creates a mid-ocean ridge, or underwater mountain chain. Between the two plates, there may be a deep rift valley.",
    "solution":"To figure out what type of plate boundary formed the Aden Ridge, you need to know how the tectonic plates interacted. To find this out, read the passage carefully.\nThe Aden Ridge began to form millions of years ago as the Somalian Plate and the Arabian Plate moved away from each other. The plates are slowly moving apart at a rate of about 2 centimeters per year. On the map, the ridge is shown in the Gulf of Aden, between the countries of Somalia and Yemen.\nThe underlined part of the passage explains that the Aden Ridge formed as the two plates moved away from each other, or diverged. So, the Aden Ridge formed at a divergent boundary.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3164\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these three objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "transparent",
      "bouncy",
      "sour"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the best answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. All three objects are transparent.\nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. None of the objects are bouncy.\nA lemon has a sour taste. The water is not sour.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is transparent.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3172\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the probability that a pea plant produced by this cross will be heterozygous for the stem height gene?",
    "choices":[
      "4\/4",
      "1\/4",
      "0\/4",
      "2\/4",
      "3\/4"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":"In a group of pea plants, some individuals have a tall stem and others have a short stem. In this group, the gene for the stem height trait has two alleles. The allele for a short stem (h) is recessive to the allele for a tall stem (H).\nThis Punnett square shows a cross between two pea plants.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Use Punnett squares to calculate probabilities of offspring types",
    "lecture":"Offspring genotypes: homozygous or heterozygous? How do you determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for a gene? Look at the alleles in the organism's genotype for that gene. An organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. If both alleles are dominant, the organism is homozygous dominant for the gene. If both alleles are recessive, the organism is homozygous recessive for the gene. An organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. In a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype.  Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes. An event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction: probability of an event = number of ways the event can happen \/ number of equally likely outcomes You can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff. <br\/><br\/>  | F | f<br\/> F | FF | Ff<br\/> f | Ff | ff<br\/> <br\/> Consider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction: number of ways the event can happen \/ number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff \/ total number of boxes = 1 \/ 4",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3176\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Kenneth's genotype for the Thomsen disease gene?",
    "choices":[
      "not having Thomsen disease",
      "mm"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This passage describes the Thomsen disease trait in humans:\n\nIn a group of humans, some individuals have Thomsen disease and others do not. In this group, the gene for the Thomsen disease trait has two alleles. The allele M is for having Thomsen disease, and the allele m is for not having Thomsen disease.\nKenneth, a human from this group, does not have Thomsen disease. Kenneth has two alleles for not having Thomsen disease.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.",
    "solution":"An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Kenneth has two alleles for not having Thomsen disease (m). So, Kenneth's genotype for the Thomsen disease gene is mm.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a compound sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "The barber and his brother opened their shop in Harlem more than thirty years ago.",
      "Elena and her brother rummaged through the boxes in the attic, but they couldn't find their father's childhood baseball glove."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple, compound, or complex?",
    "lecture":"A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence. the oranges on our tree are ripe The clause can stand alone. It is independent. after we pick up Kevin from work The clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent. A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause. Ben and I spent all day relaxing by the pool. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat. Ben usually wears his heavy coat in the winter. A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. We saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while. If she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.",
    "solution":"The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction but.\nElena and her brother rummaged through the boxes in the attic, but they couldn't find their father's childhood baseball glove.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Papua New Guinea",
      "the Federated States of Micronesia",
      "the Marshall Islands",
      "Palau"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Oceania: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of Oceania",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is the Federated States of Micronesia.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3186\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Would you find the word amazed on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\naboard - arrive",
    "choices":[
      "no",
      "yes"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince amazed is between the guide words aboard - arrive, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the animal.",
    "choices":[
      "Raspberry bushes have green leaves.",
      "Hippopotamuses eat plants."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify plants and animals",
    "lecture":"Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms. Plants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can. Animals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food.",
    "solution":"A hippopotamus is an animal. It eats plants.\nHippopotamuses keep cool by lying in mud or water.\nA raspberry bush is a plant. It has green leaves.\nMost raspberries are red. But raspberries can also be purple or yellow.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest east?",
    "choices":[
      "Utah",
      "Arkansas",
      "Georgia",
      "Pennsylvania"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Maps",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Pennsylvania is farthest east.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3199\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a run-on sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "Dalton picked apples, he will give some away.",
      "The explorers nervously entered the dark cave."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is it a complete sentence or a run-on?",
    "lecture":"A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb. My friends walk along the path. A run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma. I knocked on the door it opened. It started raining, we ran inside. To fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence. I knocked on the door. It opened. It started raining. We ran inside. You can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. I knocked on the door, and it opened. It started raining, so we ran inside.",
    "solution":"Dalton picked apples, he will give some away is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined by just a comma: Dalton picked apples and He will give some away.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which statement is true about the average monthly precipitation in Nairobi?",
    "choices":[
      "More precipitation falls in April than in August.",
      "Nairobi gets about the same amount of precipitation each month.",
      "More precipitation falls in September than in November."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Use the graph to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Use climate data to make predictions",
    "lecture":"Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. A bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average.",
    "solution":"To describe the average precipitation trends in Nairobi, look at the graph.\nChoice \"Apr\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Aug\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Sep\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Nov\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"More precipitation falls in April than in August.\" is incorrect.\nApril has a higher average monthly precipitation than August.\nChoice \"Nairobi gets about the same amount of precipitation each month.\" is incorrect.\nOn average, less precipitation falls between June and October than between November and May.\nChoice \"More precipitation falls in September than in November.\" is incorrect.\nNovember has a higher average precipitation than September.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3207\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the mass of a pair of boots?",
    "choices":[
      "2 grams",
      "2 kilograms"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of mass",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Mass is a measurement of how much matter something contains. There are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms. There are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram. A paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the mass of a pair of boots is 2 kilograms.\n2 grams is too light.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the statement. Assume that the sled's mass did not change.\nThe gravitational potential energy stored between the sled and Earth () as Edna rode down the hill.",
    "choices":[
      "decreased",
      "stayed the same",
      "increased"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Read the text about an object in motion.\nOn a snowy day, Edna rode her sled down a big hill.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Kinetic and potential energy",
    "skill":"Identify changes in gravitational potential energy",
    "lecture":"Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth. The amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower. If the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen. <br\/><br\/> When an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...<br\/> increases | increases<br\/> decreases | decreases<br\/> stays the same | stays the same<br\/>",
    "solution":"Think about how the distance between the sled and the center of Earth changed.\nThe bottom of the hill was lower than the point where Edna started sledding. As Edna rode toward the bottom of the hill, the distance between the sled and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the sled and Earth decreased as Edna rode down the hill.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the metaphor in this text suggest?\nWhen Devin lost his job, he was devastated. The only light in the sea of darkness was the prospect of pursuing a new career.",
    "choices":[
      "There was a benefit to Devin's job loss.",
      "Having to pursue a new career was the worst part of Devin's job loss."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. A metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as. The snow formed a blanket over the town.",
    "solution":"The text uses a metaphor, comparing two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe metaphor the only light in the sea of darkness was the prospect of pursuing a new career suggests that there was a benefit to Devin's job loss. A light would be beneficial in helping someone escape a dark, difficult-to-navigate situation. Similarly, Devin's new career was beneficial in helping him escape the emotionally difficult experience of losing his job.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Why might covering its eggs with its body increase the reproductive success of a snail leech? Complete the claim below that answers this question and is best supported by the passage.\nCovering its eggs with its body increases the chances that ().",
    "choices":[
      "the leech's eggs will hatch",
      "the leech will not eat for up to a week",
      "the leech will fight a water snail"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Animals often behave in certain ways that can increase their reproductive success. Read the passage about a specific animal behavior. Then, follow the instructions below.\n\nThe snail leech is a type of worm that often lives in freshwater streams. After  reproduces, it attaches its eggs to a rock at the bottom of the stream. The leech then flattens its body over its eggs to protect them. The leech protects its eggs until they hatch, which takes four to seven days. During this time, the leech does not leave the eggs or eat.\nWater snails are predators that eat leech eggs. The snails easily eat eggs that are not covered by an adult leech. But snails cannot easily get to eggs that are covered by a leech.\nFigure: a snail leech.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"literacy-in-science",
    "category":"Adaptations and natural selection",
    "skill":"How can animal behaviors affect reproductive success? Identify evidence to support a claim",
    "lecture":"Animals increase their reproductive success when they have offspring that survive to reproduce. Animals can increase their chances of having offspring by behaving in ways that help them get partners to mate and reproduce with. These partners are called mates. For example, animals may make special sounds, perform specific dances, or show off bright colors to attract mates. Animals may also compete with each other for mates. Animals can increase the chances that their offspring will survive to reproduce by caring for and protecting them. For example, animals may feed their offspring or guard them from predators. These behaviors increase the chances that the offspring will survive to adulthood, when they can reproduce. Many behaviors can increase the chances that animals will have offspring that survive to reproduce. But the behaviors cannot guarantee that the animals will have greater reproductive success. Animals that attract or compete for mates won't always successfully mate and reproduce, and offspring that are fed and protected won't always survive to adulthood.",
    "solution":"Look for the part of the passage that describes the effect of covering its eggs with its body. Use this information to determine why this behavior can increase the reproductive success of the snail leech.\nChoice \"The snail leech is a type of worm that often lives in freshwater streams. After a snail leech reproduces, it attaches its eggs to a rock at the bottom of the stream. The leech then flattens its body over its eggs to protect them. The leech protects its eggs until they hatch, which takes four to seven days. During this time, the leech does not leave the eggs or eat.\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Water snails are predators that eat leech eggs. The snails easily eat eggs that are not covered by an adult leech. But snails cannot easily get to eggs that are covered by a leech.\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Choice \"Covering its eggs with its body increases the chances that the leech's eggs will hatch.\" is incorrect.\" is correct.\nChoice \"According to the underlined text, it is harder for water snails to eat eggs when the eggs are covered by a leech. So, by covering its eggs, the leech decreases the chances that snails will eat its eggs. This increases the chances that the leech's eggs will hatch, which can increase the leech's reproductive success.\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Choice \"Covering its eggs with its body increases the chances that the leech will not eat for up to a week.\" is incorrect.\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Covering its eggs with its body will increase the chances that the leech will not eat. But the passage does not support the claim that the leech can increase its reproductive success by not eating. Not eating could harm or kill the leech. This could decrease its reproductive success.\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Choice \"Covering its eggs with its body increases the chances that the leech will fight a water snail.\" is incorrect.\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"To increase its reproductive success, the leech needs to have offspring that survive to reproduce. Fighting a water snail does not directly increase the leech's chances of producing offspring that survive to reproduce. So, fighting a water snail is not why covering its eggs increases the leech's reproductive success.\" is incorrect.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3228\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of New Mexico?",
    "choices":[
      "Honolulu",
      "Sacramento",
      "Santa Fe",
      "Juneau"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Santa Fe is the capital of New Mexico.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3232\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Look at the word. Does it have a closed syllable or an open syllable?\nhelp",
    "choices":[
      "closed",
      "open"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"word-study",
    "category":"Short and long vowels",
    "skill":"Is the syllable open or closed?",
    "lecture":"Words are made up of syllables. Two kinds of syllables are closed and open. A closed syllable has one vowel and ends with a consonant. It usually has a short vowel sound. desk: short e kit \/ ten: short i \/ short e An open syllable ends with one vowel. It usually has a long vowel sound. go: long o he \/ ro: long e \/ long o Some open syllables end with y. The y makes a long e sound or a long i sound. sky: long i ba \/ by: long a \/ long e",
    "solution":"The word help ends with a consonant and has a short vowel sound. So, it has a closed syllable.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the direction of this pull?",
    "choices":[
      "away from the center of Earth",
      "toward the center of Earth"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"A woman pours hot water from a teapot. The force of Earth's gravity pulls the water downward so that it falls into the teacup.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Identify directions of forces",
    "lecture":"A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to another. Every force has a direction. The direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing. The direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling.",
    "solution":"The force of Earth's gravity pulls the hot water downward. The direction of the pull is toward the center of Earth.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3251\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a soccer field?",
    "choices":[
      "120 meters",
      "120 kilometers"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of distance",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Imagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers? The number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing. Now look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters. There are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter. There are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the length of a soccer field is 120 meters.\n120 kilometers is too long.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Tonga",
      "Tuvalu",
      "the Marshall Islands",
      "Fiji"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Oceania: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of Oceania",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is Tuvalu.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3265\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the simile in this text suggest?\nMy momma always said life was like a box of chocolates. You never know what you're gonna get.\n\u2014Forrest Gump",
    "choices":[
      "Life is luxurious.",
      "Life is unpredictable."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. A simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike. The cat's fur was as dark as the night.",
    "solution":"The text includes a simile, using like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe simile life was like a box of chocolates suggests that life is unpredictable. You don't know what type of filling is inside a chocolate until you try it, just as you don't know what life holds for you until it happens.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nPedro lives in a town with hot summers and freezing cold winters.",
    "choices":[
      "climate",
      "weather"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"What's the difference between weather and climate?",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the text carefully.\nPedro lives in a town with hot summers and freezing cold winters.\nThis passage tells you about the usual temperatures where Pedro lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?",
    "choices":[
      "The vinyl album broke just as Mr. Tang was about to play it on his old record player.",
      "Just as Mr. Tang was about to play the vinyl album on his old record player, it broke."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Pronouns",
    "skill":"Identify vague pronoun references",
    "lecture":"When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.",
    "solution":"The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to the vinyl album or the record player.\nJust as Mr. Tang was about to play the vinyl album on his old record player, it broke.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nThe vinyl album broke just as Mr. Tang was about to play it on his old record player.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets.",
    "solution":"Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.\nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3282\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which tense does the sentence use?\nUncle Danny will cook dinner for us.",
    "choices":[
      "present tense",
      "past tense",
      "future tense"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"verbs",
    "category":"Verb tense",
    "skill":"Is the sentence in the past, present, or future tense?",
    "lecture":"Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now. Most present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es. Two verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms. Past tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened. Most past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed. Some verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms. Future tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen. All future-tense verbs use the word will. <br\/><br\/> Present | Past | Future<br\/> walk, walks | walked | will walk<br\/> go, goes | went | will go<br\/>",
    "solution":"The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, cook. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is Sequoia sempervirens made up of one cell?",
    "choices":[
      "no",
      "yes"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This organism is Sequoia sempervirens. It is a member of the plant kingdom.\nSequoia sempervirens is commonly called a coast redwood. The tallest known tree in the world is a coast redwood tree. It is 379 feet tall and over 700 years old!",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Describe, classify, and compare kingdoms",
    "lecture":"In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms. Organisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom. <br\/><br\/>  | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | Plants<br\/> How many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | many<br\/> Do their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yes<br\/> Can their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes<br\/>",
    "solution":"Sequoia sempervirens is a plant. Plants are made up of many cells.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3287\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the liquid.",
    "choices":[
      "peppermint candy",
      "water in a glass",
      "piece of paper",
      "stuffed hippo"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"States of matter",
    "skill":"Identify solids, liquids, and gases",
    "lecture":"Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own. Some solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid. When matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle. Some liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk. When matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space. Many gases are invisible. Air is a gas.",
    "solution":"A peppermint candy is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. A peppermint candy can change shape in your mouth. But before you eat it, a peppermint candy has a size and shape of its own.\nA piece of paper is a solid. You can fold a piece of paper. But it will still have a size and shape of its own.\nThe water in a glass is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour water from a glass into a different container, the water will take the shape of that container. But the water will still take up the same amount of space.\nA stuffed hippo is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. When you hold a stuffed hippo in your hands, the stuffed hippo still has a size and shape of its own.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is this trapdoor spider's scientific name?",
    "choices":[
      "Aptostichus serrano",
      "Aptostichus barackobamai"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This species of trapdoor spider was named after President Barack Obama. The species was first discovered in Northern California in 2012.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Scientific names",
    "skill":"Origins of scientific names",
    "lecture":"When a scientist identifies a new organism, he or she chooses its scientific name. Sometimes, an organism is named after the place where it was first found. Other times, an organism is named after the scientist who first identified it. Or, the scientific name might describe the organism's physical traits. Many of the words that make up scientific names are based on words from old languages, like Latin and classical Greek. Sometimes, English words are changed to make them sound more like Latin or Greek. The new words are then used in an organism's scientific name.",
    "solution":"This organism's scientific name refers to President Barack Obama.\nThe word barackobamai refers to President Barack Obama. So, this trapdoor spider's scientific name is Aptostichus barackobamai.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3293\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the wind turning a pinwheel a solid, a liquid, or a gas?",
    "choices":[
      "a solid",
      "a gas",
      "a liquid"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"States of matter",
    "skill":"Identify and sort solids, liquids, and gases",
    "lecture":"Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own. Some solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid. When matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle. Some liquids are thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk. When matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space. Many gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas.",
    "solution":"Wind turning a pinwheel is air that is moving! Air is a gas. The air expands to fill the space around the pinwheel.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3294\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the euphemism in this text suggest?\nEd is big-boned, so despite being in middle school, he often shops in the men's department.",
    "choices":[
      "Ed is tall for his age.",
      "Ed is overweight."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.",
    "solution":"The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe euphemism big-boned suggests that Ed is overweight.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which closing is correct for a letter?",
    "choices":[
      "Thanks,\nRebecca",
      "thanks,\nRebecca"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Greetings and closings of letters",
    "lecture":"A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue. Dear Aunt Sue, I'm glad you could come to my party, and thank you for the birthday gift. I could not have asked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think of you. With love, Rory",
    "solution":"The first closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nHow can I be expected to do my homework when billions of people around the world are throwing their plastic water bottles away without recycling them?",
    "choices":[
      "circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself",
      "red herring: the use of a completely unrelated topic or idea"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> red herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that people not recycling somehow prevents the speaker from doing homework. However, these two ideas aren't related. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a red herring.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same genus as the black-footed cat.",
    "choices":[
      "Felis nigripes",
      "Erinaceus europaeus",
      "Phoebastria nigripes"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This organism is a black-footed cat. Its scientific name is Felis nigripes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification and scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"A black-footed cat's scientific name is Felis nigripes. The first word of its scientific name is Felis.\nPhoebastria nigripes and Felis nigripes are not in the same genus.\nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Phoebastria nigripes and Felis nigripes have the same species name within their genus, nigripes. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Phoebastria nigripes is in the genus Phoebastria, and Felis nigripes is in the genus Felis.\nThis organism and the black-footed cat are in the same genus and the same species! Both organisms have the same scientific name, Felis nigripes.\nErinaceus europaeus is in the genus Erinaceus. The first word of its scientific name is Erinaceus. So, Erinaceus europaeus and Felis nigripes are not in the same genus.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3356\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same species as the mountain zebra.",
    "choices":[
      "Equus zebra",
      "Macropus giganteus",
      "Macropus rufus"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This organism is a mountain zebra. Its scientific name is Equus zebra.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"A mountain zebra's scientific name is Equus zebra.\nMacropus rufus does not have the same scientific name as a mountain zebra. So, Equus zebra and Macropus rufus are not in the same species.\nMacropus giganteus does not have the same scientific name as a mountain zebra. So, Equus zebra and Macropus giganteus are not in the same species.\nEquus zebra has the same scientific name as a mountain zebra. So, these organisms are in the same species.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3359\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is chalcopyrite a mineral or a rock?",
    "choices":[
      "rock",
      "mineral"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Chalcopyrite has the following properties:\nfixed crystal structure\nfound in nature\nmetallic luster\npure substance\nnot made by living things\nsolid",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Rocks and minerals",
    "skill":"Identify rocks and minerals",
    "lecture":"Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals. Minerals and rocks have the following properties: <br\/><br\/> Property | Mineral | Rock<br\/> It is a solid. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is a pure substance. | Yes | No<br\/> It has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No<br\/> <br\/> You can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither. Look closely at the last three properties: Minerals and rocks are not made by organisms. Organisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be  minerals or rocks. Humans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks. A mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not. A pure substance is made of only one type of matter.  Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures. A mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not. The crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way. However, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different!",
    "solution":"Chalcopyrite has all the properties of a mineral. So, chalcopyrite is a mineral.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3361\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is coffee a solid, a liquid, or a gas?",
    "choices":[
      "a gas",
      "a liquid",
      "a solid"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"States of matter",
    "skill":"Classify matter as solid, liquid, or gas",
    "lecture":"Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own. Some solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break. A glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid. When matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container. Think about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space. Juice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid. When matter is a gas, it spreads out to fill a space. Many gases are invisible. So, you can\u2019t see them. Air is a gas.",
    "solution":"Coffee is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in.\nIf you pour coffee into a different container, the coffee will take the shape of that container. But the coffee will still take up the same amount of space.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3364\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is silk a mineral?",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Silk has the following properties:\nsolid\nmade by a silkmoth caterpillar\nno fixed crystal structure\nfound in nature\nnot a pure substance",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Rocks and minerals",
    "skill":"Identify rocks and minerals",
    "lecture":"Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties: It is a solid. It is formed in nature. It is not made by organisms. It is a pure substance. It has a fixed crystal structure. If a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral. Look closely at the last three properties: A mineral is not made by organisms. Organisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals. Humans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals. A mineral is a pure substance. A pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances. A mineral has a fixed crystal structure. The crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.",
    "solution":"A silkmoth caterpillar makes a silk cocoon to protect itself during metamorphosis. In a silk factory, the silk from many silkmoth cocoons is spun into fabric. Silkmoth caterpillars that are used to make silk are often called silkworms.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3366\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nMartina was known among her coworkers for her spartan ways.",
    "choices":[
      "Greek history",
      "the Bible"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. Here, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion spartan is Greek history.\nSoldiers from the city of Sparta in ancient Greece were known for their self-restraint, self-discipline, and indifference to luxury.\nThe allusion spartan means simple and austere.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following trait inherited or acquired?\nLayla has a scar on her left elbow.",
    "choices":[
      "acquired",
      "inherited"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Hint: Most scars are caused by accidents during a person's life.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Heredity",
    "skill":"Identify inherited and acquired traits",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.",
    "solution":"Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the motion of three ships. Which ship was moving at the lowest speed?",
    "choices":[
      "a ship that moved 290miles east in 10hours",
      "a ship that moved 310miles south in 10hours",
      "a ship that moved 280miles east in 10hours"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Compare the speeds of moving objects",
    "lecture":"An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time. Distance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile. Time tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour. Think about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed.",
    "solution":"Look at the distance each ship moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each ship moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each ship moved for 10 hours. The ship that moved 280 miles moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that ship must have moved at the lowest speed.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2.",
      "The magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1.",
      "The strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Compare strengths of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together.",
    "solution":"Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.\nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3372\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which type of force from the woman's hand moves the book off of the shelf?",
    "choices":[
      "push",
      "pull"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"A woman takes a book off of a bookshelf. Her hand applies a force to the book.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Identify pushes and pulls",
    "lecture":"A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to a second object. The direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing. The direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling.",
    "solution":"The woman's hand applies a force to the book.This force moves the book off the shelf. The direction of this force is toward her hand. This force is a pull.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3380\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence.\nSawing a log in half is a ().",
    "choices":[
      "chemical change",
      "physical change"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Identify physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. Burning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. Cutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper. Ice melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state.",
    "solution":"Sawing a log in half is a physical change. The log splits into two pieces. But the pieces are still made of the same type of matter.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Grenada",
      "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines",
      "Barbados",
      "Antigua and Barbuda"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"The Americas: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of the Caribbean",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3390\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1.",
      "The magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Compare strengths of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.",
    "solution":"Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.\nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3410\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "sample B",
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature",
      "sample A"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.\nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3417\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the vertebrate.",
    "choices":[
      "bess beetle",
      "forest scorpion",
      "sea urchin",
      "gray wolf"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":"Hint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are vertebrates.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify vertebrates and invertebrates",
    "lecture":"Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals. A vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange. An invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body.",
    "solution":"A sea urchin is an echinoderm. Like other echinoderms, a sea urchin is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone.\nA bess beetle is an insect. Like other insects, a bess beetle is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA gray wolf is a mammal. Like other mammals, a gray wolf is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nLike other scorpions, a forest scorpion is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "the Marshall Islands",
      "Nauru",
      "the Federated States of Micronesia",
      "Solomon Islands"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Oceania: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of Oceania",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is the Marshall Islands.\nDoes the Marshall Islands have any territorial disputes?\nThe Marshall Islands claims to own Wake Island, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.\nThe United States claimed Wake Island in 1899 and has controlled it since then. But the Marshall Islands considers the island part of its territory. It says that its people have traveled to the island to gather food and resources for many years. Today, the island is mainly used by the U.S. Air Force.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3424\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which material is this trombone made of?",
    "choices":[
      "metal",
      "ceramic"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Identify materials in objects",
    "lecture":"A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the trombone.\nThe trombone is made of metal.\nMany musical instruments are made of metal. Metal can be made into many shapes. Musical instruments with different shapes make different sounds.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3425\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which greeting is correct for a letter?",
    "choices":[
      "Dear Grandpa john,",
      "Dear Grandpa John,"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"capitalization",
    "category":"Capitalization",
    "skill":"Greetings and closings of letters",
    "lecture":"A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue. Dear Aunt Sue, I'm glad you could come to my party, and thank you for the birthday gift. I could not have asked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think of you. With love, Rory",
    "solution":"The second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Grandpa John is capitalized because it is a proper noun.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nAt twenty-one, Edwin felt overwhelmed with adult responsibilities and wished he could fly off to Neverland.",
    "choices":[
      "allusion",
      "simile"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Alliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words. What a lucky little lady you are! An allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. An idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned. The assignment was a piece of cake. A simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike. The cat's fur was as dark as the night. A metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as. The snow formed a blanket over the town. Onomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound. The scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat. Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. The trees danced in the wind. A pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning. A great new broom is sweeping the nation. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.",
    "solution":"The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nNeverland alludes to the story of Peter Pan, a boy who lived in Neverland and never grew up.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nAlthough Gary hasn't worked in years, his mother prefers to say that he's between jobs right now.",
    "choices":[
      "oxymoron",
      "euphemism"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify figures of speech: euphemism, hyperbole, oxymoron, paradox",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! An oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Some reviewers are calling this book a new classic. A paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Always expect the unexpected.",
    "solution":"The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nBetween jobs is an indirect way of saying unemployed.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the volume of a large trash can?",
    "choices":[
      "20 cups",
      "20 fluid ounces",
      "20 gallons"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Volume is a measurement of how much space something takes up. There are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons. As the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon. A glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the volume of a large trash can is 20 gallons.\n20 fluid ounces and 20 cups are both too little.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Illinois?",
    "choices":[
      "Springfield",
      "Salt Lake City",
      "Chicago",
      "Saint Paul"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Springfield is the capital of Illinois.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3444\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which correctly shows the title of an article?",
    "choices":[
      "\"Exercise Is the Key to Good Health\"",
      "Exercise Is the Key to Good Health"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Formatting titles",
    "lecture":"The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead. A Midsummer Night's Dream The title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks. \"You Are My Sunshine\"",
    "solution":"An article should be in quotation marks.\nThe correct title is \"Exercise Is the Key to Good Health.\"",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nteacher - total",
    "choices":[
      "trolley",
      "think"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince think is between the guide words teacher - total, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Astro's phenotype for the coat color trait?",
    "choices":[
      "a black coat",
      "a reddish-brown coat"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"In a group of horses, some individuals have a black coat and others have a reddish-brown coat. In this group, the gene for the coat color trait has two alleles. The allele for a reddish-brown coat (l) is recessive to the allele for a black coat (L).\nAstro is a horse from this group. Astro has the heterozygous genotype Ll for the coat color gene.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: dominant and recessive",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. Some traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene. An organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene. An organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene. The types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. A dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers. A recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.",
    "solution":"You need to determine Astro's phenotype for the coat color trait. First, consider the alleles in Astro's genotype for the coat color gene. Then, decide whether these alleles are dominant or recessive.\nThe allele for a reddish-brown coat (l) is recessive to the allele for a black coat (L). This means L is a dominant allele, and l is a recessive allele.\nAstro's genotype of Ll has one dominant allele and one recessive allele. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Astro's phenotype for the coat color trait must be a black coat.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "sample A",
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature",
      "sample B"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"Each particle in the two samples has the same mass, but the particles in sample B have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.\nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3453\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"According to the map, which of the following statements is true about North America in the early colonial era?",
    "choices":[
      "The Dutch controlled the most territory in eastern North America.",
      "Several European countries claimed land in North America."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Look at the map of North America in the early colonial era, or the 1600s and early 1700s. Then answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"Colonial America",
    "skill":"Life as a colonist",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3462\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the one substance that is not a mineral.",
    "choices":[
      "Hornblende is a pure substance. It is formed in nature.",
      "Pyrite is formed in nature. It is a pure substance.",
      "A marble is made in a factory. It is a solid."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Rocks and minerals",
    "skill":"Identify minerals using properties",
    "lecture":"Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals. Minerals and rocks have the following properties: <br\/><br\/> Property | Mineral | Rock<br\/> It is a solid. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is a pure substance. | Yes | No<br\/> It has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No<br\/> <br\/> You can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither. Look closely at the last three properties: Minerals and rocks are not made by organisms. Organisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be  minerals or rocks. Humans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks. A mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not. A pure substance is made of only one type of matter.  Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures. A mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not. The crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way. However, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different!",
    "solution":"Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.\nHornblende is a mineral.\nA marble is made in a factory. But all minerals are formed in nature.\nSo, a marble is not a mineral.\nPyrite is a mineral.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Papua New Guinea",
      "Kiribati",
      "Tuvalu",
      "Tonga"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Oceania: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of Oceania",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is Tuvalu.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3483\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the description that doesn't belong.",
    "choices":[
      "clever",
      "foolish",
      "wise",
      "scared"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"vocabulary",
    "category":"Categories",
    "skill":"Select the words that don't belong",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Scared doesn't belong.\nClever, foolish, and wise all describe how smart someone is.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is harder?",
    "choices":[
      "wood board",
      "wool sweater"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of materials",
    "lecture":"Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. A material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy. For example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.",
    "solution":"Hard is a property. A hard material keeps its shape when you press on it with your finger.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pushing on the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the wood board is harder. If you press on a piece of wood, it will not change shape.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which material is this necktie made of?",
    "choices":[
      "plastic",
      "silk"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Identify materials in objects",
    "lecture":"A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the necktie.\nThe necktie is made of silk.\nSilk comes from small insects called silk moths. The silk moth caterpillars spin cocoons out of silk thread. Humans use the silk thread to make fabric.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3499\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which correctly shows the title of a movie?",
    "choices":[
      "marley and Me",
      "Marley and Me"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"capitalization",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Capitalizing titles",
    "lecture":"In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach These words are not important in titles: Articles, a, an, the Short prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up Coordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or",
    "solution":"Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word and is not important, so it should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is Marley and Me.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?",
    "choices":[
      "climate",
      "weather"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Figure: Cape Verde.\nTrade winds are steady winds that blow towards the equator. On Thursday, they were blowing strong from the north in Cape Verde.\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Weather and climate around the world",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the passage carefully.\nTrade winds are steady winds that blow towards the equator. On Thursday, they were blowing strong from the north in Cape Verde.\nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the wind direction in Cape Verde on Thursday. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3517\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature",
      "sample B",
      "sample A"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. The particles in sample A also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.\nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3522\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property matches this object?",
    "choices":[
      "yellow",
      "bendable"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Identify properties of an object",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.",
    "solution":"Look at the object.\nThink about each property.\nYellow is a color.\nThis color is yellow. The apron is not yellow.\nA bendable object can be bent without breaking. The apron is bendable.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3527\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is an eyelash?",
    "choices":[
      "7 meters",
      "7 centimeters",
      "7 kilometers",
      "7 millimeters"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of distance, mass, and volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter. The tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long. A red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the length of an eyelash is 7 millimeters.\n7 centimeters, 7 meters, and 7 kilometers are all too long.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the mass of an earthworm?",
    "choices":[
      "5 kilograms",
      "5 grams"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of mass",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Mass is a measurement of how much matter something contains. There are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms. There are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram. A paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the mass of an earthworm is 5 grams.\n5 kilograms is too heavy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nAbby thinks Mr. Larson is a Luddite because he doesn't own a cell phone.",
    "choices":[
      "Roman history",
      "British history"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. Here, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion Luddite is British history.\nIn the early nineteenth century, factories were replacing the jobs of craftsmen. Some of these craftsmen banded together to destroy the new machinery; those who did so were called Luddites.\nThe allusion Luddite means a person opposed to new technology.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which correctly shows the title of a book?",
    "choices":[
      "an Eye for an Eye",
      "An Eye for an Eye"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"capitalization",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Capitalizing titles",
    "lecture":"In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach These words are not important in titles: Articles, a, an, the Short prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up Coordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or",
    "solution":"Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The words for and an are not important, so they should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is An Eye for an Eye.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Nicole inherited this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Nicole and her mother both have short hair.",
      "Nicole's parents were born with wavy hair. They passed down this trait to Nicole."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nNicole has wavy hair.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which solution has a higher concentration of yellow particles?",
    "choices":[
      "Solution B",
      "neither; their concentrations are the same",
      "Solution A"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each yellow ball represents one particle of solute.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Compare concentrations of solutions",
    "lecture":"A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent. concentration = particles of solute \/ volume of solvent",
    "solution":"In Solution A and Solution B, the yellow particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of yellow particles, look at both the number of yellow particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of yellow particles per milliliter.\nSolution A and Solution B have the same number of yellow particles per milliliter. So, their concentrations are the same.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3553\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nIn this work are exhibited in a very high degree the two most engaging powers of an author. New things are made familiar, and familiar things are made new.\n\u2014Samuel Johnson, Lives of the English Poets",
    "choices":[
      "chiasmus",
      "apostrophe"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify the figure of speech: review",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Anaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses. We are united. We are powerful. We are winners. Antithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure. I want to help, not to hurt. Apostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity. Oh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully? Assonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words. Try to light the fire. Chiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words. Never let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! An oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Some reviewers are calling this book a new classic. A paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Always expect the unexpected. Understatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is. As you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.",
    "solution":"The text uses chiasmus, an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nThe second time they appear, the words new and familiar are in reverse order.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is a juice pop a solid, a liquid, or a gas?",
    "choices":[
      "a liquid",
      "a solid",
      "a gas"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"States of matter",
    "skill":"Identify and sort solids, liquids, and gases",
    "lecture":"Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own. Some solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid. When matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle. Some liquids are thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk. When matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space. Many gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas.",
    "solution":"A juice pop is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.\nIf you take a juice pop out of the freezer, it will melt. While a juice pop is frozen, though, it is a solid.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3560\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is smoother?",
    "choices":[
      "glass cup",
      "concrete sidewalk"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of materials",
    "lecture":"Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. A material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.",
    "solution":"Smooth is a property. A smooth material is not rough or bumpy.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the glass cup is smoother. If you touch the surface of a glass cup, it will not feel rough or bumpy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Zora's genotype for the eye color gene?",
    "choices":[
      "red eyes",
      "EE"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"In a group of koi fish, some individuals have red eyes and others have black eyes. In this group, the gene for the eye color trait has two alleles. The allele E is for red eyes, and the allele e is for black eyes.\nZora, a koi fish from this group, has red eyes. Zora has two alleles for red eyes.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.",
    "solution":"An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Zora has two alleles for red eyes (E). So, Zora's genotype for the eye color gene is EE.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Two rocks have the same temperature but different masses. Which rock has less thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "the rock with more mass",
      "the rock with less mass"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The objects are made of the same type of matter.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Thermal energy",
    "skill":"How are temperature and mass related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving. The energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. What happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.",
    "solution":"The two rocks have the same temperature and are made of the same type of matter. So, the rock with less mass has less thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?",
    "choices":[
      "The authors say that Wilhelm Conrad R\u00f6ntgen accidentally discovered X-rays when experimenting with vacuum tubes.",
      "They say that Wilhelm Conrad R\u00f6ntgen accidentally discovered X-rays when experimenting with vacuum tubes."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Pronouns and antecedents",
    "skill":"Identify vague pronoun references",
    "lecture":"When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.",
    "solution":"The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. They has been replaced with the authors.\nThe authors say that Wilhelm Conrad R\u00f6ntgen accidentally discovered X-rays when experimenting with vacuum tubes.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the motion of two motorboats. Which motorboat was moving at a higher speed?",
    "choices":[
      "a motorboat that moved 355kilometers in 5hours",
      "a motorboat that moved 65kilometers in 5hours"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Compare the speeds of moving objects",
    "lecture":"An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time. Distance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer. Time tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour. Think about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed.",
    "solution":"Look at the distance each motorboat moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne motorboat moved 355 kilometers in 5 hours.\nThe other motorboat moved 65 kilometers in 5 hours.\nNotice that each motorboat spent the same amount of time moving. The motorboat that moved 355 kilometers moved a farther distance in that time. So, that motorboat must have moved at a higher speed.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following trait inherited or acquired?\nElizabeth is good at knitting sweaters.",
    "choices":[
      "acquired",
      "inherited"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Hint: People who can knit had to learn how to do it.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Heredity",
    "skill":"Identify inherited and acquired traits",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.",
    "solution":"People are not born knowing how to knit. Instead, many people learn how to knit. Knitting well takes practice. So, knitting well is an acquired trait.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal's mouth is also adapted to tear through meat?",
    "choices":[
      "nutria",
      "tiger"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"s are carnivores, or meat eaters. They eat fish, mammals, and other reptiles. The crocodile's mouth is adapted to tear through meat.\nFigure: Nile crocodile.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: beaks, mouths, and necks",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the Nile crocodile.\nThe Nile crocodile has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted to tear through meat. The Nile crocodile uses its large mouth to grab its prey. It uses its sharp teeth to cut up the meat of the prey into pieces it can swallow.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe tiger has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted to tear through meat.\nThe nutria has large front teeth. It does not have sharp teeth. So, its mouth is not adapted to tear through meat. The nutria uses its mouth to gnaw on stems and branches.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3581\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Would you find the word long on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nlevel - lion",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince long is not between the guide words level - lion, it would not be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence.\n is what happens when pollen lands on a female cone.",
    "choices":[
      "Pollination",
      "Fertilization",
      "Photosynthesis"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Male cones make pollen. Wind can blow pollen from a male cone to a female cone.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Plants",
    "skill":"Describe and construct conifer life cycles",
    "lecture":"Conifers are plants that grow cones. Conifers use their cones to reproduce, or make new plants like themselves. How do conifers use their cones to reproduce? Conifers can grow male and female cones. Male cones make pollen, and female cones make eggs. Pollination is what happens when wind blows pollen from male cones onto female cones. After pollination, sperm from the pollen can combine with eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into seeds. The seeds can fall out of the cones and land on the ground. When a seed lands on the ground, it can germinate, or start to grow into a new plant.",
    "solution":"When pollen lands on a female cone, it is called pollination. This photograph shows wind blowing pollen from the male cones on a Japanese cedar tree.\nPhotosynthesis happens when plants use water, carbon dioxide, and energy from sunlight to make sugar.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3584\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of California?",
    "choices":[
      "Carson City",
      "Honolulu",
      "Los Angeles",
      "Sacramento"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify the 50 state capitals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Sacramento is the capital of California.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3588\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the text to describe the diagram.\nSolute particles moved in both directions across the permeable membrane. But more solute particles moved across the membrane (). When there was an equal concentration on both sides, the particles reached equilibrium.",
    "choices":[
      "to the right than to the left",
      "to the left than to the right"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The diagram below shows a solution with one solute. Each solute particle is represented by a pink ball. The solution fills a closed container that is divided in half by a membrane. The membrane, represented by a dotted line, is permeable to the solute particles.\nThe diagram shows how the solution can change over time during the process of diffusion.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Diffusion across membranes",
    "lecture":"In a solution, solute particles move and spread throughout the solvent. The diagram below shows how a solution can change over time. Solute particles move from the area where they are at a higher concentration to the area where they are at a lower concentration. This movement happens through the process of diffusion. As a result of diffusion, the concentration of solute particles becomes equal throughout the solution. When this happens, the solute particles reach equilibrium. At equilibrium, the solute particles do not stop moving. But their concentration throughout the solution stays the same. Membranes, or thin boundaries, can divide solutions into parts. A membrane is permeable to a solute when particles of the solute can pass through gaps in the membrane. In this case, solute particles can move freely across the membrane from one side to the other. So, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more particles will move across a permeable membrane from the side with a higher concentration of solute particles to the side with a lower concentration. At equilibrium, the concentration on both sides of the membrane is equal.",
    "solution":"Look at the diagram again. It shows you how the solution changed during the process of diffusion.\nBefore the solute particles reached equilibrium, there was 1 solute particle on the left side of the membrane and 5 solute particles on the right side of the membrane.\nWhen the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 3 solute particles on each side of the membrane. There were 2 more solute particles on the left side of the membrane than before.\nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more solute particles must have moved across the membrane to the left than to the right.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3591\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which sentence states a fact?",
    "choices":[
      "Riding the subway is the best way to get around New York City.",
      "New York City's first subway started running on October 27, 1904."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"civics",
    "category":"Social studies skills",
    "skill":"Identify facts and opinions",
    "lecture":"A fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information. The flag of the United States has 13 stripes. This is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes. An opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true. The flag of the United States is easy to draw. This is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw.",
    "solution":"The first sentence states a fact.\nNew York City's first subway started running on October 27, 1904.\nIt can be proved by reading a book about the history of New York City.\nThe second sentence states an opinion.\nRiding the subway is the best way to get around New York City.\nBest shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about which way is the best.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Read the following excerpt from a student essay. How can the writer best improve his or her grammar and mechanics?\nIn Great Expectations by Charles Dickens, Pip, a young orphan, is sent by his sister to the home of Miss Havisham, a wealthy, eccentric woman. There he meets Estella, a beautiful girl whom he falls hopelessly in love with. On one visit to Miss Havisham's, Pip encounters a boy who challenges him to a fight; wanting to impress Estella, he hits the boy. \"I never have been so surprised in my life as I was when I let out the first blow and saw him lying on his back, looking up at me with a bloody nose\", Pip recounts. Estella seems delighted and says to Pip \"Come here! You may kiss me if you like\".",
    "choices":[
      "by fixing run-on sentences",
      "by punctuating quotations correctly",
      "by using semicolons correctly"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Editing and revising",
    "skill":"Suggest appropriate revisions",
    "lecture":"During peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision: Ideas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis? Organization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow? Voice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay? Sentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive? Word choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing? Grammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read?",
    "solution":"The writer could best improve his or her grammar and mechanics by punctuating quotations correctly.\nFor example, the writer could revise the underlined text by placing periods and commas inside the quotation marks and by using a comma before the second quotation.\nIn Great Expectations by Charles Dickens, Pip, a young orphan, is sent by his sister to the home of Miss Havisham, a wealthy, eccentric woman. There he meets Estella, a beautiful girl whom he falls hopelessly in love with. On one visit to Miss Havisham's, Pip encounters a boy who challenges him to a fight; wanting to impress Estella, he hits the boy. \"I never have been so surprised in my life as I was when I let out the first blow and saw him lying on his back, looking up at me with a bloody nose\", Pip recounts. Estella seems delighted and says to Pip \"Come here! You may kiss me if you like\".",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a soccer field?",
    "choices":[
      "95 kilometers",
      "95 centimeters",
      "95 meters"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of distance",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter. The tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long. A red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the length of a soccer field is 95 meters.\n95 centimeters is too short and 95 kilometers is too long.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence.\nA firework exploding is a ().",
    "choices":[
      "chemical change",
      "physical change"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Identify physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Burning a piece of paper is a chemical change. When paper gets hot enough, it reacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same. Cutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper. A change of state is a type of physical change. For example, ice melting is a physical change. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.",
    "solution":"A firework exploding is a chemical change. During the explosion, the type of matter in the firework changes. This change produces sound, heat, and light.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the motion of two mountain bikers. Which mountain biker was moving at a higher speed?",
    "choices":[
      "a mountain biker who moved 190kilometers in 10hours",
      "a mountain biker who moved 255kilometers in 10hours"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Compare the speeds of moving objects",
    "lecture":"An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time. Distance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer. Time tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour. Think about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed.",
    "solution":"Look at the distance each mountain biker moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne mountain biker moved 255 kilometers in 10 hours.\nThe other mountain biker moved 190 kilometers in 10 hours.\nNotice that each mountain biker spent the same amount of time moving. The mountain biker who moved 255 kilometers moved a farther distance in that time. So, that mountain biker must have moved at a higher speed.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the idiom in this text suggest?\n\"Speak of the devil!\" Tina declared when Larry strolled into the room.",
    "choices":[
      "Tina had just been speaking about Larry.",
      "Tina didn't trust Larry."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. An idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned. The assignment was a piece of cake.",
    "solution":"The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.\nThe idiom speak of the devil suggests that Tina had just been speaking about Larry. People say this when the person they've just been speaking about coincidentally arrives, as if summoned.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the statement.\nOzone is ().",
    "choices":[
      "a compound",
      "an elementary substance"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The model below represents a molecule of ozone. zone gas in the atmosphere protects living things on Earth from some of the Sun's harmful rays.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"Classify elementary substances and compounds using models",
    "lecture":"There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you. A substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl. Scientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride. In a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance.",
    "solution":"Use the model to determine whether ozone is an elementary substance or a compound.\nStep 1: Interpret the model.\nIn the ball-and-stick model shown above, all of the balls are the same color:\n. The legend shows that red represents the chemical element with the atomic symbol O. O is the atomic symbol for the chemical element oxygen. You can see from the model that a molecule of ozone is composed of three oxygen atoms bonded together.\nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.\nYou know from Step 1 that ozone is composed of only one chemical element. So, ozone is an elementary substance.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3625\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Arizona?",
    "choices":[
      "Provo",
      "Phoenix",
      "Honolulu",
      "Tucson"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify the 50 state capitals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Phoenix is the capital of Arizona.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3628\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which better describes the New England Seamount Chain ecosystem?",
    "choices":[
      "It has shallow water. It also has organisms that crawl or stick to the ground.",
      "It has water at the bottom of the ocean. It also has organisms that crawl or stick to the ground."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Figure: New England Seamount Chain.\nThe New England Seamount Chain is a deep sea ecosystem in the northern Atlantic Ocean.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Describe ecosystems",
    "lecture":"An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other: the pattern of weather, or climate the type of soil or water the organisms that live there",
    "solution":"The deep sea is a type of ecosystem. Deep sea ecosystems have the following features: water at the bottom of the ocean, no sunlight, and organisms that crawl or stick to the ground. So, the New England Seamount Chain has water at the bottom of the ocean. It also has organisms that crawl or stick to the ground.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3631\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\n\"That fits you well,\" Ron remarked after Marcy's cap fell over her eyes for the tenth time.",
    "choices":[
      "The cap was too big.",
      "The cap looked nice on Marcy."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.",
    "solution":"The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nFits you well ironically suggests that the cap was too big. The cap was falling over Marcy's eyes, so it didn't fit her well at all.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Identify the question that Judy's experiment can best answer.",
    "choices":[
      "Do the temperatures inside boxes depend on the sizes of the boxes?",
      "Do the insides of white boxes get hotter than the insides of black boxes when the boxes are left in the sun?"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below.\n\nJudy glued lids onto 16 cardboard shoe boxes of equal size. She painted eight of the boxes black and eight of the boxes white. Judy made a small hole in the side of each box and then stuck a thermometer partially into each hole so she could measure the temperatures inside the boxes. She placed the boxes in direct sunlight in her backyard. Two hours later, she measured the temperature inside each box. Judy compared the average temperature inside the black boxes to the average temperature inside the white boxes.\nFigure: a shoebox painted black.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify the experimental question",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment. Imagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured. First, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested. Then, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured. Experiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height. Examples of questions that this experiment can answer include: Does soil type affect the height of daffodil plants? Do daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil? Are daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3641\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Arizona?",
    "choices":[
      "Tucson",
      "Santa Fe",
      "Phoenix",
      "Carson City"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify the 50 state capitals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Phoenix is the capital of Arizona.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3651\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Identify the question that Sandra's experiment can best answer.",
    "choices":[
      "Do slugs eat more from tomato leaves or broccoli leaves?",
      "Do slugs weigh more after eating tomato leaves or broccoli leaves?"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below.\n\nSandra cut tomato and broccoli plant leaves into one-inch squares. In each of 12 containers, she placed six leaf squares: three tomato-leaf squares and three broccoli-leaf squares. She put one slug from her garden into each container. After two days, Sandra measured the amount of each leaf square that had been eaten by the slugs. She compared the amount that had been eaten from the tomato-leaf squares to the amount that had been eaten from the broccoli-leaf squares.\nFigure: a slug on a leaf.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify the experimental question",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment. Imagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured. First, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested. Then, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured. Experiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height. Examples of questions that this experiment can answer include: Does soil type affect the height of daffodil plants? Do daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil? Are daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3652\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Indiana?",
    "choices":[
      "Montgomery",
      "Indianapolis",
      "Fort Wayne",
      "Atlanta"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Indianapolis is the capital of Indiana.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3658\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which i in column 1?",
    "choices":[
      "the grocery store",
      "the fire department",
      "the school",
      "the police department"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Use a letter-number grid",
    "lecture":"A grid is made up of lines of squares. They are organized in rows and columns. A grid can help you use a map. A row is a line of squares that goes from side to side. Rows are marked with letters. A column is a line of squares that goes up and down. Columns are marked with numbers.",
    "solution":"The grocery store is in column 1.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3662\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"In this experiment, which were part of a control group?",
    "choices":[
      "the plants watered with tap water",
      "the plants watered with greywater"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The passage below describes an experiment.\n\nPatty wanted to find ways to save water. She learned that people can reuse greywater, which is water that has been used in sinks, tubs, and washing machines. She wondered if her plants would be less healthy if she watered them with greywater instead of tap water.\nPatty placed eight potted petunia plants on her windowsill. For three months, she watered four of the plants with greywater and the other four with tap water. At the end of three months, she counted the number of dead leaves on each plant.\nFigure: watering petunia plants.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify control and experimental groups",
    "lecture":"Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to investigate whether changing a variable between different groups has a specific outcome. For example, imagine you want to find out whether adding fertilizer to soil affects the height of pea plants. You could investigate this question with the following experiment: You grow one group of pea plants in soil with fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. This group shows you what happens when fertilizer is added to soil. Since fertilizer is the variable whose effect you are investigating, this group is an experimental group. You grow another group of pea plants in soil without fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. Since this group shows you what happens when fertilizer is not added to the soil, it is a control group. By comparing the results from the experimental group to the results from the control group, you can conclude whether adding fertilizer to the soil affects pea plant height.",
    "solution":"In this experiment, Patty investigated whether watering plants with greywater affects the health of the plants. The plants watered with tap water did not get greywater. So, they were part of a control group.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3666\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Vanuatu",
      "the Marshall Islands",
      "Kiribati",
      "Nauru"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Oceania: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of Oceania",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is Nauru.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3667\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the expected ratio of offspring that do not have horns to offspring that have horns? Choose the most likely ratio.",
    "choices":[
      "0:4",
      "3:1",
      "4:0",
      "1:3",
      "2:2"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"In a group of cows, some individuals have horns and others do not. In this group, the gene for the horns trait has two alleles. The allele for not having horns (H) is dominant over the allele for having horns (h).\nThis Punnett square shows a cross between two cows.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Use Punnett squares to calculate ratios of offspring types",
    "lecture":"Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive? How do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. If an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait. If an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait. A Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type. For example, consider the Punnett square below. <br\/><br\/>  | F | f<br\/> F | FF | Ff<br\/> f | Ff | ff<br\/> <br\/> There is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.",
    "solution":"To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring that do or do not have horns, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the horns trait. The question tells you that the H allele, which is for not having horns, is dominant over the h allele, which is for having horns.\nNot having horns is the dominant allele's version of the horns trait. A cow with the dominant version of the horns trait must have at least one dominant allele for the horns gene. So, offspring that do not have horns must have the genotype HH or Hh.\nAll 4 boxes in the Punnett square have the genotype HH or Hh.\nHaving horns is the recessive allele's version of the horns trait. A cow with the recessive version of the horns trait must have only recessive alleles for the horns gene. So, offspring that have horns must have the genotype hh.\nThere are 0 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype hh.\nSo, the expected ratio of offspring that do not have horns to offspring that have horns is 4:0. This means that, based on the Punnett square, this cross will always produce offspring that do not have horns. This cross is expected to never produce offspring that have horns.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3693\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "Atoms can be seen with the naked eye.",
      "Atoms make up every substance around you.",
      "Atoms do not have mass."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Though they are too small to see without a special microscope, atoms make up all of the substances around you.\nLike all matter, atoms have mass and volume. But atoms are extremely small. A water droplet, like the one hanging from the tip of the leaf in this picture, contains more than a billion trillion atoms!",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"What are atoms and chemical elements?",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3695\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the living thing.",
    "choices":[
      "sea cucumber",
      "candy",
      "calculator",
      "windmill"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify living and nonliving things",
    "lecture":"All living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell. All living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change. All living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense.",
    "solution":"A windmill is not a living thing.\nA windmill does not have all the traits of a living thing. It moves in the wind, but it does not grow. It does not need food or water.\nA calculator is not a living thing.\nA calculator does not have all the traits of a living thing. It can do math problems, but it does not grow. It does not need food or water.\nCandy is not a living thing.\nCandy does not have all of the traits of a living thing. It is sweet and can be shaped like fruit. But it does not grow like real fruit. It does not need food or water.\nA sea cucumber is a living thing.\nSea cucumbers grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water. Sea cucumbers are made up of many cells.\nSea cucumbers are animals with soft spines covering their bodies. They live on the ocean floor.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a complex sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "Freedom of speech and trial by jury are two important rights in the United States Constitution.",
      "Mackenzie and her mom sat on the back porch and watched as the sun sank into the horizon."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple, compound, or complex?",
    "lecture":"A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence. the oranges on our tree are ripe The clause can stand alone. It is independent. after we pick up Kevin from work The clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent. A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause. Ben and I spent all day relaxing by the pool. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat. Ben usually wears his heavy coat in the winter. A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. We saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while. If she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.",
    "solution":"The first sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction as.\nMackenzie and her mom sat on the back porch and watched as the sun sank into the horizon.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Would you find the word throb on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ntaper - tentacle",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince throb is not between the guide words taper - tentacle, it would not be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following fossils is younger? Select the more likely answer.",
    "choices":[
      "mammal tooth",
      "ginkgo leaf"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This diagram shows fossils in an undisturbed sedimentary rock sequence.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Fossils",
    "skill":"Compare ages of fossils in a rock sequence",
    "lecture":"A fossil is the preserved evidence of an ancient organism. Some fossils are formed from body parts such as bones or shells. Other fossils, such as footprints or burrows, are formed from traces of an organism's activities. Fossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually form in layers. Over time, new layers are added on top of old layers in a series called a rock sequence. The layers in an undisturbed rock sequence are in the same order as when they formed. So, the deeper layers are older than the shallower layers. The relative ages of fossils can be determined from their positions in an undisturbed rock sequence. Older fossils are usually in deeper layers, and younger fossils are usually in shallower layers.",
    "solution":"Look again at the fossils in the rock sequence diagram.\nCompare the positions of these fossils to determine which one is younger:\nThe ginkgo leaf fossil is in a shallower layer in the rock sequence than the mammal tooth fossil. So, the ginkgo leaf fossil is most likely younger than the mammal tooth fossil.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3712\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?",
    "choices":[
      "Emily had witnessed a crime, so she made a call to report it. The operator promptly dispatched police to investigate the scene.",
      "Emily had witnessed a crime, so she made a call to report it. They promptly dispatched police to investigate the scene."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Pronouns",
    "skill":"Identify vague pronoun references",
    "lecture":"When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.",
    "solution":"The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. They has been replaced with the operator.\nEmily had witnessed a crime, so she made a call to report it. The operator promptly dispatched police to investigate the scene.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Cheyenne's phenotype for the horns trait?",
    "choices":[
      "not having horns",
      "having horns"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"In a group of cows, some individuals have horns and others do not. In this group, the gene for the horns trait has two alleles. The allele for not having horns (H) is dominant over the allele for having horns (h).\nCheyenne is a cow from this group. Cheyenne has the homozygous genotype HH for the horns gene.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: dominant and recessive",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. Some traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene. An organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene. An organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene. The types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. A dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers. A recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.",
    "solution":"Cheyenne's genotype for the horns gene is HH. Cheyenne's genotype of HH has only H allelles. The H allele is for not having horns. So, Cheyenne's phenotype for the horns trait must be not having horns.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Cheyenne's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for not having horns (H) is dominant over the allele for having horns (h). This means H is a dominant allele, and h is a recessive allele.\nCheyenne's genotype of HH has two dominant alleles. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Cheyenne's phenotype for the horns trait must be not having horns.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the air inside a soap bubble a solid, a liquid, or a gas?",
    "choices":[
      "a gas",
      "a liquid",
      "a solid"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"States of matter",
    "skill":"Identify and sort solids, liquids, and gases",
    "lecture":"Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own. Some solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid. When matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle. Some liquids are thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk. When matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space. Many gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas.",
    "solution":"The air inside a soap bubble is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space.\nThe air inside a soap bubble fills all the space in the bubble. If the bubble pops, the air will expand to fill a much larger space.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3729\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a compound sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "The Mississippi River flows from Lake Itasca to the Gulf of Mexico.",
      "The cook seasons the chicken, and her helper roasts it."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple or compound?",
    "lecture":"A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate. The pitcher threw the ball to first base. A compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. The pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it. Some simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences. Anna and James will watch the fireworks tonight. This simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James. The singers bowed and walked off the stage. This simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat. This is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.",
    "solution":"The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction and.\nThe cook seasons the chicken, and her helper roasts it.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What can a fertilized egg grow into?",
    "choices":[
      "a mature fern",
      "a heart-shaped plant"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This diagram shows the life cycle of a fern.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Plant reproduction",
    "skill":"Moss and fern life cycles",
    "lecture":"Fern plants reproduce using both asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction. Mature ferns have flat leaves called fronds. Ferns have structures that look like small dots on the underside of their fronds. These structures are called spore cases. The mature ferns use asexual reproduction to make spores. When the spore cases open, the spores are released. When a spore lands on the ground and germinates, it grows into a small heart-shaped plant. The heart-shaped plant begins the fern's sexual reproduction stage by making eggs and sperm. Ferns live in damp environments, and sperm can swim though small water drops. Self-fertilization happens when a sperm swims to an egg on the same heart-shaped plant. Cross-fertilization happens when the sperm swims to an egg on a nearby plant. Fertilization happens when a sperm and an egg fuse. The fertilized egg germinates and grows into a mature fern. The mature fern can make spores and begin the fern life cycle again.",
    "solution":"A fertilized egg can grow into a mature fern.\nA heart-shaped plant grows from a spore, not from a fertilized egg.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3757\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What can Justine and Bridgette trade to each get what they want?",
    "choices":[
      "Justine can trade her tomatoes for Bridgette's carrots.",
      "Justine can trade her tomatoes for Bridgette's broccoli.",
      "Bridgette can trade her almonds for Justine's tomatoes.",
      "Bridgette can trade her broccoli for Justine's oranges."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.\nJustine and Bridgette open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Neither Justine nor Bridgette got everything that they wanted. The table below shows which items they each wanted:\n\nLook at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.\nJustine's lunch Bridgette's lunch",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Trade and specialization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the table and images.\nJustine wants broccoli. Bridgette wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3761\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest south?",
    "choices":[
      "Florida",
      "South Carolina",
      "Maine",
      "Oregon"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Maps",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Florida is farthest south.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3782\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nchose - confident",
    "choices":[
      "capitol",
      "clung"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince clung is between the guide words chose - confident, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal's mouth is also adapted to get insects out of burrows?",
    "choices":[
      "tamandua",
      "kudu"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Giant anteaters eat insects such as ants and termites. These insects often live in holes called burrows. The anteater's mouth is adapted to get insects out of burrows.\nFigure: giant anteater.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: beaks, mouths, and necks",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the giant anteater.\nA tube-shaped snout helps the giant anteater reach into a burrow. A long, sticky tongue helps it catch the insects.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe tamandua has a tube-shaped snout and a long, sticky tongue. Its mouth is adapted to eat insects that live inside burrows.\nThe kudu has a wide snout. Its mouth is not adapted to get insects out of burrows. The kudu uses its mouth to eat leaves and shoots.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3796\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\nsewing an apron\nwater evaporating from a lake",
    "choices":[
      "Both are only physical changes.",
      "Both are caused by heating.",
      "Both are chemical changes.",
      "Both are caused by cooling."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Chemical reactions",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule. In a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns. In a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nSewing an apron is a physical change. The fabric and thread that make up the apron get a new shape, but the type of matter in each of them does not change.\nWater evaporating from a lake is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The liquid changes into a gas, but a different type of matter is not formed.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nWater evaporating is caused by heating. But sewing an apron is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is this a run-on sentence?\nIt is estimated that ten percent of the population has a fear of needles, medical researchers are developing devices that make injections pain-free.",
    "choices":[
      "no",
      "yes"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Identify run-on sentences",
    "lecture":"A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. The band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks. A run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice. The band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks. The band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks. There are several ways to fix a run-on sentence: Use stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon. The band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks. The band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks. Use a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so. The band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks. Use a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose. The band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks.",
    "solution":"This is a run-on sentence. It is a comma splice formed from two sentences run together, joined by just a comma.\nIt is estimated that ten percent of the population has a fear of needles, medical researchers are developing devices that make injections pain-free.\nHere is one way to fix the run-on sentence:\nIt is estimated that ten percent of the population has a fear of needles, so medical researchers are developing devices that make injections pain free.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following trait inherited or acquired?\nKaty is good at baking.",
    "choices":[
      "acquired",
      "inherited"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Hint: Baking well takes practice.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Identify inherited and acquired traits",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.",
    "solution":"People are not born knowing how to bake. Instead, many people learn how to bake. So, baking is an acquired trait.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the direction of this push?",
    "choices":[
      "away from the basketball player's hand",
      "toward the basketball player's hand"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"A basketball player takes a shot. His hand pushes the ball into the air to score a basket.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Identify pushes and pulls",
    "lecture":"One object can make another object move with a push or a pull. The direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing. The direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling.",
    "solution":"The basketball player's shot is a type of push. He shoots the ball away from his hand to score a basket. The direction of the push is away from the basketball player's hand.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3812\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same genus as the silver gull.",
    "choices":[
      "Larus occidentalis",
      "Chroicocephalus ridibundus",
      "Caprimulgus europaeus"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This organism is a silver gull. Its scientific name is Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification and scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"A silver gull's scientific name is Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae. The first word of its scientific name is Chroicocephalus.\nLarus occidentalis is in the genus Larus. The first word of its scientific name is Larus. So, Larus occidentalis and Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae are not in the same genus.\nCaprimulgus europaeus is in the genus Caprimulgus. The first word of its scientific name is Caprimulgus. So, Caprimulgus europaeus and Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae are not in the same genus.\nChroicocephalus ridibundus is in the genus Chroicocephalus. The first word of its scientific name is Chroicocephalus. So, Chroicocephalus ridibundus and Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae are in the same genus.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3816\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the mixture.",
    "choices":[
      "silver",
      "mud"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Mixtures",
    "skill":"Identify mixtures",
    "lecture":"A pure substance is made of only one type of matter. A mixture is made of two or more types of matter mixed together.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which drop of dish soap has more thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "the hotter drop of dish soap",
      "the colder drop of dish soap"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two drops of dish soap are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Thermal energy",
    "skill":"How are temperature and mass related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving. The energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. What happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.",
    "solution":"The two drops of dish soap are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter drop of dish soap has more thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a spider's leg?",
    "choices":[
      "17 meters",
      "17 centimeters",
      "17 millimeters"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of distance",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter. The tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long. A red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the length of a spider's leg is 17 millimeters.\n17 centimeters and 17 meters are both too long.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a simple sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "Rumors about Mayor Gomez were spreading like wildfire, so she set the record straight at a press conference.",
      "Kayla and her sisters drew a map of the United States and hung it on the wall."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple, compound, or complex?",
    "lecture":"A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence. the oranges on our tree are ripe The clause can stand alone. It is independent. after we pick up Kevin from work The clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent. A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause. Ben and I spent all day relaxing by the pool. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat. Ben usually wears his heavy coat in the winter. A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. We saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while. If she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.",
    "solution":"The second sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.\nKayla and her sisters drew a map of the United States and hung it on the wall.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which greeting is correct for a letter?",
    "choices":[
      "Dear Uncle brad,",
      "Dear Uncle Brad,"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"capitalization",
    "category":"Capitalization",
    "skill":"Greetings and closings of letters",
    "lecture":"A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue. Dear Aunt Sue, I'm glad you could come to my party, and thank you for the birthday gift. I could not have asked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think of you. With love, Rory",
    "solution":"The second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Uncle Brad is capitalized because it is a proper noun.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which correctly shows the title of a movie?",
    "choices":[
      "\"Nothing but the Best\"",
      "***Nothing but the Best***"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Formatting titles",
    "lecture":"The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead. A Midsummer Night's Dream The title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks. \"You Are My Sunshine\"",
    "solution":"A movie should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **Nothing but the Best**.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nAriel, I've told you a million times: you need to dry the dishes before you put them away.",
    "choices":[
      "hyperbole",
      "paradox"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify the figure of speech: euphemism, hyperbole, oxymoron, paradox",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! An oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Some reviewers are calling this book a new classic. A paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Always expect the unexpected.",
    "solution":"The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nA million times is an exaggeration, since it is unlikely that Ariel has actually been told this a million times.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Fifi's genotype for the ear type gene?",
    "choices":[
      "normal ears",
      "EE"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This passage describes the ear type trait in rats:\n\nIn a group of rats, some individuals have normal ears and others have dumbo ears. In this group, the gene for the ear type trait has two alleles. The allele E is for normal ears, and the allele e is for dumbo ears.\nFifi, a rat from this group, has normal ears. Fifi has two alleles for normal ears.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.",
    "solution":"An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Fifi has two alleles for normal ears (E). So, Fifi's genotype for the ear type gene is EE.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which sentence uses a metaphor?",
    "choices":[
      "The baby fish in the aquarium are as tiny as specks.",
      "The baby fish in the aquarium are tiny specks."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Identify similes and metaphors",
    "lecture":"Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike. A simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as. My sister runs like a cheetah. The sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like. A cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast. The cat's fur was as dark as the night. The cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as. The night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark. A metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as. The snow formed a blanket over the town. The snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as. A blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely. Using similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader.",
    "solution":"This sentence uses a metaphor:\nThe baby fish in the aquarium are tiny specks.\nThe words baby fish and specks are compared without the word like or as.\nThis sentence uses a simile:\nThe baby fish in the aquarium are as tiny as specks.\nThe words baby fish and specks are compared using the word as.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Assume all other forces on the cactus are balanced. Which statement describes the forces on the cactus?",
    "choices":[
      "The forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on the cactus.",
      "The forces are balanced, so there is no net force on the cactus."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Ariana is picking up her potted cactus as she cleans her room. She is pulling the cactus up with a force of 20N. Earth's gravity is pulling the cactus down with a force of 15N.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Balanced and unbalanced forces",
    "lecture":"A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces. When opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object. When opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object.",
    "solution":"To determine if there is a net force on the cactus, look at the forces:\nAriana is pulling the cactus up with a force of 20 N.\nEarth's gravity is pulling the cactus down with a force of 15 N.\nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have different magnitudes: 20 N and 15 N. This means that the forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on the cactus.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a run-on sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "In the story, a giant hid a bag of gold and jewels.",
      "Mom was lost in Morristown she asked someone for directions."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is it a complete sentence, a fragment, or a run-on?",
    "lecture":"A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb. My friends walk along the path. A sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb. Knows the answer. This is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject. Who knows the answer? She knows the answer. The bright red car. This is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb. What did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped. A run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma. I knocked on the door it opened. It started raining, we ran inside. To fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence. I knocked on the door. It opened. It started raining. We ran inside. You can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. I knocked on the door, and it opened. It started raining, so we ran inside.",
    "solution":"Mom was lost in Morristown she asked someone for directions is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without end punctuation: Mom was lost in Morristown and She asked someone for directions.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"In this food chain, the brown trout is a consumer. Why?",
    "choices":[
      "It eats another organism.",
      "It makes its own food."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This diagram shows a food chain from the River Frome, a freshwater ecosystem in England.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Identify roles in food chains",
    "lecture":"Every organism needs food to stay alive. Organisms get their food in different ways. A food chain shows how organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Producers make their own food. Many producers use carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make sugar. This sugar is food for the producer. Consumers eat other organisms. Consumers cannot make their own food.",
    "solution":"In this food chain, the brown trout is a consumer because it eats another organism. The brown trout in this food chain eats the midge larva.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3878\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "Massachusetts",
      "Illinois",
      "Virginia",
      "North Carolina"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"English colonies in North America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is Massachusetts.\nThe Massachusetts Colony included land that would later become the state of Maine. Maine was never its own colony.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3890\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the statement.\nDuring this chemical reaction, the air around the reaction becomes ().",
    "choices":[
      "colder",
      "warmer"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"When a chemical reaction absorbs or releases thermal energy, the reaction causes a change in temperature. Read the passage about a chemical reaction that absorbs or releases thermal energy. Then, follow the instructions below.\nThe most common type of cement in the world is Portland cement, named after an area of England that has a lot of limestone. Limestone is made up mostly of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). When calcium carbonate is heated, it breaks down into carbon dioxide (CO2) and calcium oxide (CaO), the main ingredient in Portland cement. During this reaction, thermal energy is taken in from the surroundings and converted to chemical energy.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Chemical reactions",
    "skill":"Describe energy changes in chemical reactions",
    "lecture":"During a chemical reaction, thermal energy is absorbed or released as heat. This transfer of thermal energy changes the temperature of the reaction's surroundings. The surroundings are everything around the reaction, such as the solution that the reaction takes place in or the air nearby. Some reactions release thermal energy into the surroundings. This thermal energy is converted from chemical energy, which is provided by the molecules in the reaction. As the thermal energy moves out of the reaction and into the surroundings, the temperature of the surroundings increases. Some reactions absorb thermal energy from the surroundings. This thermal energy is converted into chemical energy during the reaction. As the thermal energy moves out of the surroundings and into the reaction, the temperature of the surroundings decreases.",
    "solution":"To determine whether the air around the reaction becomes warmer or colder, look for the text that describes the movement of thermal energy during the reaction.The most common type of cement in the world is Portland cement, named after an area of England that has a lot of limestone. Limestone is made up mostly of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). When calcium carbonate is heated, it breaks down into carbon dioxide (CO2) and calcium oxide (CaO), the main ingredient in Portland cement. During this reaction, thermal energy is taken in from the surroundings and converted to chemical energy.The underlined text tells you that thermal energy is taken in from the surroundings. Because thermal energy moves out of the surroundings and into the reaction, the temperature of the surroundings decreases.The surroundings include the air around the reaction. So, the air around the reaction becomes colder.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "repel",
      "attract"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.\n\nHint: Magnets that attract pull together. Magnets that repel push apart.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south. Here are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S. If different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3908\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which better describes the Serengeti National Park ecosystem?",
    "choices":[
      "It has year-round rain. It also has soil that is poor in nutrients.",
      "It has a rainy season and a dry season. It also has soil that is poor in nutrients."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Figure: Serengeti National Park.\nSerengeti National Park is a savanna grassland ecosystem in Tanzania, a country in eastern Africa.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Describe ecosystems",
    "lecture":"An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment. There are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other: the pattern of weather, or climate the type of soil the organisms that live there",
    "solution":"A savanna grassland is a type of ecosystem. Savanna grasslands have the following features: warm summers and warm winters, a rainy season and a dry season, and soil that is poor in nutrients. So, Serengeti National Park has a rainy season and a dry season. It also has soil that is poor in nutrients.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3909\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"From August to November 1918, the Allied powers won many battles. This was called the Hundred Days Offensive. What happened after the Hundred Days Offensive?",
    "choices":[
      "Russia joined the war again.",
      "The United States Congress decided not to send any more soldiers to Europe.",
      "Germany surrendered to the Allied powers.",
      "The Allied powers started to lose a lot of battles."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"world-history",
    "category":"20th century American history",
    "skill":"World War I: the road to peace",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The Hundred Days Offensive was a turning point in World War I. In war, an offensive is a large attack. After the Hundred Days Offensive, Germany surrendered to the Allied powers. The war was over.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Identify the question that Manuel's experiment can best answer.",
    "choices":[
      "Can pennies hold more drops of water mixed with dish soap or water mixed with hand soap?",
      "Can pennies hold more drops of pure water or water mixed with hand soap?"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below.\n\nManuel used a dropper to put equal-sized drops of pure water, one at a time, onto a penny. The drops stayed together and formed a dome on the penny's surface. Manuel recorded the number of drops he could add before the water spilled over the edge of the penny. Then, he rinsed and dried the penny, and repeated the test using water mixed with hand soap. He repeated these trials on nine additional pennies. Manuel compared the average number of pure water drops to the average number of water drops mixed with hand soap that he could add to a penny before the water spilled over.\nFigure: a dome of water on the surface of a penny.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify the experimental question",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment. Imagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured. First, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested. Then, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured. Experiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height. Examples of questions that this experiment can answer include: Does soil type affect the height of daffodil plants? Do daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil? Are daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3922\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is this organism's common name?",
    "choices":[
      "comet moth",
      "Argema mittrei"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This organism is Argema mittrei. It is also called a comet moth.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification and scientific names",
    "skill":"Identify common and scientific names",
    "lecture":"An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know. An organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English. Scientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca.",
    "solution":"Argema mittrei is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not. So, it is the scientific name.\nArgema mittrei is the organism's scientific name. So, you know that comet moth is the common name.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3927\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which closing is correct for a letter?",
    "choices":[
      "Thanks,\nNina",
      "thanks,\nNina"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Greetings and closings of letters",
    "lecture":"A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue. Dear Aunt Sue, I'm glad you could come to my party, and thank you for the birthday gift. I could not have asked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think of you. With love, Rory",
    "solution":"The first closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which type of sentence is this?\nAs Matt sat down on the rickety old chair, it abruptly collapsed beneath him.",
    "choices":[
      "compound-complex",
      "simple",
      "complex",
      "compound"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Phrases and clauses",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex?",
    "lecture":"A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence. the oranges on our tree are ripe The clause can stand alone. It is independent. after we pick up Kevin from work The clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent. A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause. Ben and I spent all day relaxing by the pool. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat. Ben usually wears his heavy coat in the winter. A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. We saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose. If she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. During his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome. A compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. After Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym. Sometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause. Orcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.",
    "solution":"The sentence is complex. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction as.\nAs Matt sat down on the rickety old chair, it abruptly collapsed beneath him.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the motion of two birds. Which bird was moving at a higher speed?",
    "choices":[
      "a bird that moved 15miles in 5hours",
      "a bird that moved 25miles in 5hours"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Compare the speeds of moving objects",
    "lecture":"An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time. Distance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile. Time tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour. Think about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed.",
    "solution":"Look at the distance each bird moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne bird moved 25 miles in 5 hours.\nThe other bird moved 15 miles in 5 hours.\nNotice that each bird spent the same amount of time moving. The bird that moved 25 miles moved a farther distance in that time. So, that bird must have moved at a higher speed.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What evidence of erosion does this picture show?",
    "choices":[
      "Parts of the road have been washed away.",
      "There is a road next to the beach."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Erosion is what happens when loose pieces of rock are carried away by water, wind, or ice. This picture shows the effect of erosion.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Earth events",
    "skill":"Find evidence of changes to Earth's surface",
    "lecture":"Evidence is information that tells you something happened. How do you look for evidence of a change to Earth's surface? There are many ways to find evidence of a change to Earth's surface. One way is to look at a picture that was taken after the change. Here are some examples of what the evidence for different changes might be: <br\/><br\/> Cause of the change | Evidence of the change<br\/> earthquake | cracks in the ground; houses with broken walls and roofs<br\/> volcanic eruption | melted rock on Earth's surface; smoke coming out of a hole in the ground<br\/> erosion | a canyon with a river flowing through it; a river carrying sand and mud<br\/> <br\/> Be careful when you are looking for evidence! A picture of Earth's surface can contain a lot of information. Some of that information might be evidence of a change to the surface, but some of it is not! For example, a picture taken after an earthquake might show a blue sky. But the color of the sky is not evidence of an earthquake. So, that information is not evidence that an earthquake happened.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3953\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which ocean is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "the Pacific Ocean",
      "the Southern Ocean",
      "the Indian Ocean",
      "the Arctic Ocean"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Physical Geography",
    "skill":"Oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean.",
    "solution":"This is the Pacific Ocean.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3962\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Using only these supplies, which question can Hunter investigate with an experiment?",
    "choices":[
      "Is the pet lizard more active when its tank is heated with one heating lamp or with two heating lamps?",
      "Is the pet lizard more active when it is fed insects or lettuce?",
      "Is the pet lizard more active when it is fed crickets or mealworms?"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Hunter has a pet lizard. Hunter notices that on some days, the lizard is active and runs around the tank. On other days, the lizard hardly moves at all. Hunter wonders what factors affect how active his lizard is. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\none pet lizard\nlive crickets\nlive mealworms\none heating lamp",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nMr. Leonard can quit smoking because he's capable of stopping.",
    "choices":[
      "circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself",
      "hasty generalization: a broad claim based on too few observations",
      "ad hominem: an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations<br\/> slippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that Mr. Leonard can quit smoking because he is able to stop. However, the \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of North Dakota?",
    "choices":[
      "Fargo",
      "Madison",
      "Pierre",
      "Bismarck"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Bismarck is the capital of North Dakota.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3975\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is this a run-on sentence?\nMexico is the world's largest avocado producer, one variety is so profitable that Mexican farmers refer to the fruit as oro verde, or green gold.",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Identify run-on sentences",
    "lecture":"A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. The band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks. A run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice. The band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks. The band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks. There are several ways to fix a run-on sentence: Use stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon. The band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks. The band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks. Use a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so. The band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks. Use a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose. The band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks.",
    "solution":"This is a run-on sentence. It is a comma splice formed from two sentences run together, joined by just a comma.\nMexico is the world's largest avocado producer, one variety is so profitable that Mexican farmers refer to the fruit as oro verde, or green gold.\nHere is one way to fix the run-on sentence:\nMexico is the world's largest avocado producer. One variety is so profitable that Mexican farmers refer to the fruit as oro verde, or green gold.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Nebraska?",
    "choices":[
      "Hartford",
      "Omaha",
      "Saint Paul",
      "Lincoln"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Lincoln is the capital of Nebraska.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/3987\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which sentence is more formal?",
    "choices":[
      "McClain Electronics has a reputation for responding quickly to all customer concerns and questions.",
      "McClain Electronics has a reputation for responding real quick to customer concerns and questions."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Author's purpose and tone",
    "skill":"Which sentence is more formal?",
    "lecture":"Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing: <br\/><br\/> Type | Examples<br\/> slang | cool, awesome<br\/> idioms | knock your socks off<br\/> conversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah<br\/> abbreviated language | ASAP, FYI<br\/> overly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store<br\/> contractions | can't, won't<br\/> <br\/> Contractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing. Compare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal. Informal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners. Formal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.",
    "solution":"The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses conversational language (real quick).\nThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the conversational language, so it is more formal overall.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a long-distance running race?",
    "choices":[
      "23 yards",
      "23 miles"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of distance",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Imagine being told that a pencil is 8 long. You might be thinking, 8 what? Is the pencil 8 inches long? 8 feet? 8 miles? The number 8 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing. Now look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are inches. So, the length of the pencil is 8 inches. There are 12 inches in 1 foot. So, 1 inch is much shorter than 1 foot. There are 3 feet in 1 yard. So, 1 foot is shorter than 1 yard.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the length of a long-distance running race is 23 miles.\n23 yards is too short.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "repel",
      "attract"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces. Magnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S). Here are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles. If opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4011\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Nevada?",
    "choices":[
      "Missoula",
      "Phoenix",
      "Reno",
      "Carson City"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Carson City is the capital of Nevada.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4016\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest west?",
    "choices":[
      "Louisiana",
      "South Carolina",
      "Iowa",
      "Oklahoma"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Maps",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Oklahoma is farthest west.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4018\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the mass of a full box of cereal?",
    "choices":[
      "500 kilograms",
      "500 grams"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of mass",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Mass is a measurement of how much matter something contains. There are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms. There are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram. A paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the mass of a full box of cereal is 500 grams.\n500 kilograms is too heavy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nJustin picked up his pace on the trail as his spidey sense began to tingle.",
    "choices":[
      "a comic book",
      "a song"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. Here, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion spidey sense is a comic book.\nThe comic book superhero Spider-Man possesses a spidey sense that warns him of impending trouble.\nThe allusion spidey sense means a sense of danger coming.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which bird's beak is also adapted to crack large, hard nuts?",
    "choices":[
      "western kingbird",
      "Alexandrine parakeet"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Military macaws live in the forests of Central and South America. They eat large seeds and nuts. The shape of the 's beak is adapted to crack open large, hard nuts.\nFigure: military macaw.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: beaks, mouths, and necks",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the military macaw.\nThe military macaw has a thick hooked beak. Its beak is adapted to crack large, hard nuts. The military macaw uses its thick beak to crack the shell of a nut by squeezing it. The hooked shape of the beak can help the bird hold the nut in place while cracking it.\nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.\nThe Alexandrine parakeet has a thick hooked beak. Its beak is adapted to crack large, hard nuts.\nThe western kingbird has a straight, thin beak. Its beak is not adapted to crack large, hard nuts. The western kingbird uses its beak to eat insects.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4030\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a sentence fragment?",
    "choices":[
      "This warm blue blanket.",
      "The greedy king kept all the jewels for himself and his sons."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is it a complete sentence, a fragment, or a run-on?",
    "lecture":"A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb. My friends walk along the path. A sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb. Knows the answer. This is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject. Who knows the answer? She knows the answer. The bright red car. This is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb. What did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped. A run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma. I knocked on the door it opened. It started raining, we ran inside. To fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence. I knocked on the door. It opened. It started raining. We ran inside. You can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. I knocked on the door, and it opened. It started raining, so we ran inside.",
    "solution":"This warm blue blanket is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "sample A",
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature",
      "sample B"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"Each particle in the two samples has the same mass, and the particles in both samples have the same average speed. So, the particles in both samples have the same average kinetic energy.\nBecause the particles in both samples have the same average kinetic energy, the samples must have the same temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4036\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the one substance that is not a rock.",
    "choices":[
      "Shale is formed in nature. It is a solid.",
      "Granodiorite is not made by living things. It is not a pure substance.",
      "Cotton is made by living things. It is a solid."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Rocks and minerals",
    "skill":"Identify rocks using properties",
    "lecture":"Rocks are made of minerals. Here are some properties of rocks: They are solid. They are formed in nature. They are not made by living things. They are not pure substances.",
    "solution":"Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of rocks. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of rocks.\nCotton is made by living things. But rocks are not made by living things.\nSo, cotton is not a rock.\nGranodiorite is a rock.\nShale is a rock.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Would you find the word object on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\noff - onion",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince object is not between the guide words off - onion, it would not be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?",
    "choices":[
      "They passed the bill without too much trouble, but it will not become law until the president has given his approval.",
      "Legislators passed the bill without too much trouble, but it will not become law until the president has given his approval."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Pronouns",
    "skill":"Identify vague pronoun references",
    "lecture":"When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.",
    "solution":"The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. They has been replaced with legislators.\nLegislators passed the bill without too much trouble, but it will not become law until the president has given his approval.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of New Hampshire?",
    "choices":[
      "Augusta",
      "Concord",
      "Trenton",
      "Manchester"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Northeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Concord is the capital of New Hampshire.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4047\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?",
    "choices":[
      "weather",
      "climate"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Figure: Machu Picchu.\nMachu Picchu is an ancient city located in Peru. Last year on May 26, Machu Picchu was covered in thick clouds.\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Weather and climate around the world",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the passage carefully.\nMachu Picchu is an ancient city located in Peru. Last year on May 26, Machu Picchu was covered in thick clouds.\nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the cloud cover over Machu Picchu on May 26. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4051\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\nwater evaporating from a lake\nice crystals forming on a window",
    "choices":[
      "Both are caused by heating.",
      "Both are caused by cooling.",
      "Both are only physical changes.",
      "Both are chemical changes."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Chemical reactions",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule. In a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns. In a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nWater evaporating from a lake is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The liquid changes into a gas, but a different type of matter is not formed.\nIce crystals forming on a window is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. Water vapor in the air can change directly into ice when it touches a very cold window! A change of state from a gas to a solid is called depositing.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nWater evaporating is caused by heating. But ice crystals forming on a window is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nIce crystals form on a window when water vapor in the air becomes ice. This is caused by cooling. But water evaporating from a lake is not.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Lady's phenotype for the coat color trait?",
    "choices":[
      "a reddish-brown coat",
      "a black coat"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"In a group of horses, some individuals have a black coat and others have a reddish-brown coat. In this group, the gene for the coat color trait has two alleles. The allele for a reddish-brown coat (l) is recessive to the allele for a black coat (L).\nLady is a horse from this group. Lady has the heterozygous genotype Ll for the coat color gene.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: dominant and recessive",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. Some traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene. An organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene. An organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene. The types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. A dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers. A recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.",
    "solution":"You need to determine Lady's phenotype for the coat color trait. First, consider the alleles in Lady's genotype for the coat color gene. Then, decide whether these alleles are dominant or recessive.\nThe allele for a reddish-brown coat (l) is recessive to the allele for a black coat (L). This means L is a dominant allele, and l is a recessive allele.\nLady's genotype of Ll has one dominant allele and one recessive allele. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Lady's phenotype for the coat color trait must be a black coat.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nDid you really vote for Porter as class treasurer? Didn't you hear that his uncle was imprisoned for embezzling $1.5 million?",
    "choices":[
      "guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something",
      "circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> red herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that Porter can't be trusted with money, because his uncle embezzled money. However, even though his uncle couldn't be trusted with money, that doesn't necessarily mean that Porter can't be trusted with it. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is the smoothest?",
    "choices":[
      "burlap sack",
      "asphalt road",
      "linen handkerchief"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of materials",
    "lecture":"Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. A material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy. For example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.",
    "solution":"Smooth is a property. A smooth material is not rough or bumpy.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the linen handkerchief is the smoothest. If you touch linen fabric, it will not feel rough.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Virginia?",
    "choices":[
      "Topeka",
      "Arlington",
      "Austin",
      "Richmond"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Southeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Richmond is the capital of Virginia.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4067\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the statement.\nRadon is ().",
    "choices":[
      "an elementary substance",
      "a compound"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Radon is a gas that can cause lung cancer if it is breathed in large quantities. The chemical formula for radon is Rn.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"Classify elementary substances and compounds using chemical formulas",
    "lecture":"Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be. The symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula. An elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol. The symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule. For example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula. The chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms. A compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols. For example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms.",
    "solution":"You can tell whether radon is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for radon is Rn. This formula contains one symbol: Rn. So, the formula tells you that radon is made of one chemical element.\nSubstances made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. So, radon is an elementary substance.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "sample A",
      "sample B",
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. The particles in sample A also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.\nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4085\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a hammer?",
    "choices":[
      "19 meters",
      "19 centimeters",
      "19 kilometers",
      "19 millimeters"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of distance, mass, and volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter. The tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long. A red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the length of a hammer is 19 centimeters.\n19 millimeters is too short. 19 meters and 19 kilometers are too long.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Kitkat's phenotype for the agouti fur trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Aa",
      "having agouti fur"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This passage describes the agouti fur trait in cats:\n\nIn a group of cats, some individuals have agouti fur and others do not. In this group, the gene for the agouti fur trait has two alleles. The allele A is for having agouti fur, and the allele a is for not having agouti fur.\nKitkat, a cat from this group, has agouti fur. Kitkat has one allele for having agouti fur and one allele for not having agouti fur.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.",
    "solution":"An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Kitkat's observable version of the agouti fur trait is having agouti fur. So, Kitkat's phenotype for the agouti fur trait is having agouti fur.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Would you find the word foul on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nfarm - free",
    "choices":[
      "no",
      "yes"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince foul is between the guide words farm - free, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "attract",
      "repel"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south. Here are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S. If opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4103\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"In this experiment, which were part of an experimental group?",
    "choices":[
      "the pennies with soapy water",
      "the pennies with pure water"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The passage below describes an experiment.\n\nBernard noticed that he could make a dome of water on a penny if he added drops of water slowly enough. He wondered if adding soap to the water would allow him to fit more or less water on the penny.\nBernard put equal-sized drops of pure water, one at a time, onto a penny. He recorded the number of drops he could add before the water spilled over the edge of the penny. Then, he rinsed and dried the penny, and repeated the test using water mixed with hand soap. Bernard repeated these trials on seven additional pennies.\nFigure: a dome of water on the surface of a penny.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify control and experimental groups",
    "lecture":"Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to investigate whether changing a variable between different groups has a specific outcome. For example, imagine you want to find out whether adding fertilizer to soil affects the height of pea plants. You could investigate this question with the following experiment: You grow one group of pea plants in soil with fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. This group shows you what happens when fertilizer is added to soil. Since fertilizer is the variable whose effect you are investigating, this group is an experimental group. You grow another group of pea plants in soil without fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. Since this group shows you what happens when fertilizer is not added to the soil, it is a control group. By comparing the results from the experimental group to the results from the control group, you can conclude whether adding fertilizer to the soil affects pea plant height.",
    "solution":"In this experiment, Bernard investigated whether adding soap to water affects how much water can fit on a penny. So, the pennies with soapy water were part of an experimental group.\nThe pennies with pure water did not get soapy water. So, they were not part of an experimental group.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4105\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the animal.",
    "choices":[
      "Pine trees have green leaves.",
      "Barn owls walk and fly."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify plants and animals",
    "lecture":"Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms. Plants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can. Animals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food.",
    "solution":"A barn owl is an animal. It walks and flies.\nA barn owl is a bird. Barn owls live on every continent except Antarctica.\nA pine tree is a plant. It has green leaves.\nPine tree seeds grow in cones. Trees that grow cones are called conifers.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "repel",
      "attract"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces. Magnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S). Here are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles. If opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4109\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What can Brody and Kelly trade to each get what they want?",
    "choices":[
      "Kelly can trade her broccoli for Brody's oranges.",
      "Kelly can trade her almonds for Brody's tomatoes.",
      "Brody can trade his tomatoes for Kelly's broccoli.",
      "Brody can trade his tomatoes for Kelly's carrots."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.\nBrody and Kelly open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Neither Brody nor Kelly got everything that they wanted. The table below shows which items they each wanted:\n\nLook at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.\nBrody's lunch Kelly's lunch",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Trade and specialization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the table and images.\nBrody wants broccoli. Kelly wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4119\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Would you find the word speck on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nsombrero - sway",
    "choices":[
      "no",
      "yes"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince speck is between the guide words sombrero - sway, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the motion of three ships. Which ship was moving at the highest speed?",
    "choices":[
      "a ship that moved 165miles west in 5hours",
      "a ship that moved 210miles south in 5hours",
      "a ship that moved 75miles west in 5hours"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Compare the speeds of moving objects",
    "lecture":"An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time. Distance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile. Time tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour. Think about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed.",
    "solution":"Look at the distance each ship moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each ship moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each ship moved for 5 hours. The ship that moved 210 miles moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that ship must have moved at the highest speed.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nZach says that he would not be the person he is today were it not for his childhood, which he describes as Dickensian.",
    "choices":[
      "a song",
      "literature"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. The protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose. The word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion Dickensian is literature.\nThe works of British author Charles Dickens often featured characters struggling to survive in settings such as debtors' prisons and orphanages.\nThe allusion Dickensian means harsh or poverty-stricken.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "Georgia",
      "Maryland",
      "North Carolina",
      "New Jersey"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"English colonies in North America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is Maryland.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4137\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material, but some of them are different sizes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller.",
    "solution":"The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.\nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4141\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Kentucky?",
    "choices":[
      "Jackson",
      "Lexington",
      "Frankfort",
      "Louisville"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Southeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Frankfort is the capital of Kentucky.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4143\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Jack's phenotype for the cheek color trait?",
    "choices":[
      "pale orange cheeks",
      "bright orange cheeks"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"In a group of cockatiels, some individuals have bright orange cheeks and others have pale orange cheeks. In this group, the gene for the cheek color trait has two alleles. The allele for bright orange cheeks (R) is dominant over the allele for pale orange cheeks (r).\nJack is a cockatiel from this group. Jack has the heterozygous genotype Rr for the cheek color gene.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: dominant and recessive",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. Some traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene. An organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene. An organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene. The types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. A dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers. A recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.",
    "solution":"You need to determine Jack's phenotype for the cheek color trait. First, consider the alleles in Jack's genotype for the cheek color gene. Then, decide whether these alleles are dominant or recessive.\nThe allele for bright orange cheeks (R) is dominant over the allele for pale orange cheeks (r). This means R is a dominant allele, and r is a recessive allele.\nJack's genotype of Rr has one dominant allele and one recessive allele. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Jack's phenotype for the cheek color trait must be bright orange cheeks.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the solid.",
    "choices":[
      "baseball",
      "apple juice",
      "wet paint"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"States of matter",
    "skill":"Identify solids and liquids",
    "lecture":"Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own. Some solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break. A glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid. When matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container. Think about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space. Juice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the idiom in this text suggest?\nMr. and Mrs. Campbell usually see eye to eye, but not when it comes to the controversial mayoral race.",
    "choices":[
      "Mr. and Mrs. Campbell usually agree.",
      "Mr. and Mrs. Campbell are not politically active."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. An idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned. The assignment was a piece of cake.",
    "solution":"The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.\nThe idiom see eye to eye suggests that Mr. and Mrs. Campbell usually agree. When you see eye to eye with someone, you share their opinion.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a sentence fragment?",
    "choices":[
      "The greedy king kept all the jewels for himself and his sons.",
      "Will change out of her wet pants and shirt."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is it a complete sentence, a fragment, or a run-on?",
    "lecture":"A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb. My friends walk along the path. A sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb. Knows the answer. This is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject. Who knows the answer? She knows the answer. The bright red car. This is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb. What did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped. A run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma. I knocked on the door it opened. It started raining, we ran inside. To fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence. I knocked on the door. It opened. It started raining. We ran inside. You can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. I knocked on the door, and it opened. It started raining, so we ran inside.",
    "solution":"Will change out of her wet pants and shirt is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which greeting is correct for a letter?",
    "choices":[
      "Dear Ms. Harrington,",
      "dear Ms. Harrington,"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Greetings and closings of letters",
    "lecture":"A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue. Dear Aunt Sue, I'm glad you could come to my party, and thank you for the birthday gift. I could not have asked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think of you. With love, Rory",
    "solution":"The first greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Ms. Harrington is capitalized because it is a proper noun.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Would you find the word repair on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nranch - ripple",
    "choices":[
      "no",
      "yes"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince repair is between the guide words ranch - ripple, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence.\nThe city of Rome was located ().",
    "choices":[
      "south of the territory ruled by the Latins",
      "in the middle of the territory ruled by the Etruscans",
      "right next to the territory ruled by the Greeks",
      "near the territories of several different groups"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":"This map shows the Italian peninsula in the 700s BCE. It also shows the location of early Rome. Look at the map. Then complete the sentence below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"world-history",
    "category":"Rome and the Byzantine Empire",
    "skill":"Early Roman society and politics",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the map.\nNow find the city labeled Rome. Four groups\u2014the Latins, Etruscans, Sabines, and Greeks\u2014are nearby. So this map shows that Rome was located near the territories of several different peoples.\nThese choices are not correct:\nFind the area labeled Etruscans. Rome is on the very edges of Etruscan territory, not in the middle.\nFind the area labeled Latins. Now look at the compass rose. Rome is north of this area.\nFind the area labeled Greeks. Rome is far away from this territory.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4184\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence.\nFossils are () of ancient organisms.",
    "choices":[
      "the living tissues",
      "preserved remains of the body parts or activities",
      "human-made models"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Fossils",
    "skill":"Introduction to fossils",
    "lecture":"Fossils are preserved remains of the body parts or activities of ancient organisms. Some fossils show the body parts of organisms. Bones and shells are two body parts that are commonly preserved in fossils. Some fossils show traces of an organism's activities. Footprints and burrows are two examples of traces that can be preserved in fossils. A burrow is a hole dug by an animal. All fossils are formed in nature. They take thousands of years to form.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence.\nIn this chemical reaction, water is a ().",
    "choices":[
      "reactant",
      "product"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This passage describes a chemical reaction. Read the passage. Then, follow the instructions below.\nLike people on Earth, astronauts living on the International Space Station need oxygen to survive. Since there is no oxygen in space for the astronauts to breathe, they make oxygen using a process called electrolysis. This process uses electricity to break down water into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas. The hydrogen gas can be removed from the space station or recycled, and the oxygen gas is released into the air that the astronauts breathe.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Chemical reactions",
    "skill":"Identify reactants and products",
    "lecture":"A chemical change occurs when new substances are formed from existing substances. This process is called a chemical reaction. In a chemical reaction, one or more substances change into one or more different substances. During the reaction, the atoms of the original substances are rearranged to form other substances. The original substances in a chemical reaction are called reactants. These substances react, or go through a chemical change. The substances that are formed in a chemical reaction are called products. These substances are produced by the chemical reaction. So, in a chemical reaction, reactants go through a chemical change to form products.",
    "solution":"Read the underlined text carefully. Look for information about what happens to water in this chemical reaction.\nLike people on Earth, astronauts living on the International Space Station need oxygen to survive. Since there is no oxygen in space for the astronauts to breathe, they make oxygen using a process called electrolysis. This process uses electricity to break down water into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas. The hydrogen gas can be removed from the space station or recycled, and the oxygen gas is released into the air that the astronauts breathe.\nThe underlined text tells you that when water breaks down, oxygen and hydrogen are formed. When water reacts, or goes through a chemical change, its atoms are rearranged to form oxygen and hydrogen. Because water reacts in this chemical reaction, water is a reactant.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which material is these crayons made of?",
    "choices":[
      "wool",
      "paper"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Identify multiple materials in objects",
    "lecture":"A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. Some objects are made of just one material. Most nails are made of metal. Other objects are made of more than one material. This hammer is made of metal and wood.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the crayons.\nThe crayons are made of two different materials. The label is made of paper. The rest of the crayon is made of wax.\nCrayons are made by melting the wax and pouring it into special molds.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4192\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Papua New Guinea",
      "New Zealand",
      "Australia",
      "Tonga"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Oceania: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of Oceania",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is New Zealand.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4198\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Delaware?",
    "choices":[
      "Dover",
      "Wilmington",
      "Harrisburg",
      "Hartford"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Northeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Dover is the capital of Delaware.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4200\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which better describes the Peary Land ecosystem?",
    "choices":[
      "It has long, cold winters. It also has mostly small plants.",
      "It has short, cold summers. It also has many trees and shrubs."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Figure: Peary Land.\nPeary Land is a tundra ecosystem in northern Greenland.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Describe ecosystems",
    "lecture":"An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment. There are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other: the pattern of weather, or climate the type of soil the organisms that live there",
    "solution":"A tundra is a type of ecosystem. Tundras have the following features: long, cold winters and short, cold summers, soil that is frozen year-round, and mostly small plants. So, Peary Land has long, cold winters. It also has mostly small plants.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4201\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these three objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "yellow",
      "slippery",
      "scratchy"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the best answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. All three objects are slippery.\nYellow is a color.\nThis color is yellow. The wet paint and the jello are not yellow.\nA scratchy object is rough and itchy against your skin. The wet paint and the jello are not scratchy.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is slippery.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4209\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Minnesota?",
    "choices":[
      "Bismarck",
      "Saint Paul",
      "Lincoln",
      "Minneapolis"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Saint Paul is the capital of Minnesota.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4212\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the fish below.",
    "choices":[
      "tiger salamander",
      "leafy seadragon",
      "Steller's sea eagle",
      "red-eyed tree frog"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Fish live underwater. They have fins, not limbs.\nFish are cold-blooded. The body temperature of cold-blooded animals depends on their environment.\nA great white shark is an example of a fish.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals.",
    "solution":"A tiger salamander is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nTiger salamanders often live in underground burrows.\nA Steller's sea eagle is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nSea eagles use their sharp beaks to eat fish and other birds.\nA leafy seadragon is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nA seadragon's body looks like a clump of seaweed. This helps the seadragon hide from its predators.\nA red-eyed tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nA red-eyed tree frog has sticky pads on its toes. The sticky pads help the red-eyed tree frog hold on to leaves.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4219\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence.\nThomas Edison was a famous ().",
    "choices":[
      "inventor",
      "athlete",
      "soldier",
      "composer"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"Historical figures",
    "skill":"Thomas Edison",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Thomas Alva Edison was a famous inventor. An inventor is someone who comes up with new ideas and tools.\nThomas Edison came up with many different inventions during his life. Some of them were successful, and some of them were not. A few of them changed the way that people live every day.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Melissa inherited this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Melissa's parents have dark skin. They passed down this trait to Melissa.",
      "Melissa and her father both have dark hair."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nMelissa has dark skin.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\nburning a candle\nmelting glass",
    "choices":[
      "Both are chemical changes.",
      "Both are only physical changes.",
      "Both are caused by heating.",
      "Both are caused by cooling."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Chemical reactions",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule. In a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns. In a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nBurning a candle is a chemical change. Both the wick and the melted wax burn. They react with oxygen in the air and turn into soot, carbon dioxide, and water.\nMelting glass is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The glass changes from solid to liquid. But a different type of matter is not formed.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nMelting glass is a physical change. But burning a candle is not.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBurning a candle is a chemical change. But melting glass is not.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBoth changes are caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on the map, which of the following areas did the Mongol Empire control?",
    "choices":[
      "Southeast Asia",
      "Central Asia",
      "South Asia"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The Mongol Empire controlled most of Asia and some parts of Eastern Europe from around 1210 to 1375. Look at the map of the Mongol Empire. Then answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"world-history",
    "category":"Medieval Asia",
    "skill":"The Mongol Empire",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look back at the map. The labels on the map show the name of each region. The shaded area shows the territory controlled by the Mongol Empire.\nThe map shows that the Mongol Empire controlled many parts of Central Asia, East Asia, the Middle East, and Siberia.\nThe Mongol Empire did not control South Asia or Southeast Asia.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4236\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the motion of three sailboats. Which sailboat was moving at the lowest speed?",
    "choices":[
      "a sailboat that moved 80kilometers west in 5hours",
      "a sailboat that moved 40kilometers north in 5hours",
      "a sailboat that moved 35kilometers north in 5hours"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Compare the speeds of moving objects",
    "lecture":"An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time. Distance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer. Time tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour. Think about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed.",
    "solution":"Look at the distance each sailboat moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each sailboat moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each sailboat moved for 5 hours. The sailboat that moved 35 kilometers moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that sailboat must have moved at the lowest speed.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence so that it uses personification.\nAs Todd rushed down the hill, the wind () his ears.",
    "choices":[
      "rushed by",
      "sang in"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Creative techniques",
    "skill":"Use personification",
    "lecture":"Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point. The trees danced in the wind. The word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.",
    "solution":"Complete the sentence with the phrase sang in. It describes the wind as if it were a singer.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which rhetorical appeal is primarily used in this ad?",
    "choices":[
      "ethos (character)",
      "pathos (emotion)",
      "logos (reason)"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Persuasive strategies",
    "skill":"Identify appeals to ethos, pathos, and logos in advertisements",
    "lecture":"The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals. Appeals to ethos, or character, show the writer or speaker as trustworthy, authoritative, or sharing important values with the audience. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following: say that a brand has been trusted for many years include an endorsement from a respected organization, such as the American Dental Association feature a testimonial from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's values use an admired celebrity or athlete as a spokesperson Appeals to logos, or reason, use logic and verifiable evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following: use graphs or charts to display information cite results of clinical trials or independently conducted studies explain the science behind a product or service emphasize that the product is a financially wise choice anticipate and refute potential counterclaims Appeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following: trigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassment appeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractive link the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury",
    "solution":"The ad appeals to ethos, or character, by emphasizing the quality standards that are part of the brand's identity.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4256\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which tense does the sentence use?\nMr. Kramer will coach the girls' basketball team.",
    "choices":[
      "future tense",
      "present tense",
      "past tense"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"verbs",
    "category":"Verb tense",
    "skill":"Is the sentence in the past, present, or future tense?",
    "lecture":"Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now. Most present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es. Two verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms. Past tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened. Most past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed. Some verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms. Future tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen. All future-tense verbs use the word will. <br\/><br\/> Present | Past | Future<br\/> walk, walks | walked | will walk<br\/> go, goes | went | will go<br\/>",
    "solution":"The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, coach. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "sample B",
      "sample A",
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"Each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. The particles in sample B also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.\nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4268\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the volume of a large soup pot?",
    "choices":[
      "4 liters",
      "4 milliliters"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Volume is a measurement of how much space something takes up. There are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters. There are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter. A raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the volume of a large soup pot is 4 liters.\n4 milliliters is too little.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which continent is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Asia",
      "North America",
      "Europe",
      "Antarctica"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Oceans and continents",
    "skill":"Identify oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents.",
    "solution":"This continent is Europe.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4283\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nAll the cars at Bradford's Auto Dealership are certified pre-owned. Although they all seem to be in good condition, I think I'd prefer to buy a new car.",
    "choices":[
      "euphemism",
      "paradox"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify the figure of speech: euphemism, hyperbole, oxymoron, paradox",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! An oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Some reviewers are calling this book a new classic. A paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Always expect the unexpected.",
    "solution":"The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nPre-owned is an indirect way of saying used.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Wyoming?",
    "choices":[
      "Laramie",
      "Burlington",
      "Salem",
      "Cheyenne"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4290\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following could Lena's test show?",
    "choices":[
      "whether different types of bacteria would need different nutrients to produce insulin",
      "whether she added enough nutrients to help the bacteria produce 20% more insulin",
      "whether producing more insulin would help the bacteria grow faster"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design.\nThe passage below describes how the engineering-design process was used to test a solution to a problem. Read the passage. Then answer the question below.\n\nPeople with diabetes sometimes take a medicine made from insulin. Insulin can be made by a special type of bacteria. Lena was a bioengineer who wanted to increase the amount of insulin that the bacteria produced by 20%. She read that giving the bacteria more nutrients could affect the amount of insulin they produced. So, Lena gave extra nutrients to some of the bacteria. Then, she measured how much insulin those bacteria produced compared to bacteria that did not get extra nutrients.\nFigure: studying bacteria in a laboratory.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Engineering practices",
    "skill":"Evaluate tests of engineering-design solutions",
    "lecture":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured. Imagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves. First, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind. Then, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved. Tests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4292\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which object has more thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "a 250-gram glass of orange juice at a temperature of 70\u00b0F",
      "a 250-gram glass of orange juice at a temperature of 45\u00b0F"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The objects are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Heat and thermal energy",
    "skill":"How is temperature related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.",
    "solution":"The two glasses of orange juice have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 70\u00b0F glass of orange juice is hotter than the 45\u00b0F glass of orange juice, it has more thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the one substance that is not a rock.",
    "choices":[
      "Chert is not a pure substance. It is a solid.",
      "Calcarenite is formed in nature. It is a solid.",
      "Burlap is made by humans. It is a solid."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Rocks and minerals",
    "skill":"Identify rocks using properties",
    "lecture":"Rocks are made of minerals. Here are some properties of rocks: They are solid. They are formed in nature. They are not made by living things. They are not pure substances.",
    "solution":"Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of rocks. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of rocks.\nCalcarenite is a rock.\nBurlap is made by humans. But rocks are not made by living things.\nSo, burlap is not a rock.\nChert is a rock.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the motion of three speedboats. Which speedboat was moving at the highest speed?",
    "choices":[
      "a speedboat that moved 395kilometers west in 5hours",
      "a speedboat that moved 345kilometers west in 5hours",
      "a speedboat that moved 335kilometers south in 5hours"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Compare the speeds of moving objects",
    "lecture":"An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time. Distance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer. Time tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour. Think about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed.",
    "solution":"Look at the distance each speedboat moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each speedboat moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each speedboat moved for 5 hours. The speedboat that moved 395 kilometers moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that speedboat must have moved at the highest speed.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\n\"This salsa could use a little more spice,\" Fred said as he gulped down water and wiped tears from his eyes.",
    "choices":[
      "The salsa was too spicy.",
      "The salsa was tasteless."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.",
    "solution":"The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nCould use a little more spice ironically suggests that the salsa was too spicy. Fred gulped down water and wiped tears from his eyes, indications that the salsa was indeed too spicy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which object has more thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "a 150-gram cup of black tea at a temperature of 70\u00b0C",
      "a 150-gram cup of black tea at a temperature of 50\u00b0C"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The objects are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Heat and thermal energy",
    "skill":"How is temperature related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.",
    "solution":"The two cups of black tea have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 70\u00b0C cup of black tea is hotter than the 50\u00b0C cup of black tea, it has more thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "attract",
      "repel"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.\n\nHint: Magnets that attract pull together. Magnets that repel push apart.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south. Here are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S. If different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4356\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following is a trait of a living thing?",
    "choices":[
      "the way the living thing acts",
      "how much water is in the living thing's habitat",
      "how much sunshine the living thing gets"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits",
    "skill":"Introduction to adaptations",
    "lecture":"A trait is the way a living thing looks or acts. A habitat is the place where a living thing grows or lives. An adaptation is a trait that helps a living thing stay alive in its habitat.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence.\nThe Eighth Amendment says the government can () use cruel and unusual punishments.",
    "choices":[
      "sometimes",
      "never",
      "always"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"civics",
    "category":"Government",
    "skill":"The Bill of Rights",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The Eighth Amendment says the government can never use \"cruel and unusual punishments.\" There are no special cases when they are allowed. What makes a punishment \"cruel or unusual\"? The answer is not clear. The Eighth Amendment doesn't talk about specific punishments. Over time, Americans have changed their views on what is cruel and unusual. For example, the government decided in 2005 that it was cruel to put someone to death for a crime he or she committed before the age of 18. Today, Americans continue to question what is cruel and unusual. In the future, some punishments used today may be outlawed. The text of the Eighth Amendment is below. Does it have rules against anything else? Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Delaware?",
    "choices":[
      "Dover",
      "Boston",
      "Montpelier",
      "Augusta"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Northeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Dover is the capital of Delaware.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4369\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nBefore Victoria had even met her future husband in person, she knew about his reputation as a Romeo.",
    "choices":[
      "British history",
      "literature"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. Here, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion Romeo is literature.\nIn William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, Romeo is known for the eloquent declaration of love with which he woos Juliet.\nThe allusion Romeo means a man who is very romantic.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1.",
      "The magnetic force is weaker in Pair 2."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Compare strengths of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart.",
    "solution":"Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.\nThe magnets in Pair 1 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1 than in Pair 2.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4400\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nperfume - popcorn",
    "choices":[
      "pastime",
      "pine"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince pine is between the guide words perfume - popcorn, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles?",
    "choices":[
      "Solution A",
      "neither; their concentrations are the same",
      "Solution B"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each blue ball represents one particle of solute.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Compare concentrations of solutions",
    "lecture":"A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent. concentration = particles of solute \/ volume of solvent",
    "solution":"In Solution A and Solution B, the blue particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles, look at both the number of blue particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of blue particles per milliliter.\nSolution A has more blue particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of blue particles.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4418\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Michigan?",
    "choices":[
      "Bismarck",
      "Santa Fe",
      "Olympia",
      "Lansing"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Lansing is the capital of Michigan.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4421\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Last year, there were seven men's clothing stores on Main Street in Newport. This year, there are only three. What probably happened to the overall supply of men's shirts in Newport?",
    "choices":[
      "The supply probably went down.",
      "The supply probably went up."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Supply and demand",
    "skill":"Understand overall supply and demand",
    "lecture":"Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply. <br\/><br\/>  | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand<br\/> Supply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up<br\/> Supply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down<br\/> <br\/> Producers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up.",
    "solution":"When four men's clothing stores closed on Main Street, the number of suppliers went down. There were fewer stores selling men's shirts. So, the supply of men's shirts probably went down.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material, but some of them are different shapes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets.",
    "solution":"The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.\nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4435\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following could Mia and Rosanne's test show?",
    "choices":[
      "if a new batch of concrete was firm enough to use",
      "if the concrete from each batch took the same amount of time to dry"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design.\nThe passage below describes how the engineering-design process was used to test a solution to a problem. Read the passage. Then answer the question below.\n\nMia and Rosanne were making batches of concrete for a construction project. To make the concrete, they mixed together dry cement powder, gravel, and water. Then, they checked if each batch was firm enough using a test called a slump test.\nThey poured some of the fresh concrete into an upside-down metal cone. They left the concrete in the metal cone for 30 seconds. Then, they lifted the cone to see if the concrete stayed in a cone shape or if it collapsed. If the concrete in a batch collapsed, they would know the batch should not be used.\nFigure: preparing a concrete slump test.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Engineering practices",
    "skill":"Evaluate tests of engineering-design solutions",
    "lecture":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured. Imagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves. First, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind. Then, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved. Tests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4442\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "the Marshall Islands",
      "Tuvalu",
      "Kiribati",
      "Nauru"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Oceania: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of Oceania",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is Kiribati.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4450\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is this bitter melon plant's phenotype for the seed color trait?",
    "choices":[
      "DD",
      "dark brown seeds"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"In a group of bitter melon plants, some individuals have dark brown seeds and others have light brown seeds. In this group, the gene for the seed color trait has two alleles. The allele D is for dark brown seeds, and the allele d is for light brown seeds.\nA certain bitter melon plant from this group has dark brown seeds. This plant has two alleles for dark brown seeds.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.",
    "solution":"An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. The bitter melon plant's observable version of the seed color trait is dark brown seeds. So, the plant's phenotype for the seed color trait is dark brown seeds.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence.\nThe word \"antebellum\" means ().",
    "choices":[
      "before the feast",
      "after the long peace",
      "after the election",
      "before the war"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":"The time period in United States history between 1820 and 1861 is often called the antebellum period. During the antebellum period, the North and South became more divided. In the following questions, you learn more about the changes that happened during the antebellum period.\nThe following table shows other words that use the Latin root words ante and bellum. Look at the table. Then complete the text below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"The Antebellum period",
    "skill":"Causes of the Civil War: Missouri Compromise to Bleeding Kansas",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the underlined parts of the table.\nAll the words that use the root \"ante\" mean to come before something else. So, the root ante means \"before.\"\nAll the words that use the root \"bellum\" mean to fight or cause war.So, the root bellum means \"war.\"\nSo, the word \"antebellum\" means \"before the war.\" The antebellum period is named for the war that followed it: the Civil War.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4454\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal is also adapted for climbing trees?",
    "choices":[
      "red-handed tamarin",
      "kiwi"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Vervet monkeys live in the grasslands and forests of Africa. They climb trees to find food and shelter. The 's hands and feet are adapted for climbing trees.\nFigure: vervet monkey.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: feet and limbs",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the vervet monkey.\nThe vervet monkey has long fingers and toes. It is adapted for climbing trees. The vervet monkey uses its long fingers and toes to hold on to branches while climbing.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe red-handed tamarin has long fingers and toes. It is adapted for climbing trees.\nThe kiwi has short toes and small wings instead of arms. It is not adapted for climbing trees. The kiwi uses its feet to walk and run.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4457\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following trait inherited or acquired?\nAngie plays basketball.",
    "choices":[
      "inherited",
      "acquired"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Identify inherited and acquired traits",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.",
    "solution":"People are not born knowing how to play basketball. Instead, some people learn how to play basketball. Playing the sport takes practice. So, playing basketball is an acquired trait.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property matches this object?",
    "choices":[
      "soft",
      "colorful"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Identify properties of an object",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.",
    "solution":"Look at the object.\nThink about each property.\nA colorful object has one or more bright colors. The marbles are colorful.\nA soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. The marbles are not soft.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4469\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word does not rhyme?",
    "choices":[
      "last",
      "must",
      "fast"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"phonological-awareness",
    "category":"Rhyming",
    "skill":"Which word does not rhyme?",
    "lecture":"Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound. The words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound. The words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings. The words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.",
    "solution":"The words last and fast rhyme. They both end with the ast sound.\nThe word must does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What can Nina and Estelle trade to each get what they want?",
    "choices":[
      "Estelle can trade her broccoli for Nina's oranges.",
      "Estelle can trade her almonds for Nina's tomatoes.",
      "Nina can trade her tomatoes for Estelle's broccoli.",
      "Nina can trade her tomatoes for Estelle's carrots."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.\nNina and Estelle open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Neither Nina nor Estelle got everything that they wanted. The table below shows which items they each wanted:\n\nLook at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.\nNina's lunch Estelle's lunch",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Trade and specialization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the table and images.\nNina wants broccoli. Estelle wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4472\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following could Mitchell's test show?",
    "choices":[
      "if the weather station would work when the temperature was 50\u00b0C",
      "how well the weather station would work when it was windy"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design.\nThe passage below describes how the engineering-design process was used to test a solution to a problem. Read the passage. Then answer the question below.\n\nMitchell was a mechanical engineer who was designing  to record temperature, precipitation, and wind speed. The weather station would be used in a town where the highest recorded temperature was 40\u00b0C. Mitchell wanted to make sure the weather station would work even in unusually warm weather.\nSo, he set an indoor test chamber to 50\u00b0C with low moisture and no wind. He left the weather station in the chamber overnight. The next day, he checked to see if the weather station displayed accurate measurements after 24 hours at 50\u00b0C.\nFigure: a weather station.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Engineering practices",
    "skill":"Evaluate tests of engineering-design solutions",
    "lecture":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured. Imagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves. First, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind. Then, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved. Tests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4480\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which sentence states a fact?",
    "choices":[
      "Wicked starred Kristin Chenoweth and Idina Menzel when it opened on Broadway on October 30, 2003.",
      "Based on a novel by Gregory Maguire, the musical Wicked is the most entertaining show you will find, on or off Broadway."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Distinguish facts from opinions",
    "lecture":"A fact is something that can be proved by research or observation. Napoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI. The statement above is a fact. The statement can be proved by researching the height of each man and comparing them. An opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved. Napoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI. The statement above is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" leader, so the statement cannot be proved.",
    "solution":"The first sentence states a fact.\nWicked starred Kristin Chenoweth and Idina Menzel when it opened on Broadway on October 30, 2003.\nIt can be proved by reading a review of Wicked from the day after it first opened.\nThe second sentence states an opinion.\nBased on a novel by Gregory Maguire, the musical Wicked is the most entertaining show you will find, on or off Broadway.\nThe most shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about whether one can find a more entertaining show.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the direction of this push?",
    "choices":[
      "toward the grandfather's hands",
      "away from the grandfather's hands"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"A girl's grandfather pushes her swing with his hands. The swing sways forward.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Identify pushes and pulls",
    "lecture":"One object can make another object move with a push or a pull. The direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing. The direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling.",
    "solution":"The grandfather pushes the swing away from himself. So, the swing moves forward. The direction of the push is away from the grandfather's hands.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4499\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature",
      "sample B",
      "sample A"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"Each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. The particles in sample B also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.\nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4509\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest south?",
    "choices":[
      "Ohio",
      "Minnesota",
      "Washington",
      "Montana"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Maps",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Ohio is farthest south.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4511\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"In this experiment, which were part of an experimental group?",
    "choices":[
      "the loaves of bread in bins covered with dark paper",
      "the loaves of bread in bins with no covering"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The passage below describes an experiment.\n\nJennifer baked bread for a bakery. She stored her bread in clear bins in the back of the bakery, but she sometimes found mold growing on the bread. Jennifer wondered if less mold would grow if she stored her bread in dark bins.\nJennifer covered half of the clear bins in dark paper. She left the rest of the bins uncovered. She put an equal amount of bread in each bin. Every day for two weeks, she counted how many loaves of bread in each bin had mold.\nFigure: moldy bread.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify control and experimental groups",
    "lecture":"Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to investigate whether changing a variable between different groups has a specific outcome. For example, imagine you want to find out whether adding fertilizer to soil affects the height of pea plants. You could investigate this question with the following experiment: You grow one group of pea plants in soil with fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. This group shows you what happens when fertilizer is added to soil. Since fertilizer is the variable whose effect you are investigating, this group is an experimental group. You grow another group of pea plants in soil without fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. Since this group shows you what happens when fertilizer is not added to the soil, it is a control group. By comparing the results from the experimental group to the results from the control group, you can conclude whether adding fertilizer to the soil affects pea plant height.",
    "solution":"In this experiment, Jennifer investigated whether storing bread in dark bins affects mold growth. So, the loaves of bread in bins covered with dark paper were part of an experimental group.\nThe loaves of bread in bins with no covering were not stored in dark bins. So, they were not part of an experimental group.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4514\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Florida?",
    "choices":[
      "Tallahassee",
      "Baton Rouge",
      "Raleigh",
      "Little Rock"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Southeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Tallahassee is the capital of Florida.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4516\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which term matches the picture?",
    "choices":[
      "tendons",
      "ligaments"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the text.\nOur musculoskeletal system protects our vital organs, gives us shape and form, and makes it possible for us to move. Binding our musculoskeletal system together are connective tissues, including tendons and ligaments. Although both are tough, fibrous tissue, tendons and ligaments serve different functions. Tendons connect muscle to bone. When a muscle contracts, the tendon transmits the force created by the muscle to the bone, causing it to move. Ligaments, meanwhile, connect bones to one another. They help keep joints stable but are flexible enough to still allow movement. Without ligaments and tendons, our bones and muscles couldn't work together.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"word-study",
    "category":"Domain-specific vocabulary",
    "skill":"Determine the meaning of domain-specific words with pictures",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Ligaments connect bones to one another. They are tough, fibrous tissue that provides stability and flexibility to the joints.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4517\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Identify the question that Terrence's experiment can best answer.",
    "choices":[
      "Does temperature affect how much bacteria can grow in liquid?",
      "Do more bacteria grow in liquid with cinnamon than in liquid without cinnamon?"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below.\n\nTerrence mixed bacteria into a nutrient-rich liquid where the bacteria could grow. He poured four ounces of the mixture into each of ten glass flasks. In five of the ten flasks, he also added one teaspoon of cinnamon. He allowed the bacteria in the flasks to grow overnight in a 37\u00b0C room. Then, Terrence used a microscope to count the number of bacteria in a small sample from each flask. He compared the amount of bacteria in the liquid with cinnamon to the amount of bacteria in the liquid without cinnamon.\nFigure: flasks of liquid for growing bacteria.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify the experimental question",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment. Imagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured. First, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested. Then, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured. Experiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height. Examples of questions that this experiment can answer include: Does soil type affect the height of daffodil plants? Do daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil? Are daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4522\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nMaddie entered the bustling, aromatic spice market in Istanbul and said to her travel companion, \"We're not in Kansas anymore.\"",
    "choices":[
      "a fable",
      "a movie"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. Here, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion We're not in Kansas anymore is a movie.\nIn the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, Dorothy, a young farm girl from Kansas, finds herself in Oz, an unusual place that looks nothing like her home. She says to her dog, \"Toto, I've a feeling we're not in Kansas anymore.\"\nThe allusion We're not in Kansas anymore means we're in an unfamiliar place.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Ted acquired this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Ted knits sweaters using cotton, wool, and other types of yarn.",
      "Ted learned how to knit in an after school program."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nTed knows how to knit sweaters.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Heredity",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?",
    "choices":[
      "Ron went on to calculus after studying trigonometry, but he never fully comprehended it.",
      "Ron went on to calculus after studying trigonometry, but he never fully comprehended calculus."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Pronouns",
    "skill":"Identify vague pronoun references",
    "lecture":"When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.",
    "solution":"The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to calculus or trigonometry.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with calculus.\nRon went on to calculus after studying trigonometry, but he never fully comprehended calculus.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which statement describes the Peary Land ecosystem?",
    "choices":[
      "It has warm summers and cool winters.",
      "It has soil that is frozen year-round."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Figure: Peary Land.\nPeary Land is a tundra ecosystem in northern Greenland. It is part of Northeast Greenland National Park. That park is one of the largest national parks in the world, covering about 375,000 square miles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Describe ecosystems",
    "lecture":"An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment. There are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other: the pattern of weather, or climate the type of soil the organisms that live there",
    "solution":"A tundra is a type of ecosystem. Tundras have the following features: long, cold winters and short, cold summers, soil that is frozen year-round, and mostly small plants. So, the following statements describe the Peary Land ecosystem: long, cold winters and short, cold summers, soil that is frozen year-round, and mostly small plants. It has soil that is frozen year-round. It has mostly small plants. The following statement does not describe Peary Land: long, cold winters and short, cold summers, soil that is frozen year-round, and mostly small plants. It has warm summers and cool winters.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4536\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Grenada",
      "Saint Kitts and Nevis",
      "Saint Lucia",
      "Barbados"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"The Americas: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of the Caribbean",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is Barbados.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4539\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these four objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "rough",
      "sour",
      "soft"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the best answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. The dill pickles, the lime, and the lemon are soft, but the green apple is not.\nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. The green apple and the dill pickles are not rough.\nA lemon has a sour taste. All four objects are sour.\nThe property that all four objects have in common is sour.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4540\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2.",
      "The magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Compare strengths of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together.",
    "solution":"Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.\nThe magnets in Pair 2 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4541\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Ohio?",
    "choices":[
      "Cleveland",
      "Columbus",
      "Cincinnati",
      "Saint Louis"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Columbus is the capital of Ohio.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4545\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which fish's mouth is also adapted for tearing through meat?",
    "choices":[
      "magnificent rabbitfish",
      "barracuda"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Great white sharks eat turtles, dolphins, and other fish. The mouth of the  is adapted to tear through meat.\nFigure: great white shark.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: beaks, mouths, and necks",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the great white shark.\nThe great white shark has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted for tearing through meat. The great white shark uses its teeth to cut up meat into pieces it can swallow.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe barracuda has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted for tearing through meat.\nThe magnificent rabbitfish has a small, narrow mouth. Its mouth is not adapted for tearing through meat.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4547\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is rain a solid or a liquid?",
    "choices":[
      "a solid",
      "a liquid"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"States of matter",
    "skill":"Classify matter as solid or liquid",
    "lecture":"Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own. Some solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break. A glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid. When matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container. Think about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space. Juice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid.",
    "solution":"Rain is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in.\nIf you put rainwater into a bucket, the rainwater will take the shape of the bucket. But the rainwater will still take up the same amount of space.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4549\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Connecticut?",
    "choices":[
      "Hartford",
      "Bridgeport",
      "Albany",
      "Salt Lake City"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Northeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Hartford is the capital of Connecticut.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4550\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal is also adapted to be camouflaged among green leaves?",
    "choices":[
      "spiny orb-weaver",
      "green mantis"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Green silver-lines are a type of moth. They are found in Asia and Europe. The  is adapted to be camouflaged among green leaves.\nFigure: green silver-line.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: skins and body coverings",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the green silver-line.\nThe green silver-line has a green body. It is adapted to be camouflaged among green leaves. The word camouflage means to blend in.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe green mantis has a green body. It is adapted to be camouflaged among green leaves.\nThe spiny orb-weaver has a red, white, and black body. It is not adapted to be camouflaged among green leaves.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4552\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is this fruit fly's phenotype for the eye color trait?",
    "choices":[
      "red eyes",
      "EE"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"In a group of fruit flies, some individuals have red eyes and others have brown eyes. In this group, the gene for the eye color trait has two alleles. The allele E is for red eyes, and the allele e is for brown eyes.\nA certain fruit fly from this group has red eyes. This fly has two alleles for red eyes.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.",
    "solution":"An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. The fruit fly's observable version of the eye color trait is red eyes. So, the fly's phenotype for the eye color trait is red eyes.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nunit - urgent",
    "choices":[
      "us",
      "up"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince up is between the guide words unit - urgent, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nIn every cry of every Man,\nIn every Infant's cry of fear,\nIn every voice: in every ban,\nThe mind-forg'd manacles I hear.\n\u2014William Blake, \"London\"",
    "choices":[
      "anaphora",
      "assonance"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify the figure of speech: anaphora, antithesis, apostrophe, assonance, chiasmus, understatement",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Anaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses. We are united. We are powerful. We are winners. Antithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure. I want to help, not to hurt. Apostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity. Oh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully? Assonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words. Try to light the fire. Chiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words. Never let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you. Understatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is. As you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.",
    "solution":"The text uses anaphora, the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nBlake repeats the words in every at the beginning of each phrase.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which correctly shows the title of a book?",
    "choices":[
      "Don't Bring That Up",
      "Don't bring that Up"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"capitalization",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Capitalizing titles",
    "lecture":"In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach These words are not important in titles: Articles, a, an, the Short prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up Coordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or",
    "solution":"Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe correct title is Don't Bring That Up.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which i in column 3?",
    "choices":[
      "the library",
      "the park",
      "the restaurant",
      "the police department"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Use a letter-number grid",
    "lecture":"A grid is made up of lines of squares. They are organized in rows and columns. A grid can help you use a map. A row is a line of squares that goes from side to side. Rows are marked with letters. A column is a line of squares that goes up and down. Columns are marked with numbers.",
    "solution":"The park is in column 3.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4580\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "attract",
      "repel"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.\n\nHint: Magnets that attract pull together. Magnets that repel push apart.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south. Here are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S. If different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4585\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which continent is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Europe",
      "Antarctica",
      "Australia",
      "North America"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Physical Geography",
    "skill":"Oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents.",
    "solution":"This continent is Australia.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4592\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a sofa?",
    "choices":[
      "7 feet",
      "7 yards"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of distance",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Imagine being told that a pencil is 8 long. You might be thinking, 8 what? Is the pencil 8 inches long? 8 feet? 8 miles? The number 8 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing. Now look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are inches. So, the length of the pencil is 8 inches. There are 12 inches in 1 foot. So, 1 inch is much shorter than 1 foot. There are 3 feet in 1 yard. So, 1 foot is shorter than 1 yard.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the length of a sofa is 7 feet.\n7 yards is too long.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Antigua and Barbuda",
      "Saint Kitts and Nevis",
      "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines",
      "Saint Lucia"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"The Americas: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of the Caribbean",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is Saint Kitts and Nevis.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4599\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Natalie inherited this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Some people use a hair dryer to straighten their hair. But Natalie and her brothers have naturally straight hair.",
      "Both of Natalie's biological parents have naturally black hair.",
      "When she was younger, Natalie wore ribbons in her naturally black hair."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nNatalie has naturally black hair.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Emmy acquired this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Emmy's scar was caused by an accident. She cut her leg when she was climbing a tree.",
      "Some scars fade more quickly than others."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nEmmy has a scar on her left leg.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\ncooking an egg\nsalt and vinegar removing tarnish from a penny",
    "choices":[
      "Both are chemical changes.",
      "Both are only physical changes.",
      "Both are caused by heating.",
      "Both are caused by cooling."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Chemical reactions",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule. In a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns. In a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nCooking an egg is a chemical change. The heat causes the matter in the egg to change. Cooked egg and raw egg are different types of matter.\nSalt and vinegar removing tarnish from a penny is a chemical change. The salt and vinegar change the tarnish into a different type of matter that can be easily wiped away. This makes the penny look shiny again.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nCooking is caused by heating. But salt and vinegar removing tarnish from a penny is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the statement.\nHydrogen sulfide is ().",
    "choices":[
      "an elementary substance",
      "a compound"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The model below represents a molecule of hydrogen sulfide. Hydrogen sulfide is a poisonous gas that is produced by some types of bacteria found in swamps and marshes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"Classify elementary substances and compounds using models",
    "lecture":"All substances are made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl. Scientists can use models to represent molecules. A ball-and-stick model of a molecule is shown below. This model represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride. In a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent chemical bonds. Notice how each ball is labeled with a symbol for a chemical element. The ball represents one atom of that element.",
    "solution":"Count the number of chemical elements represented in the model. Then, decide if hydrogen sulfide is an elementary substance or a compound.\nIn this model, each ball is labeled with H for hydrogen or S for sulfur. So, the model shows you that hydrogen sulfide is made of two chemical elements bonded together.\nSubstances made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, hydrogen sulfide is a compound.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4612\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nwave - which",
    "choices":[
      "wear",
      "women"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince wear is between the guide words wave - which, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which part of the blueberry bush do we usually eat?",
    "choices":[
      "the flowers",
      "the fruit",
      "the leaves"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"People use blueberry bushes for food. We usually eat the part of this plant that contains the seeds. It grows from a pollinated flower.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Plants",
    "skill":"Classify fruits and vegetables as plant parts",
    "lecture":"The fruits and vegetables we eat are parts of plants! Plants are made up of different structures. The different structures carry out important functions. The roots take in water and nutrients from the soil. They also hold the plant in place in the soil. The stem supports the plant. It carries food, water, and nutrients through the plant. The leaves are where most of the plant's photosynthesis happens. Photosynthesis is the process plants use to turn water, sunlight, and carbon dioxide into food. After they are pollinated, the flowers make seeds and fruit. The fruit contain the seeds. Each fruit grows from a pollinated flower. The seeds can grow into a new plant. Germination is when a seed begins to grow.",
    "solution":"The part of the blueberry bush we usually eat is the fruit. It contains the seeds.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4635\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these might be part of an animal's skeletal system?",
    "choices":[
      "hair",
      "an endoskeleton or exoskeleton",
      "the liver and kidneys"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Animals",
    "skill":"Body systems: perception and motion",
    "lecture":"An animal's skeletal system provides a strong frame for its body. The skeletal system has three main jobs. First, it supports the animal's body. Second, it protects the organs and other soft parts inside the animal's body. Third, it works with the muscular system to help the animal move. Some animals have an endoskeleton. The word endoskeleton means \"inside skeleton.\" An endoskeleton is inside an animal's body. Many vertebrates have an endoskeleton. A vertebrate's endoskeleton is made up of bones and fibers called tendons and ligaments. Tendons connect muscles to bones, and ligaments connect bones to other bones. Some animals have an exoskeleton. The word exoskeleton means \"outside skeleton.\" An exoskeleton is made up of tough structures covering the outside of an animal's body. Many invertebrates have an exoskeleton. Stiff fibers attach the animal's muscles to its exoskeleton.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the bird below.",
    "choices":[
      "poison dart frog",
      "peregrine falcon"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Birds have feathers, two wings, and a beak. A penguin is an example of a bird.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common. Scientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.",
    "solution":"A poison dart frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nPoison dart frogs come in many bright colors. Their bright color warns other animals that these frogs are poisonous.\nA peregrine falcon is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nA peregrine falcon is the fastest animal in the world. It can travel up to 200 miles per hour!",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4676\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence.\nHeating water in a microwave is a ().",
    "choices":[
      "physical change",
      "chemical change"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule. In a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Burning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns. In a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.",
    "solution":"Heating water in a microwave is a physical change. The temperature of the water goes up, but the water is still made of the same type of matter.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence.\nPollen helps a plant ().",
    "choices":[
      "make flowers",
      "make seeds",
      "grow roots"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The male part of a flower makes pollen.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Plants",
    "skill":"Describe and construct flowering plant life cycles",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Pollen helps the flower make seeds. After pollination, sperm cells from the pollen can combine with the eggs. These fertilized eggs can grow into seeds.\nPollen does not help a plant make flowers or grow roots.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4687\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which helium balloon has more thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "the hotter helium balloon",
      "the colder helium balloon"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two helium balloons are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Heat and thermal energy",
    "skill":"How are temperature and mass related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving. The energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. What happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.",
    "solution":"The two helium balloons are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter helium balloon has more thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which tense does the sentence use?\nEstelle will sweep the sidewalk in front of her store.",
    "choices":[
      "present tense",
      "past tense",
      "future tense"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"verbs",
    "category":"Verb tense",
    "skill":"Is the sentence in the past, present, or future tense?",
    "lecture":"Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now. Most present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es. Two verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms. Past tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened. Most past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed. Some verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms. Future tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen. All future-tense verbs use the word will. <br\/><br\/> Present | Past | Future<br\/> walk, walks | walked | will walk<br\/> go, goes | went | will go<br\/>",
    "solution":"The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, sweep. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nWhen I was in Seattle for a week last January, it didn't rain even once. Seattle's reputation for being rainy is obviously false.",
    "choices":[
      "guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something",
      "false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other",
      "hasty generalization: a broad claim based on too few observations"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations<br\/> slippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that a week without rain is evidence that Seattle isn't a rainy city. However, the experience of one week doesn't necessarily reflect longer trends in a place's climate. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a hasty generalization.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "Connecticut",
      "South Carolina",
      "New York",
      "New Jersey"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"Colonial America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is New Jersey.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4693\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Ohio?",
    "choices":[
      "Columbus",
      "Pierre",
      "Montpelier",
      "Cincinnati"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Columbus is the capital of Ohio.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4695\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?",
    "choices":[
      "Mrs. Newman told her assistant to book a flight to Oakdale immediately.",
      "Mrs. Newman informed her assistant that she had to book a flight to Seoul immediately."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Pronouns",
    "skill":"Identify vague pronoun references",
    "lecture":"When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.",
    "solution":"The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Mrs. Newman or her assistant.\nMrs. Newman informed her assistant that she had to book a flight to Seoul immediately.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nMrs. Newman told her assistant to book a flight to Oakdale immediately.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nThe school board voted today to adopt a program to teach teens about the dangers of drugs and alcohol. They will not be satisfied until they control every aspect of students' lives.",
    "choices":[
      "straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against",
      "circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> red herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that drug and alcohol education comes from the school board's desire to control teens' lives. However, the fact that teens are educated about drugs and alcohol doesn't necessarily suggest that the school board wants to control every aspect of their lives. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a straw man.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is this fly's phenotype for the eye color trait?",
    "choices":[
      "red eyes",
      "brown eyes"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"In a group of fruit flies, some individuals have red eyes and others have brown eyes. In this group, the gene for the eye color trait has two alleles. The allele for brown eyes (e) is recessive to the allele for red eyes (E).\nA certain fruit fly from this group has the heterozygous genotype Ee for the eye color gene.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: dominant and recessive",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. Some traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene. An organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene. An organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene. The types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. A dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers. A recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.",
    "solution":"You need to determine the fruit fly's phenotype for the eye color trait. First, consider the alleles in the fly's genotype for the eye color gene. Then, decide whether these alleles are dominant or recessive.\nThe allele for brown eyes (e) is recessive to the allele for red eyes (E). This means E is a dominant allele, and e is a recessive allele.\nThe fruit fly's genotype of Ee has one dominant allele and one recessive allele. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, the fruit fly's phenotype for the eye color trait must be red eyes.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which object has the most thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "a 225-gram glass of apple juice at a temperature of 12\u00b0C",
      "a 225-gram glass of apple juice at a temperature of 20\u00b0C",
      "a 225-gram glass of apple juice at a temperature of 7\u00b0C"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The objects are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Heat and thermal energy",
    "skill":"How is temperature related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.",
    "solution":"All three glasses of apple juice have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 20\u00b0C glass of apple juice is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Britney acquired this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Britney likes to look at butterflies and beetles.",
      "Britney learned to identify insects by reading many books about insects."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nBritney is good at identifying insects.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "sample B",
      "sample A",
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.\nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4728\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is this scarlet rosemallow plant's phenotype for the flower color trait?",
    "choices":[
      "red flowers",
      "Ff"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"In a group of scarlet rosemallow plants, some individuals have red flowers and others have white flowers. In this group, the gene for the flower color trait has two alleles. The allele F is for red flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers.\nA certain scarlet rosemallow plant from this group has red flowers. This plant has one allele for red flowers and one allele for white flowers.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.",
    "solution":"An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. The scarlet rosemallow plant's observable version of the flower color trait is red flowers. So, the plant's phenotype for the flower color trait is red flowers.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Arkansas?",
    "choices":[
      "Baton Rouge",
      "Fayetteville",
      "Manchester",
      "Little Rock"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Southeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Little Rock is the capital of Arkansas.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4738\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which closing is correct for a letter?",
    "choices":[
      "Many thanks,\nZach",
      "Many Thanks,\nZach"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Greetings and closings of letters",
    "lecture":"A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue. Dear Aunt Sue, I'm glad you could come to my party, and thank you for the birthday gift. I could not have asked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think of you. With love, Rory",
    "solution":"The first closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?",
    "choices":[
      "If Mandy's skirt doesn't match the blouse, she will have to exchange the blouse for another item.",
      "If Mandy's skirt doesn't match the blouse, she will have to exchange it for another item."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Pronouns",
    "skill":"Identify vague pronoun references",
    "lecture":"When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.",
    "solution":"The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to Mandy's skirt or the blouse.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the blouse.\nIf Mandy's skirt doesn't match the blouse, she will have to exchange the blouse for another item.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following fossils is younger? Select the more likely answer.",
    "choices":[
      "wood",
      "mammal tooth"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This diagram shows fossils in an undisturbed sedimentary rock sequence.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Fossils",
    "skill":"Compare ages of fossils in a rock sequence",
    "lecture":"A fossil is the preserved evidence of an ancient organism. Some fossils are formed from body parts such as bones or shells. Other fossils, such as footprints or burrows, are formed from traces of an organism's activities. Fossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually form in layers. Over time, new layers are added on top of old layers in a series called a rock sequence. The layers in an undisturbed rock sequence are in the same order as when they formed. So, the deeper layers are older than the shallower layers. The relative ages of fossils can be determined from their positions in an undisturbed rock sequence. Older fossils are usually in deeper layers, and younger fossils are usually in shallower layers.",
    "solution":"Look again at the fossils in the rock sequence diagram.\nCompare the positions of these fossils to determine which one is younger:\nThe wood fossil is in a shallower layer in the rock sequence than the mammal tooth fossil. So, the wood fossil is most likely younger than the mammal tooth fossil.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4766\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same genus as the agile wallaby.",
    "choices":[
      "Lacerta agilis",
      "Macropus giganteus",
      "Trametes versicolor"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This organism is an agile wallaby. Its scientific name is Macropus agilis.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification and scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"An agile wallaby's scientific name is Macropus agilis. The first word of its scientific name is Macropus.\nMacropus giganteus is in the genus Macropus. The first word of its scientific name is Macropus. So, Macropus giganteus and Macropus agilis are in the same genus.\nLacerta agilis and Macropus agilis are not in the same genus.\nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Lacerta agilis and Macropus agilis have the same species name within their genus, agilis. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Lacerta agilis is in the genus Lacerta, and Macropus agilis is in the genus Macropus.\nTrametes versicolor is in the genus Trametes. The first word of its scientific name is Trametes. So, Trametes versicolor and Macropus agilis are not in the same genus.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4769\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Would you find the word pliers on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\npeaceful - power",
    "choices":[
      "no",
      "yes"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince pliers is between the guide words peaceful - power, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the statement that is supported by the data.",
    "choices":[
      "Global energy use increased most years between 1965 and 2015.",
      "Humans used about the same amount of energy each year between 1965 and 2015."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Every day, humans all around the world use energy. They use energy to drive vehicles, heat and cool buildings, operate appliances, and manufacture products.\nThe graph below shows global energy use per year from 1965 to 2015. Energy use is measured using the unit terawatt-hours (TWh).\nFigure: Data sources: Our World in Data and BP Statistical Review of World Energy.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Natural resources and human impacts",
    "skill":"Evaluate claims about natural resource use: fossil fuels",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"On the graph, the year is shown on the x-axis. The global energy use per year is shown by the height of each bar.\nTo determine which statement is supported by the data, evaluate how global energy use has changed over time.\nGlobal energy use increased most years between 1965 and 2015.\nOn the graph, most bars are taller than the ones before them. This means energy use increased most years between 1965 and 2015. So, this statement is supported by the data.\nHumans used about the same amount of energy each year between 1965 and 2015.\nOn the graph, most bars are taller than the ones before them. This means energy use did not stay the same every year. Instead, it increased between 1965 and 2015. So, this statement is not supported by the data.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4777\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "sample A",
      "sample B",
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.\nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4781\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Suppose Gabby decides to make beef barley soup. Which result would be a cost?",
    "choices":[
      "Gabby will spend more time making the beef barley soup than she would have spent making the vegetable soup.",
      "The beef barley soup will be tastier than the vegetable soup would have been."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Gabby is deciding whether to make beef barley soup or vegetable soup for dinner. She wants dinner to be as tasty as possible. But she is also hungry and wants to eat soon.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Costs and benefits",
    "lecture":"Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits. Costs are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need. Benefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.",
    "solution":"This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Gabby wants or needs:\nGabby will spend more time making the beef barley soup than she would have spent making the vegetable soup.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?",
    "choices":[
      "climate",
      "weather"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Figure: Kuwait.\nKuwait is a country in the Middle East. A high pressure system remained over Kuwait for most of last week.\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Weather and climate around the world",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the passage carefully.\nKuwait is a country in the Middle East. A high pressure system remained over Kuwait for most of last week.\nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the barometric pressure in Kuwait last week. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4790\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "attract",
      "repel"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.\n\nHint: Magnets that attract pull together. Magnets that repel push apart.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south. Here are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S. If different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4791\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Kansas?",
    "choices":[
      "Topeka",
      "Kansas City",
      "Wichita",
      "Huntington"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Topeka is the capital of Kansas.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4793\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "repel",
      "attract"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces. Magnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S). Here are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles. If opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4794\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these three objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "flexible",
      "colorful",
      "salty"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the best answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nPotato chips have a salty taste. The rainbow sucker is not salty.\nA colorful object has one or more bright colors. All three objects are colorful.\nA flexible object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. The flip-flops and the silk tie are flexible, but the rainbow sucker is not.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is colorful.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4799\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the vertebrate.",
    "choices":[
      "porcupine",
      "castor bean tick"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Hint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are vertebrates.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify vertebrates and invertebrates",
    "lecture":"Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals. A vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange. An invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have a hard outer cover on their body. Other invertebrates have a soft body.",
    "solution":"A castor bean tick is an insect. Like other insects, a castor bean tick is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover.\nA porcupine is a mammal. Like other mammals, a porcupine is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "Delaware",
      "Pennsylvania",
      "Indiana",
      "South Carolina"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"Colonial America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is Pennsylvania.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4811\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest south?",
    "choices":[
      "Washington",
      "Montana",
      "Nevada",
      "Maine"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Nevada is farthest south.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4813\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Using only these supplies, which question can Doug investigate with an experiment?",
    "choices":[
      "Does a pie crust made with white flour burn more quickly than a pie crust made with whole wheat flour?",
      "Does a pie crust made with white flour burn more quickly when the pie is cooked in a glass pan or in an aluminum pan?",
      "Do pie crusts made with white flour burn less quickly when covered with aluminum foil or when left uncovered?"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Doug is baking a pie. He notices that the crust burns before the pie is fully cooked. He wonders what factors affect whether a pie crust will burn in the oven. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\ningredients for pumpkin pie filling\ningredients for apple pie filling\ntwo pie crusts made with white flour\na glass pie pan\nan aluminum pie pan\nan oven",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which correctly shows the title of a song?",
    "choices":[
      "\"Don't Wait, Jump In\"",
      "Don't Wait, Jump In"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Formatting titles",
    "lecture":"The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead. A Midsummer Night's Dream The title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks. \"You Are My Sunshine\"",
    "solution":"A song should be in quotation marks.\nThe correct title is \"Don't Wait, Jump In.\"",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "Delaware",
      "New York",
      "Vermont",
      "Tennessee"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"Colonial America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is New York.\nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4841\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these colonies was Southern Colonies?",
    "choices":[
      "New York",
      "North Carolina"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"In the following questions, you will learn about the origin of the Southern Colonies. The Southern Colonies made up the southern part of the Thirteen Colonies, which were ruled by Great Britain in the 1600s and 1700s. The population of the Southern Colonies included enslaved and free people of African descent, Native American groups, and European settlers. The map below shows the Thirteen Colonies in 1750. Look at the map. Then answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"Colonial America",
    "skill":"Southern Colonies: founding and government",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the legend on the map.\nAll of the colonies are shaded by region. The Southern Colonies included five colonies:\nThe rest of the Thirteen Colonies were part of the Middle Colonies or New England.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4842\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Washington?",
    "choices":[
      "Salem",
      "Dover",
      "Cheyenne",
      "Olympia"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Olympia is the capital of Washington.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4843\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What kind of sentence is this?\nTori gave me flowers for no reason.",
    "choices":[
      "exclamatory",
      "declarative"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory?",
    "lecture":"There are four kinds of sentences. A declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period. I have an older brother and a younger sister. An interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark. How tall are you? An imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point. Read the first chapter by next week. Look out for that car! An exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point. Some whales are over ninety feet long! I can't wait until tomorrow!",
    "solution":"The sentence tells about something, and it ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence.\nRust forming on a metal gate is a ().",
    "choices":[
      "physical change",
      "chemical change"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Identify physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. Burning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. Cutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper. Ice melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state.",
    "solution":"Rust forming on a metal gate is a chemical change. As the gate rusts, the metal turns into a different type of matter called rust. Rust is reddish-brown and falls apart easily.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\ncompost rotting\nburning a candle",
    "choices":[
      "Both are caused by heating.",
      "Both are caused by cooling.",
      "Both are only physical changes.",
      "Both are chemical changes."
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Chemical reactions",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule. In a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns. In a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nCompost forms from the remains of plants and animals, such as vegetable scraps and egg shells. Compost rotting is a chemical change. As the compost rots, it breaks down and turns into a different type of matter.\nBurning a candle is a chemical change. Both the wick and the melted wax burn. They react with oxygen in the air and turn into soot, carbon dioxide, and water.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBurning is caused by heating. But compost rotting is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Vanuatu",
      "Solomon Islands",
      "Fiji",
      "Nauru"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Oceania: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of Oceania",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is Vanuatu.\nDoes Vanuatu have any territorial disputes?\nVanuatu claims to own Matthew and Hunter Islands, which are disputed islands. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the islands rightfully belong to them.\nFrance has controlled the islands since 1929. But shortly after gaining independence in 1980, Vanuatu claimed to rightfully own the islands. It points to underwater geographic features and legends passed down by its people to argue that it has stronger connections to the islands than France. No one lives on the islands today.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4858\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which correctly shows the title of a book?",
    "choices":[
      "***Everything but the Horse***",
      "\"Everything but the Horse\""
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Formatting titles",
    "lecture":"The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead. A Midsummer Night's Dream The title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks. \"You Are My Sunshine\"",
    "solution":"A book should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **Everything but the Horse**.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Would you find the word hesitate on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nhoe - hunger",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince hesitate is not between the guide words hoe - hunger, it would not be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What can Lamar and Colette trade to each get what they want?",
    "choices":[
      "Colette can trade her broccoli for Lamar's oranges.",
      "Lamar can trade his tomatoes for Colette's sandwich.",
      "Colette can trade her almonds for Lamar's tomatoes.",
      "Lamar can trade his tomatoes for Colette's broccoli."
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":"Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.\nLamar and Colette open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Both of them could be happier with their lunches. Lamar wanted broccoli in his lunch and Colette was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Trade and specialization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Lamar wanted broccoli in his lunch and Colette was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.\nLamar has tomatoes. Colette has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4875\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?",
    "choices":[
      "Ken separated the almonds from the cashews because of his strong aversion to cashews.",
      "Ken separated the almonds from the cashews because of his strong aversion to them."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Pronouns",
    "skill":"Identify vague pronoun references",
    "lecture":"When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.",
    "solution":"The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them could refer to the almonds or the cashews.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Them has been replaced with cashews.\nKen separated the almonds from the cashews because of his strong aversion to cashews.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which rhetorical appeal is primarily used in this ad?",
    "choices":[
      "ethos (character)",
      "logos (reason)",
      "pathos (emotion)"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Persuasive strategies",
    "skill":"Identify appeals to ethos, pathos, and logos in advertisements",
    "lecture":"The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals. Appeals to ethos, or character, show the writer or speaker as trustworthy, authoritative, or sharing important values with the audience. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following: say that a brand has been trusted for many years include an endorsement from a respected organization, such as the American Dental Association feature a testimonial from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's values use an admired celebrity or athlete as a spokesperson Appeals to logos, or reason, use logic and verifiable evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following: use graphs or charts to display information cite results of clinical trials or independently conducted studies explain the science behind a product or service emphasize that the product is a financially wise choice anticipate and refute potential counterclaims Appeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following: trigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassment appeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractive link the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury",
    "solution":"The ad appeals to ethos, or character, by emphasizing the hospital's established reputation.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4884\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"During this time, thermal energy was transferred from () to ().",
    "choices":[
      "the surroundings . . . each pizza",
      "each pizza . . . the surroundings"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Anne was delivering two identical pizzas to a customer. While driving to the customer's house, Anne put one of the pizza boxes on top of the other one. This table shows how the temperature of each pizza changed over 15minutes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Thermal energy",
    "skill":"Compare thermal energy transfers",
    "lecture":"A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy: An increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings. A decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings.",
    "solution":"The temperature of each pizza decreased, which means that the thermal energy of each pizza decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred from each pizza to the surroundings.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4887\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What can Cora and Bridgette trade to each get what they want?",
    "choices":[
      "Cora can trade her tomatoes for Bridgette's carrots.",
      "Cora can trade her tomatoes for Bridgette's broccoli.",
      "Bridgette can trade her broccoli for Cora's oranges.",
      "Bridgette can trade her almonds for Cora's tomatoes."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.\nCora and Bridgette open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Neither Cora nor Bridgette got everything that they wanted. The table below shows which items they each wanted:\n\nLook at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.\nCora's lunch Bridgette's lunch",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Trade and specialization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the table and images.\nCora wants broccoli. Bridgette wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4892\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the mass of an ear of corn?",
    "choices":[
      "13 ounces",
      "13 tons",
      "13 pounds"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of mass",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Mass is a measurement of how much matter something contains. There are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons. There are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton. So, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton. A slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the mass of an ear of corn is 13 ounces.\n13 pounds and 13 tons are both too heavy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is Megaptera novaeangliae made up of one cell?",
    "choices":[
      "no",
      "yes"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This organism is Megaptera novaeangliae. It is a member of the animal kingdom.\nMegaptera novaeangliae is commonly called a humpback whale. Humpback whales are famous for their underwater singing. They sing to communicate with one another over long distances. Male humpback whales can sing for up to 24 hours straight!",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Describe, classify, and compare kingdoms",
    "lecture":"In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms. Organisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom. <br\/><br\/>  | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | Plants<br\/> How many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | many<br\/> Do their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yes<br\/> Can their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes<br\/>",
    "solution":"Megaptera novaeangliae is an animal. Animals are made up of many cells.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4905\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "attract",
      "repel"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south. Here are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S. If opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4913\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nBrett noticed that the wind was blowing in from the ocean this afternoon.",
    "choices":[
      "climate",
      "weather"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Hint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"What's the difference between weather and climate?",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the text carefully.\nBrett noticed that the wind was blowing in from the ocean this afternoon.\nThis passage tells you about the wind direction where Brett was this afternoon. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which sentence states a fact?",
    "choices":[
      "People who vote in every election are the best citizens.",
      "In the United States, presidents are elected every four years."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"civics",
    "category":"Social studies skills",
    "skill":"Identify facts and opinions",
    "lecture":"A fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information. The flag of the United States has 13 stripes. This is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes. An opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true. The flag of the United States is easy to draw. This is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw.",
    "solution":"The second sentence states a fact.\nIn the United States, presidents are elected every four years.\nIt can be proved by reading a book about the United States government.\nThe first sentence states an opinion.\nPeople who vote in every election are the best citizens.\nBest shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes one citizen better than another one.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Edwin inherited this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Edwin's parents were born with straight hair. They passed down this trait to Edwin.",
      "Edwin and his father both have short hair."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nEdwin has straight hair.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?",
    "choices":[
      "weather",
      "climate"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Figure: Gutenberg Castle, Liechtenstein.\nLiechtenstein is a small country in Europe with many castles. Liechtenstein has cold, cloudy winters.\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Weather and climate around the world",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the passage carefully.\nLiechtenstein is a small country in Europe with many castles. Liechtenstein has cold, cloudy winters.\nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual pattern of cloud cover in Liechtenstein. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4932\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the process plants use to make food?",
    "choices":[
      "germination",
      "photosynthesis",
      "pollination"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Plants",
    "skill":"How do plants make food?",
    "lecture":"Like all living things, plants need food to survive. Plants can make their own food. How do plants make food? Plants use a process called photosynthesis to make sugar. They use this sugar as food. For photosynthesis, a plant needs water, carbon dioxide, and energy from light. Most plants use energy from sunlight. The plant uses its roots to take in water. It uses its leaves to take in carbon dioxide from the air. During photosynthesis, chlorophyll in the plant's leaves traps energy from sunlight. The plant uses this energy to turn water and carbon dioxide into sugar. It then releases oxygen into the air as a waste product. The plant gets the energy it needs to live from the sugar.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which change best matches the sentence?\nA piece of rock from outer space hits Earth, leaving a crater.",
    "choices":[
      "meteorite crash",
      "erosion",
      "deposition"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Earth events",
    "skill":"Classify changes to Earth's surface II",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the volume of a bottle of cough syrup?",
    "choices":[
      "8 cups",
      "8 fluid ounces",
      "8 gallons"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Volume is a measurement of how much space something takes up. There are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons. As the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon. A glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the volume of a bottle of cough syrup is 8 fluid ounces.\n8 cups and 8 gallons are both too much.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What type of rock is shale?",
    "choices":[
      "sedimentary",
      "igneous",
      "metamorphic"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This is a piece of shale. Shale forms below the ground near lagoons, river deltas, and shallow oceans. It is usually gray.\nLayers of mud can be pressed together to form shale. Shale often contains fossils. In this picture, you can see a fossil of a shell on the left side of the rock.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Rocks and minerals",
    "skill":"Classify rocks as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic",
    "lecture":"Igneous rock is formed when melted rock cools and hardens into solid rock. This type of change can occur at Earth's surface or below it. Sedimentary rock is formed when layers of sediment are pressed together, or compacted, to make rock. This type of change occurs below Earth's surface. Metamorphic rock is formed when a rock is changed by very high temperature and pressure. This type of change often occurs deep below Earth's surface. Over time, the old rock becomes a new rock with different properties.",
    "solution":"Shale is a sedimentary rock. Like other sedimentary rocks, it forms from layers of sediment.\nMaterial that is eroded in nature is called sediment. Mud is a type of sediment. Over time, layers of mud can build up in places like lakes and oceans. The top layers press down on the bottom layers, squeezing out water and air. Shale forms when the bottom layers of mud are pressed together to form rock.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4966\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\na slice of banana turning brown\ncells using oxygen to break down sugar",
    "choices":[
      "Both are caused by heating.",
      "Both are only physical changes.",
      "Both are caused by cooling.",
      "Both are chemical changes."
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nA slice of banana turning brown is a chemical change. The part of the banana in contact with the air reacts with oxygen and turns into a different type of matter.\nCells using oxygen to break down sugar is a chemical change. When sugar is broken down, it forms carbon dioxide and water.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature",
      "sample B",
      "sample A"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.\nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/4982\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the living thing.",
    "choices":[
      "tractor",
      "piranha",
      "brick wall",
      "bathtub"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify living and nonliving things",
    "lecture":"All living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell. All living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change. All living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense.",
    "solution":"A piranha is a living thing.\nPiranhas grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water. Piranhas are made up of many cells.\nA brick wall is not a living thing.\nBrick walls do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.\nA tractor is not a living thing.\nA tractor does not have all the traits of a living thing. Tractors need energy, but they do not eat food. Tractors get energy from diesel or other fuel. They do not grow.\nA bathtub is not a living thing.\nBathtubs do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?",
    "choices":[
      "Mrs. Ballard was overjoyed when she saw her granddaughter for the first time in two years.",
      "When Mrs. Ballard saw her granddaughter for the first time in two years, she was overjoyed."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Pronouns",
    "skill":"Identify vague pronoun references",
    "lecture":"When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.",
    "solution":"The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Mrs. Ballard or her granddaughter.\nWhen Mrs. Ballard saw her granddaughter for the first time in two years, she was overjoyed.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nMrs. Ballard was overjoyed when she saw her granddaughter for the first time in two years.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is this cucumber plant's phenotype for the fruit texture trait?",
    "choices":[
      "ff",
      "smooth fruit"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"In a group of cucumber plants, some individuals have bumpy fruit and others have smooth fruit. In this group, the gene for the fruit texture trait has two alleles. The allele F is for bumpy fruit, and the allele f is for smooth fruit.\nA certain cucumber plant from this group has smooth fruit. This plant has two alleles for smooth fruit.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.",
    "solution":"An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. The cucumber plant's observable version of the fruit texture trait is smooth fruit. So, the plant's phenotype for the fruit texture trait is smooth fruit.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following statement about our solar system true or false?\n50% of the planets are made mainly of gas.",
    "choices":[
      "false",
      "true"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Use the data to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"true-or-false",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Astronomy",
    "skill":"Analyze data to compare properties of planets",
    "lecture":"A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet. The primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.",
    "solution":"The table tells you that two out of the eight planets are made mainly of gas. So, one-fourth, or 25%, of the planets are made mainly of gas.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5001\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\n\"Sleeping through the rooster's crowing was no problem,\" Jeffrey joked with a yawn.",
    "choices":[
      "Jeffrey slept well.",
      "Jeffrey slept poorly."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.",
    "solution":"The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nSleeping through the rooster's crowing was no problem ironically suggests that Jeffrey slept poorly. Jeffrey was tired, so the rooster's crowing was clearly a problem.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the amphibian below.",
    "choices":[
      "clownfish",
      "giant moray",
      "red-headed poison frog",
      "Nile crocodile"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Amphibians have moist skin and begin their lives in water.\nAmphibians are cold-blooded. The body temperature of cold-blooded animals depends on their environment.\nAn eastern newt is an example of an amphibian.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals.",
    "solution":"A Nile crocodile is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nCrocodiles hunt their prey in or near water.\nA giant moray is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nEels are long and thin. They may have small fins. They look like snakes, but they are fish!\nA red-headed poison frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nPoison dart frogs come in many bright colors. Their bright color warns other animals that these frogs are poisonous.\nA clownfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nClownfish live with animals called anemones. In the image of the clownfish, you can see the green anemone behind the clownfish.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5005\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these three objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "salty",
      "hard",
      "smooth"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Select the best answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA hard object does not change shape when pressed or squeezed. The water pitcher and the marbles are hard, but the silk tie is not.\nPotato chips have a salty taste. The water pitcher is not salty.\nA smooth object is not scratchy or rough. All three objects are smooth.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is smooth.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5007\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which object has the most thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "a marble at a temperature of 76\u00b0F",
      "a marble at a temperature of 70\u00b0F",
      "a marble at a temperature of 0\u00b0F"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The objects are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Heat and thermal energy",
    "skill":"How is temperature related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.",
    "solution":"All three marbles have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 76\u00b0F marble is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "the Dominican Republic",
      "Haiti",
      "Barbados",
      "Dominica"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"The Americas: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of the Caribbean",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is the Dominican Republic.\nWhy does the Dominican Republic share its island with another country?\nThe Dominican Republic and Haiti share the island of Hispaniola. It is home to the earliest European settlements in the Americas. Christopher Columbus founded the first European settlement on the island in 1492 during his first voyage across the Atlantic.\nThough many people lived on the island before Columbus's arrival, European countries quickly began to colonize the island. Eventually France and Spain both established colonies. The Spanish colony eventually became the country of the Dominican Republic, and the French colony eventually became the country of Haiti. Today, people in the two countries speak different languages and have many cultural differences.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5016\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the mass of a news magazine?",
    "choices":[
      "8 pounds",
      "8 tons",
      "8 ounces"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of mass",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Mass is a measurement of how much matter something contains. There are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons. There are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton. So, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton. A slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the mass of a news magazine is 8 ounces.\n8 pounds and 8 tons are both too heavy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a long-distance running race?",
    "choices":[
      "21 centimeters",
      "21 millimeters",
      "21 meters",
      "21 kilometers"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of distance, mass, and volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter. The tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long. A red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the length of a long-distance running race is 21 kilometers.\n21 millimeters, 21 centimeters, and 21 meters are all too short.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the euphemism in this text suggest?\nMr. Garrison is enjoying his golden years in a luxurious beachside community just down the street from his grandchildren.",
    "choices":[
      "Mr. Garrison is old.",
      "Mr. Garrison lives near his family."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.",
    "solution":"The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe euphemism golden years indicates that Mr. Garrison is old. Golden years is a nicer way of referring to old age.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ncapital - city",
    "choices":[
      "construct",
      "cement"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince cement is between the guide words capital - city, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which object has the least thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "a marble at a temperature of 4\u00b0C",
      "a marble at a temperature of 16\u00b0C",
      "a marble at a temperature of 20\u00b0C"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The objects are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Heat and thermal energy",
    "skill":"How is temperature related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.",
    "solution":"All three marbles have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 4\u00b0C marble is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ncareful - cocoa",
    "choices":[
      "curve",
      "chord"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince chord is between the guide words careful - cocoa, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nDanny says that he would not be the person he is today were it not for his childhood, which he describes as Dickensian.",
    "choices":[
      "a song",
      "literature"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. The protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose. The word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion Dickensian is literature.\nThe works of British author Charles Dickens often featured characters struggling to survive in settings such as debtors' prisons and orphanages.\nThe allusion Dickensian means harsh or poverty-stricken.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the living thing.",
    "choices":[
      "maple tree",
      "van",
      "cave",
      "cell phone"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify living and nonliving things",
    "lecture":"All living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell. All living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change. All living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense.",
    "solution":"A van is not a living thing.\nA van does not have all the traits of a living thing. Vans need energy, but they do not eat food. They get energy from gasoline or electricity. Vans do not grow.\nA maple tree is a living thing.\nMaple trees grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water. Maple trees are made up of many cells.\nMaple trees are plants. They make their own food using water, carbon dioxide, and energy from sunlight.\nA cave is not a living thing.\nA cave may have animals or plants living inside. But a cave does not have all the traits of a living thing. A cave does not need food or water.\nA cell phone is not a living thing.\nA cell phone does not have all the traits of a living thing. It does many useful things, and even responds to the world around it. But it does not grow. It does not need food or water.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Using only these supplies, which question can Emmy investigate with an experiment?",
    "choices":[
      "Does a cell phone charge faster when plugged into a wall outlet or into a computer?",
      "Does a cell phone charge more quickly when it is turned on or when it is turned off?",
      "Does a tablet charge faster with a two-foot-long charging cable or a five-foot-long charging cable?"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Emmy notices that her cell phone charges more quickly sometimes and more slowly other times. She wonders what factors affect how quickly a phone charges. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\none cell phone\na two-foot-long charging cable\na five-foot-long charging cable\na stopwatch\na wall outlet",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following trait inherited or acquired?\nRyan can play the piccolo.",
    "choices":[
      "acquired",
      "inherited"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Hint: Playing an instrument well takes practice.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Identify inherited and acquired traits",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.",
    "solution":"People are not born knowing how to play the piccolo. Instead, some people learn how to play. So, playing the piccolo is an acquired trait.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "New Zealand",
      "Tuvalu",
      "Tonga",
      "Samoa"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Oceania: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of Oceania",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is Samoa.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5076\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Cuba",
      "the Dominican Republic",
      "Haiti",
      "Dominica"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"The Americas: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of the Caribbean",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is Dominica.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5079\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which trait did Tripneustes have? Select the trait you can observe on the fossil.",
    "choices":[
      "white spines covering its body",
      "a reddish-orange body",
      "a rounded body"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"This picture shows a fossil of an ancient animal called Tripneustes.\nFossils of Tripneustes have been found in rocks that are more than 20,000,000 years old.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Fossils",
    "skill":"Compare fossils to modern organisms",
    "lecture":"The way an organism looks or acts is called a trait. Scientists use fossils to learn more about the traits of ancient organisms. Fossils can preserve the remains of body parts and activities. A fossil of a body part, such as a tail or a wing, can tell you what an organism looked like. A fossil of an organism's activities, such as a burrow or a footprint, can tell you about the organism's behavior. Here are three examples of fossils and the traits that you can observe from them: This is a fossil of an animal. This fossil tells you that the animal had a spiral-shaped shell. This is a fossil of a plant. This fossil tells you that the plant had small leaves arranged in a branched pattern. This is a fossil of an animal's footprint. This fossil tells you that the animal could walk on land. An organism's fossil may not show all of the organism's traits. This is because most body parts are destroyed during fossil formation. When an organism's body turns into a fossil, only a few body parts are usually preserved.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5085\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the expected ratio of offspring that do not have Huntington's disease to offspring that have Huntington's disease? Choose the most likely ratio.",
    "choices":[
      "2:2",
      "3:1",
      "4:0",
      "0:4",
      "1:3"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This passage describes the Huntington's disease trait in humans:\nHuntington's disease is a condition that causes the death of brain cells over time. This loss of cells interferes with brain function and may lead to uncontrolled movements, difficulty thinking, and changes in behavior.\nIn a group of humans, some individuals have Huntington's disease and others do not. In this group, the gene for the Huntington's disease trait has two alleles. The allele for not having Huntington's disease (h) is recessive to the allele for having Huntington's disease (H).\nThis Punnett square shows a cross between two humans.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Use Punnett squares to calculate ratios of offspring types",
    "lecture":"Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive? How do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. If an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait. If an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait. A Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type. For example, consider the Punnett square below. <br\/><br\/>  | F | f<br\/> F | FF | Ff<br\/> f | Ff | ff<br\/> <br\/> There is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.",
    "solution":"To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring that do or do not have Huntington's disease, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the Huntington's disease trait. The question tells you that the h allele, which is for not having Huntington's disease, is recessive to the H allele, which is for having Huntington's disease.\nNot having Huntington's disease is the recessive allele's version of the Huntington's disease trait. A human with the recessive version of the Huntington's disease trait must have only recessive alleles for the Huntington's disease gene. So, offspring that do not have Huntington's disease must have the genotype hh.\nThere are 2 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype hh. These boxes are highlighted below.\nHaving Huntington's disease is the dominant allele's version of the Huntington's disease trait. A human with the dominant version of the Huntington's disease trait must have at least one dominant allele for the Huntington's disease gene. So, offspring that have Huntington's disease must have the genotype HH or Hh.\nThere are 2 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype HH or Hh. These boxes are highlighted below.\nSo, the expected ratio of offspring that do not have Huntington's disease to offspring that have Huntington's disease is 2:2. This means that, on average, this cross will produce 2 offspring that do not have Huntington's disease for every 2 offspring that have Huntington's disease.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5088\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on the arrows, which of the following organisms is a producer?",
    "choices":[
      "barren-ground caribou",
      "bilberry"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Below is a food web from a tundra ecosystem in Nunavut, a territory in Northern Canada.\nA food web models how the matter eaten by organisms moves through an ecosystem. The arrows in a food web represent how matter moves between organisms in an ecosystem.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Interpret food webs",
    "lecture":"A food web is a model. A food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food. Arrows show how matter moves. A food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating. An organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web. An organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web.",
    "solution":"Producers do not eat other organisms. So, in a food web, producers do not have arrows pointing to them from other organisms.\nThe barren-ground caribou has an arrow pointing to it from the lichen. So, the barren-ground caribou is a consumer, not a producer.\nThe bilberry does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the bilberry is a producer.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5089\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these three objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "hard",
      "blue",
      "scratchy"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Select the best answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nBlue is a color.\nThis color is blue. None of the objects are blue.\nA hard object does not change shape when pressed or squeezed. The potato sack and the velcro are not hard.\nA scratchy object is rough and itchy against your skin. All three objects are scratchy.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is scratchy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5094\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Arizona?",
    "choices":[
      "Denver",
      "Augusta",
      "Phoenix",
      "Salt Lake City"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Phoenix is the capital of Arizona.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5101\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Nebraska?",
    "choices":[
      "Lansing",
      "Lincoln",
      "Jefferson City",
      "Omaha"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Lincoln is the capital of Nebraska.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5106\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of New Mexico?",
    "choices":[
      "Santa Fe",
      "Sacramento",
      "Jackson",
      "Albuquerque"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify the 50 state capitals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Santa Fe is the capital of New Mexico.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5107\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"During this time, thermal energy was transferred from () to ().",
    "choices":[
      "each cake . . . the surroundings",
      "the surroundings . . . each cake"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Samir baked two identical cakes. When he took them out of the oven, he left one cake in its pan and took the other cake out of its pan to put it on a plate. This table shows how the temperature of each cake changed over 5minutes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Thermal energy",
    "skill":"Compare thermal energy transfers",
    "lecture":"A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy: An increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings. A decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings.",
    "solution":"The temperature of each cake decreased, which means that the thermal energy of each cake decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred from each cake to the surroundings.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5108\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these organisms contains matter that was once part of the bilberry?",
    "choices":[
      "barren-ground caribou",
      "rough-legged hawk",
      "bear sedge",
      "lichen"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Below is a food web from a tundra ecosystem in Nunavut, a territory in Northern Canada.\nA food web models how the matter eaten by organisms moves through an ecosystem. The arrows in a food web represent how matter moves between organisms in an ecosystem.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecological interactions",
    "skill":"Interpret food webs II",
    "lecture":"A food web is a model. A food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food. Arrows show how matter moves. A food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating. An organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web. An organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web.",
    "solution":"Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows that starts from the bilberry.\nThe bear sedge does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the bilberry to the bear sedge.\nThe only arrow pointing to the barren-ground caribou starts from the lichen. The lichen does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the bilberry to the barren-ground caribou.\nThe lichen does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the bilberry to the lichen.There are four paths matter can take from the bilberry to the earthworm: bilberry->Arctic fox->earthworm. bilberry->brown lemming->Arctic fox->earthworm. bilberry->brown lemming->snowy owl->earthworm. bilberry->brown lemming->parasitic jaeger->rough-legged hawk->earthworm. There is one path matter can take from the bilberry to the rough-legged hawk: bilberry->brown lemming->parasitic jaeger->rough-legged hawk.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5114\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which text uses the word terribly in its traditional sense?",
    "choices":[
      "Zach shivered terribly as he gazed at the snow-clad slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.",
      "Zach shivered as he gazed at the terribly steep, snowy slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Word usage and nuance",
    "skill":"Explore words with new or contested usages",
    "lecture":"Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner. When a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences. Britney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam. The traditional usage above is considered more standard. David perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages. The nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.",
    "solution":"The second text uses terribly in its traditional sense: in a terrible manner.\nZach shivered terribly as he gazed at the snow-clad slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.\nThe first text uses terribly in its nontraditional sense: extremely; very.\nZach shivered as he gazed at the terribly steep, snowy slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word terribly because it is considered more standard.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is the scratchiest?",
    "choices":[
      "bark",
      "nylon swim shorts",
      "metal flute"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of materials",
    "lecture":"Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. A material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy. For example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.",
    "solution":"Scratchy is a property. A scratchy material is rough and itchy against your skin.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the bark is the scratchiest. If you could touch this tree bark, it would feel rough and itchy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following could Caleb's test show?",
    "choices":[
      "whether the filter was clogged",
      "the amount of bacteria in the water before it was filtered",
      "whether an inexpensive filter would become clogged more often"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design.\nThe passage below describes how the engineering-design process was used to test a solution to a problem. Read the passage. Then answer the question below.\n\nCaleb was . At the plant, an expensive filter was used to remove disease-causing bacteria from the water. But over time, the filter would become clogged with bacteria. If the filter became clogged, the water would not move through quickly enough. Caleb had to decide when the filter was too clogged and needed to be replaced. So, during his inspection, Caleb checked the filter by measuring how quickly water moved through it.\nFigure: an engineer at a water treatment plant.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Engineering practices",
    "skill":"Evaluate tests of engineering-design solutions",
    "lecture":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured. Imagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves. First, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind. Then, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved. Tests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5136\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence.\nPicking up a paper clip with a magnet is a ().",
    "choices":[
      "chemical change",
      "physical change"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule. In a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Burning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns. In a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.",
    "solution":"Picking up a paper clip with a magnet is a physical change. The paper clip sticks to the magnet, but it is still made of the same type of matter.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Keenan inherited this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Keenan and his father both have dark hair.",
      "Keenan's parents have pale skin. They passed down this trait to Keenan."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nKeenan has pale skin.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Heredity",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Using only these supplies, which question can Darnell investigate with an experiment?",
    "choices":[
      "Which of the three types of tomato seeds sprouts the fastest?",
      "Does a certain kind of tomato plant grow taller when planted in a clay pot or in a plastic pot?",
      "Which type of soil will cause a certain kind of tomato plant to grow the most fruit?"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Darnell and his classmates are growing tomato plants in the school garden. He wonders what factors affect how tomato plants grow. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\nthree different types of tomato seeds\none bag of potting soil\nfive identical clay pots\nwater",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Dasher's phenotype for the coat color trait?",
    "choices":[
      "a reddish-brown coat",
      "a black coat"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"In a group of horses, some individuals have a black coat and others have a reddish-brown coat. In this group, the gene for the coat color trait has two alleles. The allele for a black coat (L) is dominant over the allele for a reddish-brown coat (l).\nDasher is a horse from this group. Dasher has the homozygous genotype LL for the coat color gene.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: dominant and recessive",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. Some traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene. An organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene. An organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene. The types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. A dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers. A recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.",
    "solution":"Dasher's genotype for the coat color gene is LL. Dasher's genotype of LL has only L allelles. The L allele is for a black coat. So, Dasher's phenotype for the coat color trait must be a black coat.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Dasher's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for a black coat (L) is dominant over the allele for a reddish-brown coat (l). This means L is a dominant allele, and l is a recessive allele.\nDasher's genotype of LL has two dominant alleles. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Dasher's phenotype for the coat color trait must be a black coat.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1.",
      "The strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Compare strengths of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.",
    "solution":"Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.\nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5178\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Texas?",
    "choices":[
      "Dallas",
      "Atlanta",
      "Baton Rouge",
      "Austin"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Southeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Austin is the capital of Texas.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5187\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\npath - polar",
    "choices":[
      "plum",
      "push"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince plum is between the guide words path - polar, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What can Adele and Billy trade to each get what they want?",
    "choices":[
      "Adele can trade her tomatoes for Billy's sandwich.",
      "Billy can trade his almonds for Adele's tomatoes.",
      "Billy can trade his broccoli for Adele's oranges.",
      "Adele can trade her tomatoes for Billy's broccoli."
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":"Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.\nAdele and Billy open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Both of them could be happier with their lunches. Adele wanted broccoli in her lunch and Billy was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Trade and specialization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Adele wanted broccoli in her lunch and Billy was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.\nAdele has tomatoes. Billy has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5196\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a complex sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "Miguel will lend us money for the tickets if we promise to repay him by the end of the year.",
      "Henry Bacon's design of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C., won him a gold medal from the American Institute of Architects."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple, compound, or complex?",
    "lecture":"A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence. the oranges on our tree are ripe The clause can stand alone. It is independent. after we pick up Kevin from work The clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent. A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause. Ben and I spent all day relaxing by the pool. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat. Ben usually wears his heavy coat in the winter. A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. We saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while. If she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.",
    "solution":"The first sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction if.\nMiguel will lend us money for the tickets if we promise to repay him by the end of the year.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property matches this object?",
    "choices":[
      "yellow",
      "salty"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the better answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Identify properties of an object",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.",
    "solution":"Look at the object.\nThink about each property.\nPotato chips have a salty taste. The lemon is not salty.\nYellow is a color.\nThis color is yellow. The lemon is yellow.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5206\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?",
    "choices":[
      "If Danny winds up attending Adam's performance, he will let Susan know.",
      "Danny will let Susan know if he winds up attending Adam's performance."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"pronouns",
    "category":"Pronouns and antecedents",
    "skill":"Identify vague pronoun references",
    "lecture":"When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.",
    "solution":"The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun he could refer to Danny or Adam.\nIf Danny winds up attending Adam's performance, he will let Susan know.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nDanny will let Susan know if he winds up attending Adam's performance.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the mass of a full bag of groceries?",
    "choices":[
      "5 ounces",
      "5 pounds",
      "5 tons"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of mass",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Mass is a measurement of how much matter something contains. There are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons. There are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton. So, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton. A slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the mass of a full bag of groceries is 5 pounds.\n5 ounces is too light and 5 tons is too heavy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "Massachusetts",
      "Connecticut",
      "Tennessee",
      "New Hampshire"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"Colonial America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is Connecticut.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5235\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is there a surplus or a shortage of bunk beds?",
    "choices":[
      "shortage",
      "surplus"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"A furniture store has 20 bunk beds for sale. The beds cost $300 each. At that price, 15 people want to buy one.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Supply and demand",
    "skill":"Identify shortage and surplus",
    "lecture":"There is a surplus if there is too much for sale at a given price. There is a shortage if there is not enough for sale at a given price. Surpluses and shortages usually happen when people who are selling goods or services charge too much or too little. When the price is too high, consumers will not want to buy much of the good or service. The quantity demanded will be less than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a surplus. When the price is too low, too many consumers will want to buy the good or service. The quantity demanded will be more than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a shortage.",
    "solution":"At the current price, there are too many bunk beds for sale. There are 20 beds for sale, but only 15 people want to buy one.\nSo, there is a surplus of bunk beds. The furniture store will not get any money for the leftover bunk beds.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is a pipe cleaner a solid, a liquid, or a gas?",
    "choices":[
      "a liquid",
      "a solid",
      "a gas"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"States of matter",
    "skill":"Classify matter as solid, liquid, or gas",
    "lecture":"Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own. Some solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid. When matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle. Some liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk. When matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space. Many gases are invisible. Air is a gas.",
    "solution":"A pipe cleaner is a solid. You can easily bend a pipe cleaner. But it will still have a size and shape of its own.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5247\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following statement about our solar system true or false?\nThe volume of Neptune is less than 75% of the volume of Uranus.",
    "choices":[
      "false",
      "true"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Use the data to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"true-or-false",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Astronomy",
    "skill":"Analyze data to compare properties of planets",
    "lecture":"A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet. The primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.",
    "solution":"To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 75% of the volume of Uranus by multiplying its volume by 0.75.\nThen compare the result to the volume of Neptune. The volume of Neptune is 62,530 billion km^3, which is more than 51,248 billion km^3. So, the volume of Neptune is more than 75% of the volume of Uranus.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5250\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "West Virginia",
      "Illinois",
      "Pennsylvania",
      "Iowa"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"Colonial America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is Pennsylvania.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5257\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which three months have an average precipitation of around 3.5inches in Seattle?",
    "choices":[
      "June, July, and December",
      "February, March, and October",
      "April, May, and November"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Use the graph to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Use climate data to make predictions",
    "lecture":"Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. A bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average.",
    "solution":"To describe the average precipitation trends in Seattle, look at the graph.\nChoice \"Feb\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Mar\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Apr\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"May\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Jun\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Oct\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Nov\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Dec\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"February, March, and October\" is incorrect.\nFebruary, March, and October each have an average precipitation of around 3.5 inches.\nChoice \"April, May, and November\" is incorrect.\nThe average precipitation in April and May is less than 3 inches. And, the average precipitation in November is more than 6 inches.\nChoice \"June, July, and December\" is incorrect.\nThe average precipitation in June and July is less than 2 inches. And, the average precipitation in December is more than 5 inches.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5266\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which object has the most thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "a 250-gram glass of apple juice at a temperature of 10\u00b0C",
      "a 250-gram glass of apple juice at a temperature of 5\u00b0C",
      "a 250-gram glass of apple juice at a temperature of 9\u00b0C"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The objects are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Heat and thermal energy",
    "skill":"How is temperature related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.",
    "solution":"All three glasses of apple juice have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 10\u00b0C glass of apple juice is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which object has less thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "a 250-gram glass of grape juice at a temperature of 15\u00b0C",
      "a 250-gram glass of grape juice at a temperature of 10\u00b0C"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The objects are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Heat and thermal energy",
    "skill":"How is temperature related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.",
    "solution":"The two glasses of grape juice have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 10\u00b0C glass of grape juice is colder than the 15\u00b0C glass of grape juice, it has less thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which better describes the Monongahela National Forest ecosystem?",
    "choices":[
      "It has cold, wet winters. It also has soil that is poor in nutrients.",
      "It has soil that is rich in nutrients. It also has only a few types of trees."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Figure: Monongahela National Forest.\nThe Monongahela National Forest is a temperate deciduous forest ecosystem in eastern West Virginia.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Describe ecosystems",
    "lecture":"An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment. There are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other: the pattern of weather, or climate the type of soil the organisms that live there",
    "solution":"A temperate deciduous forest is a type of ecosystem. Temperate deciduous forests have the following features: warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters, soil that is rich in nutrients, and only a few types of trees. So, the Monongahela National Forest has soil that is rich in nutrients. It also has only a few types of trees.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5289\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which sentence states a fact?",
    "choices":[
      "Seattle is prettier than New York City.",
      "More than eight million people live in New York City."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"civics",
    "category":"Social studies skills",
    "skill":"Identify facts and opinions",
    "lecture":"A fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information. The flag of the United States has 13 stripes. This is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes. An opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true. The flag of the United States is easy to draw. This is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw.",
    "solution":"The first sentence states a fact.\nMore than eight million people live in New York City.\nIt can be proved by looking up how many people live in New York City.\nThe second sentence states an opinion.\nSeattle is prettier than New York City.\nPrettier shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes a city pretty.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Echo's phenotype for the myotonia congenita trait?",
    "choices":[
      "not having myotonia congenita",
      "mm"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This passage describes the myotonia congenita trait in goats:\n\nIn a group of goats, some individuals have myotonia congenita and others do not. In this group, the gene for the myotonia congenita trait has two alleles. The allele M is for having myotonia congenita, and the allele m is for not having myotonia congenita.\nEcho, a goat from this group, does not have myotonia congenita. Echo has two alleles for not having myotonia congenita.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.",
    "solution":"An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Echo's observable version of the myotonia congenita trait is not having myotonia congenita. So, Echo's phenotype for the myotonia congenita trait is not having myotonia congenita.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the elementary substance.",
    "choices":[
      "sulfur dioxide (SO2)",
      "neon (Ne)",
      "fluoromethanol (CH3FO)"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"Identify elementary substances and compounds using chemical formulas",
    "lecture":"Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be. The symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula. An elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol. The symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule. For example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula. The chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms. A compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols. For example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms.",
    "solution":"Look at the chemical formula for each substance, and count the number of symbols in the formula. Then, decide if the substance is an elementary substance. The chemical formula for sulfur dioxide contains two symbols: S for sulfur and O for oxygen. So, sulfur dioxide is made of two chemical elements bonded together. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, sulfur dioxide is a compound, not an elementary substance. The chemical formula for fluoromethanol contains four symbols: C for carbon, H for hydrogen, F for fluorine, and O for oxygen. So, fluoromethanol is made of four chemical elements bonded together. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, fluoromethanol is a compound, not an elementary substance. The chemical formula for neon contains one symbol: Ne. So, neon is made of one chemical element. Substances that are made of one chemical element are elementary substances. So, neon is an elementary substance.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these four objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "hard",
      "opaque",
      "flexible"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the best answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nAn opaque object does not let light through. All four objects are opaque.\nA hard object does not change shape when pressed or squeezed. The road, the water slide, and the crayons are hard, but the track suit is not.\nA flexible object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. The track suit is flexible, but the road and the crayons are not.\nThe property that all four objects have in common is opaque.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5295\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Nevada?",
    "choices":[
      "Carson City",
      "Nashville",
      "Phoenix",
      "Nampa"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify the 50 state capitals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Carson City is the capital of Nevada.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5296\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following trait inherited or acquired?\nPatty has five fingers on each hand.",
    "choices":[
      "acquired",
      "inherited"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Hint: Patty was born with five fingers on each hand.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Identify inherited and acquired traits",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.",
    "solution":"Most humans are born with five fingers on each hand. So, having five fingers is an inherited trait.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which holiday greeting is more formal?",
    "choices":[
      "Happy 4th from the crew at Myra's.",
      "Best wishes for an enjoyable Independence Day from the entire staff at Myra's Cafe."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Audience, purpose, and tone",
    "skill":"Which text is most formal?",
    "lecture":"Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions. Formal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language. Compare the following sentences. Informal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome. More formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners. Most formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners.",
    "solution":"The second holiday greeting is more formal. It uses more elevated language (Independence Day, the entire staff). The other holiday greeting uses casual language (happy 4 th, the crew) that is more familiar in tone.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "repel",
      "attract"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south. Here are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S. If opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5315\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nBefore Vicky had even met her future husband in person, she knew about his reputation as a Romeo.",
    "choices":[
      "literature",
      "British history"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. Here, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion Romeo is literature.\nIn William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, Romeo is known for the eloquent declaration of love with which he woos Juliet.\nThe allusion Romeo means a man who is very romantic.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Using only these supplies, which question can Preston investigate with an experiment?",
    "choices":[
      "Is the pet lizard more active when it is fed insects or lettuce?",
      "Is the pet lizard more active when it is fed crickets or mealworms?",
      "Is the pet lizard more active when its tank is heated with one heating lamp or with two heating lamps?"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Preston has a pet lizard. Preston notices that on some days, the lizard is active and runs around the tank. On other days, the lizard hardly moves at all. Preston wonders what factors affect how active his lizard is. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\none pet lizard\nlive crickets\nlive mealworms\none heating lamp",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which object has the most thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "a cookie at a temperature of 6\u00b0C",
      "a cookie at a temperature of 29\u00b0C",
      "a cookie at a temperature of 22\u00b0C"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The objects are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Heat and thermal energy",
    "skill":"How is temperature related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.",
    "solution":"All three cookies have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 29\u00b0C cookie is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material, but some of them are different sizes and shapes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller.",
    "solution":"Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.\nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5340\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is biotite a mineral?",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Biotite has the following properties:\npure substance\nnaturally occurring\nnot made by living things\nsolid\nfixed crystal structure",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Rocks and minerals",
    "skill":"Identify rocks and minerals",
    "lecture":"Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties: It is a solid. It is formed in nature. It is not made by organisms. It is a pure substance. It has a fixed crystal structure. If a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral. Look closely at the last three properties: A mineral is not made by organisms. Organisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals. Humans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals. A mineral is a pure substance. A pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances. A mineral has a fixed crystal structure. The crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.",
    "solution":"Biotite has all the properties of a mineral. So, biotite is a mineral.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5344\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which type of sentence is this?\nSince it takes approximately one thousand years for a used printer cartridge to decompose, recycling these plastic ink dispensers helps the environment.",
    "choices":[
      "compound-complex",
      "compound",
      "complex",
      "simple"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Phrases and clauses",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex?",
    "lecture":"A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence. the oranges on our tree are ripe The clause can stand alone. It is independent. after we pick up Kevin from work The clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent. A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause. Ben and I spent all day relaxing by the pool. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat. Ben usually wears his heavy coat in the winter. A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. We saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose. If she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. During his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome. A compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. After Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym. Sometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause. Orcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.",
    "solution":"The sentence is complex. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction since.\nSince it takes approximately one thousand years for a used printer cartridge to decompose, recycling these plastic ink dispensers helps the environment.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.",
    "solution":"Both magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.\nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5350\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the one substance that is not a mineral.",
    "choices":[
      "Galena is a solid. It is not made by living things.",
      "Silk is not a pure substance. It is made by living things.",
      "Calcite is a solid. It is a pure substance."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Rocks and minerals",
    "skill":"Identify minerals using properties",
    "lecture":"Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals. Minerals and rocks have the following properties: <br\/><br\/> Property | Mineral | Rock<br\/> It is a solid. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is a pure substance. | Yes | No<br\/> It has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No<br\/> <br\/> You can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither. Look closely at the last three properties: Minerals and rocks are not made by organisms. Organisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be  minerals or rocks. Humans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks. A mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not. A pure substance is made of only one type of matter.  Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures. A mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not. The crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way. However, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different!",
    "solution":"Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.\nSilk is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.\nSilk is made by living things. But minerals are not made by living things.\nSo, silk is not a mineral.\nGalena is a mineral.\nCalcite is a mineral.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following fossils is younger? Select the more likely answer.",
    "choices":[
      "dinosaur footprint",
      "insect"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This diagram shows fossils in an undisturbed sedimentary rock sequence.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Fossils",
    "skill":"Compare ages of fossils in a rock sequence",
    "lecture":"A fossil is the preserved evidence of an ancient organism. Some fossils are formed from body parts such as bones or shells. Other fossils, such as footprints or burrows, are formed from traces of an organism's activities. Fossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually form in layers. Over time, new layers are added on top of old layers in a series called a rock sequence. The layers in an undisturbed rock sequence are in the same order as when they formed. So, the deeper layers are older than the shallower layers. The relative ages of fossils can be determined from their positions in an undisturbed rock sequence. Older fossils are usually in deeper layers, and younger fossils are usually in shallower layers.",
    "solution":"Look again at the fossils in the rock sequence diagram.\nCompare the positions of these fossils to determine which one is younger:\nThe insect fossil is in a shallower layer in the rock sequence than the dinosaur footprint fossil. So, the insect fossil is most likely younger than the dinosaur footprint fossil.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5357\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"In this experiment, which were part of an experimental group?",
    "choices":[
      "the bottles with lids kept on",
      "the bottles with lids taken off"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The passage below describes an experiment.\n\nSteve wanted to freeze soda to make popsicles. He knew that soda contains carbon dioxide gas, which forms bubbles as it escapes from the liquid. He wondered if the popsicles would freeze more quickly if he removed the carbon dioxide.\nSteve took the lids off three small bottles of soda. He left the lids off overnight so that carbon dioxide could escape from the bottles. He kept the lids on three other bottles to keep the carbon dioxide in. The next morning, Steve placed all six bottles in the freezer. After two hours, he checked whether soda in any of the bottles had frozen.\nFigure: soda with carbon dioxide bubbles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify control and experimental groups",
    "lecture":"Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to investigate whether changing a variable between different groups has a specific outcome. For example, imagine you want to find out whether adding fertilizer to soil affects the height of pea plants. You could investigate this question with the following experiment: You grow one group of pea plants in soil with fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. This group shows you what happens when fertilizer is added to soil. Since fertilizer is the variable whose effect you are investigating, this group is an experimental group. You grow another group of pea plants in soil without fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. Since this group shows you what happens when fertilizer is not added to the soil, it is a control group. By comparing the results from the experimental group to the results from the control group, you can conclude whether adding fertilizer to the soil affects pea plant height.",
    "solution":"In this experiment, Steve investigated whether removing carbon dioxide from soda affects how quickly the soda freezes. So, the bottles with lids taken off were part of an experimental group.\nCarbon dioxide was not removed from the bottles with lids kept on. So, they were not part of an experimental group.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5360\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Identify the question that Bridgette's experiment can best answer.",
    "choices":[
      "Does linen fabric turn darker than cotton fabric when soaked in a mixture of black dye and water?",
      "Does fabric turn darker when soaked in a mixture of black dye and water for 15 minutes compared to 30 minutes?"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below.\n\nBridgette prepared ten buckets, each with one gallon of boiling water and three tablespoons of black fabric dye. Bridgette soaked white linen fabric squares in five of the buckets, and white cotton fabric squares in the other five buckets. All of the fabric squares were soaked for 15 minutes. After the fabric dried, Bridgette scored the darkness of the squares on a scale from light to dark. She compared the darkness of the linen fabric to the darkness of the cotton fabric.\nFigure: fabric that has been dyed black.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify the experimental question",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment. Imagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured. First, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested. Then, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured. Experiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height. Examples of questions that this experiment can answer include: Does soil type affect the height of daffodil plants? Do daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil? Are daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5368\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which correctly shows the title of a newspaper?",
    "choices":[
      "New York Law Journal",
      "New york Law journal"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"capitalization",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Capitalizing titles",
    "lecture":"In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach These words are not important in titles: Articles, a, an, the Short prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up Coordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or",
    "solution":"Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe correct title is New York Law Journal.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these organisms contains matter that was once part of the bear sedge?",
    "choices":[
      "mushroom",
      "snowy owl"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Below is a food web from a tundra ecosystem in Nunavut, a territory in Northern Canada.\nA food web models how the matter eaten by organisms moves through an ecosystem. The arrows in a food web represent how matter moves between organisms in an ecosystem.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecological interactions",
    "skill":"Interpret food webs II",
    "lecture":"A food web is a model. A food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food. Arrows show how matter moves. A food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating. An organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web. An organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web.",
    "solution":"Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows that starts from the bear sedge.There is one path matter can take from the bear sedge to the rough-legged hawk: bear sedge->brown lemming->parasitic jaeger->rough-legged hawk. There is one path matter can take from the bear sedge to the Arctic fox: bear sedge->brown lemming->Arctic fox. mushroom. The mushroom has two arrows pointing to it. One arrow starts from the barren-ground caribou. The only arrow pointing to the barren-ground caribou starts from the lichen. The lichen does not have any arrows pointing to it. The other arrow pointing to the mushroom starts from the grizzly bear. The grizzly bear has two arrows pointing to it. One arrow starts from the bilberry. The bilberry does not have any arrows pointing to it. The other arrow pointing to the grizzly bear starts from the barren-ground caribou. The only arrow pointing to the barren-ground caribou starts from the lichen. The lichen does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the bear sedge to the mushroom.. There is one path matter can take from the bear sedge to the snowy owl: bear sedge->brown lemming->short-tailed weasel->snowy owl. There is one path matter can take from the bear sedge to the short-tailed weasel: bear sedge->brown lemming->short-tailed weasel.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5376\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence.\nA jack-o'-lantern rotting in the sun is a ().",
    "choices":[
      "chemical change",
      "physical change"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Identify physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. Burning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. Cutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper. Ice melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state.",
    "solution":"A jack-o'-lantern rotting in the sun is a chemical change. The matter in the jack-o'-lantern breaks down. It turns into a different type of matter that is soft and smells bad.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which text uses the word nauseous in its traditional sense?",
    "choices":[
      "Some people find caffeine nauseous, so they avoid coffee, soda, and energy drinks.",
      "The high caffeine content in coffee, soda, and energy drinks can make some people nauseous."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Word usage and nuance",
    "skill":"Explore words with new or contested usages",
    "lecture":"Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner. When a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences. Britney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam. The traditional usage above is considered more standard. David perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages. The nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.",
    "solution":"The second text uses nauseous in its traditional sense: causing disgust or nausea.\nSome people find caffeine nauseous, so they avoid coffee, soda, and energy drinks.\nThe first text uses nauseous in its nontraditional sense: feeling disgusted or nauseated.\nThe high caffeine content in coffee, soda, and energy drinks can make some people nauseous.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word nauseous because it is considered more standard.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the invertebrate.",
    "choices":[
      "American crocodile",
      "bumble bee",
      "hummingbird",
      "lion"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Hint: Insects, spiders, and worms are invertebrates.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify vertebrates and invertebrates",
    "lecture":"Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals. A vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange. An invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body.",
    "solution":"A hummingbird is a bird. Like other birds, a hummingbird is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA bumble bee is an insect. Like other insects, a bumble bee is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nAn American crocodile is a reptile. Like other reptiles, an American crocodile is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA lion is a mammal. Like other mammals, a lion is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nThe number of off-leash dogs I've seen in Booneville is completely unacceptable. Let's make our streets safe again by addressing this dog problem, before our city becomes a haven for criminals.",
    "choices":[
      "false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other",
      "red herring: the use of a completely unrelated topic or idea"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> red herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that off-leash dogs would somehow cause an increase in crime in Booneville. However, these two ideas aren't related. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a red herring.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\nwater boiling on a stove\nbaking an apple pie",
    "choices":[
      "Both are chemical changes.",
      "Both are caused by cooling.",
      "Both are caused by heating.",
      "Both are only physical changes."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Chemical reactions",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule. In a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns. In a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nWater boiling on the stove is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The liquid changes into a gas, but a different type of matter is not formed.\nBaking an apple pie is a chemical change. The type of matter in the pie changes when it is baked. The crust turns brown, and the apples become soft.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nWater boiling is a physical change. But baking a pie is not.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBaking a pie is a chemical change. But water boiling is not.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBoth changes are caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "New York",
      "North Carolina",
      "Delaware",
      "South Carolina"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"Colonial America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is North Carolina.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5406\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1.",
      "The strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Compare strengths of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together.",
    "solution":"Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.\nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5411\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the reptile.",
    "choices":[
      "Banggai cardinalfish",
      "seahorse",
      "horned frog",
      "Madagascar day gecko"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Reptiles have scaly, waterproof skin. Most reptiles live on land.",
    "solution":"A seahorse is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nSeahorses live in shallow, warm water. They can use their tails to hold on to plants.\nA Banggai cardinalfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nCardinalfish often live near coral reefs. They are nocturnal, which means that they are active mostly at night.\nA Madagascar day gecko is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nMany geckos have special pads on their toes. The pads help them climb up plants and rocks.\nA horned frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nFrogs live near water or in damp places. Most frogs lay their eggs in water.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is the Red Sea?",
    "choices":[
      "2,245 centimeters",
      "2,245 meters",
      "2,245 millimeters",
      "2,245 kilometers"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of distance, mass, and volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter. The tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long. A red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the length of the Red Sea is 2,245 kilometers.\n2,245 millimeters, 2,245 centimeters, and 2,245 meters are all too short.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which greeting is correct for a letter?",
    "choices":[
      "Dear Mr. stephenson,",
      "Dear Mr. Stephenson,"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Greetings and closings of letters",
    "lecture":"A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue. Dear Aunt Sue, I'm glad you could come to my party, and thank you for the birthday gift. I could not have asked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think of you. With love, Rory",
    "solution":"The second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Mr. Stephenson is capitalized because it is a proper noun.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles?",
    "choices":[
      "Solution A",
      "neither; their concentrations are the same",
      "Solution B"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each purple ball represents one particle of solute.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Compare concentrations of solutions",
    "lecture":"A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent. concentration = particles of solute \/ volume of solvent",
    "solution":"In Solution A and Solution B, the purple particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles, look at both the number of purple particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of purple particles per milliliter.\nSolution A has more purple particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of purple particles.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5445\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which tense does the sentence use?\nI will point her out to you.",
    "choices":[
      "past tense",
      "present tense",
      "future tense"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"verbs",
    "category":"Verb tense",
    "skill":"Is the sentence in the past, present, or future tense?",
    "lecture":"Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now. Most present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es. Two verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms. Past tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened. Most past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed. Some verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms. Future tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen. All future-tense verbs use the word will. <br\/><br\/> Present | Past | Future<br\/> walk, walks | walked | will walk<br\/> go, goes | went | will go<br\/>",
    "solution":"The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, point. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the temperature of the air on a cold, snowy day?",
    "choices":[
      "20\u00b0C",
      "20\u00b0F"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Estimate temperatures",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Temperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units. <br\/><br\/> 212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0C<br\/> 98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0C<br\/> 68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0C<br\/> 32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0C<br\/>",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the temperature of the air on a cold, snowy day is 20\u00b0F.\n20\u00b0C is too hot.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the statement.\nBoron trifluoride is ().",
    "choices":[
      "a compound",
      "an elementary substance"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Boron trifluoride is used to make many types of chemicals, such as plastics. The chemical formula for boron trifluoride is BF3.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"Classify elementary substances and compounds using chemical formulas",
    "lecture":"Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be. The symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula. An elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol. The symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule. For example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula. The chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms. A compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols. For example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms.",
    "solution":"You can tell whether boron trifluoride is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for boron trifluoride is BF3. This formula contains two symbols: B for boron and F for fluorine. So, the formula tells you that boron trifluoride is made of two chemical elements bonded together.\nSubstances made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, boron trifluoride is a compound.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence.\nPhotosynthesis is a ().",
    "choices":[
      "physical change",
      "chemical change"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Chemical reactions",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule. In a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Burning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns. In a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.",
    "solution":"Photosynthesis is a chemical change. Plants make sugar using carbon dioxide, water, and energy from sunlight.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nSally's Bistro used to be a great place to go for a delicious and carefully prepared dinner, but nobody goes there anymore: it's too crowded.",
    "choices":[
      "paradox",
      "oxymoron"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify figures of speech: euphemism, hyperbole, oxymoron, paradox",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! An oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Some reviewers are calling this book a new classic. A paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Always expect the unexpected.",
    "solution":"The text uses a paradox, a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nNobody goes there anymore: it's too crowded at first appears to be contradictory, because if no one goes to the restaurant, then the restaurant should be empty, not crowded. However, it contains some truth: if a restaurant is frequently perceived to be too crowded, many people will no longer want to go there.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Hawaii?",
    "choices":[
      "Hilo",
      "Newport",
      "Helena",
      "Honolulu"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5492\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Look at the models of molecules below. Select the elementary substance.",
    "choices":[
      "tetraphosphorus",
      "carbon tetraiodide",
      "acetaldehyde"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"Identify elementary substances and compounds using models",
    "lecture":"There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you. A substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl. Scientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride. In a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5495\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"The Second Amendment protects \"the right of the people to keep and bear arms.\" What does \"bear arms\" mean in this case?",
    "choices":[
      "own weapons",
      "wear shirts without sleeves",
      "hunt bears",
      "join the army"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"civics",
    "category":"The Constitution",
    "skill":"The Bill of Rights",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The Second Amendment says that the American people have the right to own weapons. The text uses the phrase, \"bear arms.\" To bear something is to have or hold it. The authors of the amendment understood \"arms\" to include the type of weapons we now call guns. The complete text of the Second Amendment is below. According to the text, why is it important for Americans to have the right to own weapons? A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "New Jersey",
      "Ohio",
      "South Carolina",
      "Virginia"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"English colonies in North America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is South Carolina.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5508\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"During this time, thermal energy was transferred from () to ().",
    "choices":[
      "each aquarium . . . the surroundings",
      "the surroundings . . . each aquarium"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two identical aquariums were next to an open window. One aquarium had a plastic cover on it, and the other was uncovered. This table shows how the temperature of each aquarium changed over 1.5hours.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Thermal energy",
    "skill":"Compare thermal energy transfers",
    "lecture":"A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy: An increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings. A decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings.",
    "solution":"The temperature of each aquarium decreased, which means that the thermal energy of each aquarium decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred from each aquarium to the surroundings.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5509\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the reptile.",
    "choices":[
      "Hermann's tortoise",
      "bottlenose dolphin",
      "zebra",
      "European green toad"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Reptiles have scaly, waterproof skin. Most reptiles live on land.",
    "solution":"A European green toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.\nA bottlenose dolphin is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.\nDolphins may look like sharks or other fish, but they are mammals! When a baby dolphin is born, it has hair around its jaw. This hair falls out as the dolphin grows.\nA Hermann's tortoise is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nA tortoise's shell protects it from predators. When a tortoise feels threatened, it can pull its head and legs inside its shell.\nA zebra is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.\nZebras eat mostly grass. But they sometimes eat other types of plants, such as shrubs or tree bark.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word does not rhyme?",
    "choices":[
      "feed",
      "keep",
      "seed"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"phonological-awareness",
    "category":"Rhyming",
    "skill":"Which word does not rhyme?",
    "lecture":"Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound. The words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound. The words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings. The words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.",
    "solution":"The words feed and seed rhyme. They both end with the eed sound.\nThe word keep does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal is also adapted to use its neck to appear large and scary to a predator?",
    "choices":[
      "lace monitor",
      "bearded dragon"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"s are snakes. Their predators include mongooses and secretary birds. The cobra uses its neck to appear large and scary to a predator.\nFigure: Mozambique spitting cobra.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: beaks, mouths, and necks",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The shape of an animal's neck is one example of an adaptation. Animals' necks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large frilled neck might help an animal appear dangerous to its predators. A long neck might help an animal get food from tall trees.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the Mozambique spitting cobra.\nWhen frightened, the Mozambique spitting cobra can spread out its hood to appear larger and more dangerous. If a predator is nearby, the hood can help scare it away.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe bearded dragon has spiny scales around its neck. It uses its neck to appear larger and more dangerous to a predator.\nThe lace monitor has a narrow neck. Its neck is not adapted to help it appear larger and more dangerous to a predator.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5520\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following could Zoe's test show?",
    "choices":[
      "whether producing more insulin would help the bacteria grow faster",
      "whether she added enough nutrients to help the bacteria produce 20% more insulin",
      "whether different types of bacteria would need different nutrients to produce insulin"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design.\nThe passage below describes how the engineering-design process was used to test a solution to a problem. Read the passage. Then answer the question below.\n\nPeople with diabetes sometimes take a medicine made from insulin. Insulin can be made by a special type of bacteria. Zoe was a bioengineer who wanted to increase the amount of insulin that the bacteria produced by 20%. She read that giving the bacteria more nutrients could affect the amount of insulin they produced. So, Zoe gave extra nutrients to some of the bacteria. Then, she measured how much insulin those bacteria produced compared to bacteria that did not get extra nutrients.\nFigure: studying bacteria in a laboratory.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Engineering practices",
    "skill":"Evaluate tests of engineering-design solutions",
    "lecture":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured. Imagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves. First, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind. Then, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved. Tests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5523\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which phrase has a more negative connotation?",
    "choices":[
      "a persistent employee",
      "a bullheaded employee"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"vocabulary",
    "category":"Shades of meaning",
    "skill":"Positive and negative connotation",
    "lecture":"Connotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations. For example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations. Eager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited. Impatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding.",
    "solution":"A bullheaded employee has a more negative connotation. Bullheaded and persistent both denote not backing down. However, bullheaded describes a person who is overly stubborn, while persistent describes a person who is determined and tenacious.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a hammer?",
    "choices":[
      "18 meters",
      "18 kilometers",
      "18 millimeters",
      "18 centimeters"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of distance, mass, and volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter. The tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long. A red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the length of a hammer is 18 centimeters.\n18 millimeters is too short. 18 meters and 18 kilometers are too long.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these organisms contains matter that was once part of the lichen?",
    "choices":[
      "bilberry",
      "collared lemming"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Below is a food web from a tundra ecosystem in Nunavut, a territory in Northern Canada.\nA food web models how the matter eaten by organisms moves through an ecosystem. The arrows in a food web represent how matter moves between organisms in an ecosystem.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Interpret food webs II",
    "lecture":"A food web is a model. A food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food. Arrows show how matter moves. A food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating. An organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web. An organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web.",
    "solution":"Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows that starts from the lichen.\nNo arrow points to the bilberry. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the lichen to the bilberry.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5532\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which continent is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "North America",
      "South America",
      "Europe",
      "Antarctica"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Identify oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"A continent is one of the seven largest areas of land on earth.",
    "solution":"This continent is Antarctica.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5538\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What kind of sentence is this?\nHelen considers Paris the most romantic city in the world.",
    "choices":[
      "exclamatory",
      "declarative",
      "interrogative"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory?",
    "lecture":"There are four kinds of sentences. A declarative sentence is a statement and always ends with a period. The nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure. An imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point. For this assignment, use references to support your claims. Don't drive so quickly in the construction zone! An interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark. Given the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction? An exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point. I can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!",
    "solution":"The sentence is a statement and ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2.",
      "The magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Compare strengths of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together.",
    "solution":"Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.\nThe magnets in Pair 2 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5544\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which object has less thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "a 250-gram mug of cocoa at a temperature of 90\u00b0F",
      "a 250-gram mug of cocoa at a temperature of 95\u00b0F"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The objects are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Heat and thermal energy",
    "skill":"How is temperature related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.",
    "solution":"The two mugs of cocoa have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 90\u00b0F mug of cocoa is colder than the 95\u00b0F mug of cocoa, it has less thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on the arrows, which of the following organisms is an omnivore?",
    "choices":[
      "Arctic fox",
      "bilberry"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Below is a food web from a tundra ecosystem in Nunavut, a territory in Northern Canada.\nA food web models how the matter eaten by organisms moves through an ecosystem. The arrows in a food web represent how matter moves between organisms in an ecosystem.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Interpret food webs",
    "lecture":"A food web is a model. A food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food. Arrows show how matter moves. A food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating. An organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web. An organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web.",
    "solution":"Omnivores are consumers that eat both producers and other consumers. So, an omnivore has arrows pointing to it from at least one producer and at least one consumer.\nThe bilberry does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the bilberry is a producer, not an omnivore.\nThe Arctic fox has an arrow pointing to it from the bilberry, which is a producer. The Arctic fox also has an arrow pointing to it from the collared lemming, which is a consumer. The Arctic fox eats a producer and a consumer, so it is an omnivore.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5549\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is rainbow quartz a solid, a liquid, or a gas?",
    "choices":[
      "a solid",
      "a liquid",
      "a gas"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"States of matter",
    "skill":"Identify and sort solids, liquids, and gases",
    "lecture":"Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own. Some solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid. When matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle. Some liquids are thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk. When matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space. Many gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas.",
    "solution":"Rainbow quartz is a type of rock. A rock is a solid with a size and shape of its own.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5550\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word does not rhyme?",
    "choices":[
      "pine",
      "dine",
      "cane"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"phonological-awareness",
    "category":"Rhyming",
    "skill":"Which word does not rhyme?",
    "lecture":"Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound. The words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound. The words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings. The words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.",
    "solution":"The words pine and dine rhyme. They both end with the ine sound.\nThe word cane does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which object has the least thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "a bowl of oatmeal at a temperature of 87\u00b0F",
      "a bowl of oatmeal at a temperature of 103\u00b0F",
      "a bowl of oatmeal at a temperature of 101\u00b0F"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The objects are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Heat and thermal energy",
    "skill":"How is temperature related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.",
    "solution":"All three bowls of oatmeal have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 87\u00b0F bowl of oatmeal is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Susan inherited this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Susan's biological parents have red hair. Susan also has red hair.",
      "Susan's biological mother often wears her straight hair in a ponytail.",
      "Susan's neighbor also has straight hair."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nSusan has straight hair.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Delaware?",
    "choices":[
      "Dover",
      "Boston",
      "Providence",
      "Montpelier"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Northeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Dover is the capital of Delaware.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5565\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"During this time, thermal energy was transferred from () to ().",
    "choices":[
      "the surroundings . . . each aquarium",
      "each aquarium . . . the surroundings"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Two identical aquariums were next to an open window. One aquarium had a plastic cover on it, and the other was uncovered. This table shows how the temperature of each aquarium changed over 1.5hours.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Thermal energy",
    "skill":"Compare thermal energy transfers",
    "lecture":"A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy: An increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings. A decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings.",
    "solution":"The temperature of each aquarium decreased, which means that the thermal energy of each aquarium decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred from each aquarium to the surroundings.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5572\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is this plant's phenotype for the fruit texture trait?",
    "choices":[
      "fuzzy fruit",
      "smooth fruit"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"In a group of tomato plants, some individuals have smooth fruit and others have fuzzy fruit. In this group, the gene for the fruit texture trait has two alleles. The allele for smooth fruit (F) is dominant over the allele for fuzzy fruit (f).\nA certain tomato plant from this group has the homozygous genotype ff for the fruit texture gene.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: dominant and recessive",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. Some traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene. An organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene. An organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene. The types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. A dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers. A recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.",
    "solution":"The tomato plant's genotype for the fruit texture gene is ff. The tomato plant's genotype of ff has only f alleles. The f allele is for fuzzy fruit. So, the tomato plant's phenotype for the fruit texture trait must be fuzzy fruit.\nTo check this answer, consider whether the tomato plant's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for smooth fruit (F) is dominant over the allele for fuzzy fruit (f). This means F is a dominant allele, and f is a recessive allele.\nThe tomato plant's genotype of ff has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, the tomato plant's phenotype for the fruit texture trait must be fuzzy fruit.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material, but some of them are different sizes and shapes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller.",
    "solution":"The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.\nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5579\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is this organism's scientific name?",
    "choices":[
      "common carp",
      "Cyprinus carpio"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This organism is Cyprinus carpio. It is also called a common carp.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification and scientific names",
    "skill":"Identify common and scientific names",
    "lecture":"An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know. An organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English. Scientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca.",
    "solution":"Cyprinus carpio is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not.\nSo, Cyprinus carpio is the scientific name.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5586\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?",
    "choices":[
      "David and Eric drove together, so this sweatshirt is probably David's.",
      "David and Eric drove together, so this sweatshirt is probably his."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"pronouns",
    "category":"Pronouns and antecedents",
    "skill":"Identify vague pronoun references",
    "lecture":"When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.",
    "solution":"The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun his could refer to David's or Eric's.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. His has been replaced with David's.\nDavid and Eric drove together, so this sweatshirt is probably David's.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Kraken's phenotype for the tail spots trait?",
    "choices":[
      "a spotted tail",
      "an unspotted tail"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"In a group of guppies, some individuals have a spotted tail and others have an unspotted tail. In this group, the gene for the tail spots trait has two alleles. The allele for a spotted tail (I) is dominant over the allele for an unspotted tail (i).\nKraken is a guppy from this group. Kraken has the homozygous genotype II for the tail spots gene.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: dominant and recessive",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. Some traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene. An organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene. An organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene. The types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. A dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers. A recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.",
    "solution":"Kraken's genotype for the tail spots gene is II. Kraken's genotype of II has only I allelles. The I allele is for a spotted tail. So, Kraken's phenotype for the tail spots trait must be a spotted tail.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Kraken's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for a spotted tail (I) is dominant over the allele for an unspotted tail (i). This means I is a dominant allele, and i is a recessive allele.\nKraken's genotype of II has two dominant alleles. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Kraken's phenotype for the tail spots trait must be a spotted tail.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the mass of a small candy bar?",
    "choices":[
      "30 kilograms",
      "30 grams"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of mass",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Mass is a measurement of how much matter something contains. There are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms. There are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram. A paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the mass of a small candy bar is 30 grams.\n30 kilograms is too heavy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following trait inherited or acquired?\nShelley has naturally pale skin.",
    "choices":[
      "inherited",
      "acquired"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Hint: Humans are born with their skin color.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Identify inherited and acquired traits",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.",
    "solution":"Humans do not choose their skin color. Babies get their skin color from their parents. So, Shelley's skin color is an inherited trait.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "New Zealand",
      "Papua New Guinea",
      "Tonga",
      "Palau"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Oceania: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of Oceania",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is New Zealand.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5600\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is oxygen a solid, a liquid, or a gas?",
    "choices":[
      "a gas",
      "a liquid",
      "a solid"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"States of matter",
    "skill":"Classify matter as solid, liquid, or gas",
    "lecture":"Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own. Some solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid. When matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle. Some liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk. When matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space. Many gases are invisible. Air is a gas.",
    "solution":"Oxygen is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space.\nOxygen can be stored in metal tanks. If oxygen leaks out of the tank, the oxygen will expand into the space around the tank.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5601\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the animal that has a backbone.",
    "choices":[
      "fly",
      "human"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Hint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians all have backbones.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify animals with and without backbones",
    "lecture":"Some animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange. Other animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body.",
    "solution":"A human is a mammal. Like other mammals, a human has a backbone.\nA fly is an insect. Like other insects, a fly does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of New York?",
    "choices":[
      "Albany",
      "Providence",
      "Buffalo",
      "Augusta"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Northeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Albany is the capital of New York.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5604\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following could Edward's test show?",
    "choices":[
      "which design would have the least traffic noise in the concert area",
      "which design would have the greatest distance between the concert area and the road",
      "if at least 20% of the park would be shaded by trees in each design"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design.\nThe passage below describes how the engineering-design process was used to test a solution to a problem. Read the passage. Then answer the question below.\n\nEdward was a landscape architect who was hired to design a new city park. The city council wanted the park to have space for outdoor concerts and to have at least 20% of the park shaded by trees. Edward thought the concert area should be at least 150 meters from the road so traffic noise didn't interrupt the music. He developed three possible designs for the park with the concert area in a different location in each design. Then, he tested each design by measuring the distance between the road and the concert area.\nFigure: studying an architect's design.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Engineering practices",
    "skill":"Evaluate tests of engineering-design solutions",
    "lecture":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured. Imagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves. First, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind. Then, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved. Tests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5605\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material, but some of them are different shapes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.",
    "solution":"Both magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.\nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5619\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?",
    "choices":[
      "It explains how to install the new software and download add-ons.",
      "The website explains how to install the new software and download add-ons."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Pronouns and antecedents",
    "skill":"Identify vague pronoun references",
    "lecture":"When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.",
    "solution":"The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it is used without its antecedent.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the website.\nThe website explains how to install the new software and download add-ons.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nJenny was known among her coworkers for her spartan ways.",
    "choices":[
      "Shakespeare",
      "Greek history"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. Here, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion spartan is Greek history.\nSoldiers from the city of Sparta in ancient Greece were known for their self-restraint, self-discipline, and indifference to luxury.\nThe allusion spartan means simple and austere.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the probability that a cucumber plant produced by this cross will be homozygous dominant for the fruit sheen gene?",
    "choices":[
      "2\/4",
      "3\/4",
      "0\/4",
      "1\/4",
      "4\/4"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":"In a group of cucumber plants, some individuals have dull fruit and others have glossy fruit. In this group, the gene for the fruit sheen trait has two alleles. The allele for dull fruit (F) is dominant over the allele for glossy fruit (f).\nThis Punnett square shows a cross between two cucumber plants.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Use Punnett squares to calculate probabilities of offspring types",
    "lecture":"Offspring genotypes: homozygous or heterozygous? How do you determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for a gene? Look at the alleles in the organism's genotype for that gene. An organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. If both alleles are dominant, the organism is homozygous dominant for the gene. If both alleles are recessive, the organism is homozygous recessive for the gene. An organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. In a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype.  Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes. An event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction: probability of an event = number of ways the event can happen \/ number of equally likely outcomes You can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff. <br\/><br\/>  | F | f<br\/> F | FF | Ff<br\/> f | Ff | ff<br\/> <br\/> Consider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction: number of ways the event can happen \/ number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff \/ total number of boxes = 1 \/ 4",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5624\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Does the sentence use a simile or a metaphor?\nFrom across the room, Uncle Logan's laughter was booming thunder.",
    "choices":[
      "simile",
      "metaphor"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Identify similes and metaphors",
    "lecture":"Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike. A simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as. My sister runs like a cheetah. The sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like. A cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast. The cat's fur was as dark as the night. The cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as. The night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark. A metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as. The snow formed a blanket over the town. The snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as. A blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely. Using similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader.",
    "solution":"From across the room, Uncle Logan's laughter was booming thunder.\nThe words laughter and thunder are compared without the word like or as. So, the sentence uses a metaphor.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following statement about our solar system true or false?\nJupiter's volume is more than 1,000 times that of Earth.",
    "choices":[
      "false",
      "true"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Use the data to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"true-or-false",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Astronomy",
    "skill":"Analyze data to compare properties of planets",
    "lecture":"A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet. The primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation. For example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km^3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 10^15 km^3. To compare two numbers written in scientific notation, first compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example: 1.43 x 10^15 is larger than 1.43 x 10^12 If their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example: 1.43 x 10^15 is larger than 1.25 x 10^15 To multiply a number written in scientific notation by a power of 10, write the multiple of 10 as 10 raised to an exponent. Then, add the exponents. For example: 1.43 x 10^15 \u00b7 1000 = 1.43 x 10^15 \u00b7 10^3 = 1.43 x 10^(15 + 3) = 1.43 x 10^18",
    "solution":"To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 1,000 times the volume of Earth.\nThen compare the result to the volume of Jupiter. The volume of Jupiter is 1.43 x 10^15 km^3, which is more than 1.08 x 10^15 km^3. So, Jupiter's volume is more than 1,000 times that of Earth.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5630\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Idaho?",
    "choices":[
      "Louisville",
      "Nampa",
      "Boise",
      "Cheyenne"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify the 50 state capitals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Boise is the capital of Idaho.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5646\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "repel",
      "attract"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces. Magnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S). Here are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles. If opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5647\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following fossils is younger? Select the more likely answer.",
    "choices":[
      "fern",
      "feather"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This diagram shows fossils in an undisturbed sedimentary rock sequence.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Fossils",
    "skill":"Compare ages of fossils in a rock sequence",
    "lecture":"A fossil is the preserved evidence of an ancient organism. Some fossils are formed from body parts such as bones or shells. Other fossils, such as footprints or burrows, are formed from traces of an organism's activities. Fossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually form in layers. Over time, new layers are added on top of old layers in a series called a rock sequence. The layers in an undisturbed rock sequence are in the same order as when they formed. So, the deeper layers are older than the shallower layers. The relative ages of fossils can be determined from their positions in an undisturbed rock sequence. Older fossils are usually in deeper layers, and younger fossils are usually in shallower layers.",
    "solution":"Look again at the fossils in the rock sequence diagram.\nCompare the positions of these fossils to determine which one is younger:\nThe fern fossil is in a shallower layer in the rock sequence than the feather fossil. So, the fern fossil is most likely younger than the feather fossil.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5652\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which closing is correct for a letter?",
    "choices":[
      "With Love,\nDevin",
      "With love,\nDevin"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Greetings and closings of letters",
    "lecture":"A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue. Dear Aunt Sue, I'm glad you could come to my party, and thank you for the birthday gift. I could not have asked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think of you. With love, Rory",
    "solution":"The first closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ngalleon - glorious",
    "choices":[
      "gently",
      "goose"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince gently is between the guide words galleon - glorious, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "the Marshall Islands",
      "Vanuatu",
      "Tuvalu",
      "Nauru"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Oceania: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of Oceania",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is Vanuatu.\nDoes Vanuatu have any territorial disputes?\nVanuatu claims to own Matthew and Hunter Islands, which are disputed islands. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the islands rightfully belong to them.\nFrance has controlled the islands since 1929. But shortly after gaining independence in 1980, Vanuatu claimed to rightfully own the islands. It points to underwater geographic features and legends passed down by its people to argue that it has stronger connections to the islands than France. No one lives on the islands today.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5679\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which two months have the lowest average precipitation in Salt Lake City?",
    "choices":[
      "February and March",
      "July and August",
      "November and December"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Use the graph to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Use climate data to make predictions",
    "lecture":"Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average precipitation for each month. The average precipitation can be used to describe the climate of a location. A bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average.",
    "solution":"To describe the average precipitation trends in Salt Lake City, look at the graph.\nChoice \"Feb\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Mar\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Aug\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Nov\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Dec\" is incorrect.\nJuly and August each have an average precipitation of less than 1 inch. All other months have a higher average precipitation.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5686\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Assume all other forces on Latrell are balanced. Which statement describes the forces on Latrell?",
    "choices":[
      "The forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Latrell.",
      "The forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Latrell."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Latrell is standing on a diving board at the pool. Earth's gravity is pulling down on Latrell with a force of 400N. The diving board is pushing up on Latrell with a force of 400N.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Balanced and unbalanced forces",
    "lecture":"A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces. When opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object. When opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object.",
    "solution":"To determine if there is a net force on Latrell, look at the forces:\nEarth's gravity is pulling Latrell down with a force of 400 N.\nThe diving board is pushing Latrell up with a force of 400 N.\nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have the same magnitude: 400 N. This means that the forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Latrell.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the mammal below.",
    "choices":[
      "sea otter",
      "salmon"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Mammals have hair or fur and feed their young milk. A gray wolf is an example of a mammal.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common. Scientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.",
    "solution":"A sea otter is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.\nA salmon is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5701\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "repel",
      "attract"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.\n\nHint: Magnets that attract pull together. Magnets that repel push apart.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south. Here are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S. If different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5705\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Identify the question that Damon's experiment can best answer.",
    "choices":[
      "Do muffins made with white flour have larger volumes than muffins made with whole wheat flour?",
      "Does the type of flour used in the muffins affect the number of muffins that turn brown after 30 minutes in the oven?"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below.\n\nDamon made six batches of muffins over the course of one day. He used whole wheat flour in three of the batches and white flour in the other three batches. He divided the batter into muffin tins, using two ounces of batter per muffin. He baked the muffins in a 350\u00b0F oven for 20 minutes. After allowing the muffins to cool, Damon measured the dimensions of the muffins and calculated their volumes. He compared the volumes of the muffins made with whole wheat flour to the volumes of the muffins made with white flour.\nFigure: muffins cooling.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify the experimental question",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment. Imagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured. First, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested. Then, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured. Experiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height. Examples of questions that this experiment can answer include: Does soil type affect the height of daffodil plants? Do daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil? Are daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5706\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nFrank's Falstaffian nature makes him stand out at a party.",
    "choices":[
      "Shakespeare",
      "the Bible"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. The protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose. The word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion Falstaffian is Shakespeare.\nSir John Falstaff, a comical character in several of William Shakespeare's plays, is known for his cheerful sociability and sometimes off-color humor.\nThe allusion Falstaffian means characterized by joviality and enjoyment of food and drink.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which type of sentence is this?\nAs Brian sat down on the rickety old chair, it abruptly collapsed beneath him.",
    "choices":[
      "simple",
      "compound-complex",
      "complex",
      "compound"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Phrases and clauses",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex?",
    "lecture":"A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence. the oranges on our tree are ripe The clause can stand alone. It is independent. after we pick up Kevin from work The clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent. A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause. Ben and I spent all day relaxing by the pool. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat. Ben usually wears his heavy coat in the winter. A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. We saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose. If she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. During his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome. A compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. After Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym. Sometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause. Orcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.",
    "solution":"The sentence is complex. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction as.\nAs Brian sat down on the rickety old chair, it abruptly collapsed beneath him.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ndreadful - dye",
    "choices":[
      "dodge",
      "dump"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince dump is between the guide words dreadful - dye, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nMia's sweater shrank just a bit. It fits her baby sister now.",
    "choices":[
      "apostrophe",
      "understatement"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify the figure of speech: anaphora, antithesis, apostrophe, assonance, chiasmus, understatement",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Anaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses. We are united. We are powerful. We are winners. Antithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure. I want to help, not to hurt. Apostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity. Oh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully? Assonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words. Try to light the fire. Chiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words. Never let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you. Understatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is. As you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.",
    "solution":"The text uses understatement, which involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nShrank just a bit is an understatement, since the baby is presumably much smaller than Mia.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "attract",
      "repel"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.\n\nHint: Magnets that attract pull together. Magnets that repel push apart.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south. Here are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S. If different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5727\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"How long does it take to fry an egg in a pan?",
    "choices":[
      "4 seconds",
      "4 minutes"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose units of time",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Imagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds? The number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing. Time is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven. There are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute. There are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for how long it takes to fry an egg in a pan is 4 minutes.\n4 seconds is too fast.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the direction of this push?",
    "choices":[
      "toward the tennis racket",
      "away from the tennis racket"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"A tennis player hits the ball with his racket. The racket pushes the ball over the net.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Identify pushes and pulls",
    "lecture":"One object can make another object move with a push or a pull. The direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing. The direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling.",
    "solution":"A racket hitting a tennis ball is a type of push. The tennis player hits the ball away from his racket. So, the ball flies over the net. The direction of the push is away from the tennis racket.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5735\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence.\nThe Japan Trench formed at a () boundary.",
    "choices":[
      "divergent",
      "convergent",
      "transform"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the passage and look at the picture.\nThe Japan Trench is a deep-sea trench east of the islands of Japan. The trench formed as the Pacific Plate subducted, or sank, below the Okhotsk Plate. The two plates continue to move toward each other. This movement can cause devastating earthquakes in Japan, such as a magnitude 9.0 earthquake that occurred on March 11, 2011.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Plate tectonics",
    "skill":"Describe tectonic plate boundaries around the world",
    "lecture":"The outer layer of Earth is broken up into many pieces called tectonic plates, or simply plates. The breaks between plates are called plate boundaries. Plate boundaries are classified by the way the plates are moving relative to each other: At a divergent boundary, two plates are moving away from each other. At a transform boundary, two plates are sliding past each other. At a convergent boundary, two plates are moving toward each other. One type of convergent boundary is an ocean-ocean subduction zone, which forms when two plates with oceanic crust move toward each other. One of the plates subducts, or sinks, below the other. When one of the plates subducts, a deep-sea trench forms at the plate boundary. Some rock in the subducting plate melts into magma and rises toward the surface. The magma cools and hardens to create a string of volcanoes in the ocean called a volcanic island arc.",
    "solution":"To figure out what type of plate boundary formed the Japan Trench, you need to know how the tectonic plates interacted. To find this out, read the passage carefully.\nThe Japan Trench is a deep-sea trench east of the islands of Japan. The trench formed as the Pacific Plate subducted, or sank, below the Okhotsk Plate. The two plates continue to move toward each other. This movement can cause devastating earthquakes in Japan, such as a magnitude 9.0 earthquake that occurred on March 11, 2011.\nThe underlined part of the passage explains that the Japan Trench formed as the two plates moved toward each other. So, the Japan Trench formed at a convergent boundary.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5746\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Where are spores released from?",
    "choices":[
      "spore cases on a heart-shaped plant",
      "spore cases on a mature fern"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This diagram shows the life cycle of a fern.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Plant reproduction",
    "skill":"Moss and fern life cycles",
    "lecture":"Fern plants reproduce using both asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction. Mature ferns have flat leaves called fronds. Ferns have structures that look like small dots on the underside of their fronds. These structures are called spore cases. The mature ferns use asexual reproduction to make spores. When the spore cases open, the spores are released. When a spore lands on the ground and germinates, it grows into a small heart-shaped plant. The heart-shaped plant begins the fern's sexual reproduction stage by making eggs and sperm. Ferns live in damp environments, and sperm can swim though small water drops. Self-fertilization happens when a sperm swims to an egg on the same heart-shaped plant. Cross-fertilization happens when the sperm swims to an egg on a nearby plant. Fertilization happens when a sperm and an egg fuse. The fertilized egg germinates and grows into a mature fern. The mature fern can make spores and begin the fern life cycle again.",
    "solution":"Mature ferns have spore cases on the underside of their fronds. Spores are released from the spore cases.\nHeart-shaped plants produce eggs and sperm, not spores.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5750\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal's mouth is also adapted for gnawing?",
    "choices":[
      "nutria",
      "aardvark"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"s spend most of their life underground. They eat by biting off small pieces at a time, or gnawing. The mole rat's mouth is adapted for gnawing.\nFigure: Damara mole rat.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: beaks, mouths, and necks",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the Damara mole rat.\nThe Damara mole rat has large front teeth. Its mouth is adapted for gnawing. The large front teeth can help the Damara mole rat break off pieces of food that it can swallow.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe nutria has large front teeth. Its mouth is adapted for gnawing.\nThe aardvark has a long tube-shaped mouth and a few, small teeth. Its mouth is not adapted for gnawing. The aardvark uses its mouth to get insects out of holes and burrows.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5756\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a sentence fragment?",
    "choices":[
      "Over the summer, my cousin Brooke visited many times.",
      "A beautiful desert in the middle of the country."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is it a complete sentence, a fragment, or a run-on?",
    "lecture":"A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb. My friends walk along the path. A sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb. Knows the answer. This is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject. Who knows the answer? She knows the answer. The bright red car. This is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb. What did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped. A run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma. I knocked on the door it opened. It started raining, we ran inside. To fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence. I knocked on the door. It opened. It started raining. We ran inside. You can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. I knocked on the door, and it opened. It started raining, so we ran inside.",
    "solution":"A beautiful desert in the middle of the country is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1.",
      "The magnetic force is weaker in Pair 2."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Compare strengths of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart.",
    "solution":"Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.\nThe magnets in Pair 2 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 2 than in Pair 1.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5765\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "repel",
      "attract"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces. Magnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S). Here are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles. If opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nBoth poles of each magnet line up with both poles of the other magnet. The south pole of each magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5768\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"The movers lift the boxes at the same speed. Which box is lifted with a larger force?",
    "choices":[
      "a box holding 42 pounds",
      "a box holding 39 pounds"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two movers are putting heavy boxes into their truck. The boxes are the same shape and size. Each mover lifts one box up into the truck at a time.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"How do mass and force affect motion?",
    "lecture":"A force is a push or a pull. A force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction. Forces can be different sizes. Think about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object.",
    "solution":"Look for the box that is heavier.\nA box holding 42 pounds is heavier than a box holding 39 pounds. So, the box holding 42 pounds needs a larger force to start moving upward at the same speed as the other box.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nGreta was known among her coworkers for her spartan ways.",
    "choices":[
      "Shakespeare",
      "Greek history"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. Here, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion spartan is Greek history.\nSoldiers from the city of Sparta in ancient Greece were known for their self-restraint, self-discipline, and indifference to luxury.\nThe allusion spartan means simple and austere.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following statement about our solar system true or false?\nHalf of the planets are made mainly of gas or ice.",
    "choices":[
      "false",
      "true"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Use the data to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"true-or-false",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Astronomy",
    "skill":"Analyze data to compare properties of planets",
    "lecture":"A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet. The primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.",
    "solution":"The table tells you that of the eight planets, two are made mainly of gas and two are made mainly of ice. So, four of the eight, or half, of the planets are made mainly of gas or ice.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5779\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "sample A",
      "sample B",
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"Each particle in the two samples has the same mass, and the particles in both samples have the same average speed. So, the particles in both samples have the same average kinetic energy.\nBecause the particles in both samples have the same average kinetic energy, the samples must have the same temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5785\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Beth acquired this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Beth's mother speaks one language.",
      "Beth learned to speak two languages in school."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nBeth speaks two languages.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Heredity",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the solid.",
    "choices":[
      "air inside a beach ball",
      "chocolate syrup",
      "apple juice",
      "thread"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"States of matter",
    "skill":"Identify solids, liquids, and gases",
    "lecture":"Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own. Some solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid. When matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle. Some liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk. When matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space. Many gases are invisible. Air is a gas.",
    "solution":"Apple juice is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour apple juice into a different container, the apple juice will take the shape of that container. But the apple juice will still take up the same amount of space.\nThe air inside a beach ball is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. The air fills all the space inside the beach ball. If air leaks out, it will expand into the space around the ball.\nChocolate syrup is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour chocolate syrup into a container, the chocolate syrup will take the shape of that container. But the chocolate syrup will still take up the same amount of space.\nThread is a solid that can be bent or tangled. But it still has a size and shape of its own.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the mass of a full box of cereal?",
    "choices":[
      "20 ounces",
      "20 pounds",
      "20 tons"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of mass",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Mass is a measurement of how much matter something contains. There are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons. There are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton. So, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton. A slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the mass of a full box of cereal is 20 ounces.\n20 pounds and 20 tons are both too heavy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"In the 1760s, smuggling was an important part of the colonial economy. What does smuggling mean?",
    "choices":[
      "stealing goods from foreign merchants",
      "shipping goods secretly or illegally",
      "producing metal from minerals and rocks",
      "trading one good for another without the use of money"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"The American Revolution",
    "skill":"The American Revolution: New British taxes",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Smuggling means shipping goods into or out of a place secretly or illegally.\nWhy did the colonists smuggle?\nSmuggling was a way for the colonists to trade with anyone they wanted. British laws often said the colonies could only trade with Great Britain or British colonies. Smugglers ignored these laws and traded with other countries anyway.\nSmuggling was also a way for colonial merchants to avoid paying taxes. If the British tax collectors did not know a product was coming into the colonies, they had no way to tax it.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?",
    "choices":[
      "Sophia took the memory card out of the digital camera and put the card in her desk drawer.",
      "Sophia took the memory card out of the digital camera and put it in her desk drawer."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Pronouns",
    "skill":"Identify vague pronoun references",
    "lecture":"When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.",
    "solution":"The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to the memory card or the digital camera.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the card.\nSophia took the memory card out of the digital camera and put the card in her desk drawer.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What can Aiden and Jeffrey trade to each get what they want?",
    "choices":[
      "Aiden can trade his tomatoes for Jeffrey's sandwich.",
      "Jeffrey can trade his broccoli for Aiden's oranges.",
      "Aiden can trade his tomatoes for Jeffrey's broccoli.",
      "Jeffrey can trade his almonds for Aiden's tomatoes."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.\nAiden and Jeffrey open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Both of them could be happier with their lunches. Aiden wanted broccoli in his lunch and Jeffrey was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Trade and specialization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Aiden wanted broccoli in his lunch and Jeffrey was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.\nAiden has tomatoes. Jeffrey has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5818\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "New York",
      "Rhode Island",
      "New Jersey",
      "Michigan"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"English colonies in North America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is New Jersey.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5819\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nMr. Nolan has a reputation as a Scrooge, so our club has stopped asking him for donations.",
    "choices":[
      "the Bible",
      "literature"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. Here, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion Scrooge is literature.\nThe novella A Christmas Carol, by Charles Dickens, tells the story of the penny-pinching and bitter Ebenezer Scrooge, who values money more than people.\nThe allusion Scrooge means a person who isn't generous.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word does not rhyme?",
    "choices":[
      "drink",
      "thank",
      "yank"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"phonological-awareness",
    "category":"Rhyming",
    "skill":"Which word does not rhyme?",
    "lecture":"Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound. The words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound. The words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings. The words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.",
    "solution":"The words thank and yank rhyme. They both end with the ank sound.\nThe word drink does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest north?",
    "choices":[
      "South Carolina",
      "Oklahoma",
      "Louisiana",
      "Maine"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Maine is farthest north.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5848\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which closing is correct for a letter?",
    "choices":[
      "See you soon,\nDustin",
      "See You Soon,\nDustin"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Greetings and closings of letters",
    "lecture":"A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue. Dear Aunt Sue, I'm glad you could come to my party, and thank you for the birthday gift. I could not have asked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think of you. With love, Rory",
    "solution":"The second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "Georgia",
      "Connecticut",
      "Maryland",
      "Wisconsin"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"Colonial America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is Georgia.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5852\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Tennessee?",
    "choices":[
      "Atlanta",
      "Nashville",
      "Memphis",
      "Knoxville"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Southeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Nashville is the capital of Tennessee.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5853\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Alaska?",
    "choices":[
      "Fairbanks",
      "Carson City",
      "Boise",
      "Juneau"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Juneau is the capital of Alaska.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5855\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "Rhode Island",
      "Massachusetts",
      "Pennsylvania",
      "Wisconsin"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"Colonial America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is Massachusetts.\nThe Massachusetts Colony included land that would later become the state of Maine. Maine was never its own colony.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5862\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Salem's phenotype for the agouti fur trait?",
    "choices":[
      "not having agouti fur",
      "having agouti fur"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This passage describes the agouti fur trait in cats:\n\nIn a group of cats, some individuals have agouti fur and others do not. In this group, the gene for the agouti fur trait has two alleles. The allele for not having agouti fur (a) is recessive to the allele for having agouti fur (A).\nSalem is a cat from this group. Salem has the homozygous genotype aa for the agouti fur gene.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: dominant and recessive",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. Some traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene. An organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene. An organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene. The types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. A dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers. A recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.",
    "solution":"Salem's genotype for the agouti fur gene is aa. Salem's genotype of aa has only a alleles. The a allele is for not having agouti fur. So, Salem's phenotype for the agouti fur trait must be not having agouti fur.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Salem's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for not having agouti fur (a) is recessive to the allele for having agouti fur (A). This means A is a dominant allele, and a is a recessive allele.\nSalem's genotype of aa has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Salem's phenotype for the agouti fur trait must be not having agouti fur.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following could Luna and Alexandra's test show?",
    "choices":[
      "if the concrete from each batch took the same amount of time to dry",
      "if a new batch of concrete was firm enough to use"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design.\nThe passage below describes how the engineering-design process was used to test a solution to a problem. Read the passage. Then answer the question below.\n\nLuna and Alexandra were making batches of concrete for a construction project. To make the concrete, they mixed together dry cement powder, gravel, and water. Then, they checked if each batch was firm enough using a test called a slump test.\nThey poured some of the fresh concrete into an upside-down metal cone. They left the concrete in the metal cone for 30 seconds. Then, they lifted the cone to see if the concrete stayed in a cone shape or if it collapsed. If the concrete in a batch collapsed, they would know the batch should not be used.\nFigure: preparing a concrete slump test.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Engineering practices",
    "skill":"Evaluate tests of engineering-design solutions",
    "lecture":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured. Imagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves. First, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind. Then, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved. Tests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5873\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which i in row C?",
    "choices":[
      "the police department",
      "the fire department",
      "the fast-food restaurant",
      "the grocery store"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Use a letter-number grid",
    "lecture":"A grid is made up of lines of squares. They are organized in rows and columns. A grid can help you use a map. A row is a line of squares that goes from side to side. Rows are marked with letters. A column is a line of squares that goes up and down. Columns are marked with numbers.",
    "solution":"The fast-food restaurant is in row C.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5883\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following fossils is younger? Select the more likely answer.",
    "choices":[
      "crocodile egg",
      "feather"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This diagram shows fossils in an undisturbed sedimentary rock sequence.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Fossils",
    "skill":"Compare ages of fossils in a rock sequence",
    "lecture":"A fossil is the preserved evidence of an ancient organism. Some fossils are formed from body parts such as bones or shells. Other fossils, such as footprints or burrows, are formed from traces of an organism's activities. Fossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually form in layers. Over time, new layers are added on top of old layers in a series called a rock sequence. The layers in an undisturbed rock sequence are in the same order as when they formed. So, the deeper layers are older than the shallower layers. The relative ages of fossils can be determined from their positions in an undisturbed rock sequence. Older fossils are usually in deeper layers, and younger fossils are usually in shallower layers.",
    "solution":"Look again at the fossils in the rock sequence diagram.\nCompare the positions of these fossils to determine which one is younger:\nThe crocodile egg fossil is in a shallower layer in the rock sequence than the feather fossil. So, the crocodile egg fossil is most likely younger than the feather fossil.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5884\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a complete sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "The large mammals of the grasslands of Africa.",
      "Grandma Bella and Grandpa Fred kiss the children before bed."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is it a complete sentence, a fragment, or a run-on?",
    "lecture":"A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb. My friends walk along the path. A sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb. Knows the answer. This is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject. Who knows the answer? She knows the answer. The bright red car. This is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb. What did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped. A run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma. I knocked on the door it opened. It started raining, we ran inside. To fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence. I knocked on the door. It opened. It started raining. We ran inside. You can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. I knocked on the door, and it opened. It started raining, so we ran inside.",
    "solution":"Grandma Bella and Grandpa Fred kiss the children before bed is a complete sentence. The subject is Grandma Bella and Grandpa Fred, and the verb is kiss.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Would you find the word softly on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nseventh - sting",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince softly is between the guide words seventh - sting, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\nAccording to Mr. Austin's kids, his snoring is as quiet as a jackhammer.",
    "choices":[
      "The snoring occurs in bursts.",
      "The snoring is loud."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.",
    "solution":"The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nAs quiet as a jackhammer suggests that the snoring is loud. A jackhammer is not quiet, and neither is Mr. Austin's snoring.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the chemical formula for this molecule.",
    "choices":[
      "HO2",
      "H3O3",
      "H2O2",
      "H2O"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"Identify chemical formulas for ball-and-stick models",
    "lecture":"Every substance around you is made up of atoms. Atoms can link together to form molecules. The links between atoms in a molecule are called chemical bonds. Different molecules are made up of different chemical elements, or types of atoms, bonded together. Scientists use both ball-and-stick models and chemical formulas to represent molecules. A ball-and-stick model of a molecule is shown below. The balls represent atoms. The sticks represent the chemical bonds between the atoms. Balls that are different colors represent atoms of different elements. The element that each color represents is shown in the legend. Every element has its own abbreviation, called its atomic symbol. Every chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, that symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, it is one capital letter followed by one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element boron is B and the symbol for the element chlorine is Cl. The molecule shown above has one boron atom and three chlorine atoms. A chemical bond links each chlorine atom to the boron atom. The chemical formula for a substance contains the atomic symbol for each element in the substance. Many chemical formulas also contain subscripts. A subscript is small text placed lower than the normal line of text. Each subscript in a chemical formula is placed after the symbol for an element and tells you how many atoms of that element that symbol represents. If there is no subscript after a symbol, that symbol represents one atom. So, the chemical formula for a substance tells you which elements make up that substance. It also tells you the ratio of the atoms of those elements in the substance. For example, the chemical formula below tells you that there are three chlorine atoms for every one boron atom in the substance. This chemical formula represents the same substance as the ball-and-stick model shown above.",
    "solution":"H is the symbol for hydrogen. According to the legend, hydrogen atoms are shown in light gray. O is the symbol for oxygen. According to the legend, oxygen atoms are shown in red. This ball-and-stick model shows a molecule with two hydrogen atoms and two oxygen atoms. The chemical formula will contain the symbols H and O. There are two hydrogen atoms, so H will have a subscript of 2. There are two oxygen atoms, so O will have a subscript of 2. The correct formula is H2 O2. The diagram below shows how each part of the chemical formula matches with each part of the model above.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5916\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the probability that a rat produced by this cross will have a dwarf body?",
    "choices":[
      "4\/4",
      "0\/4",
      "3\/4",
      "1\/4",
      "2\/4"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"In a group of rats, some individuals have a normal-sized body and others have a dwarf body. In this group, the gene for the body size trait has two alleles. The allele for a dwarf body (b) is recessive to the allele for a normal-sized body (B).\nThis Punnett square shows a cross between two rats.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Use Punnett squares to calculate probabilities of offspring types",
    "lecture":"Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive? How do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. If an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait. If an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait. In a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes. An event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction: probability of an event = number of ways the event can happen \/ number of equally likely outcomes You can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff. <br\/><br\/>  | F | f<br\/> F | FF | Ff<br\/> f | Ff | ff<br\/> <br\/> Consider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction: number of ways the event can happen \/ number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff \/ total number of boxes = 1 \/ 4.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5921\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which sentence states a fact?",
    "choices":[
      "The Phantom of the Opera became the longest running show in Broadway history on January 9, 2006.",
      "The Phantom of the Opera has the perfect mix of singing, acting, and dancing."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Distinguish facts from opinions",
    "lecture":"Statements of fact make claims that are based on research, observation, or experimentation. Facts can be proved with evidence. Napoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI. This statement is a fact. The statement can be verified by researching and comparing the height of each man. Statements of opinion make claims that are based on personal judgments or perspectives. Opinions can be supported by evidence, but they cannot be definitively proved. Napoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI. This statement is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" leader, so the statement cannot be proved.",
    "solution":"The second sentence states a fact. It can be verified by looking up when The Phantom of the Opera became the longest running show on Broadway.\nThe Phantom of the Opera became the longest running show in Broadway history on January 9, 2006.\nThe first sentence states an opinion. The perfect mix indicates a personal judgment.\nThe Phantom of the Opera has the perfect mix of singing, acting, and dancing.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the volume of a water balloon?",
    "choices":[
      "515 milliliters",
      "515 liters"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Volume is a measurement of how much space something takes up. There are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters. There are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter. A raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the volume of a water balloon is 515 milliliters.\n515 liters is too much.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Pollinators move pollen from one part of a flower to another. Where does a pollinator pick up pollen?",
    "choices":[
      "the pistil",
      "the anthers"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This diagram shows the life cycle of an apple tree.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Plant reproduction",
    "skill":"Angiosperm and conifer life cycles",
    "lecture":"Flowering plants, called angiosperms, use their flowers for sexual reproduction. Flowers can have male parts, female parts, or both! The male part is called the stamen, and the female part is called the pistil. Both the male and female parts are needed for sexual reproduction. The female part produces eggs, and the male part produces pollen. Pollen contains cells that become sperm. Pollination happens when pollen lands on top of the pistil. Self-pollination happens when a plant with both male and female parts pollinates itself. Cross-pollination happens when pollen from one plant lands on the pistil of a flower on a different plant. Animals, including birds and insects, can be pollinators. Many pollinators come to flowers to get food. As a pollinator feeds, it moves pollen from one flower to another. After pollination, sperm from the pollen fuse with eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs then grow into seeds. When a seed lands on the ground, it can germinate and grow into a new plant. The new plant can grow flowers and begin the angiosperm plant life cycle again.",
    "solution":"Anthers make pollen. When a pollinator brushes against the anthers, pollen might stick to the pollinator.\nA pollinator may drop pollen on the pistil. This is called pollination. But a pollinator does not pick up pollen from the pistil.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5935\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is this plant's phenotype for the fruit color trait?",
    "choices":[
      "green fruit",
      "yellow fruit"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"In a group of ornamental gourd plants, some individuals have yellow fruit and others have green fruit. In this group, the gene for the fruit color trait has two alleles. The allele for yellow fruit (F) is dominant over the allele for green fruit (f).\nA certain ornamental gourd plant from this group has the homozygous genotype ff for the fruit color gene.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: dominant and recessive",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. Some traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene. An organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene. An organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene. The types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. A dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers. A recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.",
    "solution":"The ornamental gourd plant's genotype for the fruit color gene is ff. The ornamental gourd plant's genotype of ff has only f alleles. The f allele is for green fruit. So, the ornamental gourd plant's phenotype for the fruit color trait must be green fruit.\nTo check this answer, consider whether the ornamental gourd plant's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for yellow fruit (F) is dominant over the allele for green fruit (f). This means F is a dominant allele, and f is a recessive allele.\nThe ornamental gourd plant's genotype of ff has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, the ornamental gourd plant's phenotype for the fruit color trait must be green fruit.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\nAccording to Mr. Lam's kids, his snoring is as quiet as a jackhammer.",
    "choices":[
      "The snoring is subtle.",
      "The snoring is loud."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.",
    "solution":"The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nAs quiet as a jackhammer suggests that the snoring is loud. A jackhammer is not quiet, and neither is Mr. Lam's snoring.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the temperature of the air inside of a freezer?",
    "choices":[
      "16\u00b0C",
      "16\u00b0F"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Estimate temperatures",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Temperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units. <br\/><br\/> 212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0C<br\/> 98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0C<br\/> 68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0C<br\/> 32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0C<br\/>",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the temperature of the air inside of a freezer is 16\u00b0F.\n16\u00b0C is too hot.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "attract",
      "repel"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south. Here are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S. If opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5949\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which correctly shows the title of a book?",
    "choices":[
      "\"Nothing but the Truth\"",
      "***Nothing but the Truth***"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Formatting titles",
    "lecture":"The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead. A Midsummer Night's Dream The title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks. \"You Are My Sunshine\"",
    "solution":"A book should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **Nothing but the Truth**.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?",
    "choices":[
      "Gary's arm was injured when he tackled Dave during the football game.",
      "When Gary tackled Dave during the football game, his arm was injured."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Pronouns and antecedents",
    "skill":"Identify vague pronoun references",
    "lecture":"When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.",
    "solution":"The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun his could refer to Gary's or Dave's.\nWhen Gary tackled Dave during the football game, his arm was injured.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nGary's arm was injured when he tackled Dave during the football game.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest north?",
    "choices":[
      "Kansas",
      "Arizona",
      "North Carolina",
      "Florida"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Maps",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Kansas is farthest north.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5964\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the volume of a bathroom sink?",
    "choices":[
      "3 fluid ounces",
      "3 gallons",
      "3 cups"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Volume is a measurement of how much space something takes up. There are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons. As the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon. A glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the volume of a bathroom sink is 3 gallons.\n3 fluid ounces and 3 cups are both too little.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the water in a bathtub a solid or a liquid?",
    "choices":[
      "a liquid",
      "a solid"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"States of matter",
    "skill":"Classify matter as solid or liquid",
    "lecture":"Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own. Some solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break. A glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid. When matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container. Think about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space. Juice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid.",
    "solution":"The water in a bathtub is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in.\nIf you move the water from a bathtub into a different container, the water will take the shape of that container. But the water will still take up the same amount of space.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/5982\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nIt has not rained in over a week at Marie's house.",
    "choices":[
      "climate",
      "weather"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"What's the difference between weather and climate?",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the text carefully.\nIt has not rained in over a week at Marie's house.\nThis passage tells you about the precipitation last week at Marie's house. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Would you find the word precious on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\npaper - push",
    "choices":[
      "no",
      "yes"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince precious is between the guide words paper - push, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Suppose Gavin decides to get the vanilla fudge ripple ice cream. Which result would be a cost?",
    "choices":[
      "Gavin will give up the chance to get a free waffle cone. He would have enjoyed the waffle cone.",
      "Gavin will get to eat the vanilla fudge ripple ice cream. He likes this flavor more than sweet cream."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Gavin is deciding whether to get vanilla fudge ripple ice cream or sweet cream ice cream. He likes vanilla fudge ripple more than sweet cream. But a scoop of sweet cream ice cream comes with a free waffle cone.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Costs and benefits",
    "lecture":"Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits. Costs are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need. Benefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.",
    "solution":"This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Gavin wants or needs:\nGavin will give up the chance to get a free waffle cone. He would have enjoyed the waffle cone.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Barbados",
      "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines",
      "Grenada",
      "Antigua and Barbuda"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"The Americas: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of the Caribbean",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6010\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Connecticut?",
    "choices":[
      "Tallahassee",
      "Frankfort",
      "Juneau",
      "Hartford"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Northeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Hartford is the capital of Connecticut.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6011\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which correctly shows the title of a magazine?",
    "choices":[
      "***The Open Road for Boys***",
      "\"The Open Road for Boys\""
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Formatting titles",
    "lecture":"The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead. A Midsummer Night's Dream The title of a poem, song, or article should be in quotation marks. \"You Are My Sunshine\"",
    "solution":"A magazine should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **The Open Road for Boys**.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Using only these supplies, which question can Todd investigate with an experiment?",
    "choices":[
      "Do cloth towels dry faster if they are hung in the laundry room or in the backyard?",
      "Does a small cloth towel or a large cloth towel dry faster when hung in the backyard?",
      "When hung in the laundry room, do black cloth towels or white cloth towels dry more quickly?"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"After Todd cleans up a spill, he hangs a wet cloth towel in the laundry room. Two hours later, he notices that the towel has partially dried. He wonders what factors affect how cloth dries. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\ntwo identical white cloth towels\nwater\na clothesline in the laundry room\na clothesline in the backyard",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Does the sentence use a simile or a metaphor?\nMy dog, Scooter, is the security guard for our front yard mailbox.",
    "choices":[
      "metaphor",
      "simile"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Identify similes and metaphors",
    "lecture":"Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike. A simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as. My sister runs like a cheetah. The sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like. A cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast. The cat's fur was as dark as the night. The cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as. The night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark. A metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as. The snow formed a blanket over the town. The snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as. A blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely. Using similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader.",
    "solution":"My dog, Scooter, is the security guard for our front yard mailbox.\nThe words Scooter and security guard are compared without the word like or as. So, the sentence uses a metaphor.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Isaac inherited this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Isaac's biological mother often wears her naturally brown hair in a bun.",
      "Isaac and his siblings all have naturally straight hair.",
      "Isaac and his biological father have short hair."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nIsaac has naturally brown hair.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ntea - touch",
    "choices":[
      "talk",
      "thrifty"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince thrifty is between the guide words tea - touch, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same genus as the bighorn sheep.",
    "choices":[
      "Ovis aries",
      "Castor canadensis",
      "Strix nebulosa"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This organism is a bighorn sheep. Its scientific name is Ovis canadensis.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification and scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"A bighorn sheep's scientific name is Ovis canadensis. The first word of its scientific name is Ovis.\nCastor canadensis and Ovis canadensis are not in the same genus.\nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Castor canadensis and Ovis canadensis have the same species name within their genus, canadensis. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Castor canadensis is in the genus Castor, and Ovis canadensis is in the genus Ovis.\nStrix nebulosa is in the genus Strix. The first word of its scientific name is Strix. So, Strix nebulosa and Ovis canadensis are not in the same genus.\nOvis aries is in the genus Ovis. The first word of its scientific name is Ovis. So, Ovis aries and Ovis canadensis are in the same genus.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6033\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which statement describes the Bia\u0142owie\u017ca Forest ecosystem?",
    "choices":[
      "It has a small amount of rain or snow.",
      "It has only a few types of trees."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Figure: Bia\u0142owie\u017ca Forest.\nThe Bia\u0142owie\u017ca Forest is a temperate deciduous forest ecosystem located in Poland and Belarus. It is one of the largest and oldest forests in Europe.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Describe ecosystems",
    "lecture":"An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment. There are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other: the pattern of weather, or climate the type of soil the organisms that live there",
    "solution":"A temperate deciduous forest is a type of ecosystem. Temperate deciduous forests have the following features: warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters, soil that is rich in nutrients, and only a few types of trees. So, the following statements describe the Bia\u0142owie\u017ca Forest ecosystem: warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters, soil that is rich in nutrients, and only a few types of trees. It has only a few types of trees. It has warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters. The following statement does not describe the Bia\u0142owie\u017ca Forest: warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters, soil that is rich in nutrients, and only a few types of trees. It has a small amount of rain or snow.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6048\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the one animal that has all of the roundworm traits listed above.",
    "choices":[
      "Birdwing butterflies have an exoskeleton and six legs. Males are bright green and black, and females are brown or yellow. Both males and females have one pair of antennae.",
      "Trichina worms have soft, thin bodies. They have a cylindrical shape and do not have limbs. Trichina worms are not made up of segments. They can infect and feed off of humans, pigs, and other mammals."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Roundworms are a group of animals with similar traits. The following traits can be used to identify roundworms:\nhave a soft, cylindrical body\nhave no limbs\nare not made up of segments Observe the animals and read the descriptions.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Use evidence to classify animals",
    "lecture":"Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live. How do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group.",
    "solution":"To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nRoundworms have the following traits:\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA trichina worm has the following traits:\nA trichina worm has the traits of a roundworm. A trichina worm is a roundworm.\nA birdwing butterfly has the following traits:\nIt has six legs.\nIt has an exoskeleton.\nIt has one pair of antennae.\nA birdwing butterfly does not have all of the traits of a roundworm. A birdwing butterfly is an insect.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Jessica acquired this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Jessica learned how to knit in an after school program.",
      "Jessica knits sweaters using cotton, wool, and other types of yarn."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nJessica knows how to knit sweaters.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nDave's definitely voting for the Conservative Party in the next election because he said there was no way he was voting for the Labour Party.",
    "choices":[
      "false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist",
      "slippery slope fallacy: the false assumption that a small first step will lead to extreme consequences",
      "appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations<br\/> slippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that Dave is voting either for the candidate from the Conservative Party or the Labour Party. However, Dave might be voting for a third party\u2014or he might not be voting at all. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nIt's an open secret that Emilio is writing a book based on his experiences living in Singapore. He never talks about it, but almost all his friends know.",
    "choices":[
      "oxymoron",
      "apostrophe"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify the figure of speech: review",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Anaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses. We are united. We are powerful. We are winners. Antithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure. I want to help, not to hurt. Apostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity. Oh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully? Assonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words. Try to light the fire. Chiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words. Never let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! An oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Some reviewers are calling this book a new classic. A paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Always expect the unexpected. Understatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is. As you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.",
    "solution":"The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nOpen secret is a contradiction, because open describes something that is freely or publicly known, and a secret is hidden.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?",
    "choices":[
      "climate",
      "weather"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Figure: Dominican Republic.\nThe Dominican Republic has lush, green forests and beautiful beaches. Temperatures in the Dominican Republic are usually between 70\u00b0F and 90\u00b0F throughout the year.\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Weather and climate around the world",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the passage carefully.\nThe Dominican Republic has lush, green forests and beautiful beaches. Temperatures in the Dominican Republic are usually between 70\u00b0F and 90\u00b0F throughout the year.\nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual temperature pattern in the Dominican Republic. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6064\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"According to Newton's third law, what other force must be happening?",
    "choices":[
      "Earth is pulling on the Sun.",
      "Earth is pushing on the Sun."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Isaac Newton was born in the 1600s and studied how objects move. He discovered three fundamental laws about forces and motion. According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force.\nConsider the following force:\nThe Sun is pulling on Earth.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Predict forces using Newton's third law",
    "lecture":"According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction. For example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you.",
    "solution":"The Sun is pulling on Earth. So, Newton's third law tells you that Earth is pulling on the Sun.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which greeting is correct for a letter?",
    "choices":[
      "dear Dr. McKee,",
      "Dear Dr. McKee,"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Greetings and closings of letters",
    "lecture":"A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue. Dear Aunt Sue, I'm glad you could come to my party, and thank you for the birthday gift. I could not have asked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think of you. With love, Rory",
    "solution":"The second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Dr. McKee is capitalized because it is a proper noun.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Use the evidence in the text to select the photosynthetic organism.",
    "choices":[
      "Polar bears are the largest meat-eating land animals in the world. Polar bears live in the Arctic and hunt seals for food.",
      "Bearberries are plants found in the Arctic. Bearberry plants use energy from sunlight to make food."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Plants",
    "skill":"Identify the photosynthetic organism",
    "lecture":"Organisms that carry out photosynthesis are called photosynthetic organisms. During photosynthesis, these organisms use light energy to turn water and carbon dioxide into sugars and oxygen. Photosynthetic organisms also often have the following characteristics: They are producers, which are organisms that make their own food inside their cells. Producers don't usually eat other organisms. Their cells contain chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are cell parts where photosynthesis occurs. Their chloroplasts often contain chlorophyll, which is green. Chlorophyll captures energy from sunlight to power photosynthesis. They use the sugars they make during photosynthesis as food. This food provides the organisms with the energy they need to live.",
    "solution":"This organism is photosynthetic:\nThe text tells you that bearberry plants use energy from sunlight to make food. This is evidence that the bearberry plant is a photosynthetic organism.\nThis organism is not photosynthetic:\nThe text does not provide evidence that the polar bear is photosynthetic.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which ocean is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "the Arctic Ocean",
      "the Indian Ocean",
      "the Atlantic Ocean",
      "the Pacific Ocean"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Physical Geography",
    "skill":"Oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean.",
    "solution":"This is the Pacific Ocean.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6077\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal's limbs are also adapted for gliding?",
    "choices":[
      "Malayan colugo",
      "Sumatran orangutan"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Sugar gliders live in the forests of Southeast Asia. They have two arms and two legs. They also have a thin layer of skin, called a patagium, stretched between their arms and legs.\nSugar gliders use the patagium to glide through the air from tree to tree. The 's limbs are adapted for gliding.\nFigure: sugar glider.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: feet and limbs",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. Arms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the sugar glider.\nThe sugar glider can spread its patagium like a wing. This helps it glide through the air from the higher branches of one tree to the lower branches of another tree.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe Malayan colugo has a patagium stretched between its arms and legs. Its limbs are adapted for gliding.\nThe Sumatran orangutan has long limbs but no patagium. Its limbs are not adapted for gliding. The Sumatran orangutan uses its limbs to climb trees.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6080\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a simple sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "The nurse measured my weight and height, and then he took my pulse.",
      "The barber and his brother opened their shop in Harlem more than thirty years ago."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple, compound, or complex?",
    "lecture":"A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence. the oranges on our tree are ripe The clause can stand alone. It is independent. after we pick up Kevin from work The clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent. A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause. Ben and I spent all day relaxing by the pool. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat. Ben usually wears his heavy coat in the winter. A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. We saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while. If she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.",
    "solution":"The second sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.\nThe barber and his brother opened their shop in Harlem more than thirty years ago.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which continent is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "South America",
      "Australia",
      "Africa",
      "North America"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Identify oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"A continent is one of the seven largest areas of land on earth.",
    "solution":"This continent is North America.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6088\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Would you find the word birch on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nbanjo - block",
    "choices":[
      "no",
      "yes"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince birch is between the guide words banjo - block, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Look at the models of molecules below. Select the elementary substance.",
    "choices":[
      "ozone",
      "cyclopropane",
      "ethanol"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"Identify elementary substances and compounds using models",
    "lecture":"There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you. A substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl. Scientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride. In a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6101\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the part whose main job is to store nutrients, water, and waste in a plant cell.",
    "choices":[
      "Golgi",
      "chromosomes",
      "nucleus",
      "vacuole"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Cells",
    "skill":"Identify functions of plant cell parts",
    "lecture":"Plant cells are made up of many different parts. Each cell part has a function that helps the cell survive and grow. Some cell parts are called organelles. Organelles are cell structures that are surrounded by their own membranes. Here are some of the organelles in plant cells: Chloroplasts and mitochondria work together to help the cell get the energy it needs. The chloroplasts use photosynthesis to make sugar. The mitochondria break down this sugar and release energy that the cell can use for all of its activities. The nucleus directs cell activities by sending instructions to different parts of the cell. The nucleus contains structures called chromosomes. The chromosomes are made mostly of hereditary material called DNA. DNA contains information that the cell uses for growth and activities. These instructions tell ribosomes how to build molecules called proteins, which make up cell structures and help chemical reactions happen in the cell. The endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle that helps ribosomes build proteins. The nucleus sends instructions for making proteins to ribosomes. Ribosomes can attach to the endoplamic reticulum. The endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes use these instructions to make proteins that the cell needs to survive and grow. After proteins are made in the endoplasmic reticulum, they can be transferred to the Golgi. The Golgi is an organelle made up of flat, stacked membranes. The Golgi sorts and packages proteins and other substances. Then, the Golgi sends these substances to different parts of the cell. Some of these substances are sent to the cell membrane and released from the cell. In plant cells, the vacuole stores waste, water, and nutrients such as sugar. Most plant cells have one vacuole. Other cell parts are not surrounded by their own membranes. These cell parts are not organelles. The cell wall is the cell's tough outer covering. It gives the cell strength and stiffness and helps the cell keep its shape. On the inside of the cell wall is a thin layer called the cell membrane. This layer is a membrane, but it does not have a membrane surrounding it, so it is not an organelle. The cell membrane controls which substances enter and leave the cell. The cytoplasm is a thick liquid that fills the space inside the cell. The cytoplasm also helps the cell keep its shape and supports the other cell parts.",
    "solution":"The vacuole stores water, waste, and nutrients such as sugar. Plant cells usually have one vacuole.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Would you find the word yelp on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nyarn - yonder",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince yelp is between the guide words yarn - yonder, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which better describes the Gran Sabana ecosystem?",
    "choices":[
      "It has year-round rain. It also has soil that is poor in nutrients.",
      "It has a rainy season and a dry season. It also has soil that is poor in nutrients."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Figure: Gran Sabana.\nThe Gran Sabana is a savanna grassland ecosystem in southeastern Venezuela.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Describe ecosystems",
    "lecture":"An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment. There are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other: the pattern of weather, or climate the type of soil the organisms that live there",
    "solution":"A savanna grassland is a type of ecosystem. Savanna grasslands have the following features: warm summers and warm winters, a rainy season and a dry season, and soil that is poor in nutrients. So, the Gran Sabana has a rainy season and a dry season. It also has soil that is poor in nutrients.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6108\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which tense does the sentence use?\nDad will roast a chicken for dinner.",
    "choices":[
      "present tense",
      "future tense",
      "past tense"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"verbs",
    "category":"Verb tense",
    "skill":"Is the sentence in the past, present, or future tense?",
    "lecture":"Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now. Most present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es. Two verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms. Past tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened. Most past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed. Some verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms. Future tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen. All future-tense verbs use the word will. <br\/><br\/> Present | Past | Future<br\/> walk, walks | walked | will walk<br\/> go, goes | went | will go<br\/>",
    "solution":"The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, roast. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the vertebrate.",
    "choices":[
      "macaw",
      "black widow spider",
      "rock lobster",
      "saturn butterfly"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Hint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are vertebrates.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify vertebrates and invertebrates",
    "lecture":"Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals. A vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange. An invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body.",
    "solution":"A macaw is a bird. Like other birds, a macaw is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA saturn butterfly is an insect. Like other insects, a saturn butterfly is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA rock lobster is a crustacean. Like other crustaceans, a rock lobster is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nLike other spiders, a black widow spider is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest west?",
    "choices":[
      "Pennsylvania",
      "New Hampshire",
      "Georgia",
      "Connecticut"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Georgia is farthest west.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6113\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Jayden inherited this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Jayden uses a headband to keep his wavy hair out of his face.",
      "Jayden's biological mother has long hair. Jayden also has long hair.",
      "Jayden's biological parents have wavy hair."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nJayden has wavy hair.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"How long does it take to peel a banana?",
    "choices":[
      "13 seconds",
      "13 hours"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose units of time",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Imagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds? The number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing. Time is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven. There are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute. There are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for how long it takes to peel a banana is 13 seconds.\n13 hours is too slow.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Vicky inherited this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Vicky's father has brown eyes. He passed this trait down to Vicky.",
      "Vicky's hair is the same color as her brown eyes."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nVicky has brown eyes.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the bird below.",
    "choices":[
      "white stork",
      "koala"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Birds have feathers, two wings, and a beak. An ostrich is an example of a bird.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common. Scientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.",
    "solution":"A koala is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.\nKoalas sleep for up to 20 hours a day!\nA white stork is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nStorks wade in shallow water to look for food. Storks eat fish, insects, worms, and other small animals.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6135\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the expected ratio of offspring that have thorns to offspring that do not have thorns? Choose the most likely ratio.",
    "choices":[
      "2:2",
      "4:0",
      "0:4",
      "1:3",
      "3:1"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"In a group of rose plants, some individuals have thorns and others do not. In this group, the gene for the thorns trait has two alleles. The allele for having thorns (R) is dominant over the allele for not having thorns (r).\nThis Punnett square shows a cross between two rose plants.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Use Punnett squares to calculate ratios of offspring types",
    "lecture":"Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive? How do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. If an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait. If an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait. A Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type. For example, consider the Punnett square below. <br\/><br\/>  | F | f<br\/> F | FF | Ff<br\/> f | Ff | ff<br\/> <br\/> There is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.",
    "solution":"To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring that do or do not have thorns, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the thorns trait. The question tells you that the R allele, which is for having thorns, is dominant over the r allele, which is for not having thorns.\nHaving thorns is the dominant allele's version of the thorns trait. A rose plant with the dominant version of the thorns trait must have at least one dominant allele for the thorns gene. So, offspring that have thorns must have the genotype RR or Rr.\nThere are 0 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype RR or Rr.\nNot having thorns is the recessive allele's version of the thorns trait. A rose plant with the recessive version of the thorns trait must have only recessive alleles for the thorns gene. So, offspring that do not have thorns must have the genotype rr.\nAll 4 boxes in the Punnett square have the genotype rr.\nSo, the expected ratio of offspring that have thorns to offspring that do not have thorns is 0:4. This means that, based on the Punnett square, this cross will never produce offspring that have thorns. Instead, this cross is expected to always produce offspring that do not have thorns.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6147\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Sharon acquired this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Sharon knits sweaters using cotton, wool, and other types of yarn.",
      "Sharon learned how to knit in an after school program."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nSharon knows how to knit sweaters.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Look at the models of molecules below. Select the elementary substance.",
    "choices":[
      "2-chloroethanol",
      "carbon tetraiodide",
      "tetraphosphorus"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"Identify elementary substances and compounds using models",
    "lecture":"There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you. A substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl. Scientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride. In a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6170\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Gabby acquired this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Gabby can cook food over a fire.",
      "Gabby learned how to build a fire at summer camp."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nGabby knows how to build a fire.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Kiara acquired this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Kiara's scar was caused by an accident. She cut her arm when she fell off her bicycle.",
      "Kiara's sister has a bruise from falling on her elbow.",
      "Kiara's scar is on her right elbow. Her father also has a scar on his right elbow."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nKiara has a scar on her right elbow.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which sentence states a fact?",
    "choices":[
      "A potato is a kind of stem, not a root.",
      "Baked potatoes with butter are delicious."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Opinion writing",
    "skill":"Distinguish facts from opinions",
    "lecture":"A fact is something that can be proved to be true. The month of July has more days than the month of June. This is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month. An opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true. July is a better month than June for camping. This is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping.",
    "solution":"The first sentence states a fact.\nA potato is a kind of stem, not a root.\nIt can be proved by looking up information about potatoes.\nThe second sentence states an opinion.\nBaked potatoes with butter are delicious.\nDelicious shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about how baked potatoes taste.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the probability that a Cepaea snail produced by this cross will be homozygous recessive for the shell banding gene?",
    "choices":[
      "2\/4",
      "4\/4",
      "0\/4",
      "3\/4",
      "1\/4"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This passage describes the shell banding trait in Cepaea snails:\nCepaea snails live on land in many parts of Europe. The shells of Cepaea snails can have different colors and patterns. Banded shells have dark bands, or stripes, that spiral around their surfaces. Unbanded shells do not have bands.\nIn a group of Cepaea snails, some individuals have a banded shell and others have an unbanded shell. In this group, the gene for the shell banding trait has two alleles. The allele for an unbanded shell (b) is recessive to the allele for a banded shell (B).\nThis Punnett square shows a cross between two Cepaea snails.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Use Punnett squares to calculate probabilities of offspring types",
    "lecture":"Offspring genotypes: homozygous or heterozygous? How do you determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for a gene? Look at the alleles in the organism's genotype for that gene. An organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. If both alleles are dominant, the organism is homozygous dominant for the gene. If both alleles are recessive, the organism is homozygous recessive for the gene. An organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. In a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype.  Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes. An event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction: probability of an event = number of ways the event can happen \/ number of equally likely outcomes You can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff. <br\/><br\/>  | F | f<br\/> F | FF | Ff<br\/> f | Ff | ff<br\/> <br\/> Consider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction: number of ways the event can happen \/ number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff \/ total number of boxes = 1 \/ 4",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6194\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nWhen Carson arrived at Heathrow Airport, a British man helped him retrieve his luggage from baggage claim. British people are all so nice!",
    "choices":[
      "guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something",
      "hasty generalization: a broad claim based on too few observations",
      "appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations<br\/> slippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that a single polite British person indicates that all British people are nice. However, this isn't necessarily true. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a hasty generalization.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "the Federated States of Micronesia",
      "Australia",
      "Solomon Islands",
      "Samoa"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Oceania: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of Oceania",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is Australia.\nIs Australia a country or a continent?\nBoth! Australia is a country in Oceania, a region made up of many lands and islands in the Pacific Ocean. Many people say that Australia is the world's smallest continent. But some people call Oceania a continent instead.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6213\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ndecision - during",
    "choices":[
      "dawn",
      "drill"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince drill is between the guide words decision - during, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the time the lunchroom is most likely to flood.",
    "choices":[
      "during a drought, when there is not much rain",
      "during a storm with lots of rain"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Imagine a school is facing a problem caused by flooding.\nThe lunchroom at Sunset Elementary School floods each year. When there is more than one inch of water on the ground outside, water flows under the doors and into the building. Dr. Rogers, the principal, wants to find a way to protect the lunchroom from flooding.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"literacy-in-science",
    "category":"Engineering practices",
    "skill":"Evaluate multiple design solutions to prevent flooding",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6228\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following trait inherited or acquired?\nHenry has a scar on his left knee.",
    "choices":[
      "inherited",
      "acquired"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Hint: Most scars are caused by accidents during a person's life.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Identify inherited and acquired traits",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.",
    "solution":"Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of North Dakota?",
    "choices":[
      "Bismarck",
      "Baltimore",
      "Fargo",
      "Concord"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Bismarck is the capital of North Dakota.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6246\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\npaper - porch",
    "choices":[
      "peril",
      "praise"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince peril is between the guide words paper - porch, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the liquid.",
    "choices":[
      "umbrella",
      "baseball cap",
      "caramel sauce",
      "stone statue"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"States of matter",
    "skill":"Identify solids, liquids, and gases",
    "lecture":"Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own. Some solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid. When matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle. Some liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk. When matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space. Many gases are invisible. Air is a gas.",
    "solution":"Caramel sauce is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour caramel sauce into a container, the caramel sauce will take the shape of that container. But the caramel sauce will still take up the same amount of space.\nA stone statue is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. Stone statues are made of one or more pieces of rock. Each piece of rock has a size and shape of its own.\nAn umbrella is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. When you open an umbrella, it still has a size and shape of its own.\nA baseball cap is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. If you put a baseball cap on your head, the baseball cap will still have a size and shape of its own.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Maryland?",
    "choices":[
      "Annapolis",
      "Springfield",
      "Newport",
      "Salt Lake City"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Northeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Annapolis is the capital of Maryland.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6251\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which tense does the sentence use?\nKirk will dust off the shelf with a rag.",
    "choices":[
      "present tense",
      "past tense",
      "future tense"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"verbs",
    "category":"Verb tense",
    "skill":"Is the sentence in the past, present, or future tense?",
    "lecture":"Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now. Most present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es. Two verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms. Past tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened. Most past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed. Some verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms. Future tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen. All future-tense verbs use the word will. <br\/><br\/> Present | Past | Future<br\/> walk, walks | walked | will walk<br\/> go, goes | went | will go<br\/>",
    "solution":"The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, dust. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which better describes the Sonoran Desert ecosystem?",
    "choices":[
      "It has a small amount of rain. It also has dry, thin soil.",
      "It has a small amount of rain. It also has soil that is frozen year-round."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Figure: Sonoran Desert.\nThe Sonoran Desert is a hot desert ecosystem in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Describe ecosystems",
    "lecture":"An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment. There are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other: the pattern of weather, or climate the type of soil the organisms that live there",
    "solution":"A hot desert is a type of ecosystem. Hot deserts have the following features: a small amount of rain, dry, thin soil, and many different types of organisms. So, the Sonoran Desert has a small amount of rain. It also has dry, thin soil.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6268\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which solution has a higher concentration of green particles?",
    "choices":[
      "Solution B",
      "Solution A",
      "neither; their concentrations are the same"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each green ball represents one particle of solute.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Compare concentrations of solutions",
    "lecture":"A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent. concentration = particles of solute \/ volume of solvent",
    "solution":"In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.\nSolution B has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of green particles.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6272\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nYour elderly grandmother wants a dog for companionship, yet you don't want to get her one. Why do you want your grandmother to be sad and lonely?",
    "choices":[
      "straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against",
      "red herring: the use of a completely unrelated topic or idea"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> red herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that you don't want your grandmother to have a dog, because you want her to be lonely. However, the fact that you don't want her to have a dog doesn't necessarily suggest that you want her to be lonely. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a straw man.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these four objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "shiny",
      "hard",
      "sour"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the best answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA lemon has a sour taste. The wet ice cube is not sour.\nA shiny object reflects a lot of light. You can usually see your reflection in a shiny object. The marbles are shiny, but the horseshoe is not.\nA hard object does not change shape when pressed or squeezed. All four objects are hard.\nThe property that all four objects have in common is hard.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6280\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "attract",
      "repel"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south. Here are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S. If opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6288\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Would you find the word toil on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ntax - trot",
    "choices":[
      "no",
      "yes"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince toil is between the guide words tax - trot, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nI can't believe you'd hire Jake Perry to watch your dog! Did you know that his friend adopted a dog but then took it back to the shelter after just one week?",
    "choices":[
      "guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something",
      "hasty generalization: a very broad claim based on very little evidence"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> red herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that Jake must be an irresponsible dog owner, because his friend was an irresponsible dog owner. However, even though Jake's friend was irresponsible, that doesn't necessarily mean that Jake is also irresponsible. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following statement about our solar system true or false?\nThe volume of Uranus is less than ten times the volume of Neptune.",
    "choices":[
      "true",
      "false"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Use the data to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"true-or-false",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Astronomy",
    "skill":"Analyze data to compare properties of planets",
    "lecture":"A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet. The primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation. For example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km^3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 10^15 km^3. To compare two numbers written in scientific notation, first compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example: 1.43 x 10^15 is larger than 1.43 x 10^12 If their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example: 1.43 x 10^15 is larger than 1.25 x 10^15 To multiply a number written in scientific notation by a power of 10, write the multiple of 10 as 10 raised to an exponent. Then, add the exponents. For example: 1.43 x 10^15 \u00b7 1000 = 1.43 x 10^15 \u00b7 10^3 = 1.43 x 10^(15 + 3) = 1.43 x 10^18",
    "solution":"To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of ten times the volume of Neptune.\nThen compare the result to the volume of Uranus. The volume of Uranus is 6.83 x 10^13 km^3, which is less than 6.25 x 10^14 km^3. So, the volume of Uranus is less than ten times the volume of Neptune.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6298\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "repel",
      "attract"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces. Magnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S). Here are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles. If opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6305\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nIn the Republican primary, the senator labeled his opponent a snake oil salesman.",
    "choices":[
      "a poem",
      "U.S. history"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. Here, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion snake oil salesman is U.S. history.\nThousands of Chinese laborers immigrated to the United States in the 1800 s. Many of them brought traditional medicines, including snake oil made from the Chinese water snake. In time, some people made fake versions of the remedy, and when the fakes were eventually exposed as ineffective, the salesmen gained a poor reputation.\nThe allusion snake oil salesman means a person making false promises.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What can Kinsley and Cole trade to each get what they want?",
    "choices":[
      "Kinsley can trade her tomatoes for Cole's carrots.",
      "Kinsley can trade her tomatoes for Cole's broccoli.",
      "Cole can trade his broccoli for Kinsley's oranges.",
      "Cole can trade his almonds for Kinsley's tomatoes."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.\nKinsley and Cole open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Neither Kinsley nor Cole got everything that they wanted. The table below shows which items they each wanted:\n\nLook at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.\nKinsley's lunch Cole's lunch",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Trade and specialization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the table and images.\nKinsley wants broccoli. Cole wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6311\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Using only these supplies, which question can Irma investigate with an experiment?",
    "choices":[
      "Do squash plants grow larger if the seeds are planted in small pots or in large pots?",
      "If squash seeds and tomato seeds are planted with compost, which type of plant grows larger?",
      "Do squash plants grow larger if the seeds are planted with compost or without compost?"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Irma has a small vegetable garden, which includes a compost pile of food scraps. She notices that some of the squash plants growing next to the compost pile grow differently than squash plants that are farther away. She wonders what factors affect how her squash plants grow. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\none type of squash seeds\nfour large clay pots\nsoil\na compost pile\nwater",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Kenny inherited this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Kenny's parents were born with straight hair. They passed down this trait to Kenny.",
      "Kenny and his father both have short hair."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nKenny has straight hair.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the solid.",
    "choices":[
      "pair of scissors",
      "water in a glass",
      "grape juice",
      "air from a hair dryer"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"States of matter",
    "skill":"Identify solids, liquids, and gases",
    "lecture":"Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own. Some solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid. When matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle. Some liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk. When matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space. Many gases are invisible. Air is a gas.",
    "solution":"The air from a hair dryer is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. A hair dryer uses a fan to blow warm air out. When the air leaves the hair dryer, the air expands to fill a much large space.\nA pair of scissors is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. When you use a pair of scissors to cut paper, the pair of scissors still has a size and shape of its own.\nThe water in a glass is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour water from a glass into a different container, the water will take the shape of that container. But the water will still take up the same amount of space.\nGrape juice is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour grape juice into a different container, the grape juice will take the shape of that container. But the grape juice will still take up the same amount of space.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnetic force is weaker in Pair 2.",
      "The magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1.",
      "The strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Compare strengths of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart.",
    "solution":"Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.\nThe magnets in Pair 1 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1 than in Pair 2.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6336\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "New Hampshire",
      "Massachusetts",
      "North Carolina",
      "South Carolina"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"English colonies in North America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is North Carolina.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6343\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Suppose Samuel decides to take a trip to California. Which result would be a cost?",
    "choices":[
      "Samuel will give up the chance to go to South Carolina. He would have enjoyed a trip to South Carolina more than California.",
      "Samuel will save some money. Plane tickets for Samuel to get to California are less expensive than tickets to South Carolina."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Samuel is deciding whether to take a trip to South Carolina or California. He wants to enjoy his trip. But he is also trying to save money.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Costs and benefits",
    "lecture":"Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits. Costs are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need. Benefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.",
    "solution":"This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Samuel wants or needs:\nSamuel will give up the chance to go to South Carolina. He would have enjoyed a trip to South Carolina more than California.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Using only these supplies, which question can Sharon investigate with an experiment?",
    "choices":[
      "Does a cell phone charge faster when plugged into a wall outlet or into a computer?",
      "Does a cell phone charge more quickly when it is turned on or when it is turned off?",
      "Does a tablet charge faster with a two-foot-long charging cable or a five-foot-long charging cable?"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Sharon notices that her cell phone charges more quickly sometimes and more slowly other times. She wonders what factors affect how quickly a phone charges. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\none cell phone\na two-foot-long charging cable\na five-foot-long charging cable\na stopwatch\na wall outlet",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Evan acquired this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Evan is most interested in American history.",
      "Evan learned history by reading."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nEvan knows a lot about history.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Does Polytrichum commune have cells that have a nucleus?",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This organism is Polytrichum commune. It is a member of the plant kingdom.\nPolytrichum commune is also called the common haircap moss. This plant gets its common name from its brown, cap-like structures. Those structures contain spores. After the spores are released, they can settle on the ground and grow into new mosses.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Describe, classify, and compare kingdoms",
    "lecture":"In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms. Organisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom. <br\/><br\/>  | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | Plants<br\/> How many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | many<br\/> Do their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yes<br\/> Can their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes<br\/>",
    "solution":"Polytrichum commune is a plant. Plant cells have a nucleus.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6359\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is the main persuasive appeal used in this ad?",
    "choices":[
      "logos (reason)",
      "pathos (emotion)",
      "ethos (character)"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Persuasive strategies",
    "skill":"Identify appeals to ethos, pathos, and logos in advertisements",
    "lecture":"The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals: Appeals to ethos, or character, show that the writer or speaker is trustworthy or is an authority on a subject. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following: say that a brand has been trusted for many years note that a brand is recommended by a respected organization or celebrity include a quote from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's values Appeals to logos, or reason, use logic and specific evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following: use graphs or charts to display information mention the results of scientific studies explain the science behind a product or service Appeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following: trigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassment appeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractive link the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury",
    "solution":"The ad appeals to ethos, or character. It notes that the brand is trusted by hospitals.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6366\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Suppose Stacy decides to see the meerkats. Which result would be a cost?",
    "choices":[
      "Stacy will enjoy seeing the meerkats more than she would have enjoyed seeing the monkeys.",
      "Stacy will spend more time walking to the meerkats. They are on the other side of the zoo, but the monkeys are close by."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Stacy is deciding whether to see the meerkats or the monkeys at the zoo. She wants to see lots of animals, but the zoo is closing soon.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Costs and benefits",
    "lecture":"Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits. Costs are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need. Benefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.",
    "solution":"This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Stacy wants or needs:\nStacy will spend more time walking to the meerkats. They are on the other side of the zoo, but the monkeys are close by.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Nathan inherited this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Nathan's biological parents have wavy hair.",
      "Nathan's biological mother has long hair. Nathan also has long hair.",
      "Nathan uses a headband to keep his wavy hair out of his face."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nNathan has wavy hair.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which tense does the sentence use?\nMrs. Hatfield manages the busy office.",
    "choices":[
      "past tense",
      "present tense",
      "future tense"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"verbs",
    "category":"Verb tense",
    "skill":"Is the sentence in the past, present, or future tense?",
    "lecture":"Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now. Most present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es. Two verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms. Past tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened. Most past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed. Some verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms. Future tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen. All future-tense verbs use the word will. <br\/><br\/> Present | Past | Future<br\/> walk, walks | walked | will walk<br\/> go, goes | went | will go<br\/>",
    "solution":"The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, manages. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the statement. Assume that the sled's mass did not change.\nThe gravitational potential energy stored between the sled and Earth () as Candice rode down the hill.",
    "choices":[
      "stayed the same",
      "decreased",
      "increased"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the text about an object in motion.\nOn a snowy day, Candice rode her sled down a big hill.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Kinetic and potential energy",
    "skill":"Identify changes in gravitational potential energy",
    "lecture":"Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth. The amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower. If the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen. <br\/><br\/> When an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...<br\/> increases | increases<br\/> decreases | decreases<br\/> stays the same | stays the same<br\/>",
    "solution":"Think about how the distance between the sled and the center of Earth changed.\nThe bottom of the hill was lower than the point where Candice started sledding. As Candice rode toward the bottom of the hill, the distance between the sled and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the sled and Earth decreased as Candice rode down the hill.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is an apple seed?",
    "choices":[
      "5 kilometers",
      "5 centimeters",
      "5 millimeters",
      "5 meters"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of distance, mass, and volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter. The tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long. A red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the length of an apple seed is 5 millimeters.\n5 centimeters, 5 meters, and 5 kilometers are all too long.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Would you find the word casket on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nclatter - comic",
    "choices":[
      "no",
      "yes"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince casket is not between the guide words clatter - comic, it would not be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which press release is more formal?",
    "choices":[
      "On November 19, the Springtown Amphitheater will host area musicians vying for top honors in the fourth annual Jam-a-thon.",
      "On Nov. 19, musicians from all over town will battle it out in the fourth annual Jam-a-thon, happening at the amphitheater."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Audience, purpose, and tone",
    "skill":"Which text is most formal?",
    "lecture":"Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions. Formal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language. Compare the following sentences. Informal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome. More formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners. Most formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners.",
    "solution":"The first press release is more formal. It uses more elevated language (area musicians, top honors). The other press release uses idioms (battle it out) and abbreviations (Nov.).",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nMs. Stafford has suggested that our schools let students take statistics instead of algebra to graduate. Frankly, it is puzzling to me that she thinks algebra is a useless subject.",
    "choices":[
      "straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against",
      "appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good",
      "bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations<br\/> slippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that Ms. Stafford thinks algebra is useless because she would let students take statistics instead. However, Ms. Stafford only claimed that students should be allowed to take statistics instead of algebra. She did not suggest that algebra is a useless subject. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a straw man.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following statement about our solar system true or false?\nJupiter's volume is more than ten times as large as Saturn's volume.",
    "choices":[
      "false",
      "true"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Use the data to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"true-or-false",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Astronomy",
    "skill":"Analyze data to compare properties of planets",
    "lecture":"A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet. The primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation. For example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km^3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 10^15 km^3. To compare two numbers written in scientific notation, first compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example: 1.43 x 10^15 is larger than 1.43 x 10^12 If their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example: 1.43 x 10^15 is larger than 1.25 x 10^15 To multiply a number written in scientific notation by a power of 10, write the multiple of 10 as 10 raised to an exponent. Then, add the exponents. For example: 1.43 x 10^15 \u00b7 1000 = 1.43 x 10^15 \u00b7 10^3 = 1.43 x 10^(15 + 3) = 1.43 x 10^18",
    "solution":"To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of ten times the volume of Saturn.\nThen compare the result to the volume of Jupiter. The volume of Jupiter is 1.43 x 10^15 km^3, which is less than 8.27 x 10^15 km^3. So, Jupiter's volume is less than ten times as large as Saturn's volume.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6401\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is this organism's scientific name?",
    "choices":[
      "tiger shark",
      "Galeocerdo cuvier"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This organism is Galeocerdo cuvier. It is also called a tiger shark.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification and scientific names",
    "skill":"Identify common and scientific names",
    "lecture":"An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know. An organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English. Scientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca.",
    "solution":"Galeocerdo cuvier is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not.\nSo, Galeocerdo cuvier is the scientific name.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6403\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which letter opening is more formal?",
    "choices":[
      "Dear Mr. Strickland,",
      "Dear Eddie,"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Audience, purpose, and tone",
    "skill":"Which text is most formal?",
    "lecture":"Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions. Formal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language. Compare the following sentences. Informal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome. More formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners. Most formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners.",
    "solution":"The first letter opening is more formal. It uses the recipient's personal title and last name. The other opening uses the recipient's first name, suggesting a more familiar relationship.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the mammal below.",
    "choices":[
      "poison dart frog",
      "fire salamander",
      "mandarinfish",
      "Canadian lynx"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":"Mammals have hair or fur and feed their young milk.\nMammals are warm-blooded. Warm-blooded animals can control their body temperature.\nA gray wolf is an example of a mammal.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals.",
    "solution":"A poison dart frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nPoison dart frogs come in many bright colors. Their bright color warns other animals that these frogs are poisonous.\nA mandarinfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nMandarinfish often live near coral reefs. They eat small worms, snails, and fish eggs.\nA fire salamander is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nFire salamanders can release poison from their skin. This poison helps protect them from predators.\nA Canadian lynx is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.\nCanadian lynx have padded feet to help them walk on snow.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6409\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which sentence is more formal?",
    "choices":[
      "There are some things that Ms. Kramer wants to bring up at the next city council meeting.",
      "Ms. Kramer has several important proposals to discuss at the next city council meeting."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Author's purpose and tone",
    "skill":"Which sentence is more formal?",
    "lecture":"Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing: <br\/><br\/> Type | Examples<br\/> slang | cool, awesome<br\/> idioms | knock your socks off<br\/> conversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah<br\/> abbreviated language | ASAP, FYI<br\/> overly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store<br\/> contractions | can't, won't<br\/> <br\/> Contractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing. Compare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal. Informal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners. Formal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.",
    "solution":"The first sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses overly simple or imprecise language (some things, bring up).\nThe second sentence uses more precise language, so it is more formal overall.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnetic force is weaker in Pair 2.",
      "The magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Compare strengths of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.",
    "solution":"Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.\nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6419\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is magma a solid, a liquid, or a gas?",
    "choices":[
      "a gas",
      "a solid",
      "a liquid"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"States of matter",
    "skill":"Identify and sort solids, liquids, and gases",
    "lecture":"Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own. Some solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid. When matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle. Some liquids are thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk. When matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space. Many gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas.",
    "solution":"Magma is a liquid. A liquid can change shape. But it still takes up the same amount of space.\nMagma is melted rock. Rock is usually a solid. But when it gets hot enough, it can melt! Unlike solid rock, magma can change shape easily and flow.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6430\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same genus as the cocoi heron.",
    "choices":[
      "Strix uralensis",
      "Ardea herodias",
      "Pelecanus occidentalis"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This organism is a cocoi heron. Its scientific name is Ardea cocoi.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"A cocoi heron's scientific name is Ardea cocoi. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea.\nArdea herodias is in the genus Ardea. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea. So, Ardea herodias and Ardea cocoi are in the same genus.\nStrix uralensis is in the genus Strix. The first word of its scientific name is Strix. So, Strix uralensis and Ardea cocoi are not in the same genus.\nPelecanus occidentalis is in the genus Pelecanus. The first word of its scientific name is Pelecanus. So, Pelecanus occidentalis and Ardea cocoi are not in the same genus.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6431\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which correctly shows the title of a book?",
    "choices":[
      "the story of Man",
      "The Story of Man"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"capitalization",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Capitalizing titles",
    "lecture":"In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach These words are not important in titles: Articles, a, an, the Short prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up Coordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or",
    "solution":"Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word of is not important, so it should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is The Story of Man.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which bird's beak is also adapted to catch insects?",
    "choices":[
      "military macaw",
      "black-capped chickadee"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Common nighthawks eat insects and other small invertebrates. The shape of the 's beak is adapted to catch insects.\nFigure: common nighthawk.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: beaks, mouths, and necks",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the common nighthawk.\nA short, thin beak is light and easy to move. The common nighthawk uses its beak to grab fast-moving insects while flying.\nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.\nThe black-capped chickadee has a short, thin beak. Its beak is adapted to catch insects.\nThe military macaw has a thick hooked beak. Its beak is not adapted to catch insects. The military macaw uses its beak to crack open large, hard nuts.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6440\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "Michigan",
      "Virginia",
      "Pennsylvania",
      "Mississippi"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"English colonies in North America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is Pennsylvania.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6444\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a simple sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "The Costa Rican hairy caterpillar wards off predators with its poisonous spines.",
      "If you thought that dish was spicy, this dish will set your mouth on fire."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple, compound, or complex?",
    "lecture":"A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence. the oranges on our tree are ripe The clause can stand alone. It is independent. after we pick up Kevin from work The clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent. A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause. Ben and I spent all day relaxing by the pool. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat. Ben usually wears his heavy coat in the winter. A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. We saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while. If she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.",
    "solution":"The second sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.\nThe Costa Rican hairy caterpillar wards off predators with its poisonous spines.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Does the sentence use a simile or a metaphor?\nMy dog, Rusty, is the security guard for our front yard mailbox.",
    "choices":[
      "simile",
      "metaphor"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Identify similes and metaphors",
    "lecture":"Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike. A simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as. My sister runs like a cheetah. The sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like. A cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast. The cat's fur was as dark as the night. The cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as. The night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark. A metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as. The snow formed a blanket over the town. The snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as. A blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely. Using similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader.",
    "solution":"My dog, Rusty, is the security guard for our front yard mailbox.\nThe words Rusty and security guard are compared without the word like or as. So, the sentence uses a metaphor.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence.\nGetting a haircut is a ().",
    "choices":[
      "chemical change",
      "physical change"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Identify physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Burning a piece of paper is a chemical change. When paper gets hot enough, it reacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same. Cutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper. A change of state is a type of physical change. For example, ice melting is a physical change. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.",
    "solution":"Getting a haircut is a physical change. Your hair is shorter after a haircut. But it is still made of the same type of matter.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the motion of two gray whales. Which gray whale was moving at a higher speed?",
    "choices":[
      "a gray whale that moved 50miles in 10hours",
      "a gray whale that moved 20miles in 10hours"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Compare the speeds of moving objects",
    "lecture":"An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time. Distance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile. Time tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour. Think about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed.",
    "solution":"Look at the distance each gray whale moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne gray whale moved 50 miles in 10 hours.\nThe other gray whale moved 20 miles in 10 hours.\nNotice that each gray whale spent the same amount of time moving. The gray whale that moved 50 miles moved a farther distance in that time. So, that gray whale must have moved at a higher speed.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Using only these supplies, which question can Ava investigate with an experiment?",
    "choices":[
      "Do rocks skip more times when thrown across a river or across a pond?",
      "Do small rocks or large rocks skip more times when thrown across the river?",
      "Do round rocks or flat rocks skip more times when thrown across the river?"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Ava likes to skip rocks at the river. She notices that some of the rocks she throws skip off the surface of the water many times, while others skip once and then sink. She wonders what factors affect how well rocks skip on the water. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\n10 small flat rocks\n10 large flat rocks\naccess to the river by her school",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the one substance that is not a mineral.",
    "choices":[
      "Native gold is a pure substance. It is formed in nature.",
      "A sunflower seed is not a pure substance. It is made by a living thing.",
      "Muscovite is a pure substance. It is not made by living things."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Rocks and minerals",
    "skill":"Identify minerals using properties",
    "lecture":"Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals. Minerals and rocks have the following properties: <br\/><br\/> Property | Mineral | Rock<br\/> It is a solid. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is a pure substance. | Yes | No<br\/> It has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No<br\/> <br\/> You can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither. Look closely at the last three properties: Minerals and rocks are not made by organisms. Organisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be  minerals or rocks. Humans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks. A mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not. A pure substance is made of only one type of matter.  Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures. A mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not. The crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way. However, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different!",
    "solution":"Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.\nNative gold is a mineral.\nMuscovite is a mineral.\nA sunflower seed is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.\nA sunflower seed is made by a living thing. But minerals are not made by living things.\nSo, a sunflower seed is not a mineral.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets.",
    "solution":"Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.\nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6483\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is Danio rerio made up of many cells?",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This organism is Danio rerio. It is a member of the animal kingdom.\nDanio rerio is commonly called a zebrafish. Young zebrafish are see-through! Scientists can easily observe their insides. This trait makes zebrafish a useful organism for scientists to study.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Describe, classify, and compare kingdoms",
    "lecture":"In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms. Organisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom. <br\/><br\/>  | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | Plants<br\/> How many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | many<br\/> Do their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yes<br\/> Can their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes<br\/>",
    "solution":"Danio rerio is an animal. Animals are made up of many cells.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6485\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these two objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "bendable",
      "yellow"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the better answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Different objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA bendable object can be bent without breaking. Both objects are bendable.\nYellow is a color.\nThis color is yellow. The trampoline is not yellow.\nThe property that both objects have in common is bendable.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6486\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Utah?",
    "choices":[
      "Charleston",
      "Salt Lake City",
      "Provo",
      "Honolulu"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Salt Lake City is the capital of Utah.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6488\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these two objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "shiny",
      "salty"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Different objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nPotato chips have a salty taste. Both objects are salty.\nA shiny object reflects a lot of light. Neither of the objects are shiny.\nThe property that both objects have in common is salty.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6490\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Jake inherited this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Jake's biological parents have freckles on their noses just as Jake does.",
      "Jake and his biological mother have pale skin.",
      "Jake has freckles on his nose and shoulders."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nJake has freckles.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?",
    "choices":[
      "After Eddie talked with Tom about the research project, he felt better about collaborating on it.",
      "Tom felt better about collaborating on the research project after Eddie talked with him about it."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Pronouns",
    "skill":"Identify vague pronoun references",
    "lecture":"When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.",
    "solution":"The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun he could refer to Eddie or Tom.\nAfter Eddie talked with Tom about the research project, he felt better about collaborating on it.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nTom felt better about collaborating on the research project after Eddie talked with him about it.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Suppose Josiah decides to see the crocodiles. Which result would be a cost?",
    "choices":[
      "Josiah will save some time. The crocodiles are close by, but he would have had to walk to the the other side of the zoo to see the emus.",
      "Josiah will give up the chance to see the emus. He would have enjoyed seeing them more than the crocodiles."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Josiah is deciding whether to see the emus or the crocodiles at the zoo. He wants to see lots of animals, but the zoo is closing soon.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Costs and benefits",
    "lecture":"Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits. Costs are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need. Benefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.",
    "solution":"This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Josiah wants or needs:\nJosiah will give up the chance to see the emus. He would have enjoyed seeing them more than the crocodiles.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"How long does it take to mow the lawn?",
    "choices":[
      "32 hours",
      "32 minutes"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose units of time",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Imagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds? The number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing. Time is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven. There are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute. There are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for how long it takes to mow the lawn is 32 minutes.\n32 hours is too slow.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which statement is true about the average monthly temperature in Riyadh?",
    "choices":[
      "Each month of the year has about the same monthly temperature.",
      "June, July, and August are colder than the other months of the year.",
      "June, July, and August are hotter than the other months of the year."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Use the graph to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Use climate data to make predictions",
    "lecture":"Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Temperature is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average temperature for each month. The average temperature can be used to describe the climate of a location. A line graph can be used to show the average temperature each month. Months with higher dots on the graph have higher average temperatures.",
    "solution":"To describe the average temperature trends in Riyadh, look at the graph.\nChoice \"Jun\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Aug\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"June, July, and August are colder than the other months of the year.\" is incorrect.\nThe average temperatures in June, July, and August are around 35\u00b0C. These months have the highest average temperatures of all of the months. So, they are hotter, not colder, than the other months.\nChoice \"Each month of the year has about the same monthly temperature.\" is incorrect.\nSome months of the year have much higher temperatures than others. So, each month does not have the same temperature.\nChoice \"June, July, and August are hotter than the other months of the year.\" is incorrect.\nThe average temperatures in June, July, and August are around 35\u00b0C. These months have the highest average temperatures of all of the months. So, they are hotter than the other months.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6511\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the amphibian below.",
    "choices":[
      "cane toad",
      "cardinalfish"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Amphibians have moist skin and begin their lives in water. An American bullfrog is an example of an amphibian.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common. Scientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.",
    "solution":"A cardinalfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nCardinalfish often live near coral reefs. They are nocturnal, which means that they are active mostly at night.\nA cane toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6518\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the expected ratio of offspring with a gray body to offspring with a black body? Choose the most likely ratio.",
    "choices":[
      "4:0",
      "1:3",
      "3:1",
      "2:2",
      "0:4"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"In a group of fruit flies, some individuals have a gray body and others have a black body. In this group, the gene for the body color trait has two alleles. The allele for a gray body (B) is dominant over the allele for a black body (b).\nThis Punnett square shows a cross between two fruit flies.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Use Punnett squares to calculate ratios of offspring types",
    "lecture":"Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive? How do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. If an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait. If an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait. A Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type. For example, consider the Punnett square below. <br\/><br\/>  | F | f<br\/> F | FF | Ff<br\/> f | Ff | ff<br\/> <br\/> There is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.",
    "solution":"To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with a gray body or a black body, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the body color trait. The question tells you that the B allele, which is for a gray body, is dominant over the b allele, which is for a black body.\nA gray body is the dominant allele's version of the body color trait. A fruit fly with the dominant version of the body color trait must have at least one dominant allele for the body color gene. So, offspring with a gray body must have the genotype BB or Bb.\nAll 4 boxes in the Punnett square have the genotype BB or Bb.\nA black body is the recessive allele's version of the body color trait. A fruit fly with the recessive version of the body color trait must have only recessive alleles for the body color gene. So, offspring with a black body must have the genotype bb.\nThere are 0 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype bb.\nSo, the expected ratio of offspring with a gray body to offspring with a black body is 4:0. This means that, based on the Punnett square, this cross will always produce offspring with a gray body. This cross is expected to never produce offspring with a black body.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6523\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the statement.\nPotassium chloride is ().",
    "choices":[
      "a compound",
      "an elementary substance"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The model below represents potassium chloride. Potassium chloride can be added to food as a substitute for table salt.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"Classify elementary substances and compounds using models",
    "lecture":"There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you. A substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be. Scientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a space-filling model. The space-filling model below represents the compound rubidium bromide. In a space-filling model, the balls represent atoms that are bonded together. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance.",
    "solution":"Use the model to determine whether potassium chloride is an elementary substance or a compound.\nStep 1: Interpret the model.\n.\nUse the legend to determine the chemical element represented by each color. The colors and atomic symbols from the legend are shown in the table below. The table also includes the names of the chemical elements represented in the model.\nYou can see from the model that potassium chloride is composed of chlorine atoms and potassium atoms bonded together.\nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.\nYou know from Step 1 that potassium chloride is composed of two chemical elements: chlorine and potassium. Since potassium chloride is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, potassium chloride is a compound.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6532\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the idiom in this text suggest?\nIn such an unfamiliar environment, Ronald was a fish out of water.",
    "choices":[
      "Ronald had not visited that location before.",
      "Ronald felt out of place."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. An idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned. The assignment was a piece of cake.",
    "solution":"The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.\nThe idiom a fish out of water suggests that Ronald felt out of place. A fish out of water is someone out of his or her usual, comfortable environment.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Montana?",
    "choices":[
      "Missoula",
      "Helena",
      "Billings",
      "Georgetown"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify the 50 state capitals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Helena is the capital of Montana.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6544\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nTanner said he would put in a good word for Ellie with their boss, but she knew he had a reputation as a Benedict Arnold.",
    "choices":[
      "a poem",
      "U.S. history"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. The protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose. The word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion Benedict Arnold is U.S. history.\nBenedict Arnold was an American officer who secretly aided the British during the American Revolution.\nThe allusion Benedict Arnold means a traitor.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which i in column 3?",
    "choices":[
      "the fire department",
      "the police department",
      "the library",
      "the theater"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Use a letter-number grid",
    "lecture":"A grid is made up of lines of squares. They are organized in rows and columns. A grid can help you use a map. A row is a line of squares that goes from side to side. Rows are marked with letters. A column is a line of squares that goes up and down. Columns are marked with numbers.",
    "solution":"The theater is in column 3.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6571\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which object has the least thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "a 650-gram rock at a temperature of 37\u00b0C",
      "a 650-gram rock at a temperature of 22\u00b0C",
      "a 650-gram rock at a temperature of 33\u00b0C"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The objects are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Heat and thermal energy",
    "skill":"How is temperature related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.",
    "solution":"All three rocks have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 22\u00b0C rock is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"In Cincinnati, which months have average temperatures above 70\u00b0F?",
    "choices":[
      "September, October, and November",
      "March, April, and May",
      "June, July, and August"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Use the graph to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Use climate data to make predictions",
    "lecture":"Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Temperature is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average temperature for each month. The average temperature can be used to describe the climate of a location. A line graph can be used to show the average temperature each month. Months with higher dots on the graph have higher average temperatures.",
    "solution":"To describe the average temperature trends in Cincinnati, look at the graph.\nChoice \"Mar\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Apr\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"May\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Jun\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Aug\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Sep\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Oct\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Nov\" is incorrect.\nThe only months with an average temperature above 70\u00b0F are June, July, and August.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6583\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"How long does it take to make a sandwich?",
    "choices":[
      "4 minutes",
      "4 hours"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose units of time",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Imagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds? The number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing. Time is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven. There are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute. There are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for how long it takes to make a sandwich is 4 minutes.\n4 hours is too slow.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"In this food chain, the deer mouse is a secondary consumer. Why?",
    "choices":[
      "It eats a producer.",
      "It makes its own food.",
      "It eats a primary consumer."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"This diagram shows a food chain from a grassland ecosystem in Wyoming.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Identify roles in food chains",
    "lecture":"Every organism needs food to stay alive. Organisms get their food in different ways. A food chain shows how organisms in an ecosystem get their food. The food chain begins with the producer. A producer can change matter that is not food into food. Many producers use carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make sugar. Carbon dioxide and water are not food, but sugar is food for the producer. Consumers eat other organisms. There can be several kinds of consumers in a food chain: A primary consumer eats producers. The word primary tells you that this is the first consumer in a food chain. A secondary consumer eats primary consumers. The word secondary tells you that this is the second consumer in a food chain. A tertiary consumer eats secondary consumers. The word tertiary tells you that this is the third consumer in a food chain. A top consumer is the animal at the top of a food chain. Food chains can have different numbers of organisms. For example, when there are four organisms in the chain, the top consumer is the tertiary consumer. But if there are five organisms in the chain, the top consumer eats the tertiary consumer!",
    "solution":"In this food chain, the deer mouse is a secondary consumer because it eats a primary consumer. The primary consumer in this food chain is the katydid.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6593\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal's limbs are also adapted for swimming?",
    "choices":[
      "humpback whale",
      "chital"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Bottlenose dolphins live in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. They live underwater, but come to the surface to breathe air.\nThe  has flippers for limbs. Its limbs are adapted for swimming.\nFigure: bottlenose dolphin.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: feet and limbs",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. Arms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the bottlenose dolphin.\nThe bottlenose dolphin uses its flippers to push itself through water. The flippers can also help it change direction while swimming.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe humpback whale has flippers. Its limbs are adapted for swimming.\nThe chital has long, thin legs. Its limbs are not adapted for swimming. The chital uses its limbs to walk and run on land.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6597\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which object has the most thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "an 8-kilogram gold bar at a temperature of 131\u00b0C",
      "an 8-kilogram gold bar at a temperature of 136\u00b0C",
      "an 8-kilogram gold bar at a temperature of 135\u00b0C"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The objects are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Heat and thermal energy",
    "skill":"How is temperature related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.",
    "solution":"All three gold bars have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 136\u00b0C gold bar is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest west?",
    "choices":[
      "California",
      "South Carolina",
      "New Jersey",
      "Utah"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Maps",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. California is farthest west.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6612\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these three objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "yellow",
      "flexible",
      "salty"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Select the best answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA flexible object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. The fries are flexible, but the cracker is not.\nPotato chips have a salty taste. All three objects are salty.\nYellow is a color.\nThis color is yellow. The fries are yellow, but the pretzel is not.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is salty.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6613\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Utah?",
    "choices":[
      "Boise",
      "Salt Lake City",
      "Sacramento",
      "Provo"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Salt Lake City is the capital of Utah.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6621\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the expected ratio of offspring with climbing growth to offspring with bush growth? Choose the most likely ratio.",
    "choices":[
      "4:0",
      "0:4",
      "2:2",
      "3:1",
      "1:3"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"This passage describes the growth pattern trait in rose plants:\nClimbing growth and bush growth are different growth patterns in rose plants. Rose plants with climbing growth have long, bendable stems that act like vines. These plants may grow upward to cover fences or walls. Rose plants with bush growth stay near the ground. These plants form low bushes or shrubs.\nIn a group of rose plants, some individuals have climbing growth and others have bush growth. In this group, the gene for the growth pattern trait has two alleles. The allele for climbing growth (G) is dominant over the allele for bush growth (g).\nThis Punnett square shows a cross between two rose plants.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Use Punnett squares to calculate ratios of offspring types",
    "lecture":"Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive? How do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. If an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait. If an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait. A Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type. For example, consider the Punnett square below. <br\/><br\/>  | F | f<br\/> F | FF | Ff<br\/> f | Ff | ff<br\/> <br\/> There is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.",
    "solution":"To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with climbing growth or bush growth, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the growth pattern trait. The question tells you that the G allele, which is for climbing growth, is dominant over the g allele, which is for bush growth.\nClimbing growth is the dominant allele's version of the growth pattern trait. A rose plant with the dominant version of the growth pattern trait must have at least one dominant allele for the growth pattern gene. So, offspring with climbing growth must have the genotype GG or Gg.\nThere are 2 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype GG or Gg. These boxes are highlighted below.\nBush growth is the recessive allele's version of the growth pattern trait. A rose plant with the recessive version of the growth pattern trait must have only recessive alleles for the growth pattern gene. So, offspring with bush growth must have the genotype gg.\nThere are 2 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype gg. These boxes are highlighted below.\nSo, the expected ratio of offspring with climbing growth to offspring with bush growth is 2:2. This means that, on average, this cross will produce 2 offspring with climbing growth for every 2 offspring with bush growth.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6623\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Michigan?",
    "choices":[
      "Columbus",
      "Lansing",
      "Grand Rapids",
      "Detroit"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Lansing is the capital of Michigan.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6627\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nMabel noticed that the wind was blowing in from the ocean this afternoon.",
    "choices":[
      "weather",
      "climate"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Hint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"What's the difference between weather and climate?",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the text carefully.\nMabel noticed that the wind was blowing in from the ocean this afternoon.\nThis passage tells you about the wind direction where Mabel was this afternoon. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Suppose Andrew decides to eat the sunflower seeds. Which result would be a cost?",
    "choices":[
      "Andrew will get to eat the sunflower seeds. The sunflower seeds will be healthier than the peach cobbler would have been.",
      "Andrew will give up the chance to eat the peach cobbler. Andrew thinks peach cobbler would have tasted better than sunflower seeds will."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Andrew is deciding whether to eat sunflower seeds or peach cobbler for an afternoon snack. He would like to eat something tasty, but he is also trying to be healthier.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Costs and benefits",
    "lecture":"Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits. Costs are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need. Benefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.",
    "solution":"This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Andrew wants or needs:\nAndrew will give up the chance to eat the peach cobbler. Andrew thinks peach cobbler would have tasted better than sunflower seeds will.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "sample B",
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature",
      "sample A"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. The particles in sample A also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.\nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6632\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the fish below.",
    "choices":[
      "manta ray",
      "red-tailed hawk"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Fish live underwater. They have fins, not limbs. A catfish is an example of a fish.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common. Scientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.",
    "solution":"A manta ray is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nA red-tailed hawk is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6640\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Pennsylvania?",
    "choices":[
      "Des Moines",
      "Providence",
      "Philadelphia",
      "Harrisburg"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Northeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Harrisburg is the capital of Pennsylvania.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6641\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these continents does the equator intersect?",
    "choices":[
      "South America",
      "Australia",
      "Antarctica"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Maps",
    "skill":"Use lines of latitude and longitude",
    "lecture":"Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps. Lines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there. Lines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator. Lines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles. The equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W. Together, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place.",
    "solution":"The equator is the line at 0\u00b0 latitude. It intersects South America. It does not intersect Australia or Antarctica.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6654\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the motion of two blue jays. Which blue jay was moving at a lower speed?",
    "choices":[
      "a blue jay that moved 180kilometers in 5hours",
      "a blue jay that moved 190kilometers in 5hours"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Compare the speeds of moving objects",
    "lecture":"An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time. Distance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer. Time tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour. Think about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed.",
    "solution":"Look at the distance each blue jay moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne blue jay moved 180 kilometers in 5 hours.\nThe other blue jay moved 190 kilometers in 5 hours.\nNotice that each blue jay spent the same amount of time moving. The blue jay that moved 180 kilometers moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that blue jay must have moved at a lower speed.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Would you find the word dawn on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ndeliver - district",
    "choices":[
      "no",
      "yes"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince dawn is not between the guide words deliver - district, it would not be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Tonga",
      "Papua New Guinea",
      "Tuvalu",
      "Australia"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Oceania: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of Oceania",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is Tuvalu.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6676\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Would you find the word needle on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nnation - nobody",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince needle is between the guide words nation - nobody, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\n\"It was my good luck to have to study for a test while all my friends went to the water park,\" Cooper remarked.",
    "choices":[
      "Cooper was upset about staying home.",
      "Cooper wanted time to catch up on his responsibilities."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.",
    "solution":"The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nGood luck ironically suggests that Cooper was upset about staying home. Cooper was actually unlucky because he couldn't join his friends at the water park.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nLeo Tolstoy's War and Peace is a behemoth of a book.",
    "choices":[
      "Greek mythology",
      "the Bible"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. Here, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion behemoth is the Bible.\nIn the Bible, a behemoth is a beast of considerable size and strength.\nThe allusion behemoth means something gigantic.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Would you find the word disease on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ndesert - dodge",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince disease is between the guide words desert - dodge, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Suppose Rebecca decides to take a trip to Florida. Which result would be a cost?",
    "choices":[
      "Rebecca will spend more money. Plane tickets for Rebecca to get to Florida are more expensive than tickets to Michigan.",
      "Rebecca will enjoy her trip to Florida more than she would have enjoyed a trip to Michigan."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Rebecca is deciding whether to take a trip to Florida or Michigan. She wants to enjoy her trip. But she is also trying to save money.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Costs and benefits",
    "lecture":"Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits. Costs are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need. Benefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.",
    "solution":"This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Rebecca wants or needs:\nRebecca will spend more money. Plane tickets for Rebecca to get to Florida are more expensive than tickets to Michigan.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Liz inherited this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Liz and her father both have dark hair.",
      "Liz's parents have dark skin. They passed down this trait to Liz."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nLiz has dark skin.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nMackenzie insisted that her dog wasn't fat; she said that he was merely well-fed.",
    "choices":[
      "euphemism",
      "hyperbole"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify figures of speech: euphemism, hyperbole, oxymoron, paradox",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! An oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Some reviewers are calling this book a new classic. A paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Always expect the unexpected.",
    "solution":"The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nWell-fed is an indirect way of saying overweight.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the probability that an American curl cat produced by this cross will have curled ears?",
    "choices":[
      "4\/4",
      "3\/4",
      "2\/4",
      "0\/4",
      "1\/4"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"In a group of American curl cats, some individuals have curled ears and others have straight ears. In this group, the gene for the ear type trait has two alleles. The allele for curled ears (E) is dominant over the allele for straight ears (e).\nThis Punnett square shows a cross between two American curl cats.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Use Punnett squares to calculate probabilities of offspring types",
    "lecture":"Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive? How do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. If an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait. If an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait. In a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes. An event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction: probability of an event = number of ways the event can happen \/ number of equally likely outcomes You can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff. <br\/><br\/>  | F | f<br\/> F | FF | Ff<br\/> f | Ff | ff<br\/> <br\/> Consider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction: number of ways the event can happen \/ number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff \/ total number of boxes = 1 \/ 4.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6714\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is the main persuasive appeal used in this ad?",
    "choices":[
      "ethos (character)",
      "logos (reason)",
      "pathos (emotion)"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Persuasive strategies",
    "skill":"Identify appeals to ethos, pathos, and logos in advertisements",
    "lecture":"The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals: Appeals to ethos, or character, show that the writer or speaker is trustworthy or is an authority on a subject. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following: say that a brand has been trusted for many years note that a brand is recommended by a respected organization or celebrity include a quote from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's values Appeals to logos, or reason, use logic and specific evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following: use graphs or charts to display information mention the results of scientific studies explain the science behind a product or service Appeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following: trigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassment appeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractive link the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury",
    "solution":"The ad appeals to ethos, or character. It notes that the brand has been trusted and highly respected (the best in its class) for many years.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6719\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these organisms contains matter that was once part of the kelp?",
    "choices":[
      "plainfin midshipman",
      "phytoplankton",
      "kelp bass",
      "black rockfish"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Below is a food web from an ocean ecosystem in Monterey Bay, off the coast of California.\nA food web models how the matter eaten by organisms moves through an ecosystem. The arrows in a food web represent how matter moves between organisms in an ecosystem.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecological interactions",
    "skill":"Interpret food webs II",
    "lecture":"A food web is a model. A food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food. Arrows show how matter moves. A food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating. An organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web. An organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web.",
    "solution":"Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows that starts from the kelp.\nThe only arrow pointing to the black rockfish starts from the zooplankton. The only arrow pointing to the zooplankton starts from the phytoplankton. No arrow points to the phytoplankton. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the kelp to the black rockfish.\nThere are two arrows pointing to the plainfin midshipman. These start from the phytoplankton and the zooplankton. The only arrow pointing to the zooplankton starts from the phytoplankton. No arrow points to the phytoplankton. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the kelp to the plainfin midshipman.\nNo arrow points to the phytoplankton. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the kelp to the phytoplankton.There is one path matter can take from the kelp to the kelp bass: kelp->kelp bass.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6721\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the elementary substance.",
    "choices":[
      "cyclopropane (C3H6)",
      "argon (Ar)",
      "phosphine (PH3)"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"Identify elementary substances and compounds using chemical formulas",
    "lecture":"Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be. The symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula. An elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol. The symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule. For example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula. The chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms. A compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols. For example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms.",
    "solution":"Look at the chemical formula for each substance, and count the number of symbols in the formula. Then, decide if the substance is an elementary substance. The chemical formula for cyclopropane contains two symbols: C for carbon and H for hydrogen. So, cyclopropane is made of two chemical elements bonded together. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, cyclopropane is a compound, not an elementary substance. The chemical formula for phosphine contains two symbols: P for phosphorus and H for hydrogen. So, phosphine is made of two chemical elements bonded together. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, phosphine is a compound, not an elementary substance. The chemical formula for argon contains one symbol: Ar. So, argon is made of one chemical element. Substances that are made of one chemical element are elementary substances. So, argon is an elementary substance.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which metal paper clip has a lower temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "the metal paper clip with less thermal energy",
      "the metal paper clip with more thermal energy"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two metal paper clips are identical except for their thermal energies.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Heat and thermal energy",
    "skill":"How are temperature and mass related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving. The energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. What happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.",
    "solution":"The two metal paper clips are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the metal paper clip with less thermal energy has a lower temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same genus as the western gull.",
    "choices":[
      "Larus michahellis",
      "Strix aluco",
      "Polysticta stelleri"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This organism is a western gull. Its scientific name is Larus occidentalis.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification and scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"A western gull's scientific name is Larus occidentalis. The first word of its scientific name is Larus.\nStrix aluco is in the genus Strix. The first word of its scientific name is Strix. So, Strix aluco and Larus occidentalis are not in the same genus.\nPolysticta stelleri is in the genus Polysticta. The first word of its scientific name is Polysticta. So, Polysticta stelleri and Larus occidentalis are not in the same genus.\nLarus michahellis is in the genus Larus. The first word of its scientific name is Larus. So, Larus michahellis and Larus occidentalis are in the same genus.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6742\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Jane inherited this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Jane's hair is the same color as her brown eyes.",
      "Jane's father has brown eyes. He passed this trait down to Jane."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nJane has brown eyes.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a simple sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "Malia and her sisters drew a map of the United States and hung it on the wall.",
      "Colton was playing the piano in the living room when Dad called him for dinner."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple, compound, or complex?",
    "lecture":"A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence. the oranges on our tree are ripe The clause can stand alone. It is independent. after we pick up Kevin from work The clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent. A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause. Ben and I spent all day relaxing by the pool. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat. Ben usually wears his heavy coat in the winter. A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. We saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while. If she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.",
    "solution":"The first sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.\nMalia and her sisters drew a map of the United States and hung it on the wall.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of New Jersey?",
    "choices":[
      "Olympia",
      "Dover",
      "Newark",
      "Trenton"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Northeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Trenton is the capital of New Jersey.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6765\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Ruben starts to pull the wagon across the yard. To move the wagon at the same speed each time, which friend does Ruben need to pull with a larger force?",
    "choices":[
      "a friend who weighs 32 pounds",
      "a friend who weighs 31 pounds"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Ruben gives two friends a ride in his wagon. One friend sits in the wagon at a time.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"How do mass and force affect motion?",
    "lecture":"A force is a push or a pull. A force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction. Forces can be different sizes. Think about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object.",
    "solution":"Look for the friend who is heavier.\nA friend who weighs 32 pounds is heavier than a friend who weighs 31 pounds. So, to move the wagon at the same speed each time, Ruben needs to use a larger force to start moving the wagon with a friend who weighs 32 pounds.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word does not rhyme?",
    "choices":[
      "wed",
      "meal",
      "real"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade1",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"phonological-awareness",
    "category":"Rhyming",
    "skill":"Which word does not rhyme?",
    "lecture":"Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound. The words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound. The words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound. The words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.",
    "solution":"The words real and meal rhyme. They both end with the eal sound.\nThe word wed does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is diesel a solid, a liquid, or a gas?",
    "choices":[
      "a solid",
      "a gas",
      "a liquid"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"States of matter",
    "skill":"Identify and sort solids, liquids, and gases",
    "lecture":"Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own. Some solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid. When matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle. Some liquids are thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk. When matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space. Many gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas.",
    "solution":"Diesel is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in.\nIf you pour diesel into a different container, the diesel will take the shape of that container.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6771\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these four objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "sour",
      "flexible",
      "translucent"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Select the best answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA flexible object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. The jello is flexible, but the marbles are not.\nA lemon has a sour taste. The jello and the ocean water are not sour.\nA translucent object lets light through. But you cannot see clearly through a translucent object. All four objects are translucent.\nThe property that all four objects have in common is translucent.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6772\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\nbreaking a stick in half\nmixing sand and gravel",
    "choices":[
      "Both are caused by cooling.",
      "Both are caused by heating.",
      "Both are chemical changes.",
      "Both are only physical changes."
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nBreaking a stick in half is a physical change. The stick gets broken into two pieces. But the pieces are still made of the same type of matter as the original stick.\nMixing sand and gravel is a physical change. Together, the sand and gravel make a mixture. But making this mixture does not form a different type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these three objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "stretchy",
      "bumpy",
      "soft"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the best answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. The rock and the log are not soft.\nA bumpy object is covered in lumps and bumps. All three objects are bumpy.\nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. None of the objects are stretchy.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is bumpy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6781\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the place that doesn't belong.",
    "choices":[
      "port",
      "harbor",
      "highway",
      "dock"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"vocabulary",
    "category":"Categories",
    "skill":"Select the words that don't belong",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Highway doesn't belong.\nPort, dock, and harbor all name places to park boats.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the fish below.",
    "choices":[
      "box turtle",
      "Canadian lynx",
      "albatross",
      "leafy seadragon"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":"Fish live underwater. They have fins, not limbs.\nFish are cold-blooded. The body temperature of cold-blooded animals depends on their environment.\nA manta ray is an example of a fish.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals.",
    "solution":"A Canadian lynx is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.\nCanadian lynx have padded feet to help them walk on snow.\nA box turtle is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nBox turtles can live to be over 100 years old!\nA leafy seadragon is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nA seadragon's body looks like a clump of seaweed. This helps the seadragon hide from its predators.\nAn albatross is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nAlbatrosses live near the ocean. They hunt squid, fish, and other small animals.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6788\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What can Kiara and Bernie trade to each get what they want?",
    "choices":[
      "Bernie can trade his broccoli for Kiara's oranges.",
      "Kiara can trade her tomatoes for Bernie's broccoli.",
      "Kiara can trade her tomatoes for Bernie's carrots.",
      "Bernie can trade his almonds for Kiara's tomatoes."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.\nKiara and Bernie open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Neither Kiara nor Bernie got everything that they wanted. The table below shows which items they each wanted:\n\nLook at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.\nKiara's lunch Bernie's lunch",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Trade and specialization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the table and images.\nKiara wants broccoli. Bernie wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6791\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\na penny tarnishing\na piece of apple turning brown",
    "choices":[
      "Both are only physical changes.",
      "Both are caused by heating.",
      "Both are chemical changes.",
      "Both are caused by cooling."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nMetal turning less shiny over time is called tarnishing. A penny tarnishing is a chemical change. When air touches the penny, the surface of the penny changes into a different type of matter. This matter makes the penny dull.\nA piece of apple turning brown is a chemical change. The apple reacts with oxygen in the air and turns into a different type of matter.\nIf you scrape off the brown layer of the apple, the inside is still white. The inside hasn't touched the air. So the chemical change didn't happen to that part of the apple.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the mass of a bicycle?",
    "choices":[
      "9 grams",
      "9 kilograms"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of mass",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Mass is a measurement of how much matter something contains. There are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms. There are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram. A paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the mass of a bicycle is 9 kilograms.\n9 grams is too light.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Florida?",
    "choices":[
      "Orlando",
      "Baton Rouge",
      "Tallahassee",
      "Tampa"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Southeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Tallahassee is the capital of Florida.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6813\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which air temperature was measured within the outlined area shown?",
    "choices":[
      "-2\u00b0C",
      "17\u00b0C",
      "2\u00b0C"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The map below shows air temperatures in the lower atmosphere on June 12, 2013. The outlined area shows an air mass that influenced weather in South America on that day.\nLook at the map. Then, answer the question below.\nData source: United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\/Earth System Research Laboratory, Physical Sciences Division",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Identify and compare air masses",
    "lecture":"To study air masses, scientists can use maps that show conditions within Earth's atmosphere. For example, the map below uses color to show air temperatures. The map's legend tells you the temperature that each color represents. Colors on the left in the legend represent lower temperatures than colors on the right. For example, areas on the map that are the darkest shade of blue have a temperature from -25\u00b0C up to -20\u00b0C. Areas that are the next darkest shade of blue have a temperature from -20\u00b0C up to -15\u00b0C.",
    "solution":"Look at the colors shown within the outlined area. Then, use the legend to determine which air temperatures those colors represent.\nThe legend tells you that this air mass contained air with temperatures between 0\u00b0C and 10\u00b0C.\n2\u00b0C is within this range.\n-2\u00b0C and 17\u00b0C are outside of this range.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6824\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following trait inherited or acquired?\nRussell has naturally straight hair.",
    "choices":[
      "acquired",
      "inherited"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Hint: Some humans are born with naturally straight hair. Others are born with naturally curly hair.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Heredity",
    "skill":"Identify inherited and acquired traits",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.",
    "solution":"Human hair can be naturally straight or naturally curly. Straight and curly are examples of hair texture.\nSome people use tools to change how their hair looks. But this doesn't affect the natural texture of their hair. So, having naturally straight hair is an inherited trait.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Ace's phenotype for the coat pattern trait?",
    "choices":[
      "white spots",
      "solid coloring"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"In a group of cows, some individuals have solid coloring and others have white spots. In this group, the gene for the coat pattern trait has two alleles. The allele for white spots (a) is recessive to the allele for solid coloring (A).\nAce is a cow from this group. Ace has the heterozygous genotype Aa for the coat pattern gene.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: dominant and recessive",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. Some traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene. An organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene. An organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene. The types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. A dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers. A recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.",
    "solution":"You need to determine Ace's phenotype for the coat pattern trait. First, consider the alleles in Ace's genotype for the coat pattern gene. Then, decide whether these alleles are dominant or recessive.\nThe allele for white spots (a) is recessive to the allele for solid coloring (A). This means A is a dominant allele, and a is a recessive allele.\nAce's genotype of Aa has one dominant allele and one recessive allele. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Ace's phenotype for the coat pattern trait must be solid coloring.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following trait inherited or acquired?\nNina has a scar on her right leg.",
    "choices":[
      "inherited",
      "acquired"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Hint: Most scars are caused by accidents during a person's life.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Identify inherited and acquired traits",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.",
    "solution":"Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the metaphor in this text suggest?\nTanvi felt a roller coaster of emotions when she heard the news.",
    "choices":[
      "Tanvi felt delighted about the news.",
      "Tanvi had varied feelings."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. A metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as. The snow formed a blanket over the town.",
    "solution":"The text uses a metaphor, comparing two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe metaphor Tanvi felt a roller coaster of emotions suggests that Tanvi had varied feelings. A roller coaster has a dramatic mix of ups and downs, and so do Tanvi's feelings.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Nevada?",
    "choices":[
      "Reno",
      "Las Vegas",
      "Carson City",
      "Albuquerque"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify the 50 state capitals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Carson City is the capital of Nevada.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6855\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which closing is correct for a letter?",
    "choices":[
      "With Love,\nTrisha",
      "With love,\nTrisha"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Greetings and closings of letters",
    "lecture":"A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue. Dear Aunt Sue, I'm glad you could come to my party, and thank you for the birthday gift. I could not have asked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think of you. With love, Rory",
    "solution":"The first closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Chuck's phenotype for the coat pattern trait?",
    "choices":[
      "white spots",
      "solid coloring"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"In a group of cows, some individuals have solid coloring and others have white spots. In this group, the gene for the coat pattern trait has two alleles. The allele for solid coloring (A) is dominant over the allele for white spots (a).\nChuck is a cow from this group. Chuck has the heterozygous genotype Aa for the coat pattern gene.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: dominant and recessive",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. Some traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene. An organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene. An organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene. The types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. A dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers. A recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.",
    "solution":"You need to determine Chuck's phenotype for the coat pattern trait. First, consider the alleles in Chuck's genotype for the coat pattern gene. Then, decide whether these alleles are dominant or recessive.\nThe allele for solid coloring (A) is dominant over the allele for white spots (a). This means A is a dominant allele, and a is a recessive allele.\nChuck's genotype of Aa has one dominant allele and one recessive allele. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Chuck's phenotype for the coat pattern trait must be solid coloring.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Identify the question that Mike's experiment can best answer.",
    "choices":[
      "Does water freeze more quickly than apple juice?",
      "Does apple juice expand more or less than water when it freezes?"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below.\n\nMike poured 30 milliliters of water into each of six measuring cups. He poured the same volume of apple juice into another six measuring cups. He kept the measuring cups in a freezer for 48 hours. Mike then observed the frozen liquids' volumes in the measuring cups. He measured the amount the volumes increased to see how much the liquids had expanded while freezing. He compared how much the water expanded to how much the apple juice expanded.\nFigure: water in a measuring cup.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify the experimental question",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment. Imagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured. First, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested. Then, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured. Experiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height. Examples of questions that this experiment can answer include: Does soil type affect the height of daffodil plants? Do daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil? Are daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6866\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "Washington, D.C.",
      "Michigan",
      "Maryland",
      "Illinois"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"English colonies in North America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is Maryland.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6871\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Gilligan's phenotype for the eye color trait?",
    "choices":[
      "red eyes",
      "black eyes"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"In a group of koi fish, some individuals have red eyes and others have black eyes. In this group, the gene for the eye color trait has two alleles. The allele for black eyes (e) is recessive to the allele for red eyes (E).\nGilligan is a koi fish from this group. Gilligan has the homozygous genotype ee for the eye color gene.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: dominant and recessive",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. Some traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene. An organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene. An organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene. The types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. A dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers. A recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.",
    "solution":"Gilligan's genotype for the eye color gene is ee. Gilligan's genotype of ee has only e alleles. The e allele is for black eyes. So, Gilligan's phenotype for the eye color trait must be black eyes.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Gilligan's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for black eyes (e) is recessive to the allele for red eyes (E). This means E is a dominant allele, and e is a recessive allele.\nGilligan's genotype of ee has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Gilligan's phenotype for the eye color trait must be black eyes.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?",
    "choices":[
      "The neighborhood association wants them to provide more affordable housing.",
      "The neighborhood association wants city officials to provide more affordable housing."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Pronouns and antecedents",
    "skill":"Identify vague pronoun references",
    "lecture":"When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.",
    "solution":"The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them is used without its antecedent.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Them has been replaced with city officials.\nThe neighborhood association wants city officials to provide more affordable housing.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the motion of three bicycles. Which bicycle was moving at the highest speed?",
    "choices":[
      "a bicycle that moved 110kilometers north in 5hours",
      "a bicycle that moved 85kilometers south in 5hours",
      "a bicycle that moved 135kilometers north in 5hours"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Compare the speeds of moving objects",
    "lecture":"An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time. Distance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer. Time tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour. Think about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed.",
    "solution":"Look at the distance each bicycle moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each bicycle moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each bicycle moved for 5 hours. The bicycle that moved 135 kilometers moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that bicycle must have moved at the highest speed.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "attract",
      "repel"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south. Here are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S. If opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6887\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following trait inherited or acquired?\nIan has a scar on his left ankle.",
    "choices":[
      "acquired",
      "inherited"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Hint: Most scars are caused by accidents during a person's life.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Identify inherited and acquired traits",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.",
    "solution":"Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which part of a flower can make pollen?",
    "choices":[
      "the male part",
      "the female part"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This diagram shows the life cycle of an apple tree.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Plant reproduction",
    "skill":"Angiosperm and conifer life cycles",
    "lecture":"Flowering plants, called angiosperms, use their flowers for sexual reproduction. Flowers can have male parts, female parts, or both! The male part is called the stamen, and the female part is called the pistil. Both the male and female parts are needed for sexual reproduction. The female part produces eggs, and the male part produces pollen. Pollen contains cells that become sperm. Pollination happens when pollen lands on top of the pistil. Self-pollination happens when a plant with both male and female parts pollinates itself. Cross-pollination happens when pollen from one plant lands on the pistil of a flower on a different plant. Animals, including birds and insects, can be pollinators. Many pollinators come to flowers to get food. As a pollinator feeds, it moves pollen from one flower to another. After pollination, sperm from the pollen fuse with eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs then grow into seeds. When a seed lands on the ground, it can germinate and grow into a new plant. The new plant can grow flowers and begin the angiosperm plant life cycle again.",
    "solution":"The male part of the flower makes pollen. The anthers, which are part of the stamen, produce pollen.\nThe female part of the flower makes eggs, not pollen.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6896\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"How long does it take to drain all of the water in a full bathtub?",
    "choices":[
      "50 hours",
      "50 seconds"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose units of time",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Imagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds? The number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing. Time is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven. There are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute. There are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for how long it takes to drain all of the water in a full bathtub is 50 seconds.\n50 hours is too slow.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Boxer's phenotype for the coat color trait?",
    "choices":[
      "a red coat",
      "a black coat"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"In a group of cows, some individuals have a black coat and others have a red coat. In this group, the gene for the coat color trait has two alleles. The allele for a red coat (l) is recessive to the allele for a black coat (L).\nBoxer is a cow from this group. Boxer has the homozygous genotype LL for the coat color gene.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: dominant and recessive",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. Some traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene. An organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene. An organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene. The types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. A dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers. A recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.",
    "solution":"Boxer's genotype for the coat color gene is LL. Boxer's genotype of LL has only L allelles. The L allele is for a black coat. So, Boxer's phenotype for the coat color trait must be a black coat.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Boxer's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for a red coat (l) is recessive to the allele for a black coat (L). This means L is a dominant allele, and l is a recessive allele.\nBoxer's genotype of LL has two dominant alleles. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Boxer's phenotype for the coat color trait must be a black coat.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nErnest's Falstaffian nature makes him stand out at a party.",
    "choices":[
      "Greek mythology",
      "Shakespeare"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. Here, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion Falstaffian is Shakespeare.\nSir John Falstaff, a comical character in several of William Shakespeare's plays, is known for his cheerful sociability and sometimes off-color humor.\nThe allusion Falstaffian means characterized by joviality and enjoyment of food and drink.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property matches this object?",
    "choices":[
      "bouncy",
      "scratchy"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the better answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Identify properties of an object",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.",
    "solution":"Look at the object.\nThink about each property.\nA scratchy object is rough and itchy against your skin. The inflatable castle is not scratchy.\nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The inflatable castle is bouncy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6918\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Adapted from Jane Taylor, \"The Violet\" and adapted from Richard Aldington, \"Childhood\"",
    "choices":[
      "It was all so dull\u2014\nExcept a few gray legs under shiny black umbrellas\nRunning along the gray shiny sidewalks.",
      "Within a green and shady bed\nA modest violet grew;\nIts stalk was bent, it hung its head,\nAs if to hide from view."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reading-comprehension",
    "category":"Poetry elements",
    "skill":"Identify elements of poetry",
    "lecture":"Poetry is a special kind of writing. It has many elements that make it different from ordinary writing. Knowing these elements can help you talk about poetry, understand it better, and enjoy it more. A poem rhymes when it has a pattern of words that end in the same sound. End rhyme is when the rhymes appear at the end of a poem's lines. Little Betty Blue, Lost her holiday shoe. \u2014From Mother Goose Internal rhyme is when at least one of the rhyming words appears inside the poem's lines. Sweet dreams of pleasant streams. \u2014From William Blake, \"A Cradle Song\" Rhythm is the pattern of strong and weak syllables, or stress, in a poem. You can recognize rhythm in a poem by listening to how it sounds. Poems with regular rhythm have a beat, like in music. He watches from his mountain walls, And like a thunderbolt he falls. \u2014From Alfred, Lord Tennyson, \"The Eagle\" The syllables in bold are strong. We say them with more force than the other syllables. In this poem, every weak syllable is followed by a strong syllable. Each line sounds like da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM. To better hear the rhythm, try reading it aloud while clapping on each strong syllable. Free verse is when a poem has neither a regular rhythm nor a rhyme pattern. The old bridge has a wrinkled face. He bends his back For us to go over. \u2014From Hilda Conkling, \"The Old Bridge\" The syllables in bold are strong. You can see this poem does not have a regular rhythm. It also doesn't have a rhyme pattern. Repetition is when words, phrases, or whole lines are repeated. The dainty flying squirrel In vest of shining white, In coat of silver gray, And vest of shining white. \u2014Adapted from Mary E. Burt, \"The Flying Squirrel\" Alliteration is when beginning consonant sounds are repeated in words that are close together. Where the wild men watched and waited Wolves in the forest, and bears in the bush. \u2014From Bayard Taylor, \"A Night with a Wolf\" Onomatopoeia is when language sounds like what it talks about. Sometimes the onomatopoeia uses made-up words: Tlot-tlot! tlot-tlot! Had they heard it? The horse hoofs ringing clear. \u2014From Alfred Noyes, \"The Highwayman\" Sometimes the onomatopoeia uses real words: Hark! the honey bee is humming. \u2014From Mary Howitt, \"The Voice of Spring\"",
    "solution":"This poem has a regular rhythm, or a pattern of sound like a beat. The parts in bold show the strong syllables. The pattern is a weak syllable followed by a strong syllable. It sounds like da-DUM da-DUM.\nAs if to hide from view.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\ndust settling out of the air\nmelting wax",
    "choices":[
      "Both are caused by heating.",
      "Both are chemical changes.",
      "Both are caused by cooling.",
      "Both are only physical changes."
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Chemical reactions",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule. In a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns. In a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nDust settling out of the air is a physical change. As the dust settles, or falls, it might land on furniture or the ground. This separates dust particles from the air, but does not form a different type of matter.\nMelting wax is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The wax changes from solid to liquid. But it is still made of the same type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nWax melting is caused by heating. But dust settling out of the air is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of New Hampshire?",
    "choices":[
      "Harrisburg",
      "Norfolk",
      "Concord",
      "Manchester"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Northeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Concord is the capital of New Hampshire.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6946\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following could Gabriel's test show?",
    "choices":[
      "whether a parachute with a 1 m vent would swing too much at 400 km per hour",
      "if the spacecraft was damaged when using a parachute with a 1 m vent going 200 km per hour",
      "how steady a parachute with a 1 m vent was at 200 km per hour"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design.\nThe passage below describes how the engineering-design process was used to test a solution to a problem. Read the passage. Then answer the question below.\n\nGabriel was an aerospace engineer who was developing a parachute for a spacecraft that would land on Mars. He needed to add a vent at the center of the parachute so the spacecraft would land smoothly. However, the spacecraft would have to travel at a high speed before landing. If the vent was too big or too small, the parachute might swing wildly at this speed. The movement could damage the spacecraft.\nSo, to help decide how big the vent should be, Gabriel put a parachute with a 1 m vent in a wind tunnel. The wind tunnel made it seem like the parachute was moving at 200 km per hour. He observed the parachute to see how much it swung.\nFigure: a spacecraft's parachute in a wind tunnel.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Engineering practices",
    "skill":"Evaluate tests of engineering-design solutions",
    "lecture":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured. Imagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves. First, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind. Then, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved. Tests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6947\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What were the British trying to do at the Battle of Bunker Hill?",
    "choices":[
      "defend a British fort on Breed's Hill",
      "escape Charlestown",
      "capture the hills of Charlestown"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Before George Washington took command of the Continental Army, the Patriots fought a major battle against the British at the Battle of Bunker Hill. Look at the map. Then answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"The American Revolution",
    "skill":"The American Revolution: struggle for independence",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"At the Battle of Bunker Hill, the British were trying to capture the hills of Charlestown. The orange arrows on the map show where the British attacked the hills. The Patriots were trying to defend the hills from the British.\nThe other choices are not correct:\nThe map shows that the defenses on Breed's Hill belonged to the Patriots, not the British.\nThe orange arrows on the map show the British attacking the hills in Charlestown, not escaping them.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6966\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal's body is better adapted for protection against a predator with sharp teeth?",
    "choices":[
      "ring-necked pheasant",
      "marsh terrapin"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Queen scallops live in the ocean. They have a hard outer shell.\nThe  is adapted to protect itself from predators with sharp teeth. It can pull the soft parts of its body into its shell when attacked.\nFigure: queen scallop.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: skins and body coverings",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the queen scallop.\nThe queen scallop has a hard outer shell. Its body is adapted for protection against a predator with sharp teeth. The hard shell makes it difficult for predators to hurt or kill the queen scallop.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe marsh terrapin has a hard outer shell. Its body is adapted for protection against a predator with sharp teeth.\nThe ring-necked pheasant has soft feathers covering its skin. Its body is not adapted for protection against predators with sharp teeth.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6969\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence.\nCracks forming in concrete due to changes in temperature is a ().",
    "choices":[
      "chemical change",
      "physical change"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule. In a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Burning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns. In a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.",
    "solution":"Cracks forming in concrete due to changes in temperature is a physical change. The concrete looks different, but it is still made of the same type of matter.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a run-on sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "He won't get lost, I will give him directions.",
      "Goes on a big adventure."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is it a complete sentence, a fragment, or a run-on?",
    "lecture":"A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb. My friends walk along the path. A sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb. Knows the answer. This is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject. Who knows the answer? She knows the answer. The bright red car. This is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb. What did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped. A run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma. I knocked on the door it opened. It started raining, we ran inside. To fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence. I knocked on the door. It opened. It started raining. We ran inside. You can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. I knocked on the door, and it opened. It started raining, so we ran inside.",
    "solution":"He won't get lost, I will give him directions is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined by just a comma: He won't get lost and I will give him directions.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nCandice said there's no way Scotland's Loch Ness Monster is real, but she's not even Scottish, so there's no way she could really know.",
    "choices":[
      "straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against",
      "false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist",
      "ad hominem: an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations<br\/> slippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that Candice's claim that the Loch Ness Monster isn't real is not valid because she's not Scottish. This is a personal attack on Candice's background that isn't relevant to whether her claim is valid. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nmake - moment",
    "choices":[
      "my",
      "mess"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince mess is between the guide words make - moment, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest west?",
    "choices":[
      "New Mexico",
      "Pennsylvania",
      "Virginia",
      "Idaho"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Idaho is farthest west.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/6979\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"How long does it take to cook a turkey in the oven?",
    "choices":[
      "6 hours",
      "6 minutes"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose units of time",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Imagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds? The number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing. Time is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven. There are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute. There are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for how long it takes to cook a turkey in the oven is 6 hours.\n6 minutes is too fast.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which meatball has a higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "the meatball with less thermal energy",
      "the meatball with more thermal energy"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Two meatballs are identical except for their thermal energies.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Thermal energy",
    "skill":"How are temperature and mass related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving. The energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. What happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.",
    "solution":"The two meatballs are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the meatball with more thermal energy has a higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Using only these supplies, which question can Trudy investigate with an experiment?",
    "choices":[
      "When wrapped in a cotton shirt and placed in the sun, does a large jar or a small jar heat up more?",
      "When placed in the sun, does a glass jar wrapped in a black cotton shirt heat up more than a glass jar wrapped in a white cotton shirt?",
      "When placed in the sun, does a glass jar wrapped in cotton heat up more than a glass jar wrapped in wool?"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Trudy is outside with her friend on a sunny day. Trudy is wearing a light-colored shirt, and she notices that she feels colder than her friend, who is wearing a dark shirt. She wonders what factors affect how fabric warms an object. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\na black cotton shirt\na white cotton shirt\ntwo identical empty glass jars\ntwo thermometers",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What kind of sentence is this?\nTell us as soon as the contest results are posted.",
    "choices":[
      "exclamatory",
      "interrogative",
      "imperative"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory?",
    "lecture":"There are four kinds of sentences. A declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period. The nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure. An interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark. Do you have any plans for the upcoming weekend? An imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point. For this assignment, use references to support your claims. Don't drive so quickly in the construction zone! An exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point. I can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!",
    "solution":"The sentence tells someone to do something, so it is an imperative sentence. Here, it ends with a period.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the fish below.",
    "choices":[
      "red-tailed hawk",
      "goldfish"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Fish live underwater. They have fins, not limbs. A salmon is an example of a fish.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common. Scientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.",
    "solution":"A red-tailed hawk is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nRed-tailed hawks use their sharp beaks to hunt small mammals, birds, fish, and reptiles.\nA goldfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nGoldfish are popular as pets in many countries today. They were first kept as pets by people in ancient China.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7011\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Oliver's genotype for the agouti fur gene?",
    "choices":[
      "not having agouti fur",
      "aa"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This passage describes the agouti fur trait in cats:\n\nIn a group of cats, some individuals have agouti fur and others do not. In this group, the gene for the agouti fur trait has two alleles. The allele A is for having agouti fur, and the allele a is for not having agouti fur.\nOliver, a cat from this group, does not have agouti fur. Oliver has two alleles for not having agouti fur.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.",
    "solution":"An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Oliver has two alleles for not having agouti fur (a). So, Oliver's genotype for the agouti fur gene is aa.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these two objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "sour",
      "slippery"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Different objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. Both objects are slippery.\nA lemon has a sour taste. The wet ice cube is not sour.\nThe property that both objects have in common is slippery.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7019\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which continent is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Europe",
      "Africa",
      "Antarctica",
      "South America"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Physical Geography",
    "skill":"Oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents.",
    "solution":"This continent is Antarctica.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7022\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the expected ratio of offspring with a dwarf body to offspring with a normal-sized body? Choose the most likely ratio.",
    "choices":[
      "2:2",
      "4:0",
      "3:1",
      "0:4",
      "1:3"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":"In a group of rats, some individuals have a normal-sized body and others have a dwarf body. In this group, the gene for the body size trait has two alleles. The allele for a normal-sized body (B) is dominant over the allele for a dwarf body (b).\nThis Punnett square shows a cross between two rats.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Use Punnett squares to calculate ratios of offspring types",
    "lecture":"Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive? How do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. If an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait. If an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait. A Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type. For example, consider the Punnett square below. <br\/><br\/>  | F | f<br\/> F | FF | Ff<br\/> f | Ff | ff<br\/> <br\/> There is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.",
    "solution":"To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with a dwarf body or a normal-sized body, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the body size trait. The question tells you that the B allele, which is for a normal-sized body, is dominant over the b allele, which is for a dwarf body.\nA dwarf body is the recessive allele's version of the body size trait. A rat with the recessive version of the body size trait must have only recessive alleles for the body size gene. So, offspring with a dwarf body must have the genotype bb.\nThere are 0 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype bb.\nA normal-sized body is the dominant allele's version of the body size trait. A rat with the dominant version of the body size trait must have at least one dominant allele for the body size gene. So, offspring with a normal-sized body must have the genotype BB or Bb.\nAll 4 boxes in the Punnett square have the genotype BB or Bb.\nSo, the expected ratio of offspring with a dwarf body to offspring with a normal-sized body is 0:4. This means that, based on the Punnett square, this cross will never produce offspring with a dwarf body. Instead, this cross is expected to always produce offspring with a normal-sized body.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7024\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nbacteria - brag",
    "choices":[
      "be",
      "bunch"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince be is between the guide words bacteria - brag, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these colonies was Southern Colonies?",
    "choices":[
      "New York",
      "Georgia"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"In the following questions, you will learn about the origin of the Southern Colonies. The Southern Colonies made up the southern part of the Thirteen Colonies, which were ruled by Great Britain in the 1600s and 1700s. The population of the Southern Colonies included enslaved and free people of African descent, Native American groups, and European settlers. The map below shows the Thirteen Colonies in 1750. Look at the map. Then answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"Colonial America",
    "skill":"Southern Colonies: founding and government",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the legend on the map.\nAll of the colonies are shaded by region. The Southern Colonies included five colonies:\nThe rest of the Thirteen Colonies were part of the Middle Colonies or New England.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7046\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the animal that has a backbone.",
    "choices":[
      "curlyhair tarantula",
      "skunk"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Hint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians all have backbones.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify animals with and without backbones",
    "lecture":"Some animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange. Other animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body.",
    "solution":"A skunk is a mammal. Like other mammals, a skunk has a backbone.\nLike other tarantulas, a curlyhair tarantula does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following is a primary function of carbohydrates?",
    "choices":[
      "to store the information needed for an organism's growth and development",
      "to supply energy for a cell's immediate use",
      "to control chemical reactions"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Life on Earth comes in many forms, from microscopic bacteria to giant redwood trees. Despite their differences, all living things are made up of the same types of molecules. Many of these molecules contain carbon and are called organic compounds.\nThere are four main groups of organic compounds found in cells. One of these groups is carbohydrates.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Biochemistry",
    "skill":"Structure and function: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids",
    "lecture":"Living things are made up of four main groups of carbon-based molecules called organic compounds. One of these groups is carbohydrates. The other three groups are lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. All carbohydrates are made up of the same three chemical elements: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. But carbohydrate molecules can come in different forms. The smallest carbohydrates are called simple sugars. Simple sugars can be linked together in long chains to make larger carbohydrates, called complex carbohydrates. Carbohydrates can also have different functions. An important function of carbohydrates is to provide the primary source of energy for cells. Cells can quickly break down many types of carbohydrates to release energy, so these carbohydrates provide energy for cells' immediate use. Carbohydrates can also form cell structures. One complex carbohydrate, called cellulose, forms the cell walls in plant cells. Cellulose helps to give plants structure and make them strong.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nIf you're not a vegetarian, then you must despise animals.",
    "choices":[
      "guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something",
      "false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> red herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that if you're not a vegetarian, it must be because you despise animals. However, there may be a number of reasons why you eat meat. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What kind of sentence is this?\nMoss often hangs from the branches of the bald cypress, a tree that grows in swamps in the South.",
    "choices":[
      "interrogative",
      "exclamatory",
      "declarative"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory?",
    "lecture":"There are four kinds of sentences. A declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period. The nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure. An interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark. Do you have any plans for the upcoming weekend? An imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point. For this assignment, use references to support your claims. Don't drive so quickly in the construction zone! An exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point. I can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!",
    "solution":"The sentence tells about something, and it ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the living thing.",
    "choices":[
      "teddy bear",
      "Mount Rushmore National Memorial",
      "snowy owl",
      "book"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify living and nonliving things",
    "lecture":"All living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell. All living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change. All living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense.",
    "solution":"A teddy bear is not a living thing.\nTeddy bears do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.\nA book is not a living thing.\nBooks do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.\nMount Rushmore National Memorial is not a living thing.\nThe Mount Rushmore National Memorial is a sculpture of four American presidents: George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln. The sculpture does not have all the traits of a living thing. It does not grow or respond to the world around it. It does not need food or water.\nA snowy owl is a living thing.\nSnowy owls grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water. Snowy owls are made up of many cells.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest west?",
    "choices":[
      "Missouri",
      "North Carolina",
      "Alabama",
      "Maryland"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Missouri is farthest west.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7076\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\ncarving a piece of wood\ndust settling out of the air",
    "choices":[
      "Both are chemical changes.",
      "Both are caused by cooling.",
      "Both are only physical changes.",
      "Both are caused by heating."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Chemical reactions",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule. In a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns. In a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nCarving a piece of wood is a physical change. The wood changes shape, but it is still made of the same type of matter.\nDust settling out of the air is a physical change. As the dust settles, or falls, it might land on furniture or the ground. This separates dust particles from the air, but does not form a different type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Nutmeg's phenotype for the fur texture trait?",
    "choices":[
      "wavy fur",
      "straight fur"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"In a group of Syrian hamsters, some individuals have straight fur and others have wavy fur. In this group, the gene for the fur texture trait has two alleles. The allele for wavy fur (f) is recessive to the allele for straight fur (F).\nNutmeg is a Syrian hamster from this group. Nutmeg has the homozygous genotype ff for the fur texture gene.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: dominant and recessive",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. Some traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene. An organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene. An organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene. The types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. A dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers. A recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.",
    "solution":"Nutmeg's genotype for the fur texture gene is ff. Nutmeg's genotype of ff has only f alleles. The f allele is for wavy fur. So, Nutmeg's phenotype for the fur texture trait must be wavy fur.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Nutmeg's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for wavy fur (f) is recessive to the allele for straight fur (F). This means F is a dominant allele, and f is a recessive allele.\nNutmeg's genotype of ff has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Nutmeg's phenotype for the fur texture trait must be wavy fur.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence so that it uses personification.\nMy hair () in this humid weather!",
    "choices":[
      "refuses to behave",
      "becomes so frizzy"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Creative techniques",
    "skill":"Use personification",
    "lecture":"Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point. The trees danced in the wind. The word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.",
    "solution":"Complete the sentence with the phrase refuses to behave. It describes my hair as if it were a disobedient person.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Papua New Guinea",
      "New Zealand",
      "Vanuatu",
      "Nauru"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Oceania: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of Oceania",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is Vanuatu.\nDoes Vanuatu have any territorial disputes?\nVanuatu claims to own Matthew and Hunter Islands, which are disputed islands. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the islands rightfully belong to them.\nFrance has controlled the islands since 1929. But shortly after gaining independence in 1980, Vanuatu claimed to rightfully own the islands. It points to underwater geographic features and legends passed down by its people to argue that it has stronger connections to the islands than France. No one lives on the islands today.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7101\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is a slide a solid, a liquid, or a gas?",
    "choices":[
      "a gas",
      "a liquid",
      "a solid"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"States of matter",
    "skill":"Classify matter as solid, liquid, or gas",
    "lecture":"Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own. Some solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid. When matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle. Some liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk. When matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space. Many gases are invisible. Air is a gas.",
    "solution":"A slide is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.\nA slide has a size and shape of its own, even when you sit on it.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7105\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What can Brenna and Ivan trade to each get what they want?",
    "choices":[
      "Ivan can trade his broccoli for Brenna's oranges.",
      "Brenna can trade her tomatoes for Ivan's sandwich.",
      "Ivan can trade his almonds for Brenna's tomatoes.",
      "Brenna can trade her tomatoes for Ivan's broccoli."
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":"Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.\nBrenna and Ivan open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Both of them could be happier with their lunches. Brenna wanted broccoli in her lunch and Ivan was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Trade and specialization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Brenna wanted broccoli in her lunch and Ivan was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.\nBrenna has tomatoes. Ivan has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7111\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the personification in this text suggest?\nJaylen tried to ignore his unfinished essay, but it glared at him from across the room.",
    "choices":[
      "The essay was printed in large type.",
      "It bothered Jaylen that the essay wasn't finished."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. The trees danced in the wind.",
    "solution":"The text uses personification, giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nGlared at him suggests that it bothered Jaylen that the essay wasn't finished. The essay is like a person who is bothering Jaylen.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Would you find the word thorough on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ntailor - timber",
    "choices":[
      "no",
      "yes"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince thorough is between the guide words tailor - timber, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "North Carolina",
      "Vermont",
      "Connecticut",
      "New York"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"English colonies in North America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is New York.\nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7137\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Using only these supplies, which question can Haley investigate with an experiment?",
    "choices":[
      "Do candles with thick wicks or with thin wicks produce more smoke?",
      "Do large candles or small candles produce more smoke?",
      "Do scented candles or unscented candles produce more smoke?"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Haley is burning some new candles. She notices that they produce different amounts of smoke. She wonders what factors affect how much smoke a candle produces. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\ntwo large unscented candles with thick wicks\ntwo large unscented candles with thin wicks\na box of matches",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?",
    "choices":[
      "climate",
      "weather"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Figure: Havana.\nHavana is the capital of Cuba. The winds in Havana blow from the east most days of the year.\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Weather and climate around the world",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the passage carefully.\nHavana is the capital of Cuba. The winds in Havana blow from the east most days of the year.\nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual wind patterns in Havana. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7149\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is Chelonoidis nigra made up of one cell?",
    "choices":[
      "no",
      "yes"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This organism is Chelonoidis nigra. It is a member of the animal kingdom.\nChelonoidis nigra is commonly called a Gal\u00e1pagos giant tortoise. These large tortoises live on the Gal\u00e1pagos Islands. When Spanish sailors arrived at these islands in the 1530s, about 200,000 Gal\u00e1pagos giant tortoises lived on the islands. The Spanish sailors named the islands after a Spanish word for tortoise, gal\u00e1pago.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Describe, classify, and compare kingdoms",
    "lecture":"In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms. Organisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom. <br\/><br\/>  | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | Plants<br\/> How many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | many<br\/> Do their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yes<br\/> Can their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes<br\/>",
    "solution":"Chelonoidis nigra is an animal. Animals are made up of many cells.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7152\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "repel",
      "attract"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.\n\nHint: Magnets that attract pull together. Magnets that repel push apart.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south. Here are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S. If different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7155\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "sample A",
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature",
      "sample B"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"Each particle in the two samples has the same mass, but the particles in sample A have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.\nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7158\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Does Leopardus wiedii have cells that have a nucleus?",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This organism is Leopardus wiedii. It is a member of the animal kingdom.\nLeopardus wiedii is commonly called a margay. Margays live in the forest in Central and South America. Margays are nocturnal. A nocturnal animal sleeps most of the day and is awake at night.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Describe, classify, and compare kingdoms",
    "lecture":"In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms. Organisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom. <br\/><br\/>  | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | Plants<br\/> How many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | many<br\/> Do their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yes<br\/> Can their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes<br\/>",
    "solution":"Leopardus wiedii is an animal. Animal cells have a nucleus.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7162\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the temperature of a cup of hot cocoa?",
    "choices":[
      "65\u00b0F",
      "65\u00b0C"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Estimate temperatures",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Temperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units. <br\/><br\/> 212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0C<br\/> 98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0C<br\/> 68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0C<br\/> 32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0C<br\/>",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the temperature of a cup of hot cocoa is 65\u00b0C.\n65\u00b0F is too cold.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which specific humidity level was measured within the outlined area shown?",
    "choices":[
      "11 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air",
      "12 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air",
      "5 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The map below shows humidity in the lower atmosphere on October 17, 2013. The map shows specific humidity, a measurement of the amount of water vapor in the air. The outlined area shows an air mass that influenced weather in North America on that day.\nLook at the map. Then, answer the question below.\nData source: United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\/Earth System Research Laboratory, Physical Sciences Division",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Identify and compare air masses",
    "lecture":"To study air masses, scientists can use maps that show conditions within Earth's atmosphere. For example, the map below uses color to show specific humidity, a measurement of the amount of water vapor in the air. The map's legend tells you the specific humidity level that each color represents. Colors on the left in the legend represent lower specific humidity levels than colors on the right. For example, areas on the map that are the darkest shade of purple have a specific humidity from zero grams per kilogram (g\/kg) up to two g\/kg. Areas that are the next darkest shade of purple have a specific humidity from two g\/kg up to four g\/kg.",
    "solution":"Look at the colors shown within the outlined area. Then, use the legend to determine which specific humidity levels those colors represent.\nThe legend tells you that this air mass contained air with specific humidity levels between 0 and 6 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air.\n5 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air is within this range.\n11 and 12 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air are outside of this range.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7171\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which continent is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Asia",
      "North America",
      "Africa",
      "Australia"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Oceans and continents",
    "skill":"Identify oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents.",
    "solution":"This continent is Africa.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7172\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "A substance's chemical structure determines its flavor.",
      "A substance's chemical structure depends only on the number and types of atoms in each molecule of the substance."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"A substance's physical and chemical properties are all determined by its chemical structure. Its chemical structure depends on the number and types of atoms in each of its molecules, as well as on how those atoms are arranged.\nOne property of a substance is its flavor, which is its odor and taste combined. The chemical structure of a substance determines both the kind of flavor it has and the strength of that flavor.\nSyrups containing flavorants are used to add flavor to snow cones.\nSubstances that have especially interesting and strong flavors are often added to food to change or enhance the food's flavor. These substances are called flavorants. Flavorants can be found in nature, made in a chemical factory, or both.\nOne example of a flavorant is methyl anthranilate. This flavorant is often used to add a grape flavor to syrups, candy, and other sweets. Methyl anthranilate is found naturally in certain types of grapes, but it can also be made by workers in a chemical factory.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Chemical reactions",
    "skill":"Explore chemical structure and properties: food flavors",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7174\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Nolan acquired this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Nolan knits sweaters using cotton, wool, and other types of yarn.",
      "Nolan learned how to knit in an after school program."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nNolan knows how to knit sweaters.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nYesterday's tennis match was a classic David and Goliath story, with Charlie playing against his former team captain, Jake.",
    "choices":[
      "the Bible",
      "a poem"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. Here, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion David and Goliath is the Bible.\nIn the Bible, a young man named David slays Goliath, a giant and champion warrior, using nothing more than a sling and a stone.\nThe allusion David and Goliath means involving unequal rivals.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which rhetorical appeal is primarily used in this ad?",
    "choices":[
      "pathos (emotion)",
      "logos (reason)",
      "ethos (character)"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Persuasive strategies",
    "skill":"Identify appeals to ethos, pathos, and logos in advertisements",
    "lecture":"The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals. Appeals to ethos, or character, show the writer or speaker as trustworthy, authoritative, or sharing important values with the audience. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following: say that a brand has been trusted for many years include an endorsement from a respected organization, such as the American Dental Association feature a testimonial from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's values use an admired celebrity or athlete as a spokesperson Appeals to logos, or reason, use logic and verifiable evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following: use graphs or charts to display information cite results of clinical trials or independently conducted studies explain the science behind a product or service emphasize that the product is a financially wise choice anticipate and refute potential counterclaims Appeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following: trigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassment appeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractive link the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury",
    "solution":"The ad appeals to ethos, or character, by referencing endorsements from trusted professionals.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7180\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Answer the riddle.\nI am red-brown.\nI have a big, bushy tail.\nI look like a small dog.\nWhat am I?",
    "choices":[
      "a fox",
      "an apple"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade1",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"vocabulary",
    "category":"Comprehension strategies",
    "skill":"What am I?",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"A fox is red-brown.\nA fox has a big, bushy tail.\nA fox looks like a small dog.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"The trucks begin to move at the same speed. Which truck needs a larger force to start moving?",
    "choices":[
      "a mail truck carrying 200 pounds of mail",
      "a mail truck carrying 450 pounds of mail"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Two mail trucks are loaded with mail. The trucks are the same. But they are carrying different amounts of mail.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"How do mass and force affect motion?",
    "lecture":"A force is a push or a pull. A force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction. Forces can be different sizes. Think about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object.",
    "solution":"Look for the mail truck that is heavier.\nA mail truck carrying 450 pounds of mail is heavier than a mail truck carrying 200 pounds of mail. So, the mail truck carrying 450 pounds needs a larger force to start moving at the same speed as the other mail truck.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the motion of three motorboats. Which motorboat was moving at the highest speed?",
    "choices":[
      "a motorboat that moved 670kilometers west in 10hours",
      "a motorboat that moved 275kilometers south in 10hours",
      "a motorboat that moved 355kilometers north in 10hours"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Compare the speeds of moving objects",
    "lecture":"An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time. Distance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer. Time tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour. Think about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed.",
    "solution":"Look at the distance each motorboat moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each motorboat moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each motorboat moved for 10 hours. The motorboat that moved 670 kilometers moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that motorboat must have moved at the highest speed.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nGabby was known among her coworkers for her spartan ways.",
    "choices":[
      "Greek history",
      "Shakespeare"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. Here, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion spartan is Greek history.\nSoldiers from the city of Sparta in ancient Greece were known for their self-restraint, self-discipline, and indifference to luxury.\nThe allusion spartan means simple and austere.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is there a sentence fragment?\nThe red wolf of the southeastern United States became extinct in the wild in 1980. After scientists created a breeding program with a few red wolves in captivity.",
    "choices":[
      "no",
      "yes"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Identify sentence fragments",
    "lecture":"A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. The band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks. A sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. Rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks. This fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing. The band I'm in. This fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing. Because we have a concert in two weeks. This fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert.",
    "solution":"There is a sentence fragment that does not express a complete thought.\nThe red wolf of the southeastern United States became extinct in the wild in 1980. After scientists created a breeding program with a few red wolves in captivity.\nHere is one way to fix the sentence fragment:\nThe red wolf of the southeastern United States became extinct in the wild in 1980. After scientists created a breeding program with a few red wolves in captivity, the wolves were reintroduced to the wild.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the mixture.",
    "choices":[
      "silver",
      "crayons"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Mixtures",
    "skill":"Identify mixtures",
    "lecture":"A pure substance is made of only one type of matter. A mixture is made of two or more types of matter mixed together.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the volume of a glass of milk?",
    "choices":[
      "1 gallon",
      "1 cup",
      "1 fluid ounce"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Volume is a measurement of how much space something takes up. There are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons. As the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon. A glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the volume of a glass of milk is 1 cup.\n1 fluid ounce is too little and 1 gallon is too much.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which i in row C?",
    "choices":[
      "the park",
      "the fire department",
      "the school",
      "the gas station"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Use a letter-number grid",
    "lecture":"A grid is made up of lines of squares. They are organized in rows and columns. A grid can help you use a map. A row is a line of squares that goes from side to side. Rows are marked with letters. A column is a line of squares that goes up and down. Columns are marked with numbers.",
    "solution":"The gas station is in row C.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7230\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same species as the sand cat.",
    "choices":[
      "Felis margarita",
      "Lynx canadensis",
      "Neofelis nebulosa"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This organism is a sand cat. Its scientific name is Felis margarita.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"A sand cat's scientific name is Felis margarita.\nFelis margarita has the same scientific name as a sand cat. So, these organisms are in the same species.\nNeofelis nebulosa does not have the same scientific name as a sand cat. So, Felis margarita and Neofelis nebulosa are not in the same species.\nLynx canadensis does not have the same scientific name as a sand cat. So, Felis margarita and Lynx canadensis are not in the same species.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7234\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Thistle's phenotype for the fleece type trait?",
    "choices":[
      "a hairy fleece",
      "FF"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This passage describes the fleece type trait in sheep:\n\nIn a group of sheep, some individuals have a hairy fleece and others have a woolly fleece. In this group, the gene for the fleece type trait has two alleles. The allele F is for a hairy fleece, and the allele f is for a woolly fleece.\nThistle, a sheep from this group, has a hairy fleece. Thistle has two alleles for a hairy fleece.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.",
    "solution":"An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Thistle's observable version of the fleece type trait is a hairy fleece. So, Thistle's phenotype for the fleece type trait is a hairy fleece.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest east?",
    "choices":[
      "Illinois",
      "North Dakota",
      "Nebraska",
      "North Carolina"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Maps",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. North Carolina is farthest east.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7237\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is harder?",
    "choices":[
      "wool sweater",
      "icicle"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of materials",
    "lecture":"Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. A material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.",
    "solution":"Hard is a property. A hard material keeps its shape when you press on it with your finger.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pushing on the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the icicle is harder. If you squeeze an icicle, it will not change shape, unless it starts to melt!",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What kind of sentence is this?\nDon't overlook Arianna when choosing the new principal.",
    "choices":[
      "imperative",
      "exclamatory",
      "interrogative"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory?",
    "lecture":"There are four kinds of sentences. A declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period. The nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure. An interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark. Do you have any plans for the upcoming weekend? An imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point. For this assignment, use references to support your claims. Don't drive so quickly in the construction zone! An exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point. I can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!",
    "solution":"The sentence makes a request, so it is an imperative sentence. Here, it ends with a period.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nWill was enjoying the lush life his newfound riches had brought him, but he couldn't help but think of his latest cholesterol reading as a Sword of Damocles.",
    "choices":[
      "the Bible",
      "ancient legend"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. The protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose. The word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion Sword of Damocles is ancient legend.\nAccording to legend, when Damocles wished his life were as full of luxuries as that of the tyrant Dionysis, Dionysis invited Damocles to a sumptuous banquet. Above Damocles' seat at the feast, Dionysis had placed a sword, suspended only by a thin hair, demonstrating the fragile nature of fortune.\nThe allusion Sword of Damocles means a reminder that one is vulnerable.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the simile in this text suggest?\nYou're as cold as ice; you're willing to sacrifice our love.\n\u2014Foreigner, \"Cold as Ice\"",
    "choices":[
      "The song is about someone who is freezing.",
      "The song is about someone who doesn't care."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. A simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike. The cat's fur was as dark as the night.",
    "solution":"The text includes a simile, using like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe simile as cold as ice suggests that the song is about someone who doesn't care. Someone who is as cold as ice is numb and doesn't have warm feelings.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the motion of three geese. Which goose was moving at the highest speed?",
    "choices":[
      "a goose that moved 360miles west in 10hours",
      "a goose that moved 650miles south in 10hours",
      "a goose that moved 275miles east in 10hours"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Compare the speeds of moving objects",
    "lecture":"An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time. Distance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile. Time tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour. Think about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed.",
    "solution":"Look at the distance each goose moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each goose moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each goose moved for 10 hours. The goose that moved 650 miles moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that goose must have moved at the highest speed.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Lisa acquired this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Lisa's scar was caused by an accident. She cut her arm when she fell off her bicycle.",
      "Lisa's sister has a bruise from falling on her elbow.",
      "Lisa's scar is on her right elbow. Her father also has a scar on his right elbow."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nLisa has a scar on her right elbow.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "the Dominican Republic",
      "Haiti",
      "Saint Kitts and Nevis",
      "Dominica"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"The Americas: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of the Caribbean",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is the Dominican Republic.\nWhy does the Dominican Republic share its island with another country?\nThe Dominican Republic and Haiti share the island of Hispaniola. It is home to the earliest European settlements in the Americas. Christopher Columbus founded the first European settlement on the island in 1492 during his first voyage across the Atlantic.\nThough many people lived on the island before Columbus's arrival, European countries quickly began to colonize the island. Eventually France and Spain both established colonies. The Spanish colony eventually became the country of the Dominican Republic, and the French colony eventually became the country of Haiti. Today, people in the two countries speak different languages and have many cultural differences.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7262\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which continent is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "North America",
      "Europe",
      "Australia",
      "Africa"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Physical Geography",
    "skill":"Oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents.",
    "solution":"This continent is Europe.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7268\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nTrent's leaving his job? That's old news. He's been planning that for months.",
    "choices":[
      "oxymoron",
      "euphemism"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify the figure of speech: euphemism, hyperbole, oxymoron, paradox",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! An oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Some reviewers are calling this book a new classic. A paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Always expect the unexpected.",
    "solution":"The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nOld news is a contradiction, because news is recent information.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Suppose Kenneth decides to get the cherries jubilee ice cream. Which result would be a cost?",
    "choices":[
      "Kenneth will get to eat the cherries jubilee ice cream. He likes this flavor more than brownie batter.",
      "Kenneth will give up the chance to get a free waffle cone. He would have enjoyed the waffle cone."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Kenneth is deciding whether to get cherries jubilee ice cream or brownie batter ice cream. He likes cherries jubilee more than brownie batter. But a scoop of brownie batter ice cream comes with a free waffle cone.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Costs and benefits",
    "lecture":"Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits. Costs are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need. Benefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.",
    "solution":"This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Kenneth wants or needs:\nKenneth will give up the chance to get a free waffle cone. He would have enjoyed the waffle cone.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the fish below.",
    "choices":[
      "whale shark",
      "green iguana",
      "ostrich",
      "Hermann's tortoise"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Fish live underwater. They have fins, not limbs.\nFish are cold-blooded. The body temperature of cold-blooded animals depends on their environment.\nA clownfish is an example of a fish.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals.",
    "solution":"A Hermann's tortoise is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nA tortoise's shell protects it from predators. When a tortoise feels threatened, it can pull its head and legs inside its shell.\nA green iguana is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nIguanas are a type of lizard. Iguanas eat plants and fruit.\nA whale shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nWhale sharks are the largest fish in the world! Adult whale sharks can weigh over 21 tons\u2014as much as seven elephants!\nAn ostrich is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nThe ostrich is the largest bird alive today. Ostriches cannot fly, but they can run very fast.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7282\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ndeserve - durable",
    "choices":[
      "daze",
      "disaster"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince disaster is between the guide words deserve - durable, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nIn response to his position on taxes, some journalists accused the candidate of engaging in doublethink.",
    "choices":[
      "Greek history",
      "literature"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. Here, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion doublethink is literature.\nGeorge Orwell's novel 1984 uses the term doublethink to describe simultaneously believing two opposite ideas, such as \"War is peace.\"\nThe allusion doublethink means a contradictory belief.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Solomon Islands",
      "Papua New Guinea",
      "Australia",
      "New Zealand"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Oceania: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of Oceania",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is Australia.\nIs Australia a country or a continent?\nBoth! Australia is a country in Oceania, a region made up of many lands and islands in the Pacific Ocean. Many people say that Australia is the world's smallest continent. But some people call Oceania a continent instead.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7294\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "repel",
      "attract"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south. Here are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S. If opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7296\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nJennifer, please stay away from the ocean. You shouldn't go in the water until you know how to swim.",
    "choices":[
      "paradox",
      "euphemism"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify figures of speech: euphemism, hyperbole, oxymoron, paradox",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! An oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Some reviewers are calling this book a new classic. A paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Always expect the unexpected.",
    "solution":"The text uses a paradox, a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nYou shouldn't go in the water until you know how to swim at first appears to be contradictory, because it is impossible to learn how to swim without going in the water. However, it contains some truth: you should not go into deep or dangerous water without first knowing how to swim.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which text uses the word unique in its traditional sense?",
    "choices":[
      "Samantha's collection of handmade pottery was featured in last week's edition of the Hillsdale Journal, which identified her as \"one of the most unique young artists to debut this year.\"",
      "Each vase and bowl in Samantha's collection of handmade pottery is unique. The colors and designs reflect both her cultural heritage and her individual artistic style."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Word usage and nuance",
    "skill":"Explore words with new or contested usages",
    "lecture":"Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner. When a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences. Britney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam. The traditional usage above is considered more standard. David perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages. The nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.",
    "solution":"The second text uses unique in its traditional sense: being the only one of its kind.\nEach vase and bowl in Samantha's collection of handmade pottery is unique. The colors and designs reflect both her cultural heritage and her individual artistic style.\nThe first text uses unique in its nontraditional sense: interesting or unusual. Samantha is a distinctive artist, but might not be one of a kind. It may be helpful to remember that if unique is modified by an adverb\u2014as in most unique, very unique, or quite unique\u2014it is probably being used nontraditionally.\nSamantha's collection of handmade pottery was featured in last week's edition of the Hillsdale Journal, which identified her as \"one of the most unique young artists to debut this year.\"\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word unique because it is considered more standard.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ncattle - code",
    "choices":[
      "crumb",
      "check"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince check is between the guide words cattle - code, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which statement best describes the average monthly precipitation in New Orleans?",
    "choices":[
      "The wettest months of the year are June, July, and August.",
      "October is the wettest month.",
      "February is wetter than June."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Use the graph to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Use climate data to make predictions",
    "lecture":"Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. A bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average.",
    "solution":"To describe the average precipitation trends in New Orleans, look at the graph.\nChoice \"Feb\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Jun\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Aug\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Oct\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"The wettest months of the year are June, July, and August.\" is incorrect.\nOn average, more precipitation falls during June, July, and August than during other months of the year. So, June, July, and August are the wettest months.\nChoice \"February is wetter than June.\" is incorrect.\nFebruary has a lower average precipitation than June. So, February is drier, not wetter, than June.\nChoice \"October is the wettest month.\" is incorrect.\nEvery other month has a higher average precipitation than October. So, October is the driest, not the wettest, month.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7328\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nAlexa entered the bustling, aromatic spice market in Istanbul and said to her travel companion, \"We're not in Kansas anymore.\"",
    "choices":[
      "a movie",
      "a fable"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. Here, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion We're not in Kansas anymore is a movie.\nIn the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, Dorothy, a young farm girl from Kansas, finds herself in Oz, an unusual place that looks nothing like her home. She says to her dog, \"Toto, I've a feeling we're not in Kansas anymore.\"\nThe allusion We're not in Kansas anymore means we're in an unfamiliar place.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?",
    "choices":[
      "As Brad's train pulled out of the station, Ted waved goodbye to him.",
      "Ted waved goodbye to Brad as his train pulled out of the station."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Pronouns",
    "skill":"Identify vague pronoun references",
    "lecture":"When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.",
    "solution":"The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun his could refer to Ted or Brad.\nTed waved goodbye to Brad as his train pulled out of the station.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nAs Brad's train pulled out of the station, Ted waved goodbye to him.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same species as the Grevy's zebra.",
    "choices":[
      "Cervus canadensis",
      "Macropus rufus",
      "Equus grevyi"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"This organism is a Grevy's zebra. Its scientific name is Equus grevyi.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification and scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"A Grevy's zebra's scientific name is Equus grevyi.\nCervus canadensis does not have the same scientific name as a Grevy's zebra. So, Equus grevyi and Cervus canadensis are not in the same species.\nMacropus rufus does not have the same scientific name as a Grevy's zebra. So, Equus grevyi and Macropus rufus are not in the same species.\nEquus grevyi has the same scientific name as a Grevy's zebra. So, these organisms are in the same species.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7338\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is this organism's scientific name?",
    "choices":[
      "American crocodile",
      "Crocodylus acutus"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This organism is Crocodylus acutus. It is also called an American crocodile.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification and scientific names",
    "skill":"Identify common and scientific names",
    "lecture":"An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know. An organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English. Scientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca.",
    "solution":"Crocodylus acutus is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not.\nSo, Crocodylus acutus is the scientific name.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7343\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nFrom the look on her face, Camille is carrying an albatross around her neck.",
    "choices":[
      "a poem",
      "Egyptian history"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. The protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose. The word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion an albatross around her neck is a poem.\nIn Samuel Taylor Coleridge's poem \"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner,\" a sailor shoots and kills an albatross, an action that curses the ship and crew. As his crew members die, the Ancient Mariner feels his guilt hanging like the albatross around his neck.\nThe allusion an albatross around her neck means a burden a person must bear.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Mason inherited this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Mason's biological father wears contacts in his hazel eyes.",
      "Mason wears glasses and so do his sisters.",
      "Mason's friend also has hazel eyes."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nMason has hazel eyes.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Delaware?",
    "choices":[
      "Georgetown",
      "Dover",
      "Augusta",
      "Harrisburg"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Northeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Dover is the capital of Delaware.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7346\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\nacid rain weathering a marble statue\nchemicals in a battery reacting to power a flashlight",
    "choices":[
      "Both are caused by cooling.",
      "Both are chemical changes.",
      "Both are only physical changes.",
      "Both are caused by heating."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Chemical reactions",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule. In a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns. In a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nAcid rain weathering a marble statue is a chemical change. The acid rain reacts with the outside of the statue and breaks it down into a different type of matter. This new matter is then washed away by the rain. Acid rain is a type of pollution. It forms when smoke from automobiles and factories mixes with water in clouds.\nAcid rain is a type of pollution. It forms when automobiles and factories release smoke containing sulfur or nitrogen. Some of these chemicals react with water in the atmosphere. The reaction forms droplets of water that can fall back to the ground as acid rain.\nChemicals in a battery reacting to power a flashlight is a chemical change. When the flashlight is turned on, the chemicals in the battery react with each other to form new chemicals. This creates electricity, which powers the lightbulb.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the gas.",
    "choices":[
      "bat bones",
      "air inside a raft",
      "pair of dice",
      "water in a fishbowl"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"States of matter",
    "skill":"Identify solids, liquids, and gases",
    "lecture":"Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own. Some solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid. When matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle. Some liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk. When matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space. Many gases are invisible. Air is a gas.",
    "solution":"A pair of dice is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. When you roll a pair of dice, the dice have a shape of their own. They are still cubes when they stop rolling.\nThe air inside a raft is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. The air in a raft expands to fill all the space inside the raft. If air leaks out, it will expand into the space around the raft.\nA bat bone is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. A bat bone has its own shape inside the bat.\nThe water in a fishbowl is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour water from a fishbowl into a different container, the water will take the shape of that container. But the water will still take up the same amount of space.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Lauren inherited this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Lauren's hair is the same color as her brown eyes.",
      "Lauren's father has brown eyes. He passed this trait down to Lauren."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nLauren has brown eyes.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Heredity",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Britney acquired this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Britney knows how to polish her cello.",
      "Britney learned how to play the cello in music class.",
      "Britney and her father play the cello together."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nBritney can play the cello.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which better describes the Belize Barrier Reef ecosystem?",
    "choices":[
      "It has salty water. It also has only a few types of organisms.",
      "It has bright sunlight. It also has shallow water."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Figure: Belize Barrier Reef.\nThe Belize Barrier Reef is a tropical coral reef ecosystem near the coast of Belize.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Describe ecosystems",
    "lecture":"An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other: the pattern of weather, or climate the type of soil or water the organisms that live there",
    "solution":"A tropical coral reef is a type of ecosystem. Tropical coral reefs have the following features: shallow, salty water, bright sunlight, and many different types of organisms. So, the Belize Barrier Reef has bright sunlight. It also has shallow water.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7359\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which greeting is correct for a letter?",
    "choices":[
      "Dear Aunt Becky,",
      "dear Aunt Becky,"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Greetings and closings of letters",
    "lecture":"A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue. Dear Aunt Sue, I'm glad you could come to my party, and thank you for the birthday gift. I could not have asked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think of you. With love, Rory",
    "solution":"The second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Aunt Becky is capitalized because it is a proper noun.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles?",
    "choices":[
      "Solution A",
      "neither; their concentrations are the same",
      "Solution B"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each pink ball represents one particle of solute.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Compare concentrations of solutions",
    "lecture":"A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent. concentration = particles of solute \/ volume of solvent",
    "solution":"In Solution A and Solution B, the pink particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles, look at both the number of pink particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of pink particles per milliliter.\nSolution A and Solution B have the same number of pink particles per milliliter. So, their concentrations are the same.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7363\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following is on the map?",
    "choices":[
      "water frozen in glaciers",
      "water in clouds"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Read the passage. Then answer the question.\nThis is a map of Earth. The map uses color to show parts of Earth that are covered by land and water. The map uses white to show large sheets of ice and snow called glaciers.\nThe map's legend, or information box, shows the feature that each color represents.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Water cycle",
    "skill":"Describe and graph water on Earth",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The map uses blue to show liquid water in rivers, lakes, and oceans. It uses white to show water that is frozen in glaciers.\nThe map shows only water that is on the surface of Earth. It does not show water that is underground or in clouds. Other maps might use different colors to show water that is underground or in clouds.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7375\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nMr. Conway argues that we need to do more to prevent workplace injuries and fatalities. I doubt that someone so socially awkward would know a thing about office safety.",
    "choices":[
      "bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct",
      "ad hominem: a personal attack against one's opponent"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> red herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that being socially awkward determines knowledge of workplace safety. This is a personal attack that isn't relevant to Mr. Conway's desire to prevent workplace injuries. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is a drum a good or a service?",
    "choices":[
      "a service",
      "a good"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Economics",
    "skill":"Goods and services",
    "lecture":"Everything you can buy is either a good or a service. A good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good. A service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service.",
    "solution":"To decide whether a drum is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs a drum something you can touch? Yes.\nIs a drum a job you might pay someone else to do? No.\nSo, a drum is a good.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the mammal below.",
    "choices":[
      "human",
      "griffon vulture"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Mammals have hair or fur and feed their young milk. A bison is an example of a mammal.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common. Scientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.",
    "solution":"A human is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.\nHumans are a type of animal called a primate. Monkeys and apes are also primates.\nA griffon vulture is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nVultures do not usually hunt live animals. They eat animals that are already dead! This behavior is called scavenging.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7392\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which continent is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Asia",
      "Africa",
      "North America",
      "Australia"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Physical Geography",
    "skill":"Oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents.",
    "solution":"This continent is Africa.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7396\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Virginia?",
    "choices":[
      "Norfolk",
      "Richmond",
      "Cambridge",
      "Arlington"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Southeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Richmond is the capital of Virginia.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7397\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What kind of sentence is this?\nIn the game today, Clare hit a home run with bases loaded!",
    "choices":[
      "interrogative",
      "exclamatory",
      "declarative"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory?",
    "lecture":"There are four kinds of sentences. A declarative sentence is a statement and always ends with a period. The nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure. An imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point. For this assignment, use references to support your claims. Don't drive so quickly in the construction zone! An interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark. Given the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction? An exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point. I can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!",
    "solution":"The sentence is a statement that shows strong feeling and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nThis news show is the most widely watched in the country, so I know it's also the most trustworthy.",
    "choices":[
      "bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct",
      "slippery slope fallacy: the false assumption that a small first step will lead to extreme consequences",
      "appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations<br\/> slippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that because a show is widely watched it is also trustworthy. However, a show's popularity does not necessarily indicate its trustworthiness. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the bandwagon fallacy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the volume of a paper drinking cup?",
    "choices":[
      "160 liters",
      "160 milliliters"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Volume is a measurement of how much space something takes up. There are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters. There are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter. A raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the volume of a paper drinking cup is 160 milliliters.\n160 liters is too much.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the fish below.",
    "choices":[
      "tortoise",
      "whale shark",
      "African bullfrog",
      "emerald tree boa"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Fish live underwater. They have fins, not limbs.\nFish are cold-blooded. The body temperature of cold-blooded animals depends on their environment.\nA piranha is an example of a fish.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals.",
    "solution":"An emerald tree boa is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nTree boas eat small mammals, birds, lizards, and frogs. Tree boas only need to eat once every few months!\nA tortoise is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nA tortoise's shell protects it from predators. When a tortoise feels threatened, it can pull its head and legs inside its shell.\nAn African bullfrog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nFrogs live near water or in damp places. Most frogs lay their eggs in water.\nA whale shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nWhale sharks are the largest fish in the world! Adult whale sharks can weigh over 21 tons\u2014as much as seven elephants!",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7411\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?",
    "choices":[
      "Jim accidentally bumped into the waiter, and food splattered all over Jim's shirt.",
      "Jim accidentally bumped into the waiter, and food splattered all over his shirt."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Pronouns and antecedents",
    "skill":"Identify vague pronoun references",
    "lecture":"When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.",
    "solution":"The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun his could refer to Jim's or the waiter's.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. His has been replaced with Jim's.\nJim accidentally bumped into the waiter, and food splattered all over Jim's shirt.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same species as the great gray owl.",
    "choices":[
      "Goura victoria",
      "Strix nebulosa",
      "Goura scheepmakeri"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This organism is a great gray owl. Its scientific name is Strix nebulosa.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification and scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"A great gray owl's scientific name is Strix nebulosa.\nGoura scheepmakeri does not have the same scientific name as a great gray owl. So, Strix nebulosa and Goura scheepmakeri are not in the same species.\nStrix nebulosa has the same scientific name as a great gray owl. So, these organisms are in the same species.\nGoura victoria does not have the same scientific name as a great gray owl. So, Strix nebulosa and Goura victoria are not in the same species.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7426\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nI never wear running shoes when I go jogging. Running with bare feet is how our ancient ancestors did it, so running shoes can't be better for your feet.",
    "choices":[
      "circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself",
      "appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good",
      "ad hominem: an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations<br\/> slippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that running shoes aren't good for your feet because our ancient ancestors did not wear running shoes. However, running shoes are not necessarily bad for your feet just because our ancient ancestors did not naturally have them in the past. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as an appeal to nature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnetic force is weaker in Pair 2.",
      "The strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Compare strengths of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart.",
    "solution":"Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.\nThe magnets in Pair 2 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 2 than in Pair 1.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7442\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"In this food web, which organism contains matter that eventually moves to the parasol fungus?",
    "choices":[
      "bobcat",
      "black bear",
      "black racer",
      "gray fox"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Below is a food web from Shenandoah National Park, a forest ecosystem in Virginia.\nA food web models how the matter eaten by organisms moves through an ecosystem. The arrows in a food web represent how matter moves between organisms in an ecosystem.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecological interactions",
    "skill":"Interpret food webs II",
    "lecture":"A food web is a model. A food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food. Arrows show how matter moves. A food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating. An organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web. An organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web.",
    "solution":"Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows to the parasol fungus.\nThere are two arrows pointing from the gray fox to other organisms. One arrow points to the bobcat. The only arrow pointing from the bobcat leads to the bolete fungus. The other arrow pointing from the gray fox leads to the bolete fungus. No arrows point from the bolete fungus to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the gray fox to the parasol fungus.\nThe only arrow pointing from the black racer leads to the bolete fungus. No arrows point from the bolete fungus to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the black racer to the parasol fungus.There is one path matter can take from the black bear to the parasol fungus: black bear->parasol fungus. There are two paths matter can take from the swallowtail caterpillar to the parasol fungus: swallowtail caterpillar->pine vole->parasol fungus. swallowtail caterpillar->black bear->parasol fungus. bobcat. The only arrow pointing from the bobcat leads to the bolete fungus. No arrows point from the bolete fungus to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the bobcat to the parasol fungus..",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7443\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\nmaking paper from wood\nrust forming on a metal gate",
    "choices":[
      "Both are only physical changes.",
      "Both are chemical changes.",
      "Both are caused by cooling.",
      "Both are caused by heating."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Chemical reactions",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule. In a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns. In a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nMaking paper from wood is a chemical change. Paper is made by mixing tiny pieces of wood with special chemicals. The wood reacts with the chemicals to form pulp. Wood and pulp are different types of matter.\nRust forming on a metal gate is a chemical change. As the gate rusts, the metal turns into a different type of matter called rust. Rust is reddish-brown and falls apart easily.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nalphabet - area",
    "choices":[
      "ahead",
      "antenna"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince antenna is between the guide words alphabet - area, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nThe salesperson tried hard to convince Emilio that the jacket was a good buy; after all, it was made of genuine imitation leather.",
    "choices":[
      "hyperbole",
      "oxymoron"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify figures of speech: euphemism, hyperbole, oxymoron, paradox",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! An oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Some reviewers are calling this book a new classic. A paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Always expect the unexpected.",
    "solution":"The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nGenuine imitation leather is a contradiction, because genuine means real, and imitation means fake or synthetic.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nJoey lives in a city where the wind often blows from the south throughout the year.",
    "choices":[
      "weather",
      "climate"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"What's the difference between weather and climate?",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the text carefully.\nJoey lives in a city where the wind often blows from the south throughout the year.\nThis passage tells you about the usual wind pattern where Joey lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "repel",
      "attract"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.\n\nHint: Magnets that attract pull together. Magnets that repel push apart.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south. Here are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S. If different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7461\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Look at the word. Does it have a closed syllable or an open syllable?\nwe",
    "choices":[
      "open",
      "closed"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"word-study",
    "category":"Short and long vowels",
    "skill":"Is the syllable open or closed?",
    "lecture":"Words are made up of syllables. Two kinds of syllables are closed and open. A closed syllable has one vowel and ends with a consonant. It usually has a short vowel sound. desk: short e kit \/ ten: short i \/ short e An open syllable ends with one vowel. It usually has a long vowel sound. go: long o he \/ ro: long e \/ long o Some open syllables end with y. The y makes a long e sound or a long i sound. sky: long i ba \/ by: long a \/ long e",
    "solution":"The word we ends with a vowel and has a long vowel sound. So, it has an open syllable.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following statement about our solar system true or false?\nThe largest planet is made mainly of ice.",
    "choices":[
      "false",
      "true"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Use the data to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"true-or-false",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Astronomy",
    "skill":"Analyze data to compare properties of planets",
    "lecture":"A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet. The primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.",
    "solution":"The table tells you that Jupiter is the largest planet and that Jupiter is made mainly of gas. So, the largest planet is made mainly of gas.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7481\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a complete sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "Our cabin has bunk beds for the kids.",
      "Sacramento is the capital of California, the state government meets there."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is it a complete sentence, a fragment, or a run-on?",
    "lecture":"A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb. My friends walk along the path. A sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb. Knows the answer. This is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject. Who knows the answer? She knows the answer. The bright red car. This is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb. What did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped. A run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma. I knocked on the door it opened. It started raining, we ran inside. To fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence. I knocked on the door. It opened. It started raining. We ran inside. You can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. I knocked on the door, and it opened. It started raining, so we ran inside.",
    "solution":"Our cabin has bunk beds for the kids is a complete sentence. The subject is our cabin, and the verb is has.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Can Pleopeltis polypodioides cells make their own food?",
    "choices":[
      "no",
      "yes"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This organism is Pleopeltis polypodioides. It is a member of the plant kingdom.\nPleopeltis polypodioides can survive without water for a long time. Because of this, it can grow in very dry places. In the image, you can see P. polypodioides growing on a cooled black lava flow.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Describe, classify, and compare kingdoms",
    "lecture":"In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms. Organisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom. <br\/><br\/>  | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | Plants<br\/> How many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | many<br\/> Do their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yes<br\/> Can their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes<br\/>",
    "solution":"Pleopeltis polypodioides is a plant. Plant cells can make their own food. Plant cells make food using photosynthesis.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7491\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following statement about our solar system true or false?\nThe volume of Uranus is less than ten times the volume of Neptune.",
    "choices":[
      "true",
      "false"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Use the data to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"true-or-false",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Astronomy",
    "skill":"Analyze data to compare properties of planets",
    "lecture":"A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet. The primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation. For example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km^3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 10^15 km^3. To compare two numbers written in scientific notation, first compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example: 1.43 x 10^15 is larger than 1.43 x 10^12 If their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example: 1.43 x 10^15 is larger than 1.25 x 10^15 To multiply a number written in scientific notation by a power of 10, write the multiple of 10 as 10 raised to an exponent. Then, add the exponents. For example: 1.43 x 10^15 \u00b7 1000 = 1.43 x 10^15 \u00b7 10^3 = 1.43 x 10^(15 + 3) = 1.43 x 10^18",
    "solution":"To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of ten times the volume of Neptune.\nThen compare the result to the volume of Uranus. The volume of Uranus is 6.83 x 10^13 km^3, which is less than 6.25 x 10^14 km^3. So, the volume of Uranus is less than ten times the volume of Neptune.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7492\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nOur teeth are meant for eating meat. Our incisors and canines evolved to tear and rip flesh. Therefore, it must be unhealthy for humans to give up meat.",
    "choices":[
      "appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good",
      "straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against",
      "hasty generalization: a broad claim based on too few observations"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations<br\/> slippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that humans must eat meat because their teeth are naturally suited to eating it. However, a behavior isn't necessarily required simply because it's in our nature. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as an appeal to nature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is the Mississippi River?",
    "choices":[
      "3,700 millimeters",
      "3,700 meters",
      "3,700 centimeters",
      "3,700 kilometers"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of distance, mass, and volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter. The tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long. A red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the length of the Mississippi River is 3,700 kilometers.\n3,700 millimeters, 3,700 centimeters, and 3,700 meters are all too short.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?",
    "choices":[
      "Sophia asked Anna to make a flourless chocolate cake for their book club meeting because she has a gluten allergy.",
      "Because Anna has a gluten allergy, Sophia asked her to make a flourless chocolate cake for their book club meeting."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Pronouns",
    "skill":"Identify vague pronoun references",
    "lecture":"When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.",
    "solution":"The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Sophia or Anna.\nSophia asked Anna to make a flourless chocolate cake for their book club meeting because she has a gluten allergy.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nBecause Anna has a gluten allergy, Sophia asked her to make a flourless chocolate cake for their book club meeting.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the European hedgehog's scientific name?",
    "choices":[
      "Erinaceus concolor",
      "Erinaceus europaeus"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The European hedgehog is found in many parts of western Europe. It often lives in people's gardens. This hedgehog's scientific name refers to the continent it lives on.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Scientific names",
    "skill":"Origins of scientific names",
    "lecture":"When a scientist identifies a new organism, he or she chooses its scientific name. Sometimes, an organism is named after the place where it was first found. Other times, an organism is named after the scientist who first identified it. Or, the scientific name might describe the organism's physical traits. Many of the words that make up scientific names are based on words from old languages, like Latin and classical Greek. Sometimes, English words are changed to make them sound more like Latin or Greek. The new words are then used in an organism's scientific name.",
    "solution":"This organism's scientific name refers to Europe, the continent it lives on.\nThe word europaeus refers to Europe. So, the European hedgehog's scientific name is Erinaceus europaeus.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7516\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\ncarving a piece of wood\ncrushing a mineral into powder",
    "choices":[
      "Both are caused by heating.",
      "Both are only physical changes.",
      "Both are caused by cooling.",
      "Both are chemical changes."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nCarving a piece of wood is a physical change. The wood changes shape, but it is still made of the same type of matter.\nCrushing a mineral into powder is a physical change. The mineral breaks into tiny pieces. But it is still made of the same type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the liquid.",
    "choices":[
      "crayons",
      "slide",
      "dish soap",
      "coins"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"States of matter",
    "skill":"Identify solids, liquids, and gases",
    "lecture":"Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own. Some solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid. When matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle. Some liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk. When matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space. Many gases are invisible. Air is a gas.",
    "solution":"A coin is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. Many coins are made of solid metal.\nA crayon is a solid. You can break a crayon into pieces. But each piece will still have a size and shape of its own.\nDish soap is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour dish soap out of a bottle, the dish soap will change shape. But the dish soap will still take up the same amount of space.\nA slide is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. A slide has a size and shape of its own, even when you sit on it.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Indiana?",
    "choices":[
      "Saint Paul",
      "Bismarck",
      "Indianapolis",
      "Des Moines"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Indianapolis is the capital of Indiana.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7540\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What can Darnel and Neil trade to each get what they want?",
    "choices":[
      "Neil can trade his almonds for Darnel's tomatoes.",
      "Darnel can trade his tomatoes for Neil's broccoli.",
      "Neil can trade his broccoli for Darnel's oranges.",
      "Darnel can trade his tomatoes for Neil's carrots."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.\nDarnel and Neil open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Neither Darnel nor Neil got everything that they wanted. The table below shows which items they each wanted:\n\nLook at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.\nDarnel's lunch Neil's lunch",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Trade and specialization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the table and images.\nDarnel wants broccoli. Neil wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7543\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nO happy dagger,\nThis is thy sheath. There rust and let me die.\n\u2014William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet",
    "choices":[
      "euphemism",
      "apostrophe"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify the figure of speech: review",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Anaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses. We are united. We are powerful. We are winners. Antithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure. I want to help, not to hurt. Apostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity. Oh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully? Assonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words. Try to light the fire. Chiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words. Never let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! An oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Some reviewers are calling this book a new classic. A paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Always expect the unexpected. Understatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is. As you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.",
    "solution":"The text uses apostrophe, a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nO happy dagger is a direct address to the dagger, a nonhuman entity.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest west?",
    "choices":[
      "New York",
      "North Carolina",
      "Rhode Island",
      "Kentucky"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Kentucky is farthest west.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7559\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the living thing.",
    "choices":[
      "kite",
      "jump rope",
      "lettuce",
      "chair"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify living and nonliving things",
    "lecture":"All living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell. All living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change. All living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense.",
    "solution":"A chair is not a living thing.\nChairs do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.\nA jump rope is not a living thing.\nJump ropes do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.\nLettuce is a living thing.\nLettuce grows and responds to its environment. It needs food and water. It is made up of many cells.\nLettuce is usually grown on a farm. But lettuce can also be grown indoors under special lights.\nA kite is not a living thing.\nA kite does not have all the traits of a living thing. It moves fast in the wind, but it does not grow. It does not need food or water.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which tense does the sentence use?\nEdwin will make cookies with his friends.",
    "choices":[
      "present tense",
      "past tense",
      "future tense"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"verbs",
    "category":"Verb tense",
    "skill":"Is the sentence in the past, present, or future tense?",
    "lecture":"Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now. Most present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es. Two verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms. Past tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened. Most past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed. Some verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms. Future tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen. All future-tense verbs use the word will. <br\/><br\/> Present | Past | Future<br\/> walk, walks | walked | will walk<br\/> go, goes | went | will go<br\/>",
    "solution":"The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, make. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "Connecticut",
      "Rhode Island",
      "Iowa",
      "Indiana"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"English colonies in North America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is Connecticut.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7570\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a simple sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "In June, Erin and Preston will graduate with honors from Burlington High School.",
      "When the supervisor arrived at the quarry, six dump trucks were in line at the gate."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple, compound, or complex?",
    "lecture":"A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence. the oranges on our tree are ripe The clause can stand alone. It is independent. after we pick up Kevin from work The clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent. A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause. Ben and I spent all day relaxing by the pool. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat. Ben usually wears his heavy coat in the winter. A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. We saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while. If she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.",
    "solution":"The second sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.\nIn June, Erin and Preston will graduate with honors from Burlington High School.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Using only these supplies, which question can Suzie investigate with an experiment?",
    "choices":[
      "Do small rocks or large rocks skip more times when thrown across the river?",
      "Do rocks skip more times when thrown across a river or across a pond?",
      "Do round rocks or flat rocks skip more times when thrown across the river?"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Suzie likes to skip rocks at the river. She notices that some of the rocks she throws skip off the surface of the water many times, while others skip once and then sink. She wonders what factors affect how well rocks skip on the water. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\n10 small flat rocks\n10 large flat rocks\naccess to the river by her school",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which text uses the word terribly in its traditional sense?",
    "choices":[
      "Raymond shivered as he gazed at the terribly steep, snowy slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.",
      "Raymond shivered terribly as he gazed at the snow-clad slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Word usage and nuance",
    "skill":"Explore words with new or contested usages",
    "lecture":"Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner. When a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences. Britney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam. The traditional usage above is considered more standard. David perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages. The nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.",
    "solution":"The second text uses terribly in its traditional sense: in a terrible manner.\nRaymond shivered terribly as he gazed at the snow-clad slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.\nThe first text uses terribly in its nontraditional sense: extremely; very.\nRaymond shivered as he gazed at the terribly steep, snowy slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word terribly because it is considered more standard.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "Vermont",
      "New York",
      "New Hampshire",
      "Georgia"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"English colonies in North America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is New York.\nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7600\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of New Hampshire?",
    "choices":[
      "Concord",
      "Cambridge",
      "Charleston",
      "Fayetteville"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Northeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Concord is the capital of New Hampshire.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7603\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same genus as the American kestrel.",
    "choices":[
      "Ardea herodias",
      "Falco tinnunculus",
      "Ardea cinerea"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This organism is an American kestrel. Its scientific name is Falco sparverius.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification and scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"An American kestrel's scientific name is Falco sparverius. The first word of its scientific name is Falco.\nArdea cinerea is in the genus Ardea. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea. So, Ardea cinerea and Falco sparverius are not in the same genus.\nArdea herodias is in the genus Ardea. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea. So, Ardea herodias and Falco sparverius are not in the same genus.\nFalco tinnunculus is in the genus Falco. The first word of its scientific name is Falco. So, Falco tinnunculus and Falco sparverius are in the same genus.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7605\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the simile in this text suggest?\nMartha rubbed coconut oil on her hands, which were like the parched earth during a drought.",
    "choices":[
      "Martha's hands were dry and cracked.",
      "Martha was baking something."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. A simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike. The cat's fur was as dark as the night.",
    "solution":"The text includes a simile, using like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe simile like the parched earth during a drought suggests that Martha's hands were dry and cracked. A drought is a period without rain; the ground during a drought can become hard and cracked.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the motion of three motorboats. Which motorboat was moving at the highest speed?",
    "choices":[
      "a motorboat that moved 280kilometers south in 5hours",
      "a motorboat that moved 60kilometers south in 5hours",
      "a motorboat that moved 100kilometers west in 5hours"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Compare the speeds of moving objects",
    "lecture":"An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time. Distance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer. Time tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour. Think about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed.",
    "solution":"Look at the distance each motorboat moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each motorboat moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each motorboat moved for 5 hours. The motorboat that moved 280 kilometers moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that motorboat must have moved at the highest speed.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the hyperbole in this text suggest?\nIf you don't want to spend an eternity waiting in line at the passport office, you should consider scheduling an appointment online.",
    "choices":[
      "You have to wait in line for a very long time at the passport office.",
      "Spending time at the passport office is unpleasant."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode!",
    "solution":"The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nThe hyperbole for an eternity suggests that you have to wait in line for a very long time at the passport office. You do not literally have to wait in line for an infinite amount of time.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which greeting is correct for a letter?",
    "choices":[
      "Dear Aunt Emma,",
      "dear Aunt Emma,"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Greetings and closings of letters",
    "lecture":"A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue. Dear Aunt Sue, I'm glad you could come to my party, and thank you for the birthday gift. I could not have asked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think of you. With love, Rory",
    "solution":"The second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Aunt Emma is capitalized because it is a proper noun.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following organisms is the secondary consumer in this food web?",
    "choices":[
      "green algae",
      "black crappie",
      "golden algae"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Below is a food web from Little Rock Lake, a freshwater lake ecosystem in Wisconsin.\nA food web models how the matter eaten by organisms moves through an ecosystem. The arrows in a food web represent how matter moves between organisms in an ecosystem.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Interpret food webs I",
    "lecture":"A food web is a model. A food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food. Arrows show how matter moves. A food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating. An organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web. An organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web.",
    "solution":"Secondary consumers eat primary consumers, and primary consumers eat producers. So, in a food web, secondary consumers have arrows pointing to them from primary consumers. Primary consumers have arrows pointing to them from producers.\nThe black crappie has arrows pointing to it from the water flea and the rotifer. The water flea are the rotifer are both primary consumers, so the black crappie is a secondary consumer.\nThe copepod has an arrow pointing to it from the rotifer. The rotifer is a primary consumer, so the copepod is a secondary consumer.\nThe golden algae does not have any arrows pointing to it, so it is not a secondary consumer.\nThe green algae does not have any arrows pointing to it, so it is not a secondary consumer.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7628\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the fossil.",
    "choices":[
      "drawing of a dinosaur",
      "dinosaur remains preserved in rock",
      "dinosaur model made of plastic"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Fossils",
    "skill":"Identify and classify fossils",
    "lecture":"Fossils are preserved remains of the body parts or activities of ancient organisms. Some fossils show the body parts of organisms. Bones and shells are two examples of body parts that can be preserved in fossils. Some fossils show traces of an organism's activities. An animal might leave footprints in mud or dig a burrow in soil. These traces might be preserved as fossils. Fossils are not human-made. All fossils are formed in nature. Fossils take a long time to form. For example, an organism's body can take thousands of years to become a fossil.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Nevada?",
    "choices":[
      "Carson City",
      "Las Vegas",
      "Little Rock",
      "Lincoln"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Carson City is the capital of Nevada.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7636\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal is also adapted to be camouflaged among dead leaves?",
    "choices":[
      "Arctic wolf",
      "Surinam horned frog"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Fantastic leaf-tailed geckos live in tropical forests around the world. The  is adapted to be camouflaged among dead leaves.\nFigure: fantastic leaf-tailed gecko.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: skins and body coverings",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the fantastic leaf-tailed gecko.\nThe fantastic leaf-tailed gecko has reddish-brown skin and a leaf-shaped tail. It is adapted to be camouflaged among dead leaves, which often have a reddish or brownish color. The word camouflage means to blend in.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe Surinam horned frog has orange-and-brown skin. It is adapted to be camouflaged among dead leaves, which often have a reddish or brownish color.\nThis Arctic wolf has white fur covering its body. It is not adapted to be camouflaged among dead leaves.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7639\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these three objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "scratchy",
      "yellow",
      "rough"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the best answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA scratchy object is rough and itchy against your skin. The rain boots and the flower petals are not scratchy.\nYellow is a color.\nThis color is yellow. All three objects are yellow.\nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. The rain boots and the flower petals are not rough.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is yellow.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7641\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Hawaii?",
    "choices":[
      "Honolulu",
      "Boise",
      "Hilo",
      "Albany"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify the 50 state capitals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7645\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material, but some of them are different sizes and shapes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger.",
    "solution":"The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.\nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7650\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nIt has not rained in over a week at Nate's house.",
    "choices":[
      "climate",
      "weather"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"What's the difference between weather and climate?",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the text carefully.\nIt has not rained in over a week at Nate's house.\nThis passage tells you about the precipitation last week at Nate's house. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which text uses the word unique in its traditional sense?",
    "choices":[
      "Megan wanted her daughter to have a unique name, so she browsed baby name websites for months to find the perfect one.",
      "Megan made all of her daughter's baby clothes by hand, including a unique hand-knitted romper that she designed herself."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Word usage and nuance",
    "skill":"Explore words with new or contested usages",
    "lecture":"Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner. When a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences. Britney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam. The traditional usage above is considered more standard. David perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages. The nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.",
    "solution":"The second text uses unique in its traditional sense: being the only one of its kind.\nMegan made all of her daughter's baby clothes by hand, including a unique hand-knitted romper that she designed herself.\nThe first text uses unique in its nontraditional sense: interesting or unusual. Megan may have been looking for an unusual name, but if she found it on a baby name website, it is not actually one of a kind.\nMegan wanted her daughter to have a unique name, so she browsed baby name websites for months to find the perfect one.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word unique because it is considered more standard.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nAfter spending weeks in New York City, Jenna was a bit unnerved by the deafening silence of her small hometown.",
    "choices":[
      "euphemism",
      "oxymoron"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify figures of speech: euphemism, hyperbole, oxymoron, paradox",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! An oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Some reviewers are calling this book a new classic. A paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Always expect the unexpected.",
    "solution":"The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nDeafening silence is a contradiction, because deafening describes something extremely loud, and silence is the absence of sound.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal's limbs are also adapted for climbing trees?",
    "choices":[
      "chimpanzee",
      "California sea lion"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Three-toed sloths live in the forests of Central and South America. Their limbs are adapted for climbing trees.\nFigure: three-toed sloth.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: feet and limbs",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. Arms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the three-toed sloth.\nThe three-toed sloth uses its long limbs to reach branches while climbing. It uses its fingers and toes to grab the branches.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe chimpanzee has long, powerful limbs. Its limbs are adapted for climbing trees.\nThe California sea lion has flippers. Its limbs are not adapted for climbing trees. The California sea lion uses its flippers to swim underwater.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7662\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Jupiter's genotype for the coat pattern gene?",
    "choices":[
      "aa",
      "a black coat"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"In a group of leopards, some individuals have a spotted coat and others have a black coat. In this group, the gene for the coat pattern trait has two alleles. The allele A is for a spotted coat, and the allele a is for a black coat.\nJupiter, a leopard from this group, has a black coat. Jupiter has two alleles for a black coat.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.",
    "solution":"An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Jupiter has two alleles for a black coat (a). So, Jupiter's genotype for the coat pattern gene is aa.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the volume of a car's gas tank?",
    "choices":[
      "48 milliliters",
      "48 liters"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Volume is a measurement of how much space something takes up. There are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters. There are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter. A raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the volume of a car's gas tank is 48 liters.\n48 milliliters is too little.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nI've only read a couple pages of this book, and I've already found a typo. There's no way I'm reading the rest of this garbage.",
    "choices":[
      "guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something",
      "slippery slope fallacy: the false assumption that a small first step will lead to extreme consequences",
      "hasty generalization: a broad claim based on too few observations"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations<br\/> slippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that a single typo indicates that a book is terrible. However, one typo does not necessarily reflect the quality of the rest of the book. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a hasty generalization.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which sentence states a fact?",
    "choices":[
      "The Statue of Liberty is easy to recognize.",
      "The Statue of Liberty is made of copper."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"civics",
    "category":"Social studies skills",
    "skill":"Identify facts and opinions",
    "lecture":"A fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information. The flag of the United States has 13 stripes. This is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes. An opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true. The flag of the United States is easy to draw. This is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw.",
    "solution":"The first sentence states a fact.\nThe Statue of Liberty is made of copper.\nIt can be proved by reading about famous monuments in the United States.\nThe second sentence states an opinion.\nThe Statue of Liberty is easy to recognize.\nEasy shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes something easy to recognize.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which text uses the word literally in its traditional sense?",
    "choices":[
      "The curry that the chef prepared was so spicy that Garrett literally had to drink three glasses of milk to ease the pain.",
      "The curry that the chef prepared was so spicy that Garrett's mouth was literally on fire by the time he finished his meal."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Word usage and nuance",
    "skill":"Explore words with new or contested usages",
    "lecture":"Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner. When a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences. Britney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam. The traditional usage above is considered more standard. David perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages. The nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.",
    "solution":"The first text uses literally in its traditional sense: in a factual, non-exaggerated way.\nThe curry that the chef prepared was so spicy that Garrett literally had to drink three glasses of milk to ease the pain.\nThe second text uses literally in its nontraditional sense: nearly or in effect (often exaggerated). Garrett's mouth may be in pain, but it is not actually on fire.\nThe curry that the chef prepared was so spicy that Garrett's mouth was literally on fire by the time he finished his meal.\nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word literally because it is generally considered incorrect.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which air temperature was measured within the outlined area shown?",
    "choices":[
      "0\u00b0C",
      "2\u00b0C",
      "-7\u00b0C"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The map below shows air temperatures in the lower atmosphere on March 19, 2017. The outlined area shows an air mass that influenced weather in Asia on that day.\nLook at the map. Then, answer the question below.\nData source: United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\/Earth System Research Laboratory, Physical Sciences Division",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Identify and compare air masses",
    "lecture":"To study air masses, scientists can use maps that show conditions within Earth's atmosphere. For example, the map below uses color to show air temperatures. The map's legend tells you the temperature that each color represents. Colors on the left in the legend represent lower temperatures than colors on the right. For example, areas on the map that are the darkest shade of blue have a temperature from -25\u00b0C up to -20\u00b0C. Areas that are the next darkest shade of blue have a temperature from -20\u00b0C up to -15\u00b0C.",
    "solution":"Look at the colors shown within the outlined area. Then, use the legend to determine which air temperatures those colors represent.\n5\u00b0C.\n-7\u00b0C is within this range.\n0\u00b0C and 2\u00b0C are outside of this range.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7684\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"According to Newton's third law, what other force must be happening?",
    "choices":[
      "The suitcase is pulling on Spencer.",
      "The suitcase is pushing on Spencer."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Isaac Newton was born in the 1600s and studied how objects move. He discovered three fundamental laws about forces and motion. According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force.\nConsider the following force:\nSpencer is pulling on a full suitcase.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Predict forces using Newton's third law",
    "lecture":"According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction. For example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you.",
    "solution":"Spencer is pulling on the suitcase. So, Newton's third law tells you that the suitcase is pulling on Spencer.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which organ detects changes to the body's environment, such as temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "lungs",
      "heart",
      "skin",
      "muscles"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Animals",
    "skill":"Human organs and their functions",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "attract",
      "repel"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south. Here are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S. If opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7697\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which continent is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "South America",
      "Australia",
      "North America"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Identify oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"A continent is one of the seven largest areas of land on earth.",
    "solution":"This continent is North America.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7704\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of New Jersey?",
    "choices":[
      "Trenton",
      "Albany",
      "Newark",
      "Dover"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Northeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Trenton is the capital of New Jersey.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7712\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the statement. Assume that the water balloon's mass did not change.\nThe gravitational potential energy stored between the water balloon and Earth () as the water balloon fell toward Ronald.",
    "choices":[
      "decreased",
      "stayed the same",
      "increased"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Read the text about an object in motion.\nNina dropped a water balloon off a balcony. The water balloon fell toward her friend Ronald, who was standing below the balcony.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Kinetic and potential energy",
    "skill":"Identify changes in gravitational potential energy",
    "lecture":"Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth. The amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower. If the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen. <br\/><br\/> When an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...<br\/> increases | increases<br\/> decreases | decreases<br\/> stays the same | stays the same<br\/>",
    "solution":"Think about how the distance between the water balloon and the center of Earth changed.\nRonald was lower than the balcony. As the water balloon fell toward Ronald, the distance between the water balloon and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the water balloon and Earth decreased as the water balloon fell toward Ronald.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following best describes a community in the Sierra Madre Occidental mountain range?",
    "choices":[
      "the cottontail rabbits",
      "the Durango pine trees, the Arizona white oak trees, and the soil",
      "the netleaf oak trees, the Mexican spotted owls, and the brush mice"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Read the passage. Then answer the question below.\n\nPine-oak forests grow along the Sierra Madre Occidental mountain range in Mexico. Tree species including Durango pine, netleaf oak, and Arizona white oak grow in the deep soil on the mountain slopes.\nThese trees provide a nesting habitat for species such as the Mexican spotted owl. Spotted owls hunt for woodrats, brush mice, and cottontail rabbits that live in the pine-oak forest.\nFigure: a Mexican spotted owl perched in a tree.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Describe populations, communities, and ecosystems",
    "lecture":"In an environment, organisms interact with each other and with their nonliving surroundings. To help describe these interactions, ecologists use specific terms for different types of groups. A single organism is an individual. Individuals of the same species that live in the same place are part of a population. Multiple populations of different species that live in the same place are part of a community. Together, communities of living organisms and the nonliving parts of their environment make up an ecosystem.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7718\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material, but some of them are different sizes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger.",
    "solution":"Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.\nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7723\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Pennsylvania?",
    "choices":[
      "Harrisburg",
      "Dover",
      "Albany",
      "Pittsburgh"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Northeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Harrisburg is the capital of Pennsylvania.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7728\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following could Marshall's test show?",
    "choices":[
      "whether a parachute with a 1 m vent would swing too much at 400 km per hour",
      "how steady a parachute with a 1 m vent was at 200 km per hour",
      "if the spacecraft was damaged when using a parachute with a 1 m vent going 200 km per hour"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design.\nThe passage below describes how the engineering-design process was used to test a solution to a problem. Read the passage. Then answer the question below.\n\nMarshall was an aerospace engineer who was developing a parachute for a spacecraft that would land on Mars. He needed to add a vent at the center of the parachute so the spacecraft would land smoothly. However, the spacecraft would have to travel at a high speed before landing. If the vent was too big or too small, the parachute might swing wildly at this speed. The movement could damage the spacecraft.\nSo, to help decide how big the vent should be, Marshall put a parachute with a 1 m vent in a wind tunnel. The wind tunnel made it seem like the parachute was moving at 200 km per hour. He observed the parachute to see how much it swung.\nFigure: a spacecraft's parachute in a wind tunnel.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Engineering practices",
    "skill":"Evaluate tests of engineering-design solutions",
    "lecture":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured. Imagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves. First, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind. Then, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved. Tests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7739\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the direction of this push?",
    "choices":[
      "away from her finger",
      "toward her finger"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"A student types on a keyboard. She uses a force to push a key with her finger.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Identify directions of forces",
    "lecture":"A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to another. Every force has a direction. The direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing. The direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling.",
    "solution":"The student pushes the key. The direction of the push is away from her finger.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7742\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1.",
      "The magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2.",
      "The strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Compare strengths of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together.",
    "solution":"Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.\nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7745\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the statement. Assume that the water balloon's mass did not change.\nThe gravitational potential energy stored between the water balloon and Earth () as the water balloon fell toward Sandeep.",
    "choices":[
      "increased",
      "stayed the same",
      "decreased"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Read the text about an object in motion.\nRosa dropped a water balloon off a balcony. The water balloon fell toward her friend Sandeep, who was standing below the balcony.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Kinetic and potential energy",
    "skill":"Identify changes in gravitational potential energy",
    "lecture":"Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth. The amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower. If the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen. <br\/><br\/> When an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...<br\/> increases | increases<br\/> decreases | decreases<br\/> stays the same | stays the same<br\/>",
    "solution":"Think about how the distance between the water balloon and the center of Earth changed.\nSandeep was lower than the balcony. As the water balloon fell toward Sandeep, the distance between the water balloon and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the water balloon and Earth decreased as the water balloon fell toward Sandeep.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Gabriel inherited this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Gabriel's parents were born with straight hair. They passed down this trait to Gabriel.",
      "Gabriel and his father both have short hair."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nGabriel has straight hair.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\na penny tarnishing\nfiring a clay pot in a hot kiln",
    "choices":[
      "Both are only physical changes.",
      "Both are caused by heating.",
      "Both are chemical changes.",
      "Both are caused by cooling."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Chemical reactions",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule. In a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns. In a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nMetal turning less shiny over time is called tarnishing. A penny tarnishing is a chemical change. When air touches the penny, the surface of the penny changes into a different type of matter. This matter makes the penny dull.\nFiring a clay pot in a hot kiln is a chemical change. High temperatures cause the clay to slowly harden. After several hours in the kiln, the clay will have changed into a different type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nFiring clay is caused by heating. But a penny tarnishing is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "Florida",
      "Vermont",
      "Alabama",
      "Connecticut"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"Colonial America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is Connecticut.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7760\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these two objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "blue",
      "hard"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the better answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Different objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA hard object keeps its shape when you squeeze it. The binder is hard, but the soccer shorts are not.\nBlue is a color.\nThis color is blue. Both objects are blue.\nThe property that both objects have in common is blue.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7765\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nJason's room is as tidy as an overgrown garden.",
    "choices":[
      "verbal irony",
      "pun"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Alliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words. What a lucky little lady you are! An allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. An idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned. The assignment was a piece of cake. A simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike. The cat's fur was as dark as the night. A metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as. The snow formed a blanket over the town. Onomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound. The scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat. Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. The trees danced in the wind. A pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning. A great new broom is sweeping the nation. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.",
    "solution":"The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nAs tidy as an overgrown garden shows verbal irony because an overgrown garden is not tidy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Amy acquired this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Amy's mother speaks one language.",
      "Amy learned to speak two languages in school."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nAmy speaks two languages.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Jayce inherited this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Jayce's biological mother has long hair. Jayce also has long hair.",
      "Jayce uses a headband to keep his wavy hair out of his face.",
      "Jayce's biological parents have wavy hair."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nJayce has wavy hair.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following statement about our solar system true or false?\nEarth is the largest planet that is made mainly of rock.",
    "choices":[
      "true",
      "false"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Use the data to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"true-or-false",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Astronomy",
    "skill":"Analyze data to compare properties of planets",
    "lecture":"A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet. The primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation. For example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km^3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 10^15 km^3. To compare two numbers written in scientific notation, compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example: 1.43 x 10^15 is larger than 1.43 x 10^12 If their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example: 1.43 x 10^15 is larger than 1.25 x 10^15",
    "solution":"The table tells you that Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars are the planets made mainly of rock. Of these planets, Earth has the volume with the largest exponent. So, Earth is the largest planet that is made mainly of rock.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7794\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Haiti",
      "Cuba",
      "Jamaica",
      "Saint Lucia"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"The Americas: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of the Caribbean",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is Jamaica.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7799\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is Victoria amazonica made up of many cells?",
    "choices":[
      "no",
      "yes"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This organism is Victoria amazonica. It is a member of the plant kingdom.\nVictoria amazonica is commonly called the giant water lily. A single leaf can be over eight feet wide! The giant water lily grows in shallow water in the Amazon river basin.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Describe, classify, and compare kingdoms",
    "lecture":"In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms. Organisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom. <br\/><br\/>  | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | Plants<br\/> How many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | many<br\/> Do their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yes<br\/> Can their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes<br\/>",
    "solution":"Victoria amazonica is a plant. Plants are made up of many cells.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7800\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "repel",
      "attract"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.\n\nHint: Magnets that attract pull together. Magnets that repel push apart.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south. Here are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S. If different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7801\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?",
    "choices":[
      "weather",
      "climate"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Figure: Chad.\nChad is a country in northern Africa. Summers in Chad are hot.\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Weather and climate around the world",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the passage carefully.\nChad is a country in northern Africa. Summers in Chad are hot.\nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual temperature pattern in Chad. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7803\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which solution has a higher concentration of green particles?",
    "choices":[
      "Solution B",
      "neither; their concentrations are the same",
      "Solution A"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each green ball represents one particle of solute.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Compare concentrations of solutions",
    "lecture":"A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent. concentration = particles of solute \/ volume of solvent",
    "solution":"In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.\nSolution A has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of green particles.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7807\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"How did the sediment deposited in this area change over time?",
    "choices":[
      "First, a layer of sand was deposited. Later, a layer of sand and pebbles was deposited.",
      "First, a layer of sand and pebbles was deposited. Later, a layer of sand was deposited."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The text below describes how an area's environment changed over time. Read the text. Then answer the question.\n\nFigure 1: sediment deposited by a fast-flowing river.\nA fast-flowing river deposited heavy sediment grains along its banks. Light sediment such as mud was carried away by the strong water current.\n\nFigure 2: sediment deposited in a desert.\nOver thousands of years, the river dried up, and the area became a desert. In the desert, sediment was deposited by wind.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Rocks and minerals",
    "skill":"How do rock layers form?",
    "lecture":"Material that is carried by wind, water, or ice is called sediment. Sediment may be deposited, or laid down, in places such as deserts and the ocean floor. Different types of sediment are deposited in different environments. For example, sand may be deposited in a desert, and mud may be deposited at the bottom of the ocean. The environment of an area can change over thousands of years. When the environment changes, the type of sediment that is deposited also changes. Over a long period of time, different layers of sediment can build up in the same area. These layers preserve a record of the environments that existed in that area in the past. As many layers of sediment build up, they can be pressed together to form layers of sedimentary rock. A series of rock layers is called a rock sequence. You can observe the layers of a rock sequence to learn more about how an area's environment changed over time.",
    "solution":"The environment in the area changed over time. Use the pictures to figure out the type of sediment deposited in each environment.\nLater, the area became a desert. A layer of sand was deposited by wind.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7811\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nsplash - sure",
    "choices":[
      "struck",
      "sack"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince struck is between the guide words splash - sure, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which ocean is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "the Indian Ocean",
      "the Arctic Ocean",
      "the Southern Ocean",
      "the Atlantic Ocean"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Physical Geography",
    "skill":"Oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean.",
    "solution":"This is the Indian Ocean.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7824\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which sentence uses a simile?",
    "choices":[
      "Our boots were muddy pig's hooves.",
      "Our boots were as muddy as a pig's hooves."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Identify similes and metaphors",
    "lecture":"Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike. A simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as. My sister runs like a cheetah. The sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like. A cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast. The cat's fur was as dark as the night. The cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as. The night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark. A metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as. The snow formed a blanket over the town. The snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as. A blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely. Using similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader.",
    "solution":"This sentence uses a simile:\nOur boots were as muddy as a pig's hooves.\nThe words boots and pig's hooves are compared using the word as.\nThis sentence uses a metaphor:\nOur boots were muddy pig's hooves.\nThe words boots and pig's hooves are compared without the word like or as.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on the Venn diagram, which artist is known for his sculpting?",
    "choices":[
      "only Michelangelo",
      "only da Vinci"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This Venn diagram compares two famous Renaissance artists.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Visual elements",
    "skill":"Read graphic organizers",
    "lecture":"A graphic organizer is a chart or picture that shows how ideas, facts, or topics are related to one another. When you read, look for graphic organizers included in the text. You can use these images to find key information. You can also create your own graphic organizers with information that you've read. Doing this can help you think about the ideas in the text and easily review them. When you write, you can use graphic organizers to organize your thoughts and plan your writing.",
    "solution":"In a Venn diagram, each circle shows information that is true for a particular topic. In any area where circles overlap, the information is true for all of the overlapping topics. This Venn diagram compares two famous Renaissance artists.\nThe detail known for sculpting appears in the Michelangelo circle but not in the Leonardo da Vinci circle. This tells you that only Michelangelo is known for his sculpting.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7839\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Below are three examples of using energy from natural resources. Select the use of energy that did not add to air pollution.",
    "choices":[
      "A solar heater on the roof of a house warmed water that was used for bathing and cleaning.",
      "A gas stove created an open flame for cooking by burning natural gas.",
      "A steamboat's engine burned coal."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Humans have invented many ways to use energy from natural resources. Some of these uses of energy add to air pollution, and others do not.\nHint: Burning a material such as wood, oil, or coal releases chemicals that add to air pollution.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Conservation and natural resources",
    "skill":"Evaluate natural energy sources",
    "lecture":"Humans have invented many ways to use natural resources. We use energy from natural resources in our daily activities, including cooking food, moving objects, and powering machines. Some ways of using natural resources for energy add to air pollution, and others do not. Wood, oil, and coal are examples of natural resources that are fuels. Burning a fuel provides energy. But it also releases chemicals that can be harmful to our health and to the environment. These chemicals add to air pollution. Sunlight, wind, and water are natural resources that can provide energy. Using energy from the Sun, wind, or water does not burn material. These uses of energy do not release chemicals that add to air pollution.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following could Isabella's test show?",
    "choices":[
      "whether she added enough nutrients to help the bacteria produce 20% more insulin",
      "whether different types of bacteria would need different nutrients to produce insulin",
      "whether producing more insulin would help the bacteria grow faster"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design.\nThe passage below describes how the engineering-design process was used to test a solution to a problem. Read the passage. Then answer the question below.\n\nPeople with diabetes sometimes take a medicine made from insulin. Insulin can be made by a special type of bacteria. Isabella was a bioengineer who wanted to increase the amount of insulin that the bacteria produced by 20%. She read that giving the bacteria more nutrients could affect the amount of insulin they produced. So, Isabella gave extra nutrients to some of the bacteria. Then, she measured how much insulin those bacteria produced compared to bacteria that did not get extra nutrients.\nFigure: studying bacteria in a laboratory.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Engineering practices",
    "skill":"Evaluate tests of engineering-design solutions",
    "lecture":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured. Imagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves. First, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind. Then, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved. Tests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7845\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"In this food chain, the diatom is a producer. Why?",
    "choices":[
      "It eats another organism.",
      "It makes its own food."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This diagram shows a food chain from the River Frome, a freshwater ecosystem in England.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Identify roles in food chains",
    "lecture":"Every organism needs food to stay alive. Organisms get their food in different ways. A food chain shows how organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Producers make their own food. Many producers use carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make sugar. This sugar is food for the producer. Consumers eat other organisms. Consumers cannot make their own food.",
    "solution":"In this food chain, the diatom is a producer because it makes its own food. The diatom uses carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make its own food.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7858\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Does the sentence use a simile or a metaphor?\nMrs. Snyder is an owl, working at night and sleeping during the day.",
    "choices":[
      "simile",
      "metaphor"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Identify similes and metaphors",
    "lecture":"Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike. A simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as. My sister runs like a cheetah. The sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like. A cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast. The cat's fur was as dark as the night. The cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as. The night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark. A metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as. The snow formed a blanket over the town. The snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as. A blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely. Using similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader.",
    "solution":"Mrs. Snyder is an owl, working at night and sleeping during the day.\nThe words Mrs. Snyder and owl are compared without the word like or as. So, the sentence uses a metaphor.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest east?",
    "choices":[
      "Maine",
      "North Dakota",
      "Oregon",
      "New Mexico"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Maine is farthest east.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7865\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal is also adapted to be camouflaged among dead leaves?",
    "choices":[
      "Arctic wolf",
      "Surinam horned frog"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Leaf-mimic grasshoppers live in tropical forests around the world. This grasshopper is adapted to be camouflaged among dead leaves.\nFigure: leaf-mimic grasshopper.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: skins and body coverings",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the leaf-mimic grasshopper.\nThe leaf-mimic grasshopper has a reddish-brown body. It is adapted to be camouflaged among dead leaves, which often have a reddish or brownish color. The word camouflage means to blend in.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe Surinam horned frog has orange-and-brown skin. It is adapted to be camouflaged among dead leaves, which often have a reddish or brownish color.\nThis Arctic wolf has white fur covering its body. It is not adapted to be camouflaged among dead leaves.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7868\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Grace inherited this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Grace and her biological father wear sunglasses when they go outside.",
      "Grace's neighbor has green eyes.",
      "Grace has green eyes like her biological mother."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nGrace has green eyes.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which type of sentence is this?\nAs Leo sat down on the rickety old chair, it abruptly collapsed beneath him.",
    "choices":[
      "simple",
      "complex",
      "compound-complex",
      "compound"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Phrases and clauses",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex?",
    "lecture":"A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence. the oranges on our tree are ripe The clause can stand alone. It is independent. after we pick up Kevin from work The clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent. A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause. Ben and I spent all day relaxing by the pool. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat. Ben usually wears his heavy coat in the winter. A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. We saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose. If she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. During his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome. A compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. After Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym. Sometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause. Orcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.",
    "solution":"The sentence is complex. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction as.\nAs Leo sat down on the rickety old chair, it abruptly collapsed beneath him.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is this organism's scientific name?",
    "choices":[
      "Canis lupus",
      "gray wolf"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This organism is Canis lupus. It is also called a gray wolf.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification and scientific names",
    "skill":"Identify common and scientific names",
    "lecture":"An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know. An organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English. Scientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca.",
    "solution":"Canis lupus is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not.\nSo, Canis lupus is the scientific name.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7876\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nKristen entered the bustling, aromatic spice market in Istanbul and said to her travel companion, \"We're not in Kansas anymore.\"",
    "choices":[
      "a movie",
      "a poem"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. Here, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion We're not in Kansas anymore is a movie.\nIn the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, Dorothy, a young farm girl from Kansas, finds herself in Oz, an unusual place that looks nothing like her home. She says to her dog, \"Toto, I've a feeling we're not in Kansas anymore.\"\nThe allusion We're not in Kansas anymore means we're in an unfamiliar place.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which correctly shows the title of a play?",
    "choices":[
      "My Fair Lady",
      "My fair Lady"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"capitalization",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Capitalizing titles",
    "lecture":"In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach These words are not important in titles: Articles, a, an, the Short prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up Coordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or",
    "solution":"Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe correct title is My Fair Lady.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which ocean is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "the Arctic Ocean",
      "the Pacific Ocean",
      "the Atlantic Ocean",
      "the Indian Ocean"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Physical Geography",
    "skill":"Oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean.",
    "solution":"This is the Atlantic Ocean.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7899\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the motion of two bowhead whales. Which bowhead whale was moving at a higher speed?",
    "choices":[
      "a bowhead whale that moved 25miles in 5hours",
      "a bowhead whale that moved 20miles in 5hours"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Compare the speeds of moving objects",
    "lecture":"An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time. Distance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile. Time tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour. Think about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed.",
    "solution":"Look at the distance each bowhead whale moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne bowhead whale moved 25 miles in 5 hours.\nThe other bowhead whale moved 20 miles in 5 hours.\nNotice that each bowhead whale spent the same amount of time moving. The bowhead whale that moved 25 miles moved a farther distance in that time. So, that bowhead whale must have moved at a higher speed.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Buck's genotype for the coat pattern gene?",
    "choices":[
      "white spots",
      "aa"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"In a group of cows, some individuals have solid coloring and others have white spots. In this group, the gene for the coat pattern trait has two alleles. The allele A is for solid coloring, and the allele a is for white spots.\nBuck, a cow from this group, has white spots. Buck has two alleles for white spots.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.",
    "solution":"An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Buck has two alleles for white spots (a). So, Buck's genotype for the coat pattern gene is aa.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Oklahoma?",
    "choices":[
      "Augusta",
      "Little Rock",
      "Oklahoma City",
      "Austin"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Southeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Oklahoma City is the capital of Oklahoma.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7919\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which press release is more formal?",
    "choices":[
      "On Nov. 19, musicians from all over town will battle it out in the fourth annual Jam-a-thon, happening at the amphitheater.",
      "On November 19, the Middletown Amphitheater will host area musicians vying for top honors in the fourth annual Jam-a-thon."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Audience, purpose, and tone",
    "skill":"Which text is most formal?",
    "lecture":"Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions. Formal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language. Compare the following sentences. Informal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome. More formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners. Most formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners.",
    "solution":"The second press release is more formal. It uses more elevated language (area musicians, top honors). The other press release uses idioms (battle it out) and abbreviations (Nov.).",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Does the sentence use a simile or a metaphor?\nZack swam with ease across the swimming pool, like a dolphin.",
    "choices":[
      "simile",
      "metaphor"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Identify similes and metaphors",
    "lecture":"Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike. A simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as. My sister runs like a cheetah. The sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like. A cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast. The cat's fur was as dark as the night. The cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as. The night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark. A metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as. The snow formed a blanket over the town. The snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as. A blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely. Using similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader.",
    "solution":"Zack swam with ease across the swimming pool, like a dolphin.\nThe words Zack and dolphin are compared using the word like. So, the sentence uses a simile.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest north?",
    "choices":[
      "Oklahoma",
      "Delaware",
      "Arizona",
      "Rhode Island"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Maps",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Rhode Island is farthest north.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7930\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Megan inherited this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Megan has green eyes like her biological mother.",
      "Megan's neighbor has green eyes.",
      "Megan and her biological father wear sunglasses when they go outside."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nMegan has green eyes.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a sandbox?",
    "choices":[
      "3 meters",
      "3 centimeters",
      "3 millimeters",
      "3 kilometers"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of distance, mass, and volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter. The tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long. A red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the length of a sandbox is 3 meters.\n3 millimeters and 3 centimeters are too short. 3 kilometers is too long.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the taiga ecosystem.",
    "choices":[
      "This ecosystem has:\nwarm summers and warm winters\na rainy season and a dry season\nsoil that is poor in nutrients",
      "This ecosystem has:\nlong, cold winters and short, cool summers\nmany evergreen trees\nsoil that is poor in nutrients",
      "This ecosystem has:\nyear-round rain and warm temperatures\nsoil that is poor in nutrients\nmany different types of organisms"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Identify ecosystems",
    "lecture":"An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment. There are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other: the pattern of weather, or climate the type of soil the organisms that live there",
    "solution":"A taiga is a type of ecosystem. It has long, cold winters and short, cool summers, many evergreen trees, and soil that is poor in nutrients.\nChoice 1 is a taiga ecosystem. It has many evergreen trees. It also has long, cold winters and short, cool summers.\nChoice 2 is a tropical rain forest ecosystem. It has year-round rain and soil that is poor in nutrients.\nChoice 3 is a savanna grassland ecosystem. It is covered in grasses and has a dry season and a wet season.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the amphibian.",
    "choices":[
      "horned frog",
      "robin",
      "sugar glider",
      "ostrich"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Amphibians have moist skin and begin their lives in water.",
    "solution":"A sugar glider is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.\nSugar gliders can jump long distances from tree to tree. They have flaps of loose skin on their sides. These flaps help them stay in the air.\nA horned frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nFrogs live near water or in damp places. Most frogs lay their eggs in water.\nA robin is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nA robin is a songbird. It sings different songs at different times of the day.\nAn ostrich is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nThe ostrich is the largest bird alive today. Ostriches cannot fly, but they can run very fast.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Maine?",
    "choices":[
      "Portland",
      "Knoxville",
      "Augusta",
      "Annapolis"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Northeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Augusta is the capital of Maine.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7942\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Using only these supplies, which question can Clare investigate with an experiment?",
    "choices":[
      "Does a catapult with a longer arm launch a rubber ball farther than a catapult with a shorter arm?",
      "Does a rubber ball travel farther when launched from a metal catapult or from a wooden catapult?",
      "Does a heavier ball travel farther than a lighter ball when launched from a catapult?"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Clare visits a museum about ancient Greece. She notices an exhibit with models of wooden catapults that were used to launch large rocks across battlefields. She wonders what factors affect how far a catapult can launch an object. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\na wooden catapult with a 10-inch-long arm\na wooden catapult with a five-inch-long arm\ntwo identical rubber balls",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these continents does the prime meridian intersect?",
    "choices":[
      "South America",
      "Asia",
      "Africa"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Maps",
    "skill":"Use lines of latitude and longitude",
    "lecture":"Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps. Lines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there. Lines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator. Lines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles. The equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W. Together, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place.",
    "solution":"The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects Africa. It does not intersect Asia or South America.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7952\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the statement.\nChloroform is ().",
    "choices":[
      "a compound",
      "an elementary substance"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The model below represents a molecule of chloroform. Chloroform was once used for pain relief. It is no longer used because it can be dangerous to humans.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"Classify elementary substances and compounds using models",
    "lecture":"There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you. A substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl. Scientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride. In a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance.",
    "solution":"Use the model to determine whether chloroform is an elementary substance or a compound.\nStep 1: Interpret the model.\n.\nUse the legend to determine the chemical element represented by each color. The colors and atomic symbols from the legend are shown in the table below. The table also includes the names of the chemical elements represented in the model.\nYou can see from the model that a molecule of chloroform is composed of one hydrogen atom, one carbon atom, and three chlorine atoms bonded together.\nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.\nYou know from Step 1 that chloroform is composed of three chemical elements: hydrogen, carbon, and chlorine. Since chloroform is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, chloroform is a compound.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7953\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Grenada",
      "Saint Lucia",
      "Trinidad and Tobago",
      "Jamaica"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"The Americas: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of the Caribbean",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is Trinidad and Tobago.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7955\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which sentence states a fact?",
    "choices":[
      "Venice Beach lies along the western edge of Los Angeles.",
      "Venice Beach is too crowded in the summer."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Distinguish facts from opinions",
    "lecture":"A fact is something that can be proved to be true. The month of July has more days than the month of June. This is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month. An opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true. July is a better month than June for camping. This is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping.",
    "solution":"The second sentence states a fact.\nVenice Beach lies along the western edge of Los Angeles.\nIt can be proved by checking a map of Los Angeles.\nThe first sentence states an opinion.\nVenice Beach is too crowded in the summer.\nToo crowded shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about how crowded is too crowded.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these three objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "sour",
      "slippery",
      "transparent"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the best answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. None of the objects are transparent.\nA lemon has a sour taste. The butter is not sour.\nA slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. All three objects are slippery.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is slippery.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7960\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2.",
      "The strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Compare strengths of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together.",
    "solution":"Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.\nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7961\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Samoa",
      "Tuvalu",
      "Tonga",
      "Fiji"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Oceania: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of Oceania",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is Fiji.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7962\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nIt is easier to forgive an enemy than to forgive a friend.\n\u2014William Blake",
    "choices":[
      "apostrophe",
      "paradox"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify the figure of speech: review",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Anaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses. We are united. We are powerful. We are winners. Antithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure. I want to help, not to hurt. Apostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity. Oh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully? Assonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words. Try to light the fire. Chiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words. Never let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! An oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Some reviewers are calling this book a new classic. A paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Always expect the unexpected. Understatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is. As you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.",
    "solution":"The text uses a paradox, a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nIt is easier to forgive an enemy than to forgive a friend at first appears to be contradictory, as it should be difficult to forgive someone whom you oppose. However, there is some truth to it: it is more hurtful when your friend does something to wrong you than when your enemy does, making it harder to forgive the person close to you.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nDid you know that Stanley is back home living with his parents again and won't get a job? Gosh, millennials are such a lazy generation.",
    "choices":[
      "ad hominem: an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself",
      "appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good",
      "hasty generalization: a broad claim based on too few observations"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations<br\/> slippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that Stanley living with his parents means that millennials in general are lazy. However, one millennial's behavior does not necessarily reflect the behavior of the entire generation. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a hasty generalization.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following organisms is the omnivore in this food web?",
    "choices":[
      "plainfin midshipman",
      "sea urchin",
      "phytoplankton",
      "kelp"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Below is a food web from an ocean ecosystem in Monterey Bay, off the coast of California.\nA food web models how the matter eaten by organisms moves through an ecosystem. The arrows in a food web represent how matter moves between organisms in an ecosystem.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecological interactions",
    "skill":"Interpret food webs I",
    "lecture":"A food web is a model. A food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food. Arrows show how matter moves. A food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating. An organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web. An organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web.",
    "solution":"Omnivores are consumers that eat both producers and other consumers. So, an omnivore has arrows pointing to it from at least one producer and at least one consumer.\nThe phytoplankton does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the phytoplankton is not an omnivore.\nThe plainfin midshipman has an arrow pointing to it from the phytoplankton, which is a producer. The plainfin midshipman also has an arrow pointing to it from the zooplankton, which is a consumer. The plainfin midshipman eats a producer and a consumer, so it is an omnivore.\nThe kelp does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the kelp is not an omnivore.\nThe kelp bass has an arrow pointing to it from the kelp, which is a producer. The kelp bass also has arrows pointing to it from the zooplankton, the plainfin midshipman, and the black rockfish, which are consumers. The kelp bass eats a producer and consumers, so it is an omnivore.\nThe sea urchin has only one arrow pointing to it. This arrow starts from the kelp, which is a producer. So, the sea urchin is a consumer but not an omnivore.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/7971\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What kind of sentence is this?\nThat's his fourth touchdown in the game!",
    "choices":[
      "interrogative",
      "exclamatory"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory?",
    "lecture":"There are four kinds of sentences. A declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period. I have an older brother and a younger sister. An interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark. How tall are you? An imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point. Read the first chapter by next week. Look out for that car! An exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point. Some whales are over ninety feet long! I can't wait until tomorrow!",
    "solution":"The sentence tells about something, but it shows surprise and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is the stickiest?",
    "choices":[
      "plastic beads",
      "rubber duck",
      "glue"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of materials",
    "lecture":"Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. A material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy. For example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.",
    "solution":"Sticky is a property. A sticky material easily attaches to other things.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the glue is the stickiest. If you touch wet glue, it will stick to you.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nThe number of pirates in existence decreased as the global average temperature rose. Therefore, we can conclude that hotter weather reduces piracy.",
    "choices":[
      "false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other",
      "slippery slope fallacy: the false assumption that a small first step will lead to extreme consequences",
      "guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations<br\/> slippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that an increase in the global average temperature causes less piracy. However, that's not necessarily true. The fact that piracy decreased as global average temperature increased does not mean that hotter weather reduces piracy. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as false causation.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the statement.\nSulfur dioxide is ().",
    "choices":[
      "a compound",
      "an elementary substance"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The model below represents a molecule of sulfur dioxide. Sulfur dioxide is a poisonous gas that is released into the atmosphere when volcanoes erupt.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"Classify elementary substances and compounds using models",
    "lecture":"There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you. A substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl. Scientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride. In a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance.",
    "solution":"Use the model to determine whether sulfur dioxide is an elementary substance or a compound.\nStep 1: Interpret the model.\n.\nUse the legend to determine the chemical element represented by each color. The colors and atomic symbols from the legend are shown in the table below. The table also includes the names of the chemical elements represented in the model.\nYou can see from the model that a molecule of sulfur dioxide is composed of two oxygen atoms and one sulfur atom bonded together.\nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.\nYou know from Step 1 that sulfur dioxide is composed of two chemical elements: oxygen and sulfur. Since sulfur dioxide is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, sulfur dioxide is a compound.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8006\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which solution has a higher concentration of green particles?",
    "choices":[
      "Solution A",
      "Solution B",
      "neither; their concentrations are the same"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each green ball represents one particle of solute.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Compare concentrations of solutions",
    "lecture":"A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent. concentration = particles of solute \/ volume of solvent",
    "solution":"In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.\nSolution A has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of green particles.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8009\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following trait inherited or acquired?\nCarrie has a scar on her right hand.",
    "choices":[
      "acquired",
      "inherited"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Hint: Most scars are caused by accidents during a person's life.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Heredity",
    "skill":"Identify inherited and acquired traits",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.",
    "solution":"Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "repel",
      "attract"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.\n\nHint: Magnets that attract pull together. Magnets that repel push apart.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south. Here are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S. If different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8013\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest north?",
    "choices":[
      "West Virginia",
      "Oregon",
      "Delaware",
      "Mississippi"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Maps",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Oregon is farthest north.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8016\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Birdie's genotype for the leg color gene?",
    "choices":[
      "Ll",
      "white legs"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"In a group of chickens, some individuals have white legs and others have yellow legs. In this group, the gene for the leg color trait has two alleles. The allele L is for white legs, and the allele l is for yellow legs.\nBirdie, a chicken from this group, has white legs. Birdie has one allele for white legs and one allele for yellow legs.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.",
    "solution":"An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Birdie has one allele for white legs (L) and one allele for yellow legs (l). So, Birdie's genotype for the leg color gene is Ll.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "repel",
      "attract"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.\n\nHint: Magnets that attract pull together. Magnets that repel push apart.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south. Here are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S. If different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8027\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word does not rhyme?",
    "choices":[
      "barn",
      "turn",
      "burn"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"phonological-awareness",
    "category":"Rhyming",
    "skill":"Which word does not rhyme?",
    "lecture":"Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound. The words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound. The words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings. The words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.",
    "solution":"The words turn and burn rhyme. They both end with the urn sound.\nThe word barn does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nGive praise with the rasp and sizzle of crickets, katydids and cicadas,\nGive praise with hum of bees,\nGive praise with the little peepers who live near water.\n\u2014Anne Porter, \"A List of Praises\"",
    "choices":[
      "chiasmus",
      "anaphora"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify the figure of speech: anaphora, antithesis, apostrophe, assonance, chiasmus, understatement",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Anaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses. We are united. We are powerful. We are winners. Antithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure. I want to help, not to hurt. Apostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity. Oh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully? Assonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words. Try to light the fire. Chiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words. Never let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you. Understatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is. As you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.",
    "solution":"The text uses anaphora, the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nPorter repeats the words give praise at the beginning of each clause.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nwe - wink",
    "choices":[
      "waiter",
      "whom"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince whom is between the guide words we - wink, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the living thing.",
    "choices":[
      "boa",
      "rainboot"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify living and nonliving things",
    "lecture":"All living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. Living things use this energy to grow and change. All living things grow and change during their lives. All living things sense changes in the world around them. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense.",
    "solution":"A boa is a living thing.\nBoas grow and respond to the world around them. They need food and water.\nA rainboot is not a living thing.\nRainboots do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to the world around them. They do not need food or water.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these continents does the prime meridian intersect?",
    "choices":[
      "South America",
      "Asia",
      "Antarctica"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Maps",
    "skill":"Use lines of latitude and longitude",
    "lecture":"Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps. Lines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there. Lines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator. Lines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles. The equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W. Together, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place.",
    "solution":"The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects Antarctica. It does not intersect Asia or South America.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8045\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material, but some of them are different shapes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets.",
    "solution":"The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.\nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8051\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "New Jersey",
      "Florida",
      "Georgia",
      "New Hampshire"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"English colonies in North America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is Georgia.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8061\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ncar - coupon",
    "choices":[
      "cure",
      "chore"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince chore is between the guide words car - coupon, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Massachusetts?",
    "choices":[
      "Cambridge",
      "Boston",
      "Trenton",
      "Montpelier"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Northeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Boston is the capital of Massachusetts.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8073\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which text uses the word literally in its traditional sense?",
    "choices":[
      "Justine adores the classic Renaissance style of the Rialto Bridge in Venice. She was surprised to learn that the bridge remains functional even though it is literally hundreds of years old.",
      "Justine adores the classic Renaissance style of the Rialto Bridge in Venice. She was surprised to learn that the bridge remains functional even though it is literally a million years old."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Word usage and nuance",
    "skill":"Explore words with new or contested usages",
    "lecture":"Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner. When a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences. Britney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam. The traditional usage above is considered more standard. David perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages. The nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.",
    "solution":"The second text uses literally in its traditional sense: in a factual, non-exaggerated way.\nJustine adores the classic Renaissance style of the Rialto Bridge in Venice. She was surprised to learn that the bridge remains functional even though it is literally hundreds of years old.\nThe first text uses literally in its nontraditional sense: nearly or in effect (often exaggerated). The bridge is old, but it is not actually a million years old.\nJustine adores the classic Renaissance style of the Rialto Bridge in Venice. She was surprised to learn that the bridge remains functional even though it is literally a million years old.\nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word literally because it is generally considered incorrect.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these three objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "hard",
      "blue",
      "transparent"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the best answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. None of the objects are transparent.\nBlue is a color.\nThis color is blue. None of the objects are blue.\nA hard object does not change shape when pressed or squeezed. All three objects are hard.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is hard.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8084\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the idiom in this text suggest?\nShelley has a lot on her plate: she is attending college, has a full-time job as a waitress, and volunteers at the animal shelter.",
    "choices":[
      "Shelley has many responsibilities.",
      "Shelley has worked up an appetite."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. An idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned. The assignment was a piece of cake.",
    "solution":"The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.\nThe idiom a lot on her plate suggests that Shelley has many responsibilities. If you have a lot on your plate, you are busy with many different obligations.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "Virginia",
      "New Hampshire",
      "Delaware",
      "North Carolina"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"English colonies in North America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is Delaware.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8095\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which text uses the word terribly in its traditional sense?",
    "choices":[
      "Cole shivered terribly as he gazed at the snow-clad slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.",
      "Cole shivered as he gazed at the terribly steep, snowy slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Word usage and nuance",
    "skill":"Explore words with new or contested usages",
    "lecture":"Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner. When a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences. Britney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam. The traditional usage above is considered more standard. David perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages. The nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.",
    "solution":"The second text uses terribly in its traditional sense: in a terrible manner.\nCole shivered terribly as he gazed at the snow-clad slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.\nThe first text uses terribly in its nontraditional sense: extremely; very.\nCole shivered as he gazed at the terribly steep, snowy slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word terribly because it is considered more standard.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on the event chain, what happens right after the battle at Mermaids' Lagoon?",
    "choices":[
      "Wendy remembers her parents.",
      "Peter defeats Captain Hook."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This event chain shows events from Peter and Wendy by J. M. Barrie.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Visual elements",
    "skill":"Read graphic organizers",
    "lecture":"A graphic organizer is a chart or picture that shows how ideas, facts, or topics are related to one another. When you read, look for graphic organizers included in the text. You can use these images to find key information. You can also create your own graphic organizers with information that you've read. Doing this can help you think about the ideas in the text and easily review them. When you write, you can use graphic organizers to organize your thoughts and plan your writing.",
    "solution":"An event chain uses arrows to show the order of events. This event chain shows events from Peter and Wendy by J. M. Barrie.\nFollow the arrows to see the order of events. An arrow points from The Lost Boys fight pirates at Mermaids' Lagoon to Wendy remembers her parents. This tells you that right after the battle at Mermaids' Lagoon, Wendy remembers her parents.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8097\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of South Dakota?",
    "choices":[
      "Pierre",
      "Trenton",
      "Rapid City",
      "Sioux Falls"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Pierre is the capital of South Dakota.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8098\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of New York?",
    "choices":[
      "New York City",
      "Madison",
      "Buffalo",
      "Albany"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Northeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Albany is the capital of New York.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8102\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which material is this bucket made of?",
    "choices":[
      "polyester",
      "plastic"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Identify multiple materials in objects",
    "lecture":"A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. Some objects are made of just one material. Most nails are made of metal. Other objects are made of more than one material. This hammer is made of metal and wood.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the bucket.\nThe bucket is made of two different materials. The body is made of plastic, and the handle is made of metal.\nPlastic is a great material for buckets because plastic is waterproof.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8103\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Below are three examples of using energy from natural resources. Select the use of energy that did not add to air pollution.",
    "choices":[
      "Wood burned in a fire, cooking vegetables.",
      "Flowing water carried a girl in an inflatable tube down a river.",
      "A candle burned paraffin, a wax made from petroleum oil."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Humans have invented many ways to use energy from natural resources. Some of these uses of energy add to air pollution, and others do not.\nHint: Burning a material such as wood, oil, or coal releases chemicals that add to air pollution.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Conservation and natural resources",
    "skill":"Evaluate natural energy sources",
    "lecture":"Humans have invented many ways to use natural resources. We use energy from natural resources in our daily activities, including cooking food, moving objects, and powering machines. Some ways of using natural resources for energy add to air pollution, and others do not. Wood, oil, and coal are examples of natural resources that are fuels. Burning a fuel provides energy. But it also releases chemicals that can be harmful to our health and to the environment. These chemicals add to air pollution. Sunlight, wind, and water are natural resources that can provide energy. Using energy from the Sun, wind, or water does not burn material. These uses of energy do not release chemicals that add to air pollution.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same species as the great egret.",
    "choices":[
      "Ardea alba",
      "Balearica pavonina",
      "Falco novaeseelandiae"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This organism is a great egret. Its scientific name is Ardea alba.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification and scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"A great egret's scientific name is Ardea alba.\nBalearica pavonina does not have the same scientific name as a great egret. So, Ardea alba and Balearica pavonina are not in the same species.\nArdea alba has the same scientific name as a great egret. So, these organisms are in the same species.\nFalco novaeseelandiae does not have the same scientific name as a great egret. So, Ardea alba and Falco novaeseelandiae are not in the same species.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8110\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Suppose Ted decides to get the pumpkin spice ice cream. Which result would be a cost?",
    "choices":[
      "Ted will get to eat the pumpkin spice ice cream. He likes this flavor more than vanilla bean.",
      "Ted will give up the chance to get a free waffle cone. He would have enjoyed the waffle cone."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Ted is deciding whether to get pumpkin spice ice cream or vanilla bean ice cream. He likes pumpkin spice more than vanilla bean. But a scoop of vanilla bean ice cream comes with a free waffle cone.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Costs and benefits",
    "lecture":"Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits. Costs are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need. Benefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.",
    "solution":"This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Ted wants or needs:\nTed will give up the chance to get a free waffle cone. He would have enjoyed the waffle cone.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the invertebrate.",
    "choices":[
      "woodpecker",
      "ladybug",
      "red-headed poison frog",
      "wombat"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Hint: Insects, spiders, and worms are invertebrates.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify vertebrates and invertebrates",
    "lecture":"Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals. A vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange. An invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body.",
    "solution":"A ladybug is an insect. Like other insects, a ladybug is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA woodpecker is a bird. Like other birds, a woodpecker is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA red-headed poison frog is an amphibian. Like other amphibians, a red-headed poison frog is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA wombat is a mammal. Like other mammals, a wombat is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which pot of spaghetti sauce has more thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "the hotter pot of spaghetti sauce",
      "the colder pot of spaghetti sauce"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two pots of spaghetti sauce are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Thermal energy",
    "skill":"How are temperature and mass related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving. The energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. What happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.",
    "solution":"The two pots of spaghetti sauce are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter pot of spaghetti sauce has more thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same species as the European green toad.",
    "choices":[
      "Bufo viridis",
      "Hyla cinerea",
      "Lithobates blairi"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This organism is a European green toad. Its scientific name is Bufo viridis.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"A European green toad's scientific name is Bufo viridis.\nLithobates blairi does not have the same scientific name as a European green toad. So, Bufo viridis and Lithobates blairi are not in the same species.\nBufo viridis has the same scientific name as a European green toad. So, these organisms are in the same species.\nHyla cinerea does not have the same scientific name as a European green toad. So, Bufo viridis and Hyla cinerea are not in the same species.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8131\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the allusion in this text suggest?\nWhen Elise claimed she had loaded the dishwasher before turning on Dancing with the Stars, her mother replied, \"Your nose is growing!\"",
    "choices":[
      "Elise was trustworthy.",
      "Elise was lying."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. An allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.",
    "solution":"The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nThe allusion nose is growing suggests that Elise was lying. In the story of Pinocchio, when Pinocchio lies, his nose grows longer.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Ben acquired this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Ben is most interested in American history.",
      "Ben learned history by reading."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nBen knows a lot about history.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Heredity",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Identify the question that Adele's experiment can best answer.",
    "choices":[
      "Do radish plants grown under bright light have more leaves than radish plants grown under dim light?",
      "Do radishes grown under bright light get bigger than radishes grown under dim light?"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below.\n\nAdele planted 20 radish plants in a greenhouse, putting each plant in its own pot. She placed ten of the pots under bright light and the other ten pots under dim light. Adele watered all the plants twice a day. After two months, she pulled the radish plants from the ground, threw away the leafy green tops, and measured the sizes of the radishes. She compared the sizes of the radishes grown under bright light to the sizes of the radishes grown under dim light.\nFigure: a radish plant in soil.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify the experimental question",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment. Imagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured. First, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested. Then, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured. Experiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height. Examples of questions that this experiment can answer include: Does soil type affect the height of daffodil plants? Do daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil? Are daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8149\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Maura inherited this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Maura and her father both have dark hair.",
      "Maura's parents have dark skin. They passed down this trait to Maura."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nMaura has dark skin.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest west?",
    "choices":[
      "Pennsylvania",
      "Vermont",
      "Indiana",
      "South Carolina"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Indiana is farthest west.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8159\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which statement describes the driftwood's motion?",
    "choices":[
      "The driftwood has a constant velocity.",
      "The driftwood is accelerating."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"A piece of driftwood is floating straight down a stream at a constant speed.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Identify whether objects are accelerating",
    "lecture":"An object's velocity describes its speed and its direction. An object has a constant velocity when neither its speed nor its direction is changing. So, an object has a constant velocity when the object is: moving in a straight line at a constant speed, or remaining motionless. If an object does not have a constant velocity, the object is accelerating. An object is accelerating when either its speed or its direction is changing. So, an object is accelerating when the object is: speeding up, slowing down, or changing direction.",
    "solution":"The driftwood is moving in a straight line at a constant speed. So, the driftwood has a constant velocity.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Brad acquired this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Brad was not born knowing how to identify different fish. He had to learn this skill.",
      "Brad has two pet fish. The fish live in a fish tank together."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nBrad is good at identifying fish.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Heredity",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "North Carolina",
      "Michigan",
      "Florida",
      "Iowa"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"Colonial America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is North Carolina.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8182\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which correctly shows the title of a movie?",
    "choices":[
      "\"White House Down\"",
      "***White House Down***"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Formatting titles",
    "lecture":"The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead. A Midsummer Night's Dream The title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks. \"You Are My Sunshine\"",
    "solution":"A movie should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **White House Down**.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the idiom in this text suggest?\nSophia submitted her suggestions to Chad; now the ball is in his court.",
    "choices":[
      "Chad needs to act next.",
      "Chad feels like playing or relaxing, not working."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret the figure of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. An idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned. The assignment was a piece of cake.",
    "solution":"The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.\nThe idiom the ball is in his court suggests that Chad needs to act next. In tennis, when the ball is in a player's court, it is that person's turn.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the statement.\nSilicon is ().",
    "choices":[
      "an elementary substance",
      "a compound"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The model below represents silicon. licon is used to make computer chips.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"Classify elementary substances and compounds using models",
    "lecture":"There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you. A substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be. Scientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents the compound pyrite. In a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance.",
    "solution":"Use the model to determine whether silicon is an elementary substance or a compound.\nStep 1: Interpret the model.\nIn the ball-and-stick model shown above, all of the balls are the same color:\n. The legend shows that beige represents the chemical element with the atomic symbol Si.\nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.\nYou know from Step 1 that silicon is composed of only one chemical element. So, silicon is an elementary substance.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8219\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these oceans does the prime meridian intersect?",
    "choices":[
      "the Arctic Ocean",
      "the Pacific Ocean",
      "the Indian Ocean"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Maps",
    "skill":"Use lines of latitude and longitude",
    "lecture":"Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps. Lines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there. Lines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator. Lines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles. The equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W. Together, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place.",
    "solution":"The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects the Arctic Ocean. It does not intersect the Pacific Ocean or the Indian Ocean.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8231\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets.",
    "solution":"Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.\nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8246\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following best describes a population in the mountains of Yellowstone National Park?",
    "choices":[
      "a pack of gray wolves",
      "the elk, the coyotes, and the volcanic rock",
      "the magpies and the ravens"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Read the passage. Then answer the question below.\n\nThe temperate mountains of Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming are made from volcanic rocks. These mountains are home to many large mammal species. For example, gray wolves are common predators in this habitat.\nGray wolves hunt in packs to capture the elk, white-tailed deer, and bison that live in the mountains. Coyotes often eat the scraps of prey animals that wolf packs leave behind. After the coyotes have fed, birds such as ravens and magpies eat the meat that remains on the animal bones.\nFigure: a gray wolf in the mountains of Yellowstone National Park.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Describe populations, communities, and ecosystems",
    "lecture":"In an environment, organisms interact with each other and with their nonliving surroundings. To help describe these interactions, ecologists use specific terms for different types of groups. A single organism is an individual. Individuals of the same species that live in the same place are part of a population. Multiple populations of different species that live in the same place are part of a community. Together, communities of living organisms and the nonliving parts of their environment make up an ecosystem.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8275\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Emmet inherited this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Emmet likes to wear a blue sweater to match his blue eyes.",
      "Emmet's mother has blue eyes. She passed this trait down to Emmet."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nEmmet has blue eyes.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Heredity",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which better describes the Bering Land Bridge National Preserve ecosystem?",
    "choices":[
      "It has warm summers. It also has cool winters.",
      "It has long, cold winters. It also has soil that is frozen year-round."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Figure: Bering Land Bridge National Preserve.\nBering Land Bridge National Preserve is a tundra ecosystem in western Alaska.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Describe ecosystems",
    "lecture":"An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment. There are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other: the pattern of weather, or climate the type of soil the organisms that live there",
    "solution":"A tundra is a type of ecosystem. Tundras have the following features: long, cold winters and short, cold summers, soil that is frozen year-round, and mostly small plants. So, Bering Land Bridge National Preserve has long, cold winters. It also has soil that is frozen year-round.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8284\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the temperature of the air inside of a classroom?",
    "choices":[
      "70\u00b0C",
      "70\u00b0F"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Estimate temperatures",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Temperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units. <br\/><br\/> 212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0C<br\/> 98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0C<br\/> 68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0C<br\/> 32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0C<br\/>",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the temperature of the air inside of a classroom is 70\u00b0F.\n70\u00b0C is too hot.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following could Kurt's test show?",
    "choices":[
      "if the weather station would work when the temperature was 50\u00b0C",
      "how well the weather station would work when it was windy"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design.\nThe passage below describes how the engineering-design process was used to test a solution to a problem. Read the passage. Then answer the question below.\n\nKurt was a mechanical engineer who was designing  to record temperature, precipitation, and wind speed. The weather station would be used in a town where the highest recorded temperature was 40\u00b0C. Kurt wanted to make sure the weather station would work even in unusually warm weather.\nSo, he set an indoor test chamber to 50\u00b0C with low moisture and no wind. He left the weather station in the chamber overnight. The next day, he checked to see if the weather station displayed accurate measurements after 24 hours at 50\u00b0C.\nFigure: a weather station.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Engineering practices",
    "skill":"Evaluate tests of engineering-design solutions",
    "lecture":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured. Imagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves. First, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind. Then, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved. Tests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8289\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1.",
      "The strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Compare strengths of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together.",
    "solution":"Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.\nThe magnets in Pair 2 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8295\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which text uses the word nauseous in its traditional sense?",
    "choices":[
      "Victoria couldn't tolerate the nauseous odor emanating from the landfill, so she rolled up her car windows as she drove past.",
      "The odor emanating from the landfill made Victoria so nauseous that she had to roll up the car windows as she drove past."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Word usage and nuance",
    "skill":"Explore words with new or contested usages",
    "lecture":"Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner. When a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences. Britney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam. The traditional usage above is considered more standard. David perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages. The nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.",
    "solution":"The first text uses nauseous in its traditional sense: causing disgust or nausea.\nVictoria couldn't tolerate the nauseous odor emanating from the landfill, so she rolled up her car windows as she drove past.\nThe second text uses nauseous in its nontraditional sense: feeling disgusted or nauseated.\nThe odor emanating from the landfill made Victoria so nauseous that she had to roll up the car windows as she drove past.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word nauseous because it is considered more standard.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on the text, how does a sloth's fur help protect it?",
    "choices":[
      "A sloth's fur helps it dry off quickly.",
      "A sloth's fur protects its important organs.",
      "A sloth's fur helps it cling to tree branches."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Read the text about sloths.\nSloths are known for being one of the slowest animals on the planet. They also sleep up to twenty hours every day. Even though sloths are lethargic, they manage to stay safe by living in the treetops of South and Central America. Sloths have special qualities that help them spend their lives hanging from branches.\nFor example, sloths' long fur grows in the opposite direction from that of most animals. Most animals' fur grows downward, which helps rainwater run down off the animal. Sloths' fur, however, grows upward. When a sloth is hanging upside down, rainwater is still directed off its body. This helps the sloth dry off more quickly. Sloth fur has another special purpose. Each strand of fur has grooves that collect algae. The algae give the sloth a greenish color, which helps it blend in with its leafy environment. Along with sloths' slow movement, this disguise makes sloths hard for predators to spot.\nSloths also have long, curved claws on their front and back legs. Sloths can use their claws to protect themselves from predators. More importantly, the long, sharp claws curve around branches for a powerful grip. In this way, sloths' claws keep them from slipping and falling out of trees.\nHanging upside down all day can be hard for other reasons. In most animals, hanging would cause the stomach, heart, and other organs to press on the lungs. Not for sloths, though. Sloths have special bands of tissue called adhesions that help attach certain organs to the rib cage. These bands of tissue hold the organs in place so they don't press down on the sloth's lungs. Thus the sloth stays healthy and comfortable while hanging in its upside-down world.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reading-comprehension",
    "category":"Informational texts: level 1",
    "skill":"Read passages about animals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the text in bold below. It tells you two ways a sloth's fur helps protect it.\nFor example, sloths' long fur grows in the opposite direction from that of most animals. Most animals' fur grows downward, which helps rainwater run down off the animal. Sloths' fur, however, grows upward. When a sloth is hanging upside down, rainwater is still directed off its body. This helps the sloth dry off more quickly. Sloth fur has another special purpose. Each strand of fur has grooves that collect algae. The algae give the sloth a greenish color, which helps it blend in with its leafy environment. Along with sloths' slow movement, this disguise makes sloths hard for predators to spot.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8303\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a complete sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "At the hospital, all the doctors and nurses work hard.",
      "Mom drank coffee and milk, I had tea."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is it a complete sentence, a fragment, or a run-on?",
    "lecture":"A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb. My friends walk along the path. A sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb. Knows the answer. This is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject. Who knows the answer? She knows the answer. The bright red car. This is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb. What did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped. A run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma. I knocked on the door it opened. It started raining, we ran inside. To fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence. I knocked on the door. It opened. It started raining. We ran inside. You can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. I knocked on the door, and it opened. It started raining, so we ran inside.",
    "solution":"At the hospital, all the doctors and nurses work hard is a complete sentence. The subject is all the doctors and nurses, and the verb is work.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Cuba",
      "Haiti",
      "Jamaica",
      "Dominica"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"The Americas: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of the Caribbean",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is Jamaica.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8306\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Arkansas?",
    "choices":[
      "Fargo",
      "Hilo",
      "Little Rock",
      "Fayetteville"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Southeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Little Rock is the capital of Arkansas.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8309\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Arkansas?",
    "choices":[
      "Albuquerque",
      "Fayetteville",
      "Little Rock",
      "Montgomery"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Southeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Little Rock is the capital of Arkansas.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8311\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets.",
    "solution":"The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.\nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8314\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Use the evidence in the text to select the photosynthetic organism.",
    "choices":[
      "Echidnas are egg-laying mammals. An echidna is covered in spines and has a long snout that it uses to eat ants and termites.",
      "Yucca plants have long, sharp leaves. These leaves have a waxy covering. Yucca plants use carbon dioxide and water to make their food."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Photosynthesis",
    "skill":"Identify the photosynthetic organism",
    "lecture":"Organisms that carry out photosynthesis are called photosynthetic organisms. During photosynthesis, these organisms use light energy, carbon dioxide, and water to produce sugars and oxygen. Photosynthetic organisms also often have the following characteristics: They are producers, which are organisms that make their own food inside their cells. Because producers make their own food, they typically do not eat other organisms. Their cells contain chloroplasts, which are cell structures where photosynthesis occurs. Their chloroplasts often contain a green substance called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll captures light energy from the Sun to power photosynthesis. They use the sugars they produce during photosynthesis as food. This food provides energy that helps the organisms live, grow, and reproduce.",
    "solution":"This organism is photosynthetic:\nThe text tells you that yucca plants use carbon dioxide and water to make food. This is evidence that the yucca plant is a photosynthetic organism.\nThis organism is not photosynthetic:\nThe text does not provide evidence that the echidna is photosynthetic.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "sample A",
      "sample B",
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.\nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8318\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which continent is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Europe",
      "Australia",
      "Africa",
      "Antarctica"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Physical Geography",
    "skill":"Oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents.",
    "solution":"This continent is Europe.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8323\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same genus as the blue jay.",
    "choices":[
      "Goura cristata",
      "Cyanocitta stelleri",
      "Strix aluco"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This organism is a blue jay. Its scientific name is Cyanocitta cristata.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"A blue jay's scientific name is Cyanocitta cristata. The first word of its scientific name is Cyanocitta.\nGoura cristata and Cyanocitta cristata are not in the same genus.\nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Goura cristata and Cyanocitta cristata have the same species name within their genus, cristata. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Goura cristata is in the genus Goura, and Cyanocitta cristata is in the genus Cyanocitta.\nCyanocitta stelleri is in the genus Cyanocitta. The first word of its scientific name is Cyanocitta. So, Cyanocitta stelleri and Cyanocitta cristata are in the same genus.\nStrix aluco is in the genus Strix. The first word of its scientific name is Strix. So, Strix aluco and Cyanocitta cristata are not in the same genus.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8328\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the animal.",
    "choices":[
      "Rose bushes can grow colorful flowers.",
      "Mangrove trees have wide green leaves.",
      "Albatrosses walk, fly, and swim.",
      "Strawberry bushes have green leaves."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify plants and animals",
    "lecture":"Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms. Plants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can. Animals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food.",
    "solution":"A mangrove tree is a plant. It has wide green leaves.\nMangrove trees grow in salty water near oceans and seas.\nA strawberry bush is a plant. It has green leaves.\nThe type of strawberries most people eat today were first grown in the 1750 s.\nA rose bush is a plant. It can grow colorful flowers.\nMost rose bushes have sharp thorns. The thorns help protect the rose bush from being eaten by animals.\nAn albatross is an animal. It walks, flies, and swims.\nAn albatross is a bird. It lives near the ocean and eats fish.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which tense does the sentence use?\nLiz throws the ball into the hoop.",
    "choices":[
      "past tense",
      "future tense",
      "present tense"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"verbs",
    "category":"Verb tense",
    "skill":"Is the sentence in the past, present, or future tense?",
    "lecture":"Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now. Most present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es. Two verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms. Past tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened. Most past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed. Some verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms. Future tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen. All future-tense verbs use the word will. <br\/><br\/> Present | Past | Future<br\/> walk, walks | walked | will walk<br\/> go, goes | went | will go<br\/>",
    "solution":"The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, throws. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of North Dakota?",
    "choices":[
      "Columbus",
      "Bismarck",
      "Lansing",
      "Saint Paul"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Bismarck is the capital of North Dakota.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8361\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following could Danny's test show?",
    "choices":[
      "which side of the roof got more sun over one day",
      "how many solar panels could fit on each side of the roof",
      "the amount of sunlight the roof would get throughout the year"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design.\nThe passage below describes how the engineering-design process was used to test a solution to a problem. Read the passage. Then answer the question below.\n\nDanny was installing solar panels on the roof of a client's house. The panels had to provide enough electricity to power the house year-round. Danny needed to decide how many panels to install and which side of the roof to install them on. If he put the panels on the side that got the most sun, then he could use fewer panels, and the client would save money. Danny installed sunlight sensors on both sides of the roof. Then, he measured the amount of sunlight the sensors on each side of the roof recorded over one sunny summer day.\nFigure: installing solar panels on a roof.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Engineering practices",
    "skill":"Evaluate tests of engineering-design solutions",
    "lecture":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured. Imagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves. First, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind. Then, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved. Tests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8365\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Alaska?",
    "choices":[
      "Boulder",
      "Anchorage",
      "Fairbanks",
      "Juneau"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify the 50 state capitals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Juneau is the capital of Alaska.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8369\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these three objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "rough",
      "slippery",
      "scratchy"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the best answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. All three objects are slippery.\nA scratchy object is rough and itchy against your skin. The wet paint and the wet ice cube are not scratchy.\nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. The wet paint and the wet ice cube are not rough.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is slippery.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8378\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which term matches the picture?",
    "choices":[
      "climax community",
      "pioneer species"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Read the text.\nAfter a forest fire, plant life regrows slowly through a process called secondary succession. The first plants to reappear are pioneer species, weeds and hardy plants that grow quickly and can survive in poor or limited soil. As succession continues, larger plants like bushes and then evergreens take hold. These are plants that need open sunlight to grow. After many years, the forest will reach its final stage, called a climax community. In temperate climates, this community is usually a mature forest of deciduous, hardwood trees, which lose their leaves in the winter. At this stage, the forest is stable, at least until the next fire starts the process over again.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"vocabulary",
    "category":"Context clues",
    "skill":"Determine the meaning of domain-specific words with pictures",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"A climax community is an ecological community in the final stage of forest regrowth. It is often characterized by deciduous trees\u2014trees whose leaves turn colors and fall off during the winter.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8379\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which text uses the word factoid in its traditional sense?",
    "choices":[
      "Hassan seemed to know a lot about African wildlife, but it turned out that his knowledge was mostly based on factoids gleaned from unreliable websites.",
      "Hassan subscribed to an online newsletter about African wildlife; he enjoyed receiving daily factoids about the wild animals' natural habitats and behavior."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Word usage and nuance",
    "skill":"Explore words with new or contested usages",
    "lecture":"Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner. When a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences. Britney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam. The traditional usage above is considered more standard. David perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages. The nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.",
    "solution":"The first text uses factoid in its traditional sense: something made up presented as a true fact.\nHassan seemed to know a lot about African wildlife, but it turned out that his knowledge was mostly based on factoids gleaned from unreliable websites.\nThe second text uses factoid in its nontraditional sense: a trivial but true fact.\nHassan subscribed to an online newsletter about African wildlife; he enjoyed receiving daily factoids about the wild animals' natural habitats and behavior.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word factoid because it is considered more standard.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which object has the least thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "a 3-kilogram block of steel at a temperature of 68\u00b0F",
      "a 3-kilogram block of steel at a temperature of 66\u00b0F",
      "a 3-kilogram block of steel at a temperature of 112\u00b0F"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The objects are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Heat and thermal energy",
    "skill":"How is temperature related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.",
    "solution":"All three blocks of steel have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 66\u00b0F block is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following trait inherited or acquired?\nSophia has a scar on her left ankle.",
    "choices":[
      "inherited",
      "acquired"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Hint: Most scars are caused by accidents during a person's life.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Heredity",
    "skill":"Identify inherited and acquired traits",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.",
    "solution":"Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\nbutter melting on a hot day\nsediment settling to the bottom of a muddy puddle",
    "choices":[
      "Both are caused by cooling.",
      "Both are caused by heating.",
      "Both are chemical changes.",
      "Both are only physical changes."
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nButter melting on a hot day is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The butter changes from solid to liquid, but it is still made of the same type of matter.\nLoose matter such as sand and dirt is called sediment. Sediment settling to the bottom of a muddy puddle is a physical change.\nThe sediment sinks, and the water above becomes clearer. This separates the water from the sediment. But separating a mixture does not form a different type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nButter melting on a hot day is caused by heating. But sediment settling to the bottom of a muddy puddle is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest east?",
    "choices":[
      "Utah",
      "Washington",
      "North Dakota",
      "Florida"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Florida is farthest east.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8404\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence.\nPouring milk on oatmeal is a ().",
    "choices":[
      "physical change",
      "chemical change"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Identify physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Burning a piece of paper is a chemical change. When paper gets hot enough, it reacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same. Cutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper. A change of state is a type of physical change. For example, ice melting is a physical change. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.",
    "solution":"Pouring milk on oatmeal is a physical change. The oatmeal and milk form a creamy mixture. But making this mixture does not form a different type of matter.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nIt has not rained in over a week at Luna's house.",
    "choices":[
      "weather",
      "climate"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Hint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"What's the difference between weather and climate?",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the text carefully.\nIt has not rained in over a week at Luna's house.\nThis passage tells you about the precipitation last week at Luna's house. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following could Carson's test show?",
    "choices":[
      "which design would have the least traffic noise in the concert area",
      "if at least 20% of the park would be shaded by trees in each design",
      "which design would have the greatest distance between the concert area and the road"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design.\nThe passage below describes how the engineering-design process was used to test a solution to a problem. Read the passage. Then answer the question below.\n\nCarson was a landscape architect who was hired to design a new city park. The city council wanted the park to have space for outdoor concerts and to have at least 20% of the park shaded by trees. Carson thought the concert area should be at least 150 meters from the road so traffic noise didn't interrupt the music. He developed three possible designs for the park with the concert area in a different location in each design. Then, he tested each design by measuring the distance between the road and the concert area.\nFigure: studying an architect's design.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Engineering practices",
    "skill":"Evaluate tests of engineering-design solutions",
    "lecture":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured. Imagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves. First, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind. Then, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved. Tests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8414\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Would you find the word blot on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nbeef - bolt",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince blot is between the guide words beef - bolt, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Using only these supplies, which question can Joy investigate with an experiment?",
    "choices":[
      "Do sunflowers grow taller if they are planted in planter boxes or in pots?",
      "Do sunflowers grow bigger in sunny planter boxes or in shady planter boxes?",
      "Which type of sunflower grows more leaves?"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Joy wants to grow sunflowers in her backyard garden. She notices that some sunflowers grow much taller than others. She is curious about what factors affect how sunflowers grow. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\nseeds from one type of sunflower\nsoil\none wooden planter box in the sun\none wooden planter box in the shade\none plastic planter box in the sun\nwater",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the living thing.",
    "choices":[
      "coral",
      "globe",
      "the Great Sphinx of Giza",
      "cell phone"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify living and nonliving things",
    "lecture":"All living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell. All living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change. All living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense.",
    "solution":"A cell phone is not a living thing.\nA cell phone does not have all the traits of a living thing. It does many useful things, and even responds to the world around it. But it does not grow. It does not need food or water.\nThe Great Sphinx of Giza is not a living thing.\nThe Great Sphinx of Giza is a statue of a mythical sphinx, a creature with a lion's body and a human head. The Great Sphinx does not have all of the traits of a living thing. It does not grow or respond to the world around it. It does not need food or water.\nA coral is a living thing.\nCorals grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water. Corals are made up of many cells.\nCorals are animals that live in the ocean. Most corals grow in warm water.\nA globe is not a living thing.\nGlobes do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Identify the question that Gavin's experiment can best answer.",
    "choices":[
      "Do steel nails rust in fewer days when submerged in a large volume of liquid compared to a small volume?",
      "Do steel nails take fewer days to rust in water compared to vinegar?"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below.\n\nGavin put one two-inch steel nail into each of six test tubes. He added water to three of the test tubes and vinegar to the other three. In each test tube, he completely covered the nail with the same volume of liquid. Gavin checked the nails for rust at the same time every day. He recorded how many days it took each nail to become completely covered in rust. Then, he compared the number of days it took nails to rust in water to the number of days it took nails to rust in vinegar.\nFigure: a new steel nail on a pile of rusty nails.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify the experimental question",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment. Imagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured. First, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested. Then, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured. Experiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height. Examples of questions that this experiment can answer include: Does soil type affect the height of daffodil plants? Do daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil? Are daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8431\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the solid.",
    "choices":[
      "gold bracelet",
      "milk",
      "wet paint"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"States of matter",
    "skill":"Identify solids and liquids",
    "lecture":"Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own. Some solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break. A glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid. When matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container. Think about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space. Juice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which correctly shows the title of a book?",
    "choices":[
      "Hair for Mama",
      "Hair for mama"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"capitalization",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Capitalizing titles",
    "lecture":"In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach These words are not important in titles: Articles, a, an, the Short prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up Coordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or",
    "solution":"Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word for is not important, so it should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is Hair for Mama.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the volume of a large soup pot?",
    "choices":[
      "12 milliliters",
      "12 liters"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Volume is a measurement of how much space something takes up. There are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters. There are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter. A raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the volume of a large soup pot is 12 liters.\n12 milliliters is too little.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the one animal that has all of the arachnid traits listed above.",
    "choices":[
      "Earthworms live in soil and have no limbs. Their bodies are soft, cylindrical, and made up of many segments.",
      "Castor bean ticks have a hard exoskeleton, eight legs, and no antennae. They feed on blood from mammals, including deer and people."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Arachnids are a group of animals with similar traits. The following traits can be used to identify arachnids:\nThey have eight legs.\nThey have an exoskeleton.\nThey have no antennae. Observe the animals and read the descriptions.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Use evidence to classify animals",
    "lecture":"Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live. How do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group.",
    "solution":"To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nArachnids have the following traits:\nThey have eight legs.\nThey have an exoskeleton.\nThey have no antennae.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA castor bean tick has the following traits:\nIt has eight legs.\nIt has an exoskeleton.\nIt has no antennae.\nA castor bean tick has the traits of an arachnid. A castor bean tick is an arachnid.\nAn earthworm has the following traits:\nIt has a soft, cylindrical body.\nIt has no limbs.\nIt is made up of segments.\nAn earthworm does not have all of the traits of an arachnid. An earthworm is a segmented worm.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a simple sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "China grows most of the wheat in the world.",
      "Mrs. Thornton plants flower seeds, and they blossom in the spring."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple or compound?",
    "lecture":"A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate. The pitcher threw the ball to first base. A compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. The pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it. Some simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences. Anna and James will watch the fireworks tonight. This simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James. The singers bowed and walked off the stage. This simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat. This is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.",
    "solution":"The second sentence is the simple sentence. It has one subject and predicate.\nChina grows most of the wheat in the world.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nEddie remarked that the new book on anti-gravity was impossible to put down.",
    "choices":[
      "pun",
      "allusion"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify figures of speech: review",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Alliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words. What a lucky little lady you are! An allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. An idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned. The assignment was a piece of cake. A simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike. The cat's fur was as dark as the night. A metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as. The snow formed a blanket over the town. Onomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound. The scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat. Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. The trees danced in the wind. A pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning. A great new broom is sweeping the nation. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.",
    "solution":"The text uses a pun, a word or phrase that humorously suggests more than one meaning.\nImpossible to put down means that the book is so good that it is hard to stop reading. The phrase impossible to put down is also a joke about anti-gravity: if gravity pulls things down, perhaps anti-gravity does the opposite and makes them impossible to put down.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is there a sentence fragment?\nObon is a traditional Japanese Buddhist festival. Because the festival honors the spirits of family members who have died, many people spend it with family and friends.",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Identify sentence fragments",
    "lecture":"A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. The band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks. A sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. Rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks. This fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing. The band I'm in. This fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing. Because we have a concert in two weeks. This fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert.",
    "solution":"There is not a sentence fragment. These are complete sentences because they express complete thoughts.\nObon is a traditional Japanese Buddhist festival. Because the festival honors the spirits of family members who have died, many people spend it with family and friends.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Will inherited this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Will's mother has blue eyes. She passed this trait down to Will.",
      "Will likes to wear a blue sweater to match his blue eyes."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nWill has blue eyes.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which tense does the sentence use?\nMegan will ride horses on the ranch.",
    "choices":[
      "future tense",
      "past tense",
      "present tense"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"verbs",
    "category":"Verb tense",
    "skill":"Is the sentence in the past, present, or future tense?",
    "lecture":"Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now. Most present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es. Two verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms. Past tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened. Most past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed. Some verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms. Future tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen. All future-tense verbs use the word will. <br\/><br\/> Present | Past | Future<br\/> walk, walks | walked | will walk<br\/> go, goes | went | will go<br\/>",
    "solution":"The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, ride. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which object has less thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "a 300-gram mug of cocoa at a temperature of 35\u00b0C",
      "a 300-gram mug of cocoa at a temperature of 30\u00b0C"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The objects are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Heat and thermal energy",
    "skill":"How is temperature related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.",
    "solution":"The two mugs of cocoa have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 30\u00b0C mug of cocoa is colder than the 35\u00b0C mug of cocoa, it has less thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which organ pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs and oxygen-rich blood to other body organs?",
    "choices":[
      "skin",
      "heart",
      "skeleton",
      "brain"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Animals",
    "skill":"Human organs and their functions",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What can Madelyn and Kylie trade to each get what they want?",
    "choices":[
      "Madelyn can trade her tomatoes for Kylie's broccoli.",
      "Madelyn can trade her tomatoes for Kylie's carrots.",
      "Kylie can trade her broccoli for Madelyn's oranges.",
      "Kylie can trade her almonds for Madelyn's tomatoes."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.\nMadelyn and Kylie open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Neither Madelyn nor Kylie got everything that they wanted. The table below shows which items they each wanted:\n\nLook at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.\nMadelyn's lunch Kylie's lunch",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Trade and specialization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the table and images.\nMadelyn wants broccoli. Kylie wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8480\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Using only these supplies, which question can Florence investigate with an experiment?",
    "choices":[
      "Do larger basketballs bounce higher than smaller basketballs on a brick patio?",
      "Does the basketball bounce higher on a lawn or on a dirt path?",
      "Does the basketball bounce higher on gravel or on grass?"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Florence gets a basketball for her birthday and dribbles it around her neighborhood. She notices that sometimes the ball bounces higher than other times. She wonders what factors affect how high her ball bounces. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\none basketball\naccess to a brick patio\naccess to a grassy lawn\naccess to a gravel driveway\na meterstick",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Virginia?",
    "choices":[
      "Baton Rouge",
      "Arlington",
      "Richmond",
      "Columbia"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Southeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Richmond is the capital of Virginia.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8488\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Akira inherited this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Akira's parents have dark skin. They passed down this trait to Akira.",
      "Akira and her father both have dark hair."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nAkira has dark skin.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the one substance that is not a mineral.",
    "choices":[
      "Fluorite is a pure substance. It is formed in nature.",
      "Wool is not a pure substance. It is a solid.",
      "Baryte is a pure substance. It is formed in nature."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Rocks and minerals",
    "skill":"Identify minerals using properties",
    "lecture":"Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals. Minerals and rocks have the following properties: <br\/><br\/> Property | Mineral | Rock<br\/> It is a solid. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is a pure substance. | Yes | No<br\/> It has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No<br\/> <br\/> You can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither. Look closely at the last three properties: Minerals and rocks are not made by organisms. Organisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be  minerals or rocks. Humans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks. A mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not. A pure substance is made of only one type of matter.  Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures. A mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not. The crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way. However, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different!",
    "solution":"Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.\nBaryte is a mineral.\nWool is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.\nSo, wool is not a mineral.\nFluorite is a mineral.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the fish.",
    "choices":[
      "wombat",
      "cobra",
      "American toad",
      "giant moray"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Fish live underwater. They have fins, not limbs.",
    "solution":"An American toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.\nA giant moray is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nEels are long and thin. They may have small fins. They look like snakes, but they are fish!\nA cobra is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nMost cobras have a wide, flat hood below their head. A cobra can display its hood to scare away a predator.\nA wombat is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.\nWombats have strong claws on their front feet. They use their claws to dig underground holes called burrows.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "Massachusetts",
      "New Jersey",
      "Pennsylvania",
      "Virginia"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"English colonies in North America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is Massachusetts.\nThe Massachusetts Colony included land that would later become the state of Maine. Maine was never its own colony.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8511\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Idaho?",
    "choices":[
      "Sacramento",
      "Nampa",
      "Columbus",
      "Boise"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Boise is the capital of Idaho.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8512\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature",
      "sample A",
      "sample B"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.\nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8513\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest north?",
    "choices":[
      "Delaware",
      "New Mexico",
      "Michigan",
      "Louisiana"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Maps",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Michigan is farthest north.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8522\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word is not like the others?",
    "choices":[
      "girl",
      "duck",
      "hen",
      "chicken"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade1",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"vocabulary",
    "category":"Categories",
    "skill":"Which word is not like the others?",
    "lecture":"Some words are alike. They go together in a group. Red, blue, and green go together. They are colors. Mom, dad, grandma, and grandpa go together. They are people in a family.",
    "solution":"Hen, chicken, and duck go together. They are birds. Girl is not a bird, so it is not like the other words.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which type of sentence is this?\nAs Noah sat down on the rickety old chair, it abruptly collapsed beneath him.",
    "choices":[
      "simple",
      "compound-complex",
      "compound",
      "complex"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Phrases and clauses",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex?",
    "lecture":"A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence. the oranges on our tree are ripe The clause can stand alone. It is independent. after we pick up Kevin from work The clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent. A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause. Ben and I spent all day relaxing by the pool. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat. Ben usually wears his heavy coat in the winter. A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. We saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose. If she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. During his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome. A compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. After Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym. Sometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause. Orcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.",
    "solution":"The sentence is complex. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction as.\nAs Noah sat down on the rickety old chair, it abruptly collapsed beneath him.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these three objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "fragile",
      "blue",
      "fuzzy"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Select the best answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA fuzzy object is covered in soft hair. All three objects are fuzzy.\nBlue is a color.\nThis color is blue. The kiwi and the tennis ball are not blue.\nA fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. The socks and the tennis ball are not fragile.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is fuzzy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8529\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the animal.",
    "choices":[
      "Penguins walk and swim.",
      "Almond trees can grow many small flowers."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify plants and animals",
    "lecture":"Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms. Plants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can. Animals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food.",
    "solution":"An almond tree is a plant. It can grow many small flowers.\nAlmonds were first grown by people living near the Mediterranean Sea.\nA penguin is an animal. It walks and swims.\nA penguin is a bird that lives near water. Penguins cannot fly! They use their wings to swim.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nLeon's leaving his job? That's old news. He's been planning that for months.",
    "choices":[
      "chiasmus",
      "oxymoron"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify the figure of speech: review",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Anaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses. We are united. We are powerful. We are winners. Antithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure. I want to help, not to hurt. Apostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity. Oh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully? Assonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words. Try to light the fire. Chiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words. Never let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! An oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Some reviewers are calling this book a new classic. A paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Always expect the unexpected. Understatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is. As you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.",
    "solution":"The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nOld news is a contradiction, because news is recent information.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following trait inherited or acquired?\nNatalie can play the banjo.",
    "choices":[
      "inherited",
      "acquired"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Hint: Playing an instrument well takes practice.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Identify inherited and acquired traits",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.",
    "solution":"People are not born knowing how to play the banjo. Instead, some people learn how to play. So, playing the banjo is an acquired trait.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What kind of sentence is this?\nDoes Cora have any hobbies?",
    "choices":[
      "declarative",
      "interrogative"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory?",
    "lecture":"There are four kinds of sentences. A declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period. I have an older brother and a younger sister. An interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark. How tall are you? An imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point. Read the first chapter by next week. Look out for that car! An exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point. Some whales are over ninety feet long! I can't wait until tomorrow!",
    "solution":"The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which rhetorical appeal is primarily used in this ad?",
    "choices":[
      "ethos (character)",
      "logos (reason)",
      "pathos (emotion)"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Persuasive strategies",
    "skill":"Identify appeals to ethos, pathos, and logos in advertisements",
    "lecture":"The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals. Appeals to ethos, or character, show the writer or speaker as trustworthy, authoritative, or sharing important values with the audience. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following: say that a brand has been trusted for many years include an endorsement from a respected organization, such as the American Dental Association feature a testimonial from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's values use an admired celebrity or athlete as a spokesperson Appeals to logos, or reason, use logic and verifiable evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following: use graphs or charts to display information cite results of clinical trials or independently conducted studies explain the science behind a product or service emphasize that the product is a financially wise choice anticipate and refute potential counterclaims Appeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following: trigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassment appeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractive link the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury",
    "solution":"The ad appeals to ethos, or character, by referring to real users who endorse the headphones.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8558\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Anne inherited this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Anne's neighbor has green eyes.",
      "Anne and her biological father wear sunglasses when they go outside.",
      "Anne has green eyes like her biological mother."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nAnne has green eyes.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Suppose Andrew decides to take a trip to Georgia. Which result would be a cost?",
    "choices":[
      "Andrew will save some money. Plane tickets for Andrew to get to Georgia are less expensive than tickets to California.",
      "Andrew will give up the chance to go to California. He would have enjoyed a trip to California more than Georgia."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Andrew is deciding whether to take a trip to California or Georgia. He wants to enjoy his trip. But he is also trying to save money.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Costs and benefits",
    "lecture":"Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits. Costs are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need. Benefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.",
    "solution":"This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Andrew wants or needs:\nAndrew will give up the chance to go to California. He would have enjoyed a trip to California more than Georgia.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal's skin is better adapted as a warning sign to ward off predators?",
    "choices":[
      "fire salamander",
      "peppered moth"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Sharpnose-puffers are poisonous animals with brightly colored skin. The bright color serves as a warning sign that the animal is poisonous. The 's skin is adapted to ward off predators.\nFigure: sharpnose-puffer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: skins and body coverings",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the sharpnose-puffer.\nThe sharpnose-puffer has a poisonous body with brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators. The bright colors serve as a warning sign that the sharpnose-puffer is poisonous.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe fire salamander has a poisonous body with brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators.\nThe peppered moth has gray and brown patches on its body. Its skin is not adapted to be a warning sign that wards off predators.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8575\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest north?",
    "choices":[
      "Arizona",
      "Georgia",
      "Kentucky",
      "Connecticut"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Maps",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Connecticut is farthest north.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8576\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is a loaf of bread a good or a service?",
    "choices":[
      "a good",
      "a service"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Economics",
    "skill":"Goods and services",
    "lecture":"Everything you can buy is either a good or a service. A good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good. A service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service.",
    "solution":"To decide whether a loaf of bread is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs a loaf of bread something you can touch? Yes.\nIs a loaf of bread a job you might pay someone else to do? No.\nSo, a loaf of bread is a good.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the plant.",
    "choices":[
      "Barn owls walk and fly.",
      "Catfish swim underwater.",
      "Aloe vera has spiny leaves.",
      "Toucans eat mostly fruit."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify plants and animals",
    "lecture":"Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms. Plants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can. Animals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food.",
    "solution":"Aloe vera is a plant. It has spiny leaves.\nAloe vera leaves contain a watery liquid. People use this liquid in lotion and medicine.\nA barn owl is an animal. It walks and flies.\nA barn owl is a bird. Barn owls live on every continent except Antarctica.\nA toucan is an animal. It eats mostly fruit.\nA toucan is a bird with a large beak. A toucan's beak can be half as long as its body!\nA catfish is an animal. It swims underwater.\nA catfish is a fish. Unlike most other fish, catfish do not have scales! They have slimy skin.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is basalt a mineral or a rock?",
    "choices":[
      "rock",
      "mineral"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Basalt has the following properties:\nsolid\nfound in nature\ndark-colored\nnot made by living things\nno fixed crystal structure\nnot a pure substance",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Rocks and minerals",
    "skill":"Identify rocks and minerals",
    "lecture":"Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals. Minerals and rocks have the following properties: <br\/><br\/> Property | Mineral | Rock<br\/> It is a solid. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is a pure substance. | Yes | No<br\/> It has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No<br\/> <br\/> You can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither. Look closely at the last three properties: Minerals and rocks are not made by organisms. Organisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be  minerals or rocks. Humans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks. A mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not. A pure substance is made of only one type of matter.  Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures. A mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not. The crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way. However, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different!",
    "solution":"The properties of basalt match the properties of a rock. So, basalt is a rock.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8586\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\nerosion caused by wind\nshaking up salad dressing",
    "choices":[
      "Both are only physical changes.",
      "Both are caused by cooling.",
      "Both are chemical changes.",
      "Both are caused by heating."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Chemical reactions",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule. In a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns. In a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nErosion caused by wind is a physical change. The wind carries away tiny pieces of rock. But the pieces of rock do not become a different type of matter.\nShaking up salad dressing is a physical change. The different parts mix together, but they are still made of the same type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What can Shawn and Mike trade to each get what they want?",
    "choices":[
      "Shawn can trade his tomatoes for Mike's broccoli.",
      "Mike can trade his almonds for Shawn's tomatoes.",
      "Shawn can trade his tomatoes for Mike's sandwich.",
      "Mike can trade his broccoli for Shawn's oranges."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.\nShawn and Mike open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Both of them could be happier with their lunches. Shawn wanted broccoli in his lunch and Mike was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Trade and specialization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Shawn wanted broccoli in his lunch and Mike was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.\nShawn has tomatoes. Mike has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8591\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines",
      "Cuba",
      "Haiti",
      "The Bahamas"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"The Americas: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of the Caribbean",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is The Bahamas.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8596\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the fish below.",
    "choices":[
      "green moray eel",
      "rabbit",
      "woodpecker",
      "bald eagle"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Fish live underwater. They have fins, not limbs.\nFish are cold-blooded. The body temperature of cold-blooded animals depends on their environment.\nA Banggai cardinalfish is an example of a fish.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals.",
    "solution":"A green moray eel is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nEels are long and thin. They may have small fins. They look like snakes, but they are fish!\nA woodpecker is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nWoodpeckers have strong beaks. They use their beaks to drill into wood to hunt for food.\nA rabbit is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.\nRabbits live underground in burrows. A group of rabbit burrows is called a warren.\nA bald eagle is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nBald eagles live in trees near water. They build nests that can be up to 13 feet wide!",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8601\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which better describes the Everglades National Park ecosystem?",
    "choices":[
      "It has soil that is poor in nutrients. It also has only a few types of organisms.",
      "It has land that is covered in water during most of the year. It also has other water ecosystems nearby."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Figure: Everglades National Park.\nEverglades National Park is a wetland ecosystem in southern Florida.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Describe ecosystems",
    "lecture":"An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other: the pattern of weather, or climate the type of soil or water the organisms that live there",
    "solution":"A wetland is a type of ecosystem. Wetlands have the following features: land that is covered with water during most of the year, soil that is rich in nutrients, and other water ecosystems nearby. So, Everglades National Park has land that is covered with water during most of the year. It also has other water ecosystems nearby.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8612\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Michigan?",
    "choices":[
      "Lansing",
      "Saint Paul",
      "Madison",
      "Grand Rapids"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Lansing is the capital of Michigan.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8615\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which greeting is correct for a letter?",
    "choices":[
      "Dear Ms. Warren,",
      "Dear ms. Warren,"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Greetings and closings of letters",
    "lecture":"A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue. Dear Aunt Sue, I'm glad you could come to my party, and thank you for the birthday gift. I could not have asked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think of you. With love, Rory",
    "solution":"The first greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Ms. Warren is capitalized because it is a proper noun.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which specific humidity level was measured within the outlined area shown?",
    "choices":[
      "11 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air",
      "12 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air",
      "3 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The map below shows humidity in the lower atmosphere on September 12, 2013. The map shows specific humidity, a measurement of the amount of water vapor in the air. The outlined area shows an air mass that influenced weather in Australia on that day.\nLook at the map. Then, answer the question below.\nData source: United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\/Earth System Research Laboratory, Physical Sciences Division",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Identify and compare air masses",
    "lecture":"To study air masses, scientists can use maps that show conditions within Earth's atmosphere. For example, the map below uses color to show specific humidity, a measurement of the amount of water vapor in the air. The map's legend tells you the specific humidity level that each color represents. Colors on the left in the legend represent lower specific humidity levels than colors on the right. For example, areas on the map that are the darkest shade of purple have a specific humidity from zero grams per kilogram (g\/kg) up to two g\/kg. Areas that are the next darkest shade of purple have a specific humidity from two g\/kg up to four g\/kg.",
    "solution":"Look at the colors shown within the outlined area. Then, use the legend to determine which specific humidity levels those colors represent.\nThe legend tells you that this air mass contained air with specific humidity levels between 2 and 8 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air.\n3 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air is within this range.\n11 and 12 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air are outside of this range.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8624\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material, but some of them are different shapes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets.",
    "solution":"Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.\nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8635\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"How long does it take to put on your seat belt?",
    "choices":[
      "5 seconds",
      "5 minutes"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose units of time",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Imagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds? The number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing. Time is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven. There are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute. There are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for how long it takes to put on your seat belt is 5 seconds.\n5 minutes is too slow.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material, but some of them are different shapes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets.",
    "solution":"The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.\nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8649\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the expected ratio of offspring with bumpy fruit to offspring with smooth fruit? Choose the most likely ratio.",
    "choices":[
      "3:1",
      "2:2",
      "1:3",
      "4:0",
      "0:4"
    ],
    "answer":4,
    "hint":"In a group of cucumber plants, some individuals have bumpy fruit and others have smooth fruit. In this group, the gene for the fruit texture trait has two alleles. The allele for bumpy fruit (F) is dominant over the allele for smooth fruit (f).\nThis Punnett square shows a cross between two cucumber plants.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Use Punnett squares to calculate ratios of offspring types",
    "lecture":"Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive? How do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. If an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait. If an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait. A Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type. For example, consider the Punnett square below. <br\/><br\/>  | F | f<br\/> F | FF | Ff<br\/> f | Ff | ff<br\/> <br\/> There is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.",
    "solution":"To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with bumpy fruit or smooth fruit, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the fruit texture trait. The question tells you that the F allele, which is for bumpy fruit, is dominant over the f allele, which is for smooth fruit.\nBumpy fruit is the dominant allele's version of the fruit texture trait. A cucumber plant with the dominant version of the fruit texture trait must have at least one dominant allele for the fruit texture gene. So, offspring with bumpy fruit must have the genotype FF or Ff.\nThere are 0 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype FF or Ff.\nSmooth fruit is the recessive allele's version of the fruit texture trait. A cucumber plant with the recessive version of the fruit texture trait must have only recessive alleles for the fruit texture gene. So, offspring with smooth fruit must have the genotype ff.\nAll 4 boxes in the Punnett square have the genotype ff.\nSo, the expected ratio of offspring with bumpy fruit to offspring with smooth fruit is 0:4. This means that, based on the Punnett square, this cross will never produce offspring with bumpy fruit. Instead, this cross is expected to always produce offspring with smooth fruit.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8654\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest north?",
    "choices":[
      "Florida",
      "Texas",
      "Kansas",
      "Mississippi"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Kansas is farthest north.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8663\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Maya inherited this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Maya's hair is the same color as her brown eyes.",
      "Maya's father has brown eyes. He passed this trait down to Maya."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nMaya has brown eyes.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Last year, there were seven men's clothing stores on Main Street in Burlington. This year, there are only three. What probably happened to the overall supply of men's shirts in Burlington?",
    "choices":[
      "The supply probably went up.",
      "The supply probably went down."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Supply and demand",
    "skill":"Understand overall supply and demand",
    "lecture":"Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply. <br\/><br\/>  | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand<br\/> Supply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up<br\/> Supply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down<br\/> <br\/> Producers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up.",
    "solution":"When four men's clothing stores closed on Main Street, the number of suppliers went down. There were fewer stores selling men's shirts. So, the supply of men's shirts probably went down.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these colonies was in New England?",
    "choices":[
      "South Carolina",
      "New York",
      "Massachusetts"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"In the following questions, you will learn about the origins of the New England Colonies. The New England Colonies made up the northern part of the Thirteen Colonies, which were ruled by Great Britain in the 1600s and 1700s.\nThe population of New England included Native American groups, enslaved and free people of African descent, and European settlers. The map below shows the Thirteen Colonies in 1750. Look at the map. Then answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"Colonial America",
    "skill":"New England Colonies: founding and government",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the legend on the map.\nThe colonies are shaded by region, and the New England Colonies are all shaded the same color. They include these colonies:\nThe rest of the Thirteen Colonies were part of the Middle Colonies or the Southern Colonies.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8680\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Dillon acquired this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Dillon can cook food over a fire.",
      "Dillon learned how to build a fire at summer camp."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nDillon knows how to build a fire.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence so that it uses personification.\n\"You might think you'll always be young,\" Mrs. Osborne counseled, \"but time ()\".",
    "choices":[
      "affects everyone",
      "creeps up on you"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Creative techniques",
    "skill":"Use personification",
    "lecture":"Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point. The trees danced in the wind. The word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.",
    "solution":"Complete the sentence with the phrase creeps up on you. It describes time as if it were a sneaky person.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Does Fromia monilis have cells that have a nucleus?",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This organism is Fromia monilis. It is a member of the animal kingdom.\nFromia monilis is commonly called a tile sea star. Did you notice that this tile sea star is missing one of its arms? If a tile sea star loses an arm, it can regrow the arm over time. This ability is called regeneration.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Describe, classify, and compare kingdoms",
    "lecture":"In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms. Organisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom. <br\/><br\/>  | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | Plants<br\/> How many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | many<br\/> Do their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yes<br\/> Can their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes<br\/>",
    "solution":"Fromia monilis is an animal. Animal cells have a nucleus.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8688\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\nburning a candle\nburning a marshmallow over a campfire",
    "choices":[
      "Both are only physical changes.",
      "Both are caused by heating.",
      "Both are caused by cooling."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nBurning a candle is a chemical change. Both the wick and the melted wax burn. They react with oxygen in the air and turn into soot, carbon dioxide, and water.\nBurning a marshmallow is a chemical change. The heat from the fire causes the type of matter in the marshmallow to change. The marshmallow becomes black and crispy.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBoth changes are caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2.",
      "The magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Compare strengths of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together.",
    "solution":"Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.\nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8707\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which change better matches the sentence?\nThe farms in an area get covered by water after heavy rain.",
    "choices":[
      "earthquake",
      "flood"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Earth events",
    "skill":"Classify changes to Earth's surface",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following could Marie and Janelle's test show?",
    "choices":[
      "if the concrete from each batch took the same amount of time to dry",
      "if a new batch of concrete was firm enough to use"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design.\nThe passage below describes how the engineering-design process was used to test a solution to a problem. Read the passage. Then answer the question below.\n\nMarie and Janelle were making batches of concrete for a construction project. To make the concrete, they mixed together dry cement powder, gravel, and water. Then, they checked if each batch was firm enough using a test called a slump test.\nThey poured some of the fresh concrete into an upside-down metal cone. They left the concrete in the metal cone for 30 seconds. Then, they lifted the cone to see if the concrete stayed in a cone shape or if it collapsed. If the concrete in a batch collapsed, they would know the batch should not be used.\nFigure: preparing a concrete slump test.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Engineering practices",
    "skill":"Evaluate tests of engineering-design solutions",
    "lecture":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured. Imagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves. First, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind. Then, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved. Tests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8724\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of New York?",
    "choices":[
      "Dover",
      "Albany",
      "New York City",
      "Montpelier"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Northeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Albany is the capital of New York.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8728\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which continent is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Antarctica",
      "Europe",
      "Africa",
      "South America"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Physical Geography",
    "skill":"Oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents.",
    "solution":"This continent is Antarctica.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8731\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest south?",
    "choices":[
      "West Virginia",
      "Vermont",
      "Kansas",
      "Alabama"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Maps",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Alabama is farthest south.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8734\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the chemical formula for this molecule.",
    "choices":[
      "N2H3",
      "NH3",
      "N2H4",
      "NH"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"Identify chemical formulas for ball-and-stick models",
    "lecture":"Every substance around you is made up of atoms. Atoms can link together to form molecules. The links between atoms in a molecule are called chemical bonds. Different molecules are made up of different chemical elements, or types of atoms, bonded together. Scientists use both ball-and-stick models and chemical formulas to represent molecules. A ball-and-stick model of a molecule is shown below. The balls represent atoms. The sticks represent the chemical bonds between the atoms. Balls that are different colors represent atoms of different elements. The element that each color represents is shown in the legend. Every element has its own abbreviation, called its atomic symbol. Every chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, that symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, it is one capital letter followed by one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element boron is B and the symbol for the element chlorine is Cl. The molecule shown above has one boron atom and three chlorine atoms. A chemical bond links each chlorine atom to the boron atom. The chemical formula for a substance contains the atomic symbol for each element in the substance. Many chemical formulas also contain subscripts. A subscript is small text placed lower than the normal line of text. Each subscript in a chemical formula is placed after the symbol for an element and tells you how many atoms of that element that symbol represents. If there is no subscript after a symbol, that symbol represents one atom. So, the chemical formula for a substance tells you which elements make up that substance. It also tells you the ratio of the atoms of those elements in the substance. For example, the chemical formula below tells you that there are three chlorine atoms for every one boron atom in the substance. This chemical formula represents the same substance as the ball-and-stick model shown above.",
    "solution":"N is the symbol for nitrogen. According to the legend, nitrogen atoms are shown in blue. H is the symbol for hydrogen. According to the legend, hydrogen atoms are shown in light gray. This ball-and-stick model shows a molecule with one nitrogen atom and three hydrogen atoms. The chemical formula will contain the symbols N and H. There is one nitrogen atom, so N will not have a subscript. There are three hydrogen atoms, so H will have a subscript of 3. The correct formula is NH3. The diagram below shows how each part of the chemical formula matches with each part of the model above.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8739\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is this plant's phenotype for the leaf texture trait?",
    "choices":[
      "smooth leaves",
      "fuzzy leaves"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"In a group of summer squash plants, some individuals have fuzzy leaves and others have smooth leaves. In this group, the gene for the leaf texture trait has two alleles. The allele for fuzzy leaves (L) is dominant over the allele for smooth leaves (l).\nA certain summer squash plant from this group has the homozygous genotype LL for the leaf texture gene.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: dominant and recessive",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. Some traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene. An organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene. An organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene. The types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. A dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers. A recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.",
    "solution":"The summer squash plant's genotype for the leaf texture gene is LL. The summer squash plant's genotype of LL has only L allelles. The L allele is for fuzzy leaves. So, the summer squash plant's phenotype for the leaf texture trait must be fuzzy leaves.\nTo check this answer, consider whether the summer squash plant's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for fuzzy leaves (L) is dominant over the allele for smooth leaves (l). This means L is a dominant allele, and l is a recessive allele.\nThe summer squash plant's genotype of LL has two dominant alleles. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, the summer squash plant's phenotype for the leaf texture trait must be fuzzy leaves.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which object has less thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "a pot of spaghetti sauce at a temperature of 145\u00b0F",
      "a pot of spaghetti sauce at a temperature of 185\u00b0F"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The objects are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Heat and thermal energy",
    "skill":"How is temperature related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.",
    "solution":"The two pots of spaghetti sauce have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 145\u00b0F pot of spaghetti sauce is colder than the 185\u00b0F pot of spaghetti sauce, it has less thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is this plant's phenotype for the thorns trait?",
    "choices":[
      "having thorns",
      "not having thorns"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"In a group of rose plants, some individuals have thorns and others do not. In this group, the gene for the thorns trait has two alleles. The allele for having thorns (R) is dominant over the allele for not having thorns (r).\nA certain rose plant from this group has the heterozygous genotype Rr for the thorns gene.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: dominant and recessive",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. Some traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene. An organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene. An organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene. The types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. A dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers. A recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.",
    "solution":"You need to determine the rose plant's phenotype for the thorns trait. First, consider the alleles in the plant's genotype for the thorns gene. Then, decide whether these alleles are dominant or recessive.\nThe allele for having thorns (R) is dominant over the allele for not having thorns (r). This means R is a dominant allele, and r is a recessive allele.\nThe rose plant's genotype of Rr has one dominant allele and one recessive allele. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, the rose plant's phenotype for the thorns trait must be having thorns.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the direction of this push?",
    "choices":[
      "toward the mini golfer's putter",
      "away from the mini golfer's putter"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"A mini golfer uses a putter to push the ball. The ball rolls into the hole.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Identify pushes and pulls",
    "lecture":"One object can make another object move with a push or a pull. The direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing. The direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling.",
    "solution":"The mini golfer pushes the ball away from the putter. The ball rolls into the hole. The direction of the push is away from the mini golfer's putter.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8767\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which text message is more formal?",
    "choices":[
      "Ms. Walton is already here. She's waiting in the lobby.",
      "Heads up! Walton is here. In the lobby."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Audience, purpose, and tone",
    "skill":"Which text is most formal?",
    "lecture":"Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions. Formal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language. Compare the following sentences. Informal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome. More formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners. Most formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners.",
    "solution":"The first text message is more formal. It uses complete sentences, avoids slang (heads up), and uses the person's title (Ms. Walton). The other text message includes more casual language and sentence fragments.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nI wondered why the baseball was getting bigger, and then suddenly it hit me.",
    "choices":[
      "personification",
      "pun"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify figures of speech: review",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Alliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words. What a lucky little lady you are! An allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. An idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned. The assignment was a piece of cake. A simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike. The cat's fur was as dark as the night. A metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as. The snow formed a blanket over the town. Onomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound. The scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat. Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. The trees danced in the wind. A pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning. A great new broom is sweeping the nation. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.",
    "solution":"The text uses a pun, a word or phrase that humorously suggests more than one meaning.\nIt hit me means that the ball struck me. It also means that I suddenly realized why the ball was getting bigger.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Look at the models of molecules below. Select the elementary substance.",
    "choices":[
      "chloromethane",
      "ozone",
      "silane"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"Identify elementary substances and compounds using models",
    "lecture":"There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you. A substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl. Scientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride. In a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8776\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"According to Newton's third law, what other force must be happening?",
    "choices":[
      "The International Space Station is pushing on Earth.",
      "The International Space Station is pulling on Earth."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Isaac Newton was born in the 1600s and studied how objects move. He discovered three fundamental laws about forces and motion. According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force.\nConsider the following force:\nEarth is pulling on the International Space Station.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Predict forces using Newton's third law",
    "lecture":"According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction. For example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you.",
    "solution":"Earth is pulling on the International Space Station. So, Newton's third law tells you that the International Space Station is pulling on Earth.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets.",
    "solution":"Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.\nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8780\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the living thing.",
    "choices":[
      "barn owl",
      "helicopter",
      "snowman",
      "ferris wheel"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify living and nonliving things",
    "lecture":"All living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell. All living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change. All living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense.",
    "solution":"A helicopter is not a living thing.\nA helicopter does not have all the traits of a living thing. It needs energy to fly, but it does not eat food. Helicopters get energy from gasoline or other fuel. They do not grow.\nA snowman is not a living thing.\nA snowman does not have all the traits of a living thing. It is shaped like a person. But it does not need food.\nA ferris wheel is not a living thing.\nA ferris wheel does not have all the traits of a living thing. It moves in a circle, but it does not grow. It does not need food or water.\nA barn owl is a living thing.\nBarn owls grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water. Barn owls are made up of many cells.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on the continuum scale, who is meaner than Rumpelstiltskin?",
    "choices":[
      "Goldilocks",
      "the Big Bad Wolf"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This continuum scale shows some famous characters from folktales.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Visual elements",
    "skill":"Read graphic organizers",
    "lecture":"A graphic organizer is a chart or picture that shows how ideas, facts, or topics are related to one another. When you read, look for graphic organizers included in the text. You can use these images to find key information. You can also create your own graphic organizers with information that you've read. Doing this can help you think about the ideas in the text and easily review them. When you write, you can use graphic organizers to organize your thoughts and plan your writing.",
    "solution":"A continuum scale compares things by ordering them along a line. This continuum scale shows some famous characters from folktales.\nNicer characters are shown to the left. Meaner characters are shown to the right. The Big Bad Wolf is shown to the right of Rumpelstiltskin. This tells you that the Big Bad Wolf is meaner than Rumpelstiltskin.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8794\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2.",
      "The magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1.",
      "The strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Compare strengths of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together.",
    "solution":"Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.\nThe magnets in Pair 2 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8799\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nwait - wound",
    "choices":[
      "wrote",
      "we"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince we is between the guide words wait - wound, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a complete sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "Mom announced her new job to our family.",
      "Puts the towel back in the bathroom."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is it a complete sentence, a fragment, or a run-on?",
    "lecture":"A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb. My friends walk along the path. A sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb. Knows the answer. This is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject. Who knows the answer? She knows the answer. The bright red car. This is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb. What did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped. A run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma. I knocked on the door it opened. It started raining, we ran inside. To fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence. I knocked on the door. It opened. It started raining. We ran inside. You can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. I knocked on the door, and it opened. It started raining, so we ran inside.",
    "solution":"Mom announced her new job to our family is a complete sentence. The subject is Mom, and the verb is announced.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which greeting is correct for a letter?",
    "choices":[
      "Dear Samuel,",
      "Dear samuel,"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Greetings and closings of letters",
    "lecture":"A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue. Dear Aunt Sue, I'm glad you could come to my party, and thank you for the birthday gift. I could not have asked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think of you. With love, Rory",
    "solution":"The second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Samuel is capitalized because it is a proper noun.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Suppose Belle decides to plant the morning glories. Which result would be a cost?",
    "choices":[
      "She will save some space. The morning glories will use up less space than the hickory tree would have used up.",
      "Belle will give up the chance to look at the hickory tree. She thinks it would have looked more beautiful than the morning glories."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Belle is deciding whether to plant morning glories or a hickory tree in her backyard. She wants to make her backyard more beautiful. But she also wants to leave space for doing fun things.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Costs and benefits",
    "lecture":"Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits. Costs are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need. Benefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.",
    "solution":"This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Belle wants or needs:\nBelle will give up the chance to look at the hickory tree. She thinks it would have looked more beautiful than the morning glories.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "Vermont",
      "New Hampshire",
      "Michigan",
      "South Carolina"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"Colonial America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is New Hampshire.\nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8830\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which three months have the same average precipitation?",
    "choices":[
      "December, January, and February",
      "September, October, and November",
      "June, July, and August"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Use the graph to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Use climate data to make predictions",
    "lecture":"Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average precipitation for each month. The average precipitation can be used to describe the climate of a location. A bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average.",
    "solution":"To describe the average precipitation trends in Chicago, look at the graph.\nChoice \"Jan\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Feb\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Jun\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Aug\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Sep\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Oct\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Nov\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Dec\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"December, January, and February\" is incorrect.\nThe average precipitation for these three months is different. The average precipitation in December is just over 2 inches. But, the average precipitation in January and February is just under 2 inches.\nChoice \"September, October, and November\" is incorrect.\nThe average precipitation in September, October, and November is just over 3 inches. Every other month has an average precipitation that is either higher or lower than these three months.\nChoice \"June, July, and August\" is incorrect.\nThe average precipitation for these three months is different. The average precipitation in August is more than an inch higher than the average precipitation in June and July.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8832\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which fish tank has a lower temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "the fish tank with more thermal energy",
      "the fish tank with less thermal energy"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Two fish tanks are identical except for their thermal energies.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Heat and thermal energy",
    "skill":"How are temperature and mass related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving. The energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. What happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.",
    "solution":"The two fish tanks are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the fish tank with less thermal energy has a lower temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal's legs are also adapted for wading?",
    "choices":[
      "little bittern",
      "African fish eagle"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Shoebills live near marshes and lakes in Africa. They eat fish, frogs, and small reptiles that live in shallow water. Shoebills hunt their prey by walking through water, or wading.\nThe 's legs are adapted for wading. They are lightweight and keep the bird's body above the water.\nFigure: shoebill.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: feet and limbs",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. Arms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the shoebill.\nLong legs help the shoebill keep its body above the surface of the water while wading. Thin legs are easier to move through the water.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe little bittern has long, thin legs. Its legs are adapted for wading.\nThe African fish eagle has short legs. Its legs are not adapted for wading. The African fish eagle uses its legs to walk and perch.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8839\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following trait inherited or acquired?\nKirk has naturally dark skin.",
    "choices":[
      "acquired",
      "inherited"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Hint: Humans are born with their skin color.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Heredity",
    "skill":"Identify inherited and acquired traits",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.",
    "solution":"Humans do not choose their skin color. Babies get their skin color from their parents. So, Kirk's skin color is an inherited trait.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nI don't trust Professor Harrell's findings. Another researcher at her university was caught falsifying data. So, it's likely Professor Harrell has, too.",
    "choices":[
      "guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something",
      "bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct",
      "slippery slope fallacy: the false assumption that a small first step will lead to extreme consequences"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations<br\/> slippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that Professor Harrell's research is untrustworthy because someone else at her university was caught falsifying data. However, this isn't necessarily true. The practices of one researcher at a university do not necessarily reflect the practices of another researcher at the same university. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What kind of sentence is this?\nMadelyn felt intimidated by the steep cliff that she faced on her first rock-climbing adventure.",
    "choices":[
      "interrogative",
      "declarative",
      "exclamatory"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory?",
    "lecture":"There are four kinds of sentences. A declarative sentence is a statement and always ends with a period. The nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure. An imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point. For this assignment, use references to support your claims. Don't drive so quickly in the construction zone! An interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark. Given the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction? An exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point. I can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!",
    "solution":"The sentence is a statement and ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of New Mexico?",
    "choices":[
      "Salem",
      "Santa Fe",
      "Albuquerque",
      "Tulsa"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Santa Fe is the capital of New Mexico.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8857\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Would you find the word stalk on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nsnap - soar",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince stalk is not between the guide words snap - soar, it would not be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?",
    "choices":[
      "Gary's brother Ryan wondered whether Gary ran fast enough to qualify for the Boston Marathon.",
      "Gary's brother Ryan wondered whether he ran fast enough to qualify for the Boston Marathon."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Pronouns",
    "skill":"Identify vague pronoun references",
    "lecture":"When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.",
    "solution":"The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun he could refer to Gary or Ryan.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. He has been replaced with Gary.\nGary's brother Ryan wondered whether Gary ran fast enough to qualify for the Boston Marathon.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Utah?",
    "choices":[
      "Salt Lake City",
      "Provo",
      "Santa Fe",
      "Cleveland"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Salt Lake City is the capital of Utah.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8871\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Ohio?",
    "choices":[
      "Cleveland",
      "Saint Paul",
      "Cincinnati",
      "Columbus"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Columbus is the capital of Ohio.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8907\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which would stretch more?",
    "choices":[
      "metal hair clip",
      "gum"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of materials",
    "lecture":"Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. A material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.",
    "solution":"Stretchy is a property. A stretchy material gets longer when you pull on it.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pulling on the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the gum would stretch more. If you pull on soft chewing gum, it will get longer.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is more flexible?",
    "choices":[
      "glass window",
      "styrofoam packing peanuts"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of materials",
    "lecture":"Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. A material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy. For example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.",
    "solution":"Flexible is a property. A flexible material can be bent without breaking easily.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine bending the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the styrofoam packing peanuts are more flexible. If you gently bend styrofoam packing peanuts, they will not break.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nSophia told her friends that Aaron was a typical Peter Pan type.",
    "choices":[
      "Greek mythology",
      "literature"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. Here, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion Peter Pan is literature.\nIn a J. M. Barrie novel, the character Peter Pan retreats to Neverland and refuses to grow up.\nThe allusion Peter Pan means a person who won't take on adult responsibilities.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "sample B",
      "sample A",
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.\nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8922\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same species as the Goliath heron.",
    "choices":[
      "Falco tinnunculus",
      "Ardea goliath",
      "Strix uralensis"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This organism is a Goliath heron. Its scientific name is Ardea goliath.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"A Goliath heron's scientific name is Ardea goliath.\nFalco tinnunculus does not have the same scientific name as a Goliath heron. So, Ardea goliath and Falco tinnunculus are not in the same species.\nArdea goliath has the same scientific name as a Goliath heron. So, these organisms are in the same species.\nStrix uralensis does not have the same scientific name as a Goliath heron. So, Ardea goliath and Strix uralensis are not in the same species.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8926\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"The United States has a federal system. Based on these definitions, which of these statements would most likely be made by a person who lives under a federal system?",
    "choices":[
      "Both my state and national government officials have power over important issues.",
      "My national government officials decide most issues that come up.",
      "I only pay attention to state politics since the national government has almost no power."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Think about the name of the United States of America. As the name shows, the country has both a united national government and a collection of state governments. In the following questions, you will learn about the relationship between the national government and state governments. You will also learn about how state and local governments work.\nMany countries have both a national government and state governments. However, these countries divide power differently between the national and state governments. The table below describes three different systems for dividing power. Look at the table. Then answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"civics",
    "category":"Government",
    "skill":"State and local government",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8927\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence.\nMaking lemonade is a ().",
    "choices":[
      "physical change",
      "chemical change"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule. In a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Burning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns. In a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.",
    "solution":"Making lemonade is a physical change. The sugar, water, and lemon juice are mixed together. But they do not change into different types of matter.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a parking space?",
    "choices":[
      "23 feet",
      "23 yards",
      "23 miles",
      "23 inches"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of distance, mass, and volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles. There are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile. A football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the length of a parking space is 23 feet.\n23 inches is too short. 23 yards and 23 miles are too long.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these four objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "sticky",
      "slippery",
      "sour"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the best answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA sticky object can attach or stick to other things. All four objects are sticky.\nA lemon has a sour taste. The honey is not sour.\nA slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. The honey and the tape are not slippery.\nThe property that all four objects have in common is sticky.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8940\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the bird below.",
    "choices":[
      "Amazon tree boa",
      "Surinam horned frog",
      "great white shark",
      "snowy owl"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":"Birds have feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nBirds are warm-blooded. Warm-blooded animals can control their body temperature.\nA white stork is an example of a bird.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals.",
    "solution":"A Surinam horned frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nFrogs live near water or in damp places. Most frogs lay their eggs in water.\nAn Amazon tree boa is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nTree boas eat small mammals, birds, lizards, and frogs. Tree boas only need to eat once every few months!\nA great white shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nGreat white sharks can live for up to 70 years.\nA snowy owl is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nSnowy owls live in cold places. Even their feet have feathers to keep warm!",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8946\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is this Channel catfish's genotype for the body color gene?",
    "choices":[
      "a white body",
      "bb"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"In a group of Channel catfish, some individuals have a brown body and others have a white body. In this group, the gene for the body color trait has two alleles. The allele B is for a brown body, and the allele b is for a white body.\nA certain Channel catfish from this group has a white body. This catfish has two alleles for a white body.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.",
    "solution":"An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The Channel catfish has two alleles for a white body (b). So, the catfish's genotype for the body color gene is bb.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which month is the wettest on average in Cairo?",
    "choices":[
      "January",
      "July",
      "September"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Use the graph to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Use climate data to make predictions",
    "lecture":"Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average precipitation for each month. The average precipitation can be used to describe the climate of a location. A bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average.",
    "solution":"To describe the average precipitation trends in Cairo, look at the graph.\nChoice \"Jan\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Sep\" is incorrect.\nJanuary has an average monthly precipitation of about 15 millimeters. This is higher than in any other month. So, January is the wettest month on average.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8956\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which month is the coldest on average in Tokyo?",
    "choices":[
      "January and February",
      "August and September",
      "October and November"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Use the graph to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Use climate data to make predictions",
    "lecture":"Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Temperature is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average temperature for each month. The average temperature can be used to describe the climate of a location. A line graph can be used to show the average temperature each month. Months with higher dots on the graph have higher average temperatures.",
    "solution":"To describe the average temperature trends in Tokyo, look at the graph.\nChoice \"Feb\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Aug\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Sep\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Oct\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Nov\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Jan\" is incorrect.\nThe average temperatures in January and February are around 5\u00b0C. These months have the lowest average temperatures of all of the months. So, they are the coldest months of the year.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8960\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\na copper statue turning green\nboiling sugar to make caramel",
    "choices":[
      "Both are caused by cooling.",
      "Both are chemical changes.",
      "Both are only physical changes.",
      "Both are caused by heating."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Chemical reactions",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule. In a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns. In a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nA copper statue turning green is a chemical change. The copper reacts with oxygen in the air. This reaction forms a different type of matter called copper oxide. The copper oxide is green.\nBoiling sugar to make caramel is a chemical change. The heat causes the sugar to change into a different type of matter. Unlike sugar, the new matter is brown and sticky.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBoiling sugar is caused by heating. But a copper statue turning green is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following best describes an ecosystem in a seagrass bed in Cuba?",
    "choices":[
      "the queen conch and the manatee grass",
      "a school of French grunts",
      "the turtle grass, the sand, and the cushion sea stars"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Read the passage. Then answer the question below.\n\nSeagrass beds in Cuba are made up of several species of marine grasses, including turtle grass, manatee grass, and star grass. Seagrasses are flowering plants that have roots and leaves. The roots help to anchor these plants in the sand. The roots also absorb and store nutrients.\nSeagrass beds are home to invertebrate species including the cushion sea star and the Queen conch snail. Many fish species, such as the French grunt, live in seagrass beds as juveniles. As adults, French grunts migrate to live on nearby coral reefs.\nFigure: a cushion sea star in a seagrass bed.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Describe populations, communities, and ecosystems",
    "lecture":"In an environment, organisms interact with each other and with their nonliving surroundings. To help describe these interactions, ecologists use specific terms for different types of groups. A single organism is an individual. Individuals of the same species that live in the same place are part of a population. Multiple populations of different species that live in the same place are part of a community. Together, communities of living organisms and the nonliving parts of their environment make up an ecosystem.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8973\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which tennis ball has more thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "the colder tennis ball",
      "the hotter tennis ball"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Two tennis balls are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Heat and thermal energy",
    "skill":"How are temperature and mass related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving. The energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. What happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.",
    "solution":"The two tennis balls are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter tennis ball has more thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest north?",
    "choices":[
      "Louisiana",
      "Kentucky",
      "Delaware",
      "South Dakota"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. South Dakota is farthest north.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8981\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same genus as the bald eagle.",
    "choices":[
      "Falco tinnunculus",
      "Strix varia",
      "Haliaeetus pelagicus"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"This organism is a bald eagle. Its scientific name is Haliaeetus leucocephalus.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification and scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"A bald eagle's scientific name is Haliaeetus leucocephalus. The first word of its scientific name is Haliaeetus.\nStrix varia is in the genus Strix. The first word of its scientific name is Strix. So, Strix varia and Haliaeetus leucocephalus are not in the same genus.\nFalco tinnunculus is in the genus Falco. The first word of its scientific name is Falco. So, Falco tinnunculus and Haliaeetus leucocephalus are not in the same genus.\nHaliaeetus pelagicus is in the genus Haliaeetus. The first word of its scientific name is Haliaeetus. So, Haliaeetus pelagicus and Haliaeetus leucocephalus are in the same genus.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8983\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which better describes the Gran Sabana ecosystem?",
    "choices":[
      "It has a rainy season and a dry season. It also has soil that is poor in nutrients.",
      "It has warm summers and warm winters. It also has year-round rain."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Figure: Gran Sabana.\nThe Gran Sabana is a savanna grassland ecosystem in southeastern Venezuela.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Describe ecosystems",
    "lecture":"An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment. There are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other: the pattern of weather, or climate the type of soil the organisms that live there",
    "solution":"A savanna grassland is a type of ecosystem. Savanna grasslands have the following features: warm summers and warm winters, a rainy season and a dry season, and soil that is poor in nutrients. So, the Gran Sabana has a rainy season and a dry season. It also has soil that is poor in nutrients.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8984\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines",
      "Saint Lucia",
      "Barbados",
      "Cuba"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"The Americas: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of the Caribbean",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is Barbados.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/8988\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which text uses the word can in its traditional sense?",
    "choices":[
      "As they observed the animals on the open grassland, the wildlife photographer said to Nicholas, \"Did you know that cheetahs can run as fast as seventy-five miles per hour?\"",
      "As they observed the cheetahs on the open grassland, the wildlife photographer said to Nicholas, \"You can borrow my camera if you want.\""
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Word usage and nuance",
    "skill":"Explore words with new or contested usages",
    "lecture":"Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner. When a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences. Britney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam. The traditional usage above is considered more standard. David perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages. The nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.",
    "solution":"The first text uses can in its traditional sense: to have the ability to.\nAs they observed the animals on the open grassland, the wildlife photographer said to Nicholas, \"Did you know that cheetahs can run as fast as seventy-five miles per hour?\"\nThe second text uses can in its nontraditional sense: to have permission to.\nAs they observed the cheetahs on the open grassland, the wildlife photographer said to Nicholas, \"You can borrow my camera if you want.\"\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word can because it is considered more standard.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the one animal that has all of the crustacean traits listed above.",
    "choices":[
      "Caribbean spiny lobsters have two pairs of antennae. Their antennae can be longer than the rest of their body! Caribbean spiny lobsters also have an exoskeleton.",
      "White-spotted octopuses have tentacles, which are also called arms. White-spotted octopuses can use their tentacles to reach between corals and grab fish. These octopuses have a soft red body with white spots."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Crustaceans are a group of animals with similar traits. The following traits can be used to identify crustaceans:\nThey have two pairs of antennae.\nThey have an exoskeleton. Observe the animals and read the descriptions.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Use evidence to classify animals",
    "lecture":"Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live. How do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group.",
    "solution":"To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nCrustaceans have the following traits:\nThey have two pairs of antennae.\nThey have an exoskeleton.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA white-spotted octopus has the following traits:\nIt has a soft body.\nIt has tentacles.\nA white-spotted octopus does not have all of the traits of a crustacean. A white-spotted octopus is a mollusk.\nA Caribbean spiny lobster has the following traits:\nIt has two pairs of antennae.\nIt has an exoskeleton.\nA Caribbean spiny lobster has the traits of a crustacean. A Caribbean spiny lobster is a crustacean.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following trait inherited or acquired?\nManuel is good at cooking.",
    "choices":[
      "acquired",
      "inherited"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Identify inherited and acquired traits",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.",
    "solution":"People are not born knowing how to cook. Instead, many people learn how to cook. So, cooking is an acquired trait.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which object has more thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "a 7-kilogram block of iron at a temperature of 180\u00b0C",
      "a 7-kilogram block of iron at a temperature of 190\u00b0C"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The objects are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Heat and thermal energy",
    "skill":"How is temperature related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.",
    "solution":"The two blocks of iron have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 190\u00b0C block is hotter than the 180\u00b0C block, it has more thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which three months have over 200millimeters of precipitation in Singapore?",
    "choices":[
      "May, June, and July",
      "November, December, and January",
      "August, September, and October"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Use the graph to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Use climate data to make predictions",
    "lecture":"Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. A bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average.",
    "solution":"To describe the average precipitation trends in Singapore, look at the graph.\nChoice \"Jan\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"May\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Jun\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Aug\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Sep\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Oct\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Nov\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Dec\" is incorrect.\nNovember, December, and January each have over 200 millimeters of precipitation.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9015\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\na copper statue turning green\nusing polish to remove tarnish from a silver spoon",
    "choices":[
      "Both are caused by heating.",
      "Both are chemical changes.",
      "Both are caused by cooling.",
      "Both are only physical changes."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nA copper statue turning green is a chemical change. The copper reacts with oxygen in the air. This reaction forms a different type of matter called copper oxide. The copper oxide is green.\nA tarnished silver spoon is one that has become less shiny over time. Polishing the spoon makes it look shiny again.\nThe polish changes the tarnish into a different type of matter that can be easily wiped away. So, using polish to remove tarnish from silver is a chemical change.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the personification in this text suggest?\nAlvin tried to ignore his unfinished essay, but it glared at him from across the room.",
    "choices":[
      "Alvin thought he was being watched.",
      "It bothered Alvin that the essay wasn't finished."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. The trees danced in the wind.",
    "solution":"The text uses personification, giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nGlared at him suggests that it bothered Alvin that the essay wasn't finished. The essay is like a person who is bothering Alvin.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which continent is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Asia",
      "Australia",
      "Africa",
      "North America"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Identify oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"A continent is one of the seven largest areas of land on earth.",
    "solution":"This continent is Australia.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9037\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the temperature of the air inside of a refrigerator?",
    "choices":[
      "3\u00b0C",
      "3\u00b0F"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Estimate temperatures",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Temperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units. <br\/><br\/> 212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0C<br\/> 98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0C<br\/> 68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0C<br\/> 32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0C<br\/>",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the temperature of the air inside of a refrigerator is 3\u00b0C.\n3\u00b0F is too cold.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Does Nembrotha megalocera have cells that have a nucleus?",
    "choices":[
      "no",
      "yes"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This organism is Nembrotha megalocera. It is a member of the animal kingdom.\nNembrotha megalocera is commonly called a nudibranch. Like other nudibranchs, N. megalocera has a soft underside that is made up of a muscular foot. N. megalocera has a blue foot.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Describe, classify, and compare kingdoms",
    "lecture":"In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms. Organisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom. <br\/><br\/>  | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | Plants<br\/> How many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | many<br\/> Do their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yes<br\/> Can their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes<br\/>",
    "solution":"Nembrotha megalocera is an animal. Animal cells have a nucleus.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9042\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which watermelon has a higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "the watermelon with less thermal energy",
      "the watermelon with more thermal energy"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Two watermelons are identical except for their thermal energies.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Thermal energy",
    "skill":"How are temperature and mass related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving. The energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. What happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.",
    "solution":"The two watermelons are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the watermelon with more thermal energy has a higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which organ tells other organs what to do?",
    "choices":[
      "heart",
      "brain",
      "stomach"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Animals",
    "skill":"Human organs and their functions",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ndance - did",
    "choices":[
      "deal",
      "duck"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince deal is between the guide words dance - did, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Rudy inherited this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Rudy's biological father has curly hair.",
      "Rudy and his biological parents have brown hair.",
      "Rudy's coworker also has curly hair."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nRudy has curly hair.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "repel",
      "attract"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south. Here are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S. If opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9076\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the motion of three ducks. Which duck was moving at the highest speed?",
    "choices":[
      "a duck that moved 565kilometers west in 10hours",
      "a duck that moved 975kilometers south in 10hours",
      "a duck that moved 860kilometers east in 10hours"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Compare the speeds of moving objects",
    "lecture":"An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time. Distance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer. Time tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour. Think about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed.",
    "solution":"Look at the distance each duck moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each duck moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each duck moved for 10 hours. The duck that moved 975 kilometers moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that duck must have moved at the highest speed.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which announcement is more formal?",
    "choices":[
      "The Oakdale Law Firm is so happy to tell you . . .",
      "The Oakdale Law Firm is pleased to announce . . ."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Audience, purpose, and tone",
    "skill":"Which text is most formal?",
    "lecture":"Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions. Formal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language. Compare the following sentences. Informal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome. More formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners. Most formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners.",
    "solution":"The second announcement is more formal. It uses more elevated language (pleased to announce). The other announcement sounds more conversational (so happy).",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles?",
    "choices":[
      "Solution B",
      "neither; their concentrations are the same",
      "Solution A"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each purple ball represents one particle of solute.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Compare concentrations of solutions",
    "lecture":"A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent. concentration = particles of solute \/ volume of solvent",
    "solution":"In Solution A and Solution B, the purple particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles, look at both the number of purple particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of purple particles per milliliter.\nSolution A has more purple particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of purple particles.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9088\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which gold bar has a higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "the gold bar with more thermal energy",
      "the gold bar with less thermal energy"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two 6-kilogram gold bars are identical except for their thermal energies.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Thermal energy",
    "skill":"How are temperature and mass related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving. The energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. What happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.",
    "solution":"The two gold bars are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the gold bar with more thermal energy has a higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest west?",
    "choices":[
      "South Carolina",
      "Colorado",
      "Alabama",
      "Louisiana"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Maps",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Colorado is farthest west.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9097\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following fossils is older? Select the more likely answer.",
    "choices":[
      "crocodile egg",
      "palm leaf"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This diagram shows fossils in an undisturbed sedimentary rock sequence.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Fossils",
    "skill":"Compare ages of fossils in a rock sequence",
    "lecture":"A fossil is the preserved evidence of an ancient organism. Some fossils are formed from body parts such as bones or shells. Other fossils, such as footprints or burrows, are formed from traces of an organism's activities. Fossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually form in layers. Over time, new layers are added on top of old layers in a series called a rock sequence. The layers in an undisturbed rock sequence are in the same order as when they formed. So, the deeper layers are older than the shallower layers. The relative ages of fossils can be determined from their positions in an undisturbed rock sequence. Older fossils are usually in deeper layers, and younger fossils are usually in shallower layers.",
    "solution":"Look again at the fossils in the rock sequence diagram.\nCompare the positions of these fossils to determine which one is older:\nThe crocodile egg fossil is in a deeper layer in the rock sequence than the palm leaf fossil. So, the crocodile egg fossil is most likely older than the palm leaf fossil.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9107\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal's mouth is also adapted for bottom feeding?",
    "choices":[
      "orangespine unicornfish",
      "sturgeon"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Leopard sharks eat organisms such as crabs, shrimp, and fish. They are bottom feeders. Bottom feeders find their food at the bottom of rivers, lakes, and the ocean.\nThe 's mouth is located on the underside of its head and points downward. Its mouth is adapted for bottom feeding.\nFigure: leopard shark.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: beaks, mouths, and necks",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the leopard shark.\nThe leopard shark's mouth is located on the underside of its head and points downward. Its mouth is adapted for bottom feeding. The leopard shark uses its mouth to find food hidden in the sediment of the ocean floor.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe sturgeon's mouth is located on the underside of its head and points downward. Its mouth is adapted for bottom feeding.\nThe orangespine unicornfish's mouth is not located on the underside of its head. Its mouth is not adapted for bottom feeding.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9110\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence.\nSlicing cheese is a ().",
    "choices":[
      "chemical change",
      "physical change"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Identify physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. Burning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. Cutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper. Ice melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state.",
    "solution":"Slicing cheese is a physical change. The cheese changes shape. But it is still made of the same type of matter.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a compound sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "The pirates buried the treasure chest, but some sailors soon found it.",
      "Nellie will change the batteries in the radio tomorrow."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple or compound?",
    "lecture":"A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate. The pitcher threw the ball to first base. A compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. The pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it. Some simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences. Anna and James will watch the fireworks tonight. This simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James. The singers bowed and walked off the stage. This simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat. This is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.",
    "solution":"The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction but.\nThe pirates buried the treasure chest, but some sailors soon found it.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "Wisconsin",
      "New Hampshire",
      "South Carolina",
      "Kentucky"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"Colonial America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is South Carolina.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9121\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest south?",
    "choices":[
      "North Dakota",
      "California",
      "Washington",
      "Wyoming"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. California is farthest south.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9122\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\nan old sandwich rotting in a trashcan\nusing polish to remove tarnish from a silver spoon",
    "choices":[
      "Both are chemical changes.",
      "Both are only physical changes.",
      "Both are caused by heating.",
      "Both are caused by cooling."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Chemical reactions",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule. In a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns. In a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nA sandwich rotting is a chemical change. The matter in the sandwich breaks down and slowly turns into a different type of matter.\nA tarnished silver spoon is one that has become less shiny over time. Polishing the spoon makes it look shiny again.\nThe polish changes the tarnish into a different type of matter that can be easily wiped away. So, using polish to remove tarnish from silver is a chemical change.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "sample B",
      "sample A",
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.\nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9124\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which type of sentence is this?\nAn avid reader, Percy attends weekly book club meetings, and he finishes several novels every month.",
    "choices":[
      "complex",
      "simple",
      "compound",
      "compound-complex"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Phrases and clauses",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex?",
    "lecture":"A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence. the oranges on our tree are ripe The clause can stand alone. It is independent. after we pick up Kevin from work The clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent. A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause. Ben and I spent all day relaxing by the pool. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat. Ben usually wears his heavy coat in the winter. A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. We saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose. If she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. During his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome. A compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. After Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym. Sometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause. Orcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.",
    "solution":"The sentence is compound. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.\nAn avid reader, Percy attends weekly book club meetings, and he finishes several novels every month.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What kind of sentence is this?\nDoes Regan prefer pizza or pasta?",
    "choices":[
      "declarative",
      "interrogative"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory?",
    "lecture":"There are four kinds of sentences. A declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period. I have an older brother and a younger sister. An interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark. How tall are you? An imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point. Read the first chapter by next week. Look out for that car! An exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point. Some whales are over ninety feet long! I can't wait until tomorrow!",
    "solution":"The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nimagine - irrigation",
    "choices":[
      "inch",
      "ignore"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince inch is between the guide words imagine - irrigation, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which bird's beak is also adapted to filter through mud?",
    "choices":[
      "black swan",
      "Eurasian eagle-owl"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Canada geese eat invertebrates and plants that live near water. The shape of the 's beak is adapted to filter through mud for food.\nThe  gathers muddy water in its beak and then pushes it out through gaps along the sides. Bits of food, such as plant roots, are left behind inside the goose's beak.\nFigure: Canada goose.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: beaks, mouths, and necks",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the Canada goose.\nThe Canada goose has a wide, flat beak. Its beak is adapted to filter through mud. The Canada goose gathers muddy water in its beak. Then, it pushes the water out through gaps along the sides of the beak. Bits of food, such as plant roots, are left behind inside the goose's beak.\nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.\nThe black swan has a wide, flat beak. Its beak is adapted to filter through mud.\nThe Eurasian eagle-owl has a short hooked beak. Its beak is not adapted to filter through mud. The Eurasian eagle-owl uses its beak to tear through meat.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9141\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property matches this object?",
    "choices":[
      "blue",
      "bouncy"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Identify properties of an object",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.",
    "solution":"Look at the object.\nThink about each property.\nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The soccer ball is bouncy.\nBlue is a color.\nThis color is blue. The soccer ball is not blue.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9148\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Rhode Island?",
    "choices":[
      "Providence",
      "Newport",
      "Dover",
      "Augusta"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Northeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Providence is the capital of Rhode Island.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9158\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Oregon?",
    "choices":[
      "Biloxi",
      "Sacramento",
      "Santa Fe",
      "Salem"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Salem is the capital of Oregon.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9159\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word does not rhyme?",
    "choices":[
      "pipe",
      "win",
      "thin"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade1",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"phonological-awareness",
    "category":"Rhyming",
    "skill":"Which word does not rhyme?",
    "lecture":"Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound. The words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound. The words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound. The words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.",
    "solution":"The words thin and win rhyme. They both end with the in sound.\nThe word pipe does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the volume of a small measuring spoon?",
    "choices":[
      "5 milliliters",
      "5 liters"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Volume is a measurement of how much space something takes up. There are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters. There are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter. A raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the volume of a small measuring spoon is 5 milliliters.\n5 liters is too much.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the statement.\nSilver bromide is ().",
    "choices":[
      "an elementary substance",
      "a compound"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Silver bromide is used on the film that some photographers use in their cameras. The chemical formula for silver bromide is AgBr.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"Classify elementary substances and compounds using chemical formulas",
    "lecture":"There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you. A substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be. The atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula. An elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol. The atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule. For example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms. A compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols. The chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula. For example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two atoms.",
    "solution":"You can tell whether silver bromide is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of atomic symbols in its chemical formula. An atomic symbol consists of either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for silver bromide, AgBr, contains two atomic symbols: Ag for silver and Br for bromine. So, the formula tells you that silver bromide is composed of two chemical elements bonded together.\nSince silver bromide is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, silver bromide is a compound.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?",
    "choices":[
      "They predicted afternoon thunderstorms, but the sky remained clear all day.",
      "The meteorologists predicted afternoon thunderstorms, but the sky remained clear all day."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Pronouns and antecedents",
    "skill":"Identify vague pronoun references",
    "lecture":"When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.",
    "solution":"The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. They has been replaced with the meteorologists.\nThe meteorologists predicted afternoon thunderstorms, but the sky remained clear all day.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a complex sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "The detour took us across the bridge and along the one-lane road by the river.",
      "Ruben prepared a receipt for the customer while Mateo packaged her items for her."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple, compound, or complex?",
    "lecture":"A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence. the oranges on our tree are ripe The clause can stand alone. It is independent. after we pick up Kevin from work The clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent. A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause. Ben and I spent all day relaxing by the pool. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat. Ben usually wears his heavy coat in the winter. A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. We saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while. If she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.",
    "solution":"The first sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction while.\nRuben prepared a receipt for the customer while Mateo packaged her items for her.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnetic force is weaker in Pair 2.",
      "The magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1.",
      "The strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Compare strengths of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart.",
    "solution":"Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.\nThe magnets in Pair 2 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 2 than in Pair 1.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9178\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following statement about our solar system true or false?\nThe largest planet is made mainly of ice.",
    "choices":[
      "true",
      "false"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Use the data to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"true-or-false",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Astronomy",
    "skill":"Analyze data to compare properties of planets",
    "lecture":"A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet. The primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.",
    "solution":"The table tells you that Jupiter is the largest planet and that Jupiter is made mainly of gas. So, the largest planet is made mainly of gas.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9181\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal is also adapted for flight?",
    "choices":[
      "great blue heron",
      "gaur"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"s fly high above the ground in search of food. The vulture has wings instead of arms. It is adapted for flight.\nFigure: Cape vulture.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: feet and limbs",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. Arms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the Cape vulture.\nThe Cape vulture has large, powerful wings. It is adapted for flight. Long, powerful wings help the Cape vulture travel long distances by air.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe great blue heron has large, powerful wings. It is adapted for flight.\nThe gaur has long legs. It is not adapted for flight. The gaur uses its legs to walk and run.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9182\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Suppose Jeffrey decides to see the zebras. Which result would be a cost?",
    "choices":[
      "Jeffrey will enjoy seeing the zebras more than he would have enjoyed seeing the gibbons.",
      "Jeffrey will spend more time walking to the zebras. They are on the other side of the zoo, but the gibbons are close by."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Jeffrey is deciding whether to see the zebras or the gibbons at the zoo. He wants to see lots of animals, but the zoo is closing soon.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Costs and benefits",
    "lecture":"Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits. Costs are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need. Benefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.",
    "solution":"This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Jeffrey wants or needs:\nJeffrey will spend more time walking to the zebras. They are on the other side of the zoo, but the gibbons are close by.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Suppose Lola decides to make cream of mushroom soup. Which result would be a cost?",
    "choices":[
      "The cream of mushroom soup will be tastier than the minestrone soup would have been.",
      "Lola will spend more time making the cream of mushroom soup than she would have spent making the minestrone soup."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Lola is deciding whether to make cream of mushroom soup or minestrone soup for dinner. She wants dinner to be as tasty as possible. But she is also hungry and wants to eat soon.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Costs and benefits",
    "lecture":"Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits. Costs are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need. Benefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.",
    "solution":"This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Lola wants or needs:\nLola will spend more time making the cream of mushroom soup than she would have spent making the minestrone soup.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What can Isabella and Clara trade to each get what they want?",
    "choices":[
      "Clara can trade her broccoli for Isabella's oranges.",
      "Isabella can trade her tomatoes for Clara's broccoli.",
      "Clara can trade her almonds for Isabella's tomatoes.",
      "Isabella can trade her tomatoes for Clara's sandwich."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.\nIsabella and Clara open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Both of them could be happier with their lunches. Isabella wanted broccoli in her lunch and Clara was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Trade and specialization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Isabella wanted broccoli in her lunch and Clara was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.\nIsabella has tomatoes. Clara has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9195\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "Virginia",
      "Alabama",
      "Maryland",
      "Georgia"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"Colonial America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is Virginia.\nThe Virginia Colony included land that would later become part of the state of West Virginia. West Virginia was never its own colony.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9201\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What kind of sentence is this?\nWhich presidential candidate do you think won the debate last night?",
    "choices":[
      "interrogative",
      "imperative",
      "declarative"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory?",
    "lecture":"There are four kinds of sentences. A declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period. The nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure. An interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark. Do you have any plans for the upcoming weekend? An imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point. For this assignment, use references to support your claims. Don't drive so quickly in the construction zone! An exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point. I can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!",
    "solution":"The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which solution has a higher concentration of green particles?",
    "choices":[
      "Solution B",
      "neither; their concentrations are the same",
      "Solution A"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each green ball represents one particle of solute.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Compare concentrations of solutions",
    "lecture":"A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent. concentration = particles of solute \/ volume of solvent",
    "solution":"In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.\nSolution A has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of green particles.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9209\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "Rhode Island",
      "Illinois",
      "New Hampshire",
      "New York"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"English colonies in North America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is Rhode Island.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9215\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these four objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "flexible",
      "opaque",
      "salty"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Select the best answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nAn opaque object does not let light through. The pretzel, the cracker, and the fries are opaque, but the ocean water is not.\nA flexible object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. The fries are flexible, but the cracker is not.\nPotato chips have a salty taste. All four objects are salty.\nThe property that all four objects have in common is salty.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9234\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Nolan acquired this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Nolan's neighbor taught him how to repair a kite.",
      "Nolan likes to fly a kite with his younger brother.",
      "Nolan's friend taught him how to fly a kite."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nNolan knows how to fly a kite.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Below are three examples of using energy from natural resources. Select the use of energy that did not add to air pollution.",
    "choices":[
      "A wood-burning oven was used to bake a pizza.",
      "The engine on a container ship burned fuel made from petroleum oil.",
      "A river's flowing water carried logs downstream to a sawmill."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Humans have invented many ways to use energy from natural resources. Some of these uses of energy add to air pollution, and others do not.\nHint: Burning a material such as wood, oil, or coal releases chemicals that add to air pollution.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Conservation and natural resources",
    "skill":"Evaluate natural energy sources",
    "lecture":"Humans have invented many ways to use natural resources. We use energy from natural resources in our daily activities, including cooking food, moving objects, and powering machines. Some ways of using natural resources for energy add to air pollution, and others do not. Wood, oil, and coal are examples of natural resources that are fuels. Burning a fuel provides energy. But it also releases chemicals that can be harmful to our health and to the environment. These chemicals add to air pollution. Sunlight, wind, and water are natural resources that can provide energy. Using energy from the Sun, wind, or water does not burn material. These uses of energy do not release chemicals that add to air pollution.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Ohio?",
    "choices":[
      "New Orleans",
      "Juneau",
      "Columbus",
      "Frankfort"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Columbus is the capital of Ohio.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9241\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nDarnel spoke at the city council meeting, claiming the new recycling regulations were draconian.",
    "choices":[
      "a fable",
      "Greek history"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. Here, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion draconian is Greek history.\nDraco, a government official in seventh-century Athens, Greece, wrote a code of laws that called for severe punishments for even minor offenses.\nThe allusion draconian means harsh.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Would you find the word people on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\npattern - plot",
    "choices":[
      "no",
      "yes"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince people is between the guide words pattern - plot, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the statement.\nZirconium is ().",
    "choices":[
      "a compound",
      "an elementary substance"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Most of the zirconium produced every year is used in certain types of power plants to keep dangerous fuel from leaking. The chemical formula for zirconium is Zr.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"Classify elementary substances and compounds using chemical formulas",
    "lecture":"Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be. The symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula. An elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol. The symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule. For example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula. The chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms. A compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols. For example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms.",
    "solution":"You can tell whether zirconium is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for zirconium is Zr. This formula contains one symbol: Zr. So, the formula tells you that zirconium is made of one chemical element.\nSubstances made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. So, zirconium is an elementary substance.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the expected ratio of offspring with straight fur to offspring with curly fur? Choose the most likely ratio.",
    "choices":[
      "2:2",
      "0:4",
      "3:1",
      "1:3",
      "4:0"
    ],
    "answer":4,
    "hint":"In a group of cats, some individuals have straight fur and others have curly fur. In this group, the gene for the fur type trait has two alleles. The allele for curly fur (f) is recessive to the allele for straight fur (F).\nThis Punnett square shows a cross between two cats.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Use Punnett squares to calculate ratios of offspring types",
    "lecture":"Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive? How do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. If an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait. If an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait. A Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type. For example, consider the Punnett square below. <br\/><br\/>  | F | f<br\/> F | FF | Ff<br\/> f | Ff | ff<br\/> <br\/> There is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.",
    "solution":"To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with straight fur or curly fur, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the fur type trait. The question tells you that the f allele, which is for curly fur, is recessive to the F allele, which is for straight fur.\nStraight fur is the dominant allele's version of the fur type trait. A cat with the dominant version of the fur type trait must have at least one dominant allele for the fur type gene. So, offspring with straight fur must have the genotype FF or Ff.\nAll 4 boxes in the Punnett square have the genotype FF or Ff.\nCurly fur is the recessive allele's version of the fur type trait. A cat with the recessive version of the fur type trait must have only recessive alleles for the fur type gene. So, offspring with curly fur must have the genotype ff.\nThere are 0 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype ff.\nSo, the expected ratio of offspring with straight fur to offspring with curly fur is 4:0. This means that, based on the Punnett square, this cross will always produce offspring with straight fur. This cross is expected to never produce offspring with curly fur.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9271\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the mammal below.",
    "choices":[
      "piranha",
      "black howler"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Mammals have hair or fur and feed their young milk. A rabbit is an example of a mammal.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common. Scientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.",
    "solution":"A piranha is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nPiranhas have sharp teeth. Piranhas hunt in groups. A group of piranhas can eat a large animal.\nA black howler is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.\nHowler monkeys have loud calls, or howls. Their calls can be heard over three miles away!",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9273\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a complete sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "Aunt Christine's heavy baggage.",
      "My family will swim at the town pool tomorrow."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is it a complete sentence, a fragment, or a run-on?",
    "lecture":"A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb. My friends walk along the path. A sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb. Knows the answer. This is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject. Who knows the answer? She knows the answer. The bright red car. This is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb. What did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped. A run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma. I knocked on the door it opened. It started raining, we ran inside. To fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence. I knocked on the door. It opened. It started raining. We ran inside. You can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. I knocked on the door, and it opened. It started raining, so we ran inside.",
    "solution":"My family will swim at the town pool tomorrow is a complete sentence. The subject is my family, and the verb is will swim.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material, but some of them are different shapes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets.",
    "solution":"The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.\nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9291\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "attract",
      "repel"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces. Magnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S). Here are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles. If opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9292\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following statement about our solar system true or false?\n75% of the planets are made mainly of rock.",
    "choices":[
      "false",
      "true"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Use the data to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"true-or-false",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Astronomy",
    "skill":"Analyze data to compare properties of planets",
    "lecture":"A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet. The primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.",
    "solution":"The table tells you that four out of the eight planets are made mainly of rock. So, one-half, or 50%, of the planets are made mainly of rock.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9296\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word is not like the others?",
    "choices":[
      "Russia",
      "Germany",
      "Italy",
      "Sunday"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"vocabulary",
    "category":"Categories",
    "skill":"Which word is not like the others?",
    "lecture":"Some words are alike. They go together in a group. Red, blue, and green go together. They are colors. Mom, dad, grandma, and grandpa go together. They are people in a family.",
    "solution":"Russia, Italy, and Germany go together. They are countries. Sunday is not a country, so it is not like the other words.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "sample A",
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature",
      "sample B"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.\nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9309\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Using only these supplies, which question can Grayson investigate with an experiment?",
    "choices":[
      "Do rubber balloons stick to a cotton blanket or a wooden door longer after being rubbed on his hair?",
      "Do rubber balloons stick to a wooden door or a metal door longer after being rubbed on his hair?",
      "Do rubber balloons or foil balloons stick to the wooden door longer after being rubbed on his hair?"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Grayson went to a magic show. The magician rubbed a balloon on her hair and then held the balloon against a wall. When the magician released the balloon, Grayson was amazed to see that it stuck to the wall! He wonders what factors affect how well balloons stick to different surfaces. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\nthe hair on his own head\na cotton blanket\na wooden door\nfive rubber balloons",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a complete sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "Coach West talked to her team before the game.",
      "She sings our favorite song, we clap for her."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is it a complete sentence or a run-on?",
    "lecture":"A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb. My friends walk along the path. A run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma. I knocked on the door it opened. It started raining, we ran inside. To fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence. I knocked on the door. It opened. It started raining. We ran inside. You can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. I knocked on the door, and it opened. It started raining, so we ran inside.",
    "solution":"Coach West talked to her team before the game is a complete sentence. The subject is Coach West, and the verb is talked.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which better describes the Sonoran Desert ecosystem?",
    "choices":[
      "It has a small amount of rain. It also has many different types of organisms.",
      "It has a small amount of rain. It also has only a few types of organisms."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Figure: Sonoran Desert.\nThe Sonoran Desert is a hot desert ecosystem in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Describe ecosystems",
    "lecture":"An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment. There are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other: the pattern of weather, or climate the type of soil the organisms that live there",
    "solution":"A hot desert is a type of ecosystem. Hot deserts have the following features: a small amount of rain, dry, thin soil, and many different types of organisms. So, the Sonoran Desert has a small amount of rain. It also has many different types of organisms.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9322\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"How long does it take to do ten jumping jacks?",
    "choices":[
      "17 seconds",
      "17 hours"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose units of time",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Imagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds? The number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing. Time is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven. There are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute. There are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for how long it takes to do ten jumping jacks is 17 seconds.\n17 hours is too slow.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Look at the picture. Which word best describes how this feather feels to the touch?",
    "choices":[
      "soft",
      "heavy",
      "bumpy"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Descriptive details",
    "skill":"Choose the sensory details that match the picture",
    "lecture":"When you write, you can use sensory details. These sense words help your reader understand what something looks, sounds, tastes, smells, or feels like. <br\/><br\/> Sensory Category | Description<br\/> Sight | These are words like bright, clean, and purple. A reader can imagine looking at these details.<br\/> Sound | These are words like hissing, buzzing, and ringing. A reader can imagine hearing these details.<br\/> Taste | These are words like juicy, sweet, and burnt. A reader can imagine tasting these details.<br\/> Smell | These are words like fruity, sweet, and stinky. A reader can imagine smelling these details.<br\/> Touch | These are words like fuzzy, wet, and soft. A reader can imagine feeling these details.<br\/> <br\/> Many sense words can describe more than one sense. For example, soft can describe a touch or a sound. And sweet can describe a taste or a smell.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture.\nThe word soft describes how this feather feels to the touch.\nHeavy and bumpy can also describe how something feels to the touch. But they do not describe this feather.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9327\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which part of the bamboo plant do we usually eat?",
    "choices":[
      "the fruit",
      "the stem",
      "the flowers"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"People use bamboo plants for food. We usually eat the part of this plant that supports the plant. It carries food, water, and nutrients through the plant.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Plants",
    "skill":"Classify fruits and vegetables as plant parts",
    "lecture":"The fruits and vegetables we eat are parts of plants! Plants are made up of different structures. The different structures carry out important functions. The roots take in water and nutrients from the soil. They also hold the plant in place in the soil. The stem supports the plant. It carries food, water, and nutrients through the plant. The leaves are where most of the plant's photosynthesis happens. Photosynthesis is the process plants use to turn water, sunlight, and carbon dioxide into food. After they are pollinated, the flowers make seeds and fruit. The fruit contain the seeds. Each fruit grows from a pollinated flower. The seeds can grow into a new plant. Germination is when a seed begins to grow.",
    "solution":"The part of the bamboo plant we usually eat is the stem. It supports the plant. It also carries food, water, and nutrients through the plant.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9331\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Fiji",
      "Papua New Guinea",
      "Palau",
      "the Federated States of Micronesia"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Oceania: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of Oceania",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is the Federated States of Micronesia.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9333\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Identify the question that Kendrick's experiment can best answer.",
    "choices":[
      "Do bananas develop more brown spots if they are kept in bags with holes compared to bags without holes?",
      "Do bananas develop more brown spots when they are kept at room temperature compared to in a cold refrigerator?"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below.\n\nKendrick divided 40  evenly among eight paper bags and sealed the bags. He poked 20 small holes in four of the bags and left the other four without holes. He kept the bags at room temperature for three days. Then, Kendrick opened the bags and counted the number of brown spots on each banana. He compared the average number of brown spots on bananas from bags with holes to the average number of brown spots on bananas from bags without holes.\nFigure: unripe bananas.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify the experimental question",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment. Imagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured. First, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested. Then, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured. Experiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height. Examples of questions that this experiment can answer include: Does soil type affect the height of daffodil plants? Do daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil? Are daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9335\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "New Zealand",
      "Nauru",
      "the Marshall Islands",
      "Vanuatu"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Oceania: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of Oceania",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is Nauru.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9338\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the one true statement.",
    "choices":[
      "The cell membrane controls which substances enter and leave an animal cell.",
      "The nucleus of a plant cell does not have chromosomes.",
      "Mitochondria direct cell activities by sending instructions to different parts of a plant cell."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Cells",
    "skill":"Compare cells and cell parts",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "sample A",
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature",
      "sample B"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"Each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. The particles in sample B also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.\nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9342\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What can Allie and Bobby trade to each get what they want?",
    "choices":[
      "Allie can trade her tomatoes for Bobby's carrots.",
      "Allie can trade her tomatoes for Bobby's broccoli.",
      "Bobby can trade his broccoli for Allie's oranges.",
      "Bobby can trade his almonds for Allie's tomatoes."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.\nAllie and Bobby open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Neither Allie nor Bobby got everything that they wanted. The table below shows which items they each wanted:\n\nLook at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.\nAllie's lunch Bobby's lunch",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Trade and specialization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the table and images.\nAllie wants broccoli. Bobby wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9346\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Suppose Haley decides to watch the comedy. Which result would be a cost?",
    "choices":[
      "Haley will get to watch the movie that she is more excited about.",
      "Haley will give up the chance to watch a movie with her sister."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Haley is deciding whether to watch a comedy or an action movie. She would prefer to watch a comedy. But she also wants to watch a movie with her sister. Haley's sister will only watch an action movie.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Costs and benefits",
    "lecture":"Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits. Costs are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need. Benefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.",
    "solution":"This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Haley wants or needs:\nHaley will give up the chance to watch a movie with her sister.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which bowl of oatmeal has a higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "the bowl of oatmeal with less thermal energy",
      "the bowl of oatmeal with more thermal energy"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Two bowls of oatmeal are identical except for their thermal energies.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Thermal energy",
    "skill":"How are temperature and mass related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving. The energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. What happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.",
    "solution":"The two bowls of oatmeal are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the bowl of oatmeal with more thermal energy has a higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the bird.",
    "choices":[
      "sea otter",
      "albatross",
      "box turtle",
      "common toad"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Birds have feathers, two wings, and a beak.",
    "solution":"A sea otter is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.\nSea otters have very thick fur. Their fur keeps them warm in cold water.\nA common toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.\nA box turtle is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nBox turtles can live to be over 100 years old!\nAn albatross is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nAlbatrosses live near the ocean. They hunt squid, fish, and other small animals.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same species as the bald eagle.",
    "choices":[
      "Pelecanus occidentalis",
      "Bubo scandiacus",
      "Haliaeetus leucocephalus"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"This organism is a bald eagle. Its scientific name is Haliaeetus leucocephalus.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification and scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"A bald eagle's scientific name is Haliaeetus leucocephalus.\nPelecanus occidentalis does not have the same scientific name as a bald eagle. So, Haliaeetus leucocephalus and Pelecanus occidentalis are not in the same species.\nHaliaeetus leucocephalus has the same scientific name as a bald eagle. So, these organisms are in the same species.\nBubo scandiacus does not have the same scientific name as a bald eagle. So, Haliaeetus leucocephalus and Bubo scandiacus are not in the same species.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9365\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Answer the riddle.\nI am black.\nI fly at night.\nI sleep upside down.\nWhat am I?",
    "choices":[
      "a bat",
      "a fox"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade1",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"vocabulary",
    "category":"Comprehension strategies",
    "skill":"What am I?",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"A bat is black.\nA bat flies at night.\nA bat sleeps upside down.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which statement describes the runner's motion?",
    "choices":[
      "The runner is accelerating.",
      "The runner has a constant velocity."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"A runner is increasing her speed on the final stretch of a race.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Identify whether objects are accelerating",
    "lecture":"An object's velocity describes its speed and its direction. An object has a constant velocity when neither its speed nor its direction is changing. So, an object has a constant velocity when the object is: moving in a straight line at a constant speed, or remaining motionless. If an object does not have a constant velocity, the object is accelerating. An object is accelerating when either its speed or its direction is changing. So, an object is accelerating when the object is: speeding up, slowing down, or changing direction.",
    "solution":"The runner is speeding up. So, the runner is accelerating.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a garden snail?",
    "choices":[
      "1 yard",
      "1 inch",
      "1 mile",
      "1 foot"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of distance, mass, and volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles. There are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile. A football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the length of a garden snail is 1 inch.\n1 foot, 1 yard, and 1 mile are all too long.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following could Manuel's test show?",
    "choices":[
      "how much athletes would sweat in the fabric",
      "how long it would take the sample fabric to dry after it absorbed one drop of water",
      "if the sample fabric would absorb one drop of water in less than one second"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design.\nThe passage below describes how the engineering-design process was used to test a solution to a problem. Read the passage. Then answer the question below.\n\nManuel, a materials engineer, was developing a quick-drying fabric for athletic clothing. The fabric needed to absorb one drop of water in less than one second and dry completely in less than five minutes. Manuel thought a fabric made from cotton and polyester would both absorb water well and dry quickly. But he needed to decide what percentage of each material to use.\nSo, he made a sample fabric that was 50% cotton and 50% polyester. Then he put one drop of water on the sample. He timed how long it took the fabric to dry after the water was absorbed.\nFigure: fabric that has not absorbed drops of water.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Engineering practices",
    "skill":"Evaluate tests of engineering-design solutions",
    "lecture":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured. Imagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves. First, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind. Then, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved. Tests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9379\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the idiom in this text suggest?\nIn such an unfamiliar environment, Dwayne was a fish out of water.",
    "choices":[
      "Dwayne felt out of place.",
      "Dwayne had not visited that location before."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. An idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned. The assignment was a piece of cake.",
    "solution":"The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.\nThe idiom a fish out of water suggests that Dwayne felt out of place. A fish out of water is someone out of his or her usual, comfortable environment.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Colorado?",
    "choices":[
      "Sacramento",
      "Colorado Springs",
      "Salem",
      "Denver"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Denver is the capital of Colorado.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9390\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Oregon?",
    "choices":[
      "Portland",
      "Montgomery",
      "Salem",
      "Salt Lake City"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Salem is the capital of Oregon.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9406\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"The Inca created a large civilization in South America. Which letter marks the territory of the Inca?",
    "choices":[
      "D",
      "B",
      "A",
      "C"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The following map shows the location of several civilizations that began in North and South America. Civilizations are organized human communities. Look at the map. Then answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"world-history",
    "category":"Early Americas",
    "skill":"Foundations of Inca civilization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the map.\nThe letter D shows the territory where the Inca created their civilization. The Inca civilization was located in South America.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9408\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the statement.\nSilver bromide is ().",
    "choices":[
      "a compound",
      "an elementary substance"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The model below represents silver bromide. Silver bromide is used on the film that some photographers use in their cameras.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"Classify elementary substances and compounds using models",
    "lecture":"There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you. A substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be. Scientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a space-filling model. The space-filling model below represents the compound potassium chloride. In a space-filling model, the balls represent atoms that are bonded together. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance.",
    "solution":"Use the model to determine whether silver bromide is an elementary substance or a compound.\nStep 1: Interpret the model.\n.\nUse the legend to determine the chemical element represented by each color. The colors and atomic symbols from the legend are shown in the table below. The table also includes the names of the chemical elements represented in the model.\nYou can see from the model that silver bromide is composed of bromine atoms and silver atoms bonded together.\nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.\nYou know from Step 1 that silver bromide is composed of two chemical elements: bromine and silver. Since silver bromide is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, silver bromide is a compound.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9409\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is this a sentence fragment?\nIn the fifth and sixth centuries, more than fifty thousand Buddhist statues carved into the rock of the Yungang Grottoes of China.",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Identify sentence fragments",
    "lecture":"A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. The band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks. A sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. Rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks. This fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing. The band I'm in. This fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing. Because we have a concert in two weeks. This fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert.",
    "solution":"This is a sentence fragment. It does not express a complete thought.\nIn the fifth and sixth centuries, more than fifty thousand Buddhist statues carved into the rock of the Yungang Grottoes of China.\nHere is one way to fix the sentence fragment:\nIn the fifth and sixth centuries, more than fifty thousand Buddhist statues were carved into the rock of the Yungang Grottoes of China.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Nevada?",
    "choices":[
      "Carson City",
      "Olympia",
      "Nampa",
      "Tallahassee"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify the 50 state capitals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Carson City is the capital of Nevada.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9417\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence.\nIce melting in a cup is a ().",
    "choices":[
      "physical change",
      "chemical change"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule. In a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Burning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns. In a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.",
    "solution":"Ice melting in a cup is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The solid ice becomes liquid, but it is still made of water.\nThe links between atoms in the water molecules do not change. So, a different type of matter is not formed.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of West Virginia?",
    "choices":[
      "Columbia",
      "Huntington",
      "Charleston",
      "Charlotte"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Southeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Charleston is the capital of West Virginia.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9426\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What kind of sentence is this?\nHow many articles did Dave write before his publisher offered him a book contract?",
    "choices":[
      "interrogative",
      "exclamatory",
      "declarative"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory?",
    "lecture":"There are four kinds of sentences. A declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period. The nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure. An interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark. Do you have any plans for the upcoming weekend? An imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point. For this assignment, use references to support your claims. Don't drive so quickly in the construction zone! An exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point. I can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!",
    "solution":"The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a garden snail?",
    "choices":[
      "2 yards",
      "2 inches"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of distance",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Imagine being told that a pencil is 8 long. You might be thinking, 8 what? Is the pencil 8 inches long? 8 feet? 8 miles? The number 8 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing. Now look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are inches. So, the length of the pencil is 8 inches. There are 12 inches in 1 foot. So, 1 inch is much shorter than 1 foot. There are 3 feet in 1 yard. So, 1 foot is shorter than 1 yard.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the length of a garden snail is 2 inches.\n2 yards is too long.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the animal that does not have a backbone.",
    "choices":[
      "julia butterfly",
      "sea eagle"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Hint: Insects, spiders, and worms do not have backbones.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify animals with and without backbones",
    "lecture":"Some animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange. Other animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body.",
    "solution":"A sea eagle is a bird. Like other birds, a sea eagle has a backbone.\nA julia butterfly is an insect. Like other insects, a julia butterfly does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What can Dustin and Evelyn trade to each get what they want?",
    "choices":[
      "Dustin can trade his tomatoes for Evelyn's broccoli.",
      "Evelyn can trade her almonds for Dustin's tomatoes.",
      "Dustin can trade his tomatoes for Evelyn's carrots.",
      "Evelyn can trade her broccoli for Dustin's oranges."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.\nDustin and Evelyn open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Neither Dustin nor Evelyn got everything that they wanted. The table below shows which items they each wanted:\n\nLook at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.\nDustin's lunch Evelyn's lunch",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Trade and specialization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the table and images.\nDustin wants broccoli. Evelyn wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9456\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a sofa?",
    "choices":[
      "8 miles",
      "8 yards",
      "8 inches",
      "8 feet"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of distance, mass, and volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles. There are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile. A football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the length of a sofa is 8 feet.\n8 inches is too short. 8 yards and 8 miles are too long.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Ann acquired this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Ann is most interested in human biology.",
      "Ann learned biology by reading, observing, and experimenting."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nAnn knows a lot about biology.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest west?",
    "choices":[
      "Wisconsin",
      "Kansas",
      "Louisiana",
      "Maryland"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Maps",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Kansas is farthest west.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9462\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is rain a solid, a liquid, or a gas?",
    "choices":[
      "a gas",
      "a solid",
      "a liquid"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"States of matter",
    "skill":"Classify matter as solid, liquid, or gas",
    "lecture":"Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own. Some solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break. A glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid. When matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container. Think about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space. Juice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid. When matter is a gas, it spreads out to fill a space. Many gases are invisible. So, you can\u2019t see them. Air is a gas.",
    "solution":"Rain is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in.\nIf you put rainwater into a bucket, the rainwater will take the shape of the bucket. But the rainwater will still take up the same amount of space.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9465\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the motion of two bats. Which bat was moving at a lower speed?",
    "choices":[
      "a bat that moved 35kilometers in 5hours",
      "a bat that moved 45kilometers in 5hours"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Compare the speeds of moving objects",
    "lecture":"An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time. Distance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer. Time tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour. Think about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed.",
    "solution":"Look at the distance each bat moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne bat moved 35 kilometers in 5 hours.\nThe other bat moved 45 kilometers in 5 hours.\nNotice that each bat spent the same amount of time moving. The bat that moved 35 kilometers moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that bat must have moved at a lower speed.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which continent is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "North America",
      "Australia",
      "Europe",
      "Africa"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Oceans and continents\t",
    "skill":"Identify oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents.",
    "solution":"This continent is Australia.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9487\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is this a run-on sentence?\nLocated just south of Dover, Tristan's Restaurant offers an eclectic menu in a scenic country setting.",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Identify run-on sentences",
    "lecture":"A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. The band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks. A run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice. The band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks. The band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks. There are several ways to fix a run-on sentence: Use stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon. The band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks. The band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks. Use a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so. The band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks. Use a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose. The band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks.",
    "solution":"This is not a run-on sentence. It is not formed from two sentences that have been run together without appropriate punctuation.\nLocated just south of Dover, Tristan's Restaurant offers an eclectic menu in a scenic country setting.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "Rhode Island",
      "Illinois",
      "New Hampshire",
      "Massachusetts"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"English colonies in North America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is Rhode Island.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9496\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1.",
      "The magnetic force is weaker in Pair 2."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Compare strengths of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart.",
    "solution":"Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.\nThe magnets in Pair 2 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 2 than in Pair 1.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9507\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Adapted from Richard Aldington, \"Childhood\" and adapted from Jane Taylor, \"The Violet\"",
    "choices":[
      "Within a green and shady bed\nA modest violet grew;\nIts stalk was bent, it hung its head,\nAs if to hide from view.",
      "It was all so dull\u2014\nExcept a few gray legs under shiny black umbrellas\nRunning along the gray shiny sidewalks."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reading-comprehension",
    "category":"Poetry elements",
    "skill":"Identify elements of poetry",
    "lecture":"Poetry is a special kind of writing. It has many elements that make it different from ordinary writing. Knowing these elements can help you talk about poetry, understand it better, and enjoy it more. A poem rhymes when it has a pattern of words that end in the same sound. End rhyme is when the rhymes appear at the end of a poem's lines. Little Betty Blue, Lost her holiday shoe. \u2014From Mother Goose Internal rhyme is when at least one of the rhyming words appears inside the poem's lines. Sweet dreams of pleasant streams. \u2014From William Blake, \"A Cradle Song\" Rhythm is the pattern of strong and weak syllables, or stress, in a poem. You can recognize rhythm in a poem by listening to how it sounds. Poems with regular rhythm have a beat, like in music. He watches from his mountain walls, And like a thunderbolt he falls. \u2014From Alfred, Lord Tennyson, \"The Eagle\" The syllables in bold are strong. We say them with more force than the other syllables. In this poem, every weak syllable is followed by a strong syllable. Each line sounds like da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM. To better hear the rhythm, try reading it aloud while clapping on each strong syllable. Free verse is when a poem has neither a regular rhythm nor a rhyme pattern. The old bridge has a wrinkled face. He bends his back For us to go over. \u2014From Hilda Conkling, \"The Old Bridge\" The syllables in bold are strong. You can see this poem does not have a regular rhythm. It also doesn't have a rhyme pattern. Repetition is when words, phrases, or whole lines are repeated. The dainty flying squirrel In vest of shining white, In coat of silver gray, And vest of shining white. \u2014Adapted from Mary E. Burt, \"The Flying Squirrel\" Alliteration is when beginning consonant sounds are repeated in words that are close together. Where the wild men watched and waited Wolves in the forest, and bears in the bush. \u2014From Bayard Taylor, \"A Night with a Wolf\" Onomatopoeia is when language sounds like what it talks about. Sometimes the onomatopoeia uses made-up words: Tlot-tlot! tlot-tlot! Had they heard it? The horse hoofs ringing clear. \u2014From Alfred Noyes, \"The Highwayman\" Sometimes the onomatopoeia uses real words: Hark! the honey bee is humming. \u2014From Mary Howitt, \"The Voice of Spring\"",
    "solution":"This poem has a regular rhythm, or a pattern of sound like a beat. The parts in bold show the strong syllables. The pattern is a weak syllable followed by a strong syllable. It sounds like da-DUM da-DUM.\nAs if to hide from view.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Using only these supplies, which question can Aiden investigate with an experiment?",
    "choices":[
      "Do cloth towels dry faster if they are hung in the laundry room or in the backyard?",
      "Does a small cloth towel or a large cloth towel dry faster when hung in the backyard?",
      "When hung in the laundry room, do black cloth towels or white cloth towels dry more quickly?"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"After Aiden cleans up a spill, he hangs a wet cloth towel in the laundry room. Two hours later, he notices that the towel has partially dried. He wonders what factors affect how cloth dries. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\ntwo identical white cloth towels\nwater\na clothesline in the laundry room\na clothesline in the backyard",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What can Colleen and Natalie trade to each get what they want?",
    "choices":[
      "Natalie can trade her almonds for Colleen's tomatoes.",
      "Natalie can trade her broccoli for Colleen's oranges.",
      "Colleen can trade her tomatoes for Natalie's broccoli.",
      "Colleen can trade her tomatoes for Natalie's carrots."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.\nColleen and Natalie open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Neither Colleen nor Natalie got everything that they wanted. The table below shows which items they each wanted:\n\nLook at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.\nColleen's lunch Natalie's lunch",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Trade and specialization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the table and images.\nColleen wants broccoli. Natalie wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9524\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material, but some of them are different sizes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller.",
    "solution":"Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.\nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9532\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of New York?",
    "choices":[
      "Albany",
      "Newark",
      "Raleigh",
      "Boston"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Northeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Albany is the capital of New York.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9534\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Undyne's phenotype for the tail spots trait?",
    "choices":[
      "a spotted tail",
      "II"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"In a group of guppies, some individuals have a spotted tail and others have an unspotted tail. In this group, the gene for the tail spots trait has two alleles. The allele I is for a spotted tail, and the allele i is for an unspotted tail.\nUndyne, a guppy from this group, has a spotted tail. Undyne has two alleles for a spotted tail.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.",
    "solution":"An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Undyne's observable version of the tail spots trait is a spotted tail. So, Undyne's phenotype for the tail spots trait is a spotted tail.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which type of force from the baby's hand opens the cabinet door?",
    "choices":[
      "pull",
      "push"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"A baby wants to know what is inside of a cabinet. His hand applies a force to the door, and the door opens.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Identify pushes and pulls",
    "lecture":"A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to a second object. The direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing. The direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling.",
    "solution":"The baby's hand applies a force to the cabinet door. This force causes the door to open. The direction of this force is toward the baby's hand. This force is a pull.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9543\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the animal that does not have a backbone.",
    "choices":[
      "fly",
      "salt water crocodile"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Hint: Insects, spiders, and worms do not have backbones.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify animals with and without backbones",
    "lecture":"Some animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange. Other animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body.",
    "solution":"A fly is an insect. Like other insects, a fly does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover.\nA salt water crocodile is a reptile. Like other reptiles, a salt water crocodile has a backbone.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nbehave - breakfast",
    "choices":[
      "babies",
      "bike"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince bike is between the guide words behave - breakfast, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the mass of a dinner fork?",
    "choices":[
      "3 pounds",
      "3 tons",
      "3 ounces"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of mass",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Mass is a measurement of how much matter something contains. There are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons. There are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton. So, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton. A slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the mass of a dinner fork is 3 ounces.\n3 pounds and 3 tons are both too heavy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which solution has a higher concentration of yellow particles?",
    "choices":[
      "Solution A",
      "neither; their concentrations are the same",
      "Solution B"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each yellow ball represents one particle of solute.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Compare concentrations of solutions",
    "lecture":"A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent. concentration = particles of solute \/ volume of solvent",
    "solution":"In Solution A and Solution B, the yellow particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of yellow particles, look at both the number of yellow particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of yellow particles per milliliter.\nSolution A has more yellow particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of yellow particles.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9553\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\n\"Your new hairstyle is so boring!\" Shane remarked when his sister showed up with a pink-and-blue mohawk.",
    "choices":[
      "verbal irony",
      "simile"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Alliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words. What a lucky little lady you are! An allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. An idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned. The assignment was a piece of cake. A simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike. The cat's fur was as dark as the night. A metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as. The snow formed a blanket over the town. Onomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound. The scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat. Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. The trees danced in the wind. A pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning. A great new broom is sweeping the nation. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.",
    "solution":"The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nBoring shows verbal irony because Shane's sister's hairstyle is not at all boring.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a tennis court?",
    "choices":[
      "75 yards",
      "75 feet",
      "75 inches",
      "75 miles"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of distance, mass, and volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles. There are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile. A football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the length of a tennis court is 75 feet.\n75 inches is too short. 75 yards and 75 miles are too long.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the idiom in this text suggest?\nMr. and Mrs. Gregory usually see eye to eye, but not when it comes to the controversial mayoral race.",
    "choices":[
      "Mr. and Mrs. Gregory usually agree.",
      "Mr. and Mrs. Gregory are not politically active."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. An idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned. The assignment was a piece of cake.",
    "solution":"The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.\nThe idiom see eye to eye suggests that Mr. and Mrs. Gregory usually agree. When you see eye to eye with someone, you share their opinion.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Oregon?",
    "choices":[
      "Salem",
      "Jackson",
      "Billings",
      "Portland"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Salem is the capital of Oregon.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9571\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same genus as the purple heron.",
    "choices":[
      "Sarracenia purpurea",
      "Lynx pardinus",
      "Ardea cocoi"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"This organism is a purple heron. Its scientific name is Ardea purpurea.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"A purple heron's scientific name is Ardea purpurea. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea.\nSarracenia purpurea and Ardea purpurea are not in the same genus.\nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Sarracenia purpurea and Ardea purpurea have the same species name within their genus, purpurea. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Sarracenia purpurea is in the genus Sarracenia, and Ardea purpurea is in the genus Ardea.\nArdea cocoi is in the genus Ardea. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea. So, Ardea cocoi and Ardea purpurea are in the same genus.\nLynx pardinus is in the genus Lynx. The first word of its scientific name is Lynx. So, Lynx pardinus and Ardea purpurea are not in the same genus.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9577\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Washington?",
    "choices":[
      "Olympia",
      "Spokane",
      "Seattle",
      "Salem"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify the 50 state capitals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Olympia is the capital of Washington.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9586\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Emma acquired this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Some scars fade more quickly than others.",
      "Emma's scar was caused by an accident. She cut her leg when she was climbing a tree."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nEmma has a scar on her left leg.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?",
    "choices":[
      "Susan has pierced ears, but otherwise she looks almost identical to her twin sister Kate.",
      "Susan looks almost identical to her twin sister Kate, but she has pierced ears."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Pronouns",
    "skill":"Identify vague pronoun references",
    "lecture":"When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.",
    "solution":"The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Susan or Kate.\nSusan looks almost identical to her twin sister Kate, but she has pierced ears.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nSusan has pierced ears, but otherwise she looks almost identical to her twin sister Kate.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which correctly shows the title of a movie?",
    "choices":[
      "\"The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle\"",
      "***The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle***"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Formatting titles",
    "lecture":"The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead. A Midsummer Night's Dream The title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks. \"You Are My Sunshine\"",
    "solution":"A movie should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle**.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which sentence is more formal?",
    "choices":[
      "Ms. Malone has several important proposals to discuss at the next city council meeting.",
      "There are some things that Ms. Malone wants to bring up at the next city council meeting."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Author's purpose and tone",
    "skill":"Which sentence is more formal?",
    "lecture":"Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing: <br\/><br\/> Type | Examples<br\/> slang | cool, awesome<br\/> idioms | knock your socks off<br\/> conversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah<br\/> abbreviated language | ASAP, FYI<br\/> overly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store<br\/> contractions | can't, won't<br\/> <br\/> Contractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing. Compare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal. Informal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners. Formal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.",
    "solution":"The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses overly simple or imprecise language (some things, bring up).\nThe first sentence uses more precise language, so it is more formal overall.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What can Cora and Reagan trade to each get what they want?",
    "choices":[
      "Cora can trade her tomatoes for Reagan's broccoli.",
      "Cora can trade her tomatoes for Reagan's carrots.",
      "Reagan can trade her broccoli for Cora's oranges.",
      "Reagan can trade her almonds for Cora's tomatoes."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.\nCora and Reagan open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Neither Cora nor Reagan got everything that they wanted. The table below shows which items they each wanted:\n\nLook at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.\nCora's lunch Reagan's lunch",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Trade and specialization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the table and images.\nCora wants broccoli. Reagan wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9617\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the simile in this text suggest?\nWhitney rubbed coconut oil on her hands, which were like the parched earth during a drought.",
    "choices":[
      "Whitney's hands were hot.",
      "Whitney's hands were dry and cracked."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret the figure of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. A simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike. The cat's fur was as dark as the night.",
    "solution":"The text includes a simile, using like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe simile like the parched earth during a drought suggests that Whitney's hands were dry and cracked. A drought is a period without rain; the ground during a drought can become hard and cracked.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nCaleb is a real Benedict Arnold. After promising to work on my campaign for class president, he decided to support my opponent.",
    "choices":[
      "simile",
      "allusion"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Alliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words. What a lucky little lady you are! An allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. An idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned. The assignment was a piece of cake. A simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike. The cat's fur was as dark as the night. A metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as. The snow formed a blanket over the town. Onomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound. The scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat. Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. The trees danced in the wind. A pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning. A great new broom is sweeping the nation. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.",
    "solution":"The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nBenedict Arnold alludes to the American general during the Revolutionary War who betrayed his country and fought for the British.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is this organism's common name?",
    "choices":[
      "red-tailed hawk",
      "Buteo jamaicensis"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This organism is Buteo jamaicensis. It is also called a red-tailed hawk.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification and scientific names",
    "skill":"Identify common and scientific names",
    "lecture":"An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know. An organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English. Scientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca.",
    "solution":"Buteo jamaicensis is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not. So, it is the scientific name.\nButeo jamaicensis is the organism's scientific name. So, you know that red-tailed hawk is the common name.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9639\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the mass of a full bag of groceries?",
    "choices":[
      "6 tons",
      "6 ounces",
      "6 pounds"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of mass",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Mass is a measurement of how much matter something contains. There are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons. There are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton. So, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton. A slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the mass of a full bag of groceries is 6 pounds.\n6 ounces is too light and 6 tons is too heavy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following organisms is the primary consumer in this food web?",
    "choices":[
      "gray fox",
      "persimmon tree",
      "beaver",
      "silver maple"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Below is a food web from Shenandoah National Park, a forest ecosystem in Virginia.\nA food web models how the matter eaten by organisms moves through an ecosystem. The arrows in a food web represent how matter moves between organisms in an ecosystem.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecological interactions",
    "skill":"Interpret food webs I",
    "lecture":"A food web is a model. A food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food. Arrows show how matter moves. A food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating. An organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web. An organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web.",
    "solution":"Primary consumers eat producers. So, in a food web, primary consumers have arrows pointing to them from producers.\nThe black bear has an arrow pointing to it from the persimmon tree. The persimmon tree is a producer, so the black bear is a primary consumer.\nThe beaver has an arrow pointing to it from the silver maple. The silver maple is a producer, so the beaver is a primary consumer.\nThe persimmon tree does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the persimmon tree is not a primary consumer.\nThe silver maple does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the silver maple is not a primary consumer.\nThe gray fox has arrows pointing to it from the swallowtail caterpillar and the pine vole. Neither the swallowtail caterpillar nor the pine vole is a producer, so the gray fox is not a primary consumer.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9658\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a complex sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "Camille and her mom sat on the back porch and watched as the sun sank into the horizon.",
      "Open and honest communication is the foundation of a healthy relationship."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple, compound, or complex?",
    "lecture":"A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence. the oranges on our tree are ripe The clause can stand alone. It is independent. after we pick up Kevin from work The clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent. A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause. Ben and I spent all day relaxing by the pool. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat. Ben usually wears his heavy coat in the winter. A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. We saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while. If she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.",
    "solution":"The second sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction as.\nCamille and her mom sat on the back porch and watched as the sun sank into the horizon.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which trait did Glyptodon have? Select the trait you can observe on the fossil.",
    "choices":[
      "front and back limbs",
      "long flippers"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This picture shows the fossil of an ancient animal called Glyptodon. Glyptodon lived over 10,000,000 years ago.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Fossils",
    "skill":"Compare fossils to modern organisms",
    "lecture":"The way an organism looks or acts is called a trait. Scientists use fossils to learn more about the traits of ancient organisms. Fossils can preserve the remains of body parts and activities. A fossil of a body part, such as a tail or a wing, can tell you what an organism looked like. A fossil of an organism's activities, such as a burrow or a footprint, can tell you about the organism's behavior. Here are three examples of fossils and the traits that you can observe from them: This is a fossil of an animal. This fossil tells you that the animal had a spiral-shaped shell. This is a fossil of a plant. This fossil tells you that the plant had small leaves arranged in a branched pattern. This is a fossil of an animal's footprint. This fossil tells you that the animal could walk on land. An organism's fossil may not show all of the organism's traits. This is because most body parts are destroyed during fossil formation. When an organism's body turns into a fossil, only a few body parts are usually preserved.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9674\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the bird below.",
    "choices":[
      "pelican",
      "golden frog"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Birds have feathers, two wings, and a beak. A griffon vulture is an example of a bird.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common. Scientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.",
    "solution":"A pelican is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nBrown pelicans live near water. They can dive underwater to catch fish.\nA golden frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nFrogs live near water or in damp places. Most frogs lay their eggs in water.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9679\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Washington?",
    "choices":[
      "Des Moines",
      "Seattle",
      "Spokane",
      "Olympia"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Olympia is the capital of Washington.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9680\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which solution has a higher concentration of yellow particles?",
    "choices":[
      "Solution A",
      "neither; their concentrations are the same",
      "Solution B"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each yellow ball represents one particle of solute.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Compare concentrations of solutions",
    "lecture":"A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent. concentration = particles of solute \/ volume of solvent",
    "solution":"In Solution A and Solution B, the yellow particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of yellow particles, look at both the number of yellow particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of yellow particles per milliliter.\nSolution A has more yellow particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of yellow particles.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9685\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which text uses the word random in its traditional sense?",
    "choices":[
      "During the nineteenth century, the U.S. Army used camels as pack animals in the Southwest. Though the program was discontinued after the outbreak of the Civil War, reported sightings of random camels throughout the Southwest continued through at least the 1940s.",
      "Camels in the wild tend to eat an apparently random assortment of leaves, grasses, shrubs, and other plant matter. As an adaptation to their native desert environment, they are able to eat even thorny and salt-heavy plants that most animals will reject."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Word usage and nuance",
    "skill":"Explore words with new or contested usages",
    "lecture":"Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner. When a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences. Britney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam. The traditional usage above is considered more standard. David perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages. The nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.",
    "solution":"The first text uses random in its traditional sense: made or occurring without a definite pattern.\nCamels in the wild tend to eat an apparently random assortment of leaves, grasses, shrubs, and other plant matter. As an adaptation to their native desert environment, they are able to eat even thorny and salt-heavy plants that most animals will reject.\nThe second text uses random in its nontraditional sense: odd or out of place.\nDuring the nineteenth century, the U.S. Army used camels as pack animals in the Southwest. Though the program was discontinued after the outbreak of the Civil War, reported sightings of random camels throughout the Southwest continued through at least the 1940 s.\nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word random because it is generally considered incorrect.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What can Desmond and Tom trade to each get what they want?",
    "choices":[
      "Tom can trade his broccoli for Desmond's oranges.",
      "Tom can trade his almonds for Desmond's tomatoes.",
      "Desmond can trade his tomatoes for Tom's sandwich.",
      "Desmond can trade his tomatoes for Tom's broccoli."
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":"Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.\nDesmond and Tom open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Both of them could be happier with their lunches. Desmond wanted broccoli in his lunch and Tom was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Trade and specialization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Desmond wanted broccoli in his lunch and Tom was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.\nDesmond has tomatoes. Tom has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9696\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the living thing.",
    "choices":[
      "cherry tree",
      "stop sign"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify living and nonliving things",
    "lecture":"All living things need food and water. Water helps living things stay healthy. Food gives living things energy. They can use this energy to grow and change. All living things grow and change during their lives. Living things can get bigger and grow new body parts. For example, an oak tree is a living thing. It begins life as a seed. It takes in water from the soil. It makes food using energy from the sun. The oak tree gets taller and grows leaves and branches during its life.",
    "solution":"A stop sign is not a living thing.\nStop signs do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow. They do not need food or water.\nA cherry tree is a living thing.\nCherry trees grow and change. They need food and water.\nCherry trees are plants. They make their own food using water, air, and energy from sunlight.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which sentence uses a simile?",
    "choices":[
      "Mr. Dodson's long legs were sunflower stalks.",
      "Mr. Dodson's legs were as long as sunflower stalks."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Identify similes and metaphors",
    "lecture":"Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike. A simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as. My sister runs like a cheetah. The sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like. A cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast. The cat's fur was as dark as the night. The cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as. The night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark. A metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as. The snow formed a blanket over the town. The snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as. A blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely. Using similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader.",
    "solution":"This sentence uses a simile:\nMr. Dodson's legs were as long as sunflower stalks.\nThe words legs and sunflower stalks are compared using the word as.\nThis sentence uses a metaphor:\nMr. Dodson's long legs were sunflower stalks.\nThe words legs and sunflower stalks are compared without the word like or as.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property matches this object?",
    "choices":[
      "hard",
      "soft"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the better answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Identify properties of an object",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.",
    "solution":"Look at the object.\nThink about each property.\nA soft object changes shape when you squeeze it. The window is not soft.\nA hard object keeps its shape when you squeeze it. The window is hard.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9708\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Arizona?",
    "choices":[
      "Olympia",
      "Phoenix",
      "Juneau",
      "Tucson"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify the 50 state capitals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Phoenix is the capital of Arizona.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9711\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following could Hunter's test show?",
    "choices":[
      "if the sample fabric would absorb one drop of water in less than one second",
      "how long it would take the sample fabric to dry after it absorbed one drop of water",
      "how much athletes would sweat in the fabric"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design.\nThe passage below describes how the engineering-design process was used to test a solution to a problem. Read the passage. Then answer the question below.\n\nHunter, a materials engineer, was developing a quick-drying fabric for athletic clothing. The fabric needed to absorb one drop of water in less than one second and dry completely in less than five minutes. Hunter thought a fabric made from cotton and polyester would both absorb water well and dry quickly. But he needed to decide what percentage of each material to use.\nSo, he made a sample fabric that was 50% cotton and 50% polyester. Then he put one drop of water on the sample. He timed how long it took the fabric to dry after the water was absorbed.\nFigure: fabric that has not absorbed drops of water.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Engineering practices",
    "skill":"Evaluate tests of engineering-design solutions",
    "lecture":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured. Imagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves. First, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind. Then, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved. Tests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9715\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is this organism's common name?",
    "choices":[
      "bald eagle",
      "Haliaeetus leucocephalus"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This organism is a bald eagle. It is also called Haliaeetus leucocephalus.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification and scientific names",
    "skill":"Identify common and scientific names",
    "lecture":"An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know. An organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English. Scientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca.",
    "solution":"Haliaeetus leucocephalus is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not. So, it is the scientific name.\nHaliaeetus leucocephalus is the organism's scientific name. So, you know that bald eagle is the common name.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9716\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following parts does an animal cell have?",
    "choices":[
      "chloroplasts",
      "vacuole"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Cells",
    "skill":"Compare plant and animal cells",
    "lecture":"Plant and animal cells have many parts in common, but not all. This table shows some of their similarities and differences. <br\/><br\/> Cell part | Plant cell | Animal cell<br\/> cell wall | yes | no<br\/> cell membrane | yes | yes<br\/> cytoplasm | yes | yes<br\/> mitochondria | yes | yes<br\/> vacuole | yes | yes<br\/> chloroplasts | yes | no<br\/> nucleus | yes | yes<br\/> chromosomes | yes | yes<br\/> <br\/> Think about how plant and animal cells are different: Plant cells have a cell wall, but animal cells do not. The cell wall helps plant cells keep a fixed shape. Most animal cells do not have a fixed shape. Plant cells have chloroplasts, but animal cells do not. Chloroplasts make sugar that plants cells can use as food. Animal cells cannot make their own food.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\nsilver jewelry tarnishing\nboiling sugar to make caramel",
    "choices":[
      "Both are only physical changes.",
      "Both are caused by heating.",
      "Both are caused by cooling.",
      "Both are chemical changes."
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Chemical reactions",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule. In a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns. In a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nMetal turning less shiny over time is called tarnishing. Silver jewelry tarnishing is a chemical change. The silver reacts with sulfur in the air to form black tarnish. The tarnish is a different type of matter that was not there before the change.\nBoiling sugar to make caramel is a chemical change. The heat causes the sugar to change into a different type of matter. Unlike sugar, the new matter is brown and sticky.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBoiling sugar is caused by heating. But silver tarnishing is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following statement about our solar system true or false?\nThe volume of Uranus is less than one-tenth of the volume of Saturn.",
    "choices":[
      "true",
      "false"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Use the data to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"true-or-false",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Astronomy",
    "skill":"Analyze data to compare properties of planets",
    "lecture":"A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet. The primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.",
    "solution":"To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of one-tenth the volume of Saturn.\nThen compare the result to the volume of Uranus. The volume of Uranus is 68,300 billion km^3, which is less than 82,713 billion km^3. So, the volume of Uranus is less than one-tenth the volume of Saturn.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9730\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the temperature shown by this thermometer.",
    "choices":[
      "25\u00b0C",
      "15\u00b0C",
      "45\u00b0C"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Read a thermometer",
    "lecture":"A thermometer is a tool that measures temperature. Temperature can be measured in degrees. The symbol for degrees is \u00b0. Some thermometers measure temperature in degrees Celsius (\u00b0C). Celsius is one scale used to measure temperature. This is a tube thermometer. It has a tube filled with a red liquid. There is a Celsius scale along the right side of the tube. The top of the red liquid lines up with the number 30 on the scale. So, the temperature shown by this thermometer is 30\u00b0C.",
    "solution":"Find the top of the red liquid.\nNow look at the scale to the right. The top of the red liquid lines up with 45. So, the temperature is 45\u00b0C.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest east?",
    "choices":[
      "North Dakota",
      "North Carolina",
      "Vermont",
      "Ohio"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Vermont is farthest east.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9740\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same genus as the Canada lynx.",
    "choices":[
      "Felis catus",
      "Lynx rufus",
      "Felis chaus"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This organism is a Canada lynx. Its scientific name is Lynx canadensis.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"A Canada lynx's scientific name is Lynx canadensis. The first word of its scientific name is Lynx.\nLynx rufus is in the genus Lynx. The first word of its scientific name is Lynx. So, Lynx rufus and Lynx canadensis are in the same genus.\nFelis chaus is in the genus Felis. The first word of its scientific name is Felis. So, Felis chaus and Lynx canadensis are not in the same genus.\nFelis catus is in the genus Felis. The first word of its scientific name is Felis. So, Felis catus and Lynx canadensis are not in the same genus.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9741\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which three months have an average precipitation of around 3.5inches in Seattle?",
    "choices":[
      "February, March, and October",
      "May, June, and October",
      "April, May, and November"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Use the graph to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Use climate data to make predictions",
    "lecture":"Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average precipitation for each month. The average precipitation can be used to describe the climate of a location. A bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average.",
    "solution":"To describe the average precipitation trends in Seattle, look at the graph.\nChoice \"Feb\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Mar\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Apr\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"May\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Jun\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Oct\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Nov\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"February, March, and October\" is incorrect.\nFebruary, March, and October each have an average precipitation of around 3.5 inches.\nChoice \"April, May, and November\" is incorrect.\nThe average precipitation in April and May is less than 3 inches. And, the average precipitation in November is more than 6 inches.\nChoice \"May, June, and October\" is incorrect.\nOctober does have an average precipitation of about 3.5 inches. But, the average precipitation in May and June is less than 2 inches.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9745\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nMark's leaving his job? That's old news. He's been planning that for months.",
    "choices":[
      "oxymoron",
      "euphemism"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify the figure of speech: euphemism, hyperbole, oxymoron, paradox",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! An oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Some reviewers are calling this book a new classic. A paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Always expect the unexpected.",
    "solution":"The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nOld news is a contradiction, because news is recent information.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is this a sentence fragment?\nThe Zion Narrows, a canyon in Utah's Zion National Park, stretching for sixteen miles and, in some areas, narrowing to just twenty feet.",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Identify sentence fragments",
    "lecture":"A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. The band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks. A sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. Rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks. This fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing. The band I'm in. This fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing. Because we have a concert in two weeks. This fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert.",
    "solution":"This is a sentence fragment. It does not express a complete thought.\nThe Zion Narrows, a canyon in Utah's Zion National Park, stretching for sixteen miles and, in some areas, narrowing to just twenty feet.\nHere is one way to fix the sentence fragment:\nThe Zion Narrows, a canyon in Utah's Zion National Park, stretches for sixteen miles and, in some areas, narrows to just twenty feet.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "Tennessee",
      "Rhode Island",
      "New Hampshire",
      "Connecticut"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"Colonial America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is New Hampshire.\nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9752\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which rhetorical appeal is primarily used in this ad?",
    "choices":[
      "pathos (emotion)",
      "ethos (character)",
      "logos (reason)"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Persuasive strategies",
    "skill":"Identify appeals to ethos, pathos, and logos in advertisements",
    "lecture":"The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals. Appeals to ethos, or character, show the writer or speaker as trustworthy, authoritative, or sharing important values with the audience. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following: say that a brand has been trusted for many years include an endorsement from a respected organization, such as the American Dental Association feature a testimonial from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's values use an admired celebrity or athlete as a spokesperson Appeals to logos, or reason, use logic and verifiable evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following: use graphs or charts to display information cite results of clinical trials or independently conducted studies explain the science behind a product or service emphasize that the product is a financially wise choice anticipate and refute potential counterclaims Appeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following: trigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassment appeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractive link the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury",
    "solution":"The ad appeals to logos, or reason, by citing evidence that proves the vacuum's effectiveness.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9755\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2.",
      "The strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Compare strengths of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together.",
    "solution":"Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.\nThe magnets in Pair 2 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9769\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest west?",
    "choices":[
      "Maine",
      "Florida",
      "Rhode Island",
      "New Jersey"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Florida is farthest west.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9771\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature",
      "sample B",
      "sample A"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"Each particle in the two samples has the same mass, but the particles in sample A have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.\nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9776\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nmarry - mistake",
    "choices":[
      "mosquito",
      "medicine"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince medicine is between the guide words marry - mistake, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these three objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "scratchy",
      "fuzzy",
      "hard"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the best answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA fuzzy object is covered in soft hair. The wool sweater is fuzzy, but the sandpaper is not.\nA hard object does not change shape when pressed or squeezed. The tree bark is hard, but the wool sweater is not.\nA scratchy object is rough and itchy against your skin. All three objects are scratchy.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is scratchy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9782\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nThe human resource department is urging the company to offer free gym memberships to all employees. They'd rather our employees be at the gym morning, noon, and night, than get any work done.",
    "choices":[
      "straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against",
      "bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> red herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that free gym memberships will result in lower productivity. However, offering free gym memberships doesn't necessarily suggest that employees will spend all their time at the gym rather than at work. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a straw man.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Wyoming?",
    "choices":[
      "Biloxi",
      "Bridgeport",
      "Cheyenne",
      "Helena"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify the 50 state capitals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9793\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of New Mexico?",
    "choices":[
      "Santa Fe",
      "Biloxi",
      "Lincoln",
      "Albuquerque"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Santa Fe is the capital of New Mexico.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9807\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What can Kurt and Franco trade to each get what they want?",
    "choices":[
      "Franco can trade his almonds for Kurt's tomatoes.",
      "Franco can trade his broccoli for Kurt's oranges.",
      "Kurt can trade his tomatoes for Franco's broccoli.",
      "Kurt can trade his tomatoes for Franco's carrots."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.\nKurt and Franco open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Neither Kurt nor Franco got everything that they wanted. The table below shows which items they each wanted:\n\nLook at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.\nKurt's lunch Franco's lunch",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Trade and specialization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the table and images.\nKurt wants broccoli. Franco wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9819\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Fiji",
      "the Federated States of Micronesia",
      "Tonga",
      "Palau"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Oceania: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of Oceania",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is Palau.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9820\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following trait inherited or acquired?\nWesley has naturally curly hair.",
    "choices":[
      "acquired",
      "inherited"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Identify inherited and acquired traits",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.",
    "solution":"Some humans are born with naturally curly hair. Others are born with naturally straight hair. Curly and straight are examples of hair texture.\nSome people decide to change how their hair looks. But this doesn't affect the natural texture of their hair. So, having naturally curly hair is an inherited trait.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word is not like the others?",
    "choices":[
      "door",
      "teacher",
      "clown",
      "king"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade1",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"vocabulary",
    "category":"Categories",
    "skill":"Which word is not like the others?",
    "lecture":"Some words are alike. They go together in a group. Red, blue, and green go together. They are colors. Mom, dad, grandma, and grandpa go together. They are people in a family.",
    "solution":"Clown, king, and teacher go together. They are people. Door is not a person, so it is not like the other words.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which cherry pie has a higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "the cherry pie with more thermal energy",
      "the cherry pie with less thermal energy"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two cherry pies are identical except for their thermal energies.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Thermal energy",
    "skill":"How are temperature and mass related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving. The energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. What happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.",
    "solution":"The two cherry pies are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the cherry pie with more thermal energy has a higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Jamaica",
      "the Dominican Republic",
      "Grenada",
      "Trinidad and Tobago"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"The Americas: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of the Caribbean",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is Trinidad and Tobago.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9838\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Would you find the word gym on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ngame - gnaw",
    "choices":[
      "no",
      "yes"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince gym is not between the guide words game - gnaw, it would not be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which ocean is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "the Atlantic Ocean",
      "the Indian Ocean",
      "the Southern Ocean",
      "the Pacific Ocean"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Physical Geography",
    "skill":"Oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean.",
    "solution":"This is the Pacific Ocean.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9853\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\nbutter melting on a hot day\npeeling a banana",
    "choices":[
      "Both are only physical changes.",
      "Both are chemical changes.",
      "Both are caused by cooling.",
      "Both are caused by heating."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nButter melting on a hot day is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The butter changes from solid to liquid, but it is still made of the same type of matter.\nPeeling a banana is a physical change. The peel is not covering the rest of the fruit anymore. But both the peel and the banana are still made of the same type of matter as before.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nButter melting on a hot day is caused by heating. But peeling a banana is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material, but some of them are different sizes and shapes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger.",
    "solution":"Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.\nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9856\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Apollo's genotype for the coat pattern gene?",
    "choices":[
      "a spotted coat",
      "Aa"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"In a group of leopards, some individuals have a spotted coat and others have a black coat. In this group, the gene for the coat pattern trait has two alleles. The allele A is for a spotted coat, and the allele a is for a black coat.\nApollo, a leopard from this group, has a spotted coat. Apollo has one allele for a spotted coat and one allele for a black coat.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.",
    "solution":"An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Apollo has one allele for a spotted coat (A) and one allele for a black coat (a). So, Apollo's genotype for the coat pattern gene is Aa.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What can Justine and Norma trade to each get what they want?",
    "choices":[
      "Norma can trade her broccoli for Justine's oranges.",
      "Justine can trade her tomatoes for Norma's carrots.",
      "Norma can trade her almonds for Justine's tomatoes.",
      "Justine can trade her tomatoes for Norma's broccoli."
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":"Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.\nJustine and Norma open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Neither Justine nor Norma got everything that they wanted. The table below shows which items they each wanted:\n\nLook at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.\nJustine's lunch Norma's lunch",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Trade and specialization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the table and images.\nJustine wants broccoli. Norma wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9863\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence so that it uses personification.\nThe smoke detector, which had long been silent, suddenly () with a loud ring.",
    "choices":[
      "awoke",
      "went off"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Creative techniques",
    "skill":"Use personification",
    "lecture":"Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point. The trees danced in the wind. The word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.",
    "solution":"Complete the sentence with the word awoke. It describes the smoke detector as if it were a person who is waking up.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a simple sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "The package includes some old letters from my grandma to my dad and a broken pocket watch.",
      "Unless the weather forecast is wrong, you'll probably need an umbrella tomorrow."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple, compound, or complex?",
    "lecture":"A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence. the oranges on our tree are ripe The clause can stand alone. It is independent. after we pick up Kevin from work The clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent. A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause. Ben and I spent all day relaxing by the pool. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat. Ben usually wears his heavy coat in the winter. A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. We saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while. If she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.",
    "solution":"The first sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.\nThe package includes some old letters from my grandma to my dad and a broken pocket watch.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the mass of a goat?",
    "choices":[
      "33 grams",
      "33 kilograms"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of mass",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Mass is a measurement of how much matter something contains. There are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms. There are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram. A paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the mass of a goat is 33 kilograms.\n33 grams is too light.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\nbaking an apple pie\ncooking an egg",
    "choices":[
      "Both are caused by cooling.",
      "Both are caused by heating.",
      "Both are only physical changes."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nBaking an apple pie is a chemical change. The type of matter in the pie changes. The apples become soft, and the crust turns brown.\nCooking an egg is a chemical change. The heat causes the matter in the egg to change. Cooked eggs and raw eggs are made of different types of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBoth changes are caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material, but some of them are different sizes and shapes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger.",
    "solution":"Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.\nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9910\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Oregon?",
    "choices":[
      "Boise",
      "Salem",
      "Portland",
      "Juneau"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify the 50 state capitals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Salem is the capital of Oregon.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9911\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is the Nile River?",
    "choices":[
      "4,250 feet",
      "4,250 inches",
      "4,250 miles",
      "4,250 yards"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of distance, mass, and volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles. There are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile. A football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the length of the Nile River is 4,250 miles.\n4,250 inches, 4,250 feet, and 4,250 yards are all too short.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these four objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "translucent",
      "soft",
      "sour"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Select the best answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA lemon has a sour taste. All four objects are sour.\nA translucent object lets light through. But you cannot see clearly through a translucent object. The green apple is not translucent.\nA soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. The dill pickles, the lime, and the lemon are soft, but the green apple is not.\nThe property that all four objects have in common is sour.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9914\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ncandle - coffee",
    "choices":[
      "crib",
      "clam"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince clam is between the guide words candle - coffee, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\n\"This is the best day of my life,\" Mr. Garrison mumbled after his car broke down on the way to an important job interview.",
    "choices":[
      "Mr. Garrison liked fixing cars.",
      "Mr. Garrison was having a bad day."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.",
    "solution":"The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nThe best day of my life ironically suggests that Mr. Garrison was having a bad day. He was having the opposite of a good day because his car broke down when he needed to be on time.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Georgia?",
    "choices":[
      "Portland",
      "Atlanta",
      "Springfield",
      "Austin"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Southeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Atlanta is the capital of Georgia.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9919\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Would you find the word ghost on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ngallop - glad",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince ghost is between the guide words gallop - glad, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest west?",
    "choices":[
      "Missouri",
      "Alabama",
      "Texas",
      "Delaware"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Maps",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Texas is farthest west.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9925\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Using only these supplies, which question can Ariel investigate with an experiment?",
    "choices":[
      "Does a cell phone charge more quickly when it is turned on or when it is turned off?",
      "Does a tablet charge faster with a two-foot-long charging cable or a five-foot-long charging cable?",
      "Does a cell phone charge faster when plugged into a wall outlet or into a computer?"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Ariel notices that her cell phone charges more quickly sometimes and more slowly other times. She wonders what factors affect how quickly a phone charges. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\none cell phone\na two-foot-long charging cable\na five-foot-long charging cable\na stopwatch\na wall outlet",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which material is this shield made of?",
    "choices":[
      "ceramic",
      "metal"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Identify materials in objects",
    "lecture":"A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the shield.\nThe shield is made of metal.\nPeople can use metal shields to protect themselves. Metal is strong. A sharp sword might dent a shield, but a strong shield is hard to break.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9930\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nThe salesperson tried hard to convince Rob that the jacket was a good buy; after all, it was made of genuine imitation leather.",
    "choices":[
      "hyperbole",
      "oxymoron"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify figures of speech: euphemism, hyperbole, oxymoron, paradox",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! An oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Some reviewers are calling this book a new classic. A paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Always expect the unexpected.",
    "solution":"The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nGenuine imitation leather is a contradiction, because genuine means real, and imitation means fake or synthetic.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest west?",
    "choices":[
      "Ohio",
      "Connecticut",
      "Nevada",
      "Maryland"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Maps",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Nevada is farthest west.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9945\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is Daphnia pulex made up of many cells?",
    "choices":[
      "no",
      "yes"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This organism is Daphnia pulex. It is a member of the animal kingdom.\nDaphnia pulex lives in lakes and ponds. D. pulex can sense chemicals that its predators release into the water. When D. pulex senses that a predator is nearby, it can grow sharp spikes on its head! These spikes make D. pulex harder to eat.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Describe, classify, and compare kingdoms",
    "lecture":"In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms. Organisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom. <br\/><br\/>  | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | Plants<br\/> How many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | many<br\/> Do their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yes<br\/> Can their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes<br\/>",
    "solution":"Daphnia pulex is an animal. Animals are made up of many cells.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9951\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of North Carolina?",
    "choices":[
      "Raleigh",
      "Little Rock",
      "Columbia",
      "Santa Fe"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Southeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Raleigh is the capital of North Carolina.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9956\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1.",
      "The strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Compare strengths of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together.",
    "solution":"Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.\nThe magnets in Pair 2 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9964\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which better describes the De Biesbosch National Park ecosystem?",
    "choices":[
      "It has land that is covered with water during most of the year. It also has other water ecosystems nearby.",
      "It has soil that is poor in nutrients. It also has other water ecosystems nearby."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Figure: De Biesbosch National Park.\nDe Biesbosch National Park is a wetland ecosystem in the Netherlands.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Describe ecosystems",
    "lecture":"An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other: the pattern of weather, or climate the type of soil or water the organisms that live there",
    "solution":"A wetland is a type of ecosystem. Wetlands have the following features: land that is covered with water during most of the year, soil that is rich in nutrients, and other water ecosystems nearby. So, De Biesbosch National Park has land that is covered with water during most of the year. It also has other water ecosystems nearby.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9965\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which object has more thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "a bowl of oatmeal at a temperature of 70\u00b0F",
      "a bowl of oatmeal at a temperature of 80\u00b0F"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The objects are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Heat and thermal energy",
    "skill":"How is temperature related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.",
    "solution":"The two bowls of oatmeal have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 80\u00b0F bowl of oatmeal is hotter than the 70\u00b0F bowl of oatmeal, it has more thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a paintbrush?",
    "choices":[
      "26 millimeters",
      "26 centimeters",
      "26 kilometers",
      "26 meters"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of distance, mass, and volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter. The tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long. A red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the length of a paintbrush is 26 centimeters.\n26 millimeters is too short. 26 meters and 26 kilometers are too long.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What can Patrick and Isabelle trade to each get what they want?",
    "choices":[
      "Isabelle can trade her almonds for Patrick's tomatoes.",
      "Patrick can trade his tomatoes for Isabelle's sandwich.",
      "Patrick can trade his tomatoes for Isabelle's broccoli.",
      "Isabelle can trade her broccoli for Patrick's oranges."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.\nPatrick and Isabelle open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Both of them could be happier with their lunches. Patrick wanted broccoli in his lunch and Isabelle was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Trade and specialization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Patrick wanted broccoli in his lunch and Isabelle was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.\nPatrick has tomatoes. Isabelle has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9972\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which solution has a higher concentration of green particles?",
    "choices":[
      "Solution B",
      "Solution A",
      "neither; their concentrations are the same"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each green ball represents one particle of solute.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Compare concentrations of solutions",
    "lecture":"A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent. concentration = particles of solute \/ volume of solvent",
    "solution":"In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.\nSolution A has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of green particles.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9978\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Would you find the word border on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nbandage - breeze",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince border is between the guide words bandage - breeze, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the expected ratio of offspring with blue body feathers to offspring with green body feathers? Choose the most likely ratio.",
    "choices":[
      "4:0",
      "0:4",
      "3:1",
      "2:2",
      "1:3"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"In a group of budgerigar parakeets, some individuals have green body feathers and others have blue body feathers. In this group, the gene for the body feather color trait has two alleles. The allele for green body feathers (B) is dominant over the allele for blue body feathers (b).\nThis Punnett square shows a cross between two budgerigar parakeets.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Use Punnett squares to calculate ratios of offspring types",
    "lecture":"Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive? How do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. If an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait. If an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait. A Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type. For example, consider the Punnett square below. <br\/><br\/>  | F | f<br\/> F | FF | Ff<br\/> f | Ff | ff<br\/> <br\/> There is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.",
    "solution":"To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with blue body feathers or green body feathers, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the body feather color trait. The question tells you that the B allele, which is for green body feathers, is dominant over the b allele, which is for blue body feathers.\nBlue body feathers is the recessive allele's version of the body feather color trait. A budgerigar parakeet with the recessive version of the body feather color trait must have only recessive alleles for the body feather color gene. So, offspring with blue body feathers must have the genotype bb.\nThere are 0 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype bb.\nGreen body feathers is the dominant allele's version of the body feather color trait. A budgerigar parakeet with the dominant version of the body feather color trait must have at least one dominant allele for the body feather color gene. So, offspring with green body feathers must have the genotype BB or Bb.\nAll 4 boxes in the Punnett square have the genotype BB or Bb.\nSo, the expected ratio of offspring with blue body feathers to offspring with green body feathers is 0:4. This means that, based on the Punnett square, this cross will never produce offspring with blue body feathers. Instead, this cross is expected to always produce offspring with green body feathers.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9981\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these oceans does the prime meridian intersect?",
    "choices":[
      "the Arctic Ocean",
      "the Pacific Ocean",
      "the Indian Ocean"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Maps",
    "skill":"Use lines of latitude and longitude",
    "lecture":"Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps. Lines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there. Lines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator. Lines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles. The equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W. Together, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place.",
    "solution":"The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects the Arctic Ocean. It does not intersect the Indian Ocean or the Pacific Ocean.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9983\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Nevada?",
    "choices":[
      "Carson City",
      "Salem",
      "Boise",
      "Honolulu"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Carson City is the capital of Nevada.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9989\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "Mississippi",
      "Delaware",
      "South Carolina",
      "Indiana"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"Colonial America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is Delaware.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9991\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal's limbs are also adapted for swimming?",
    "choices":[
      "bottlenose dolphin",
      "nilgai"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Northern elephant seals live along the coast of the Pacific Ocean. They spend a lot of time hunting fish at sea.\nThe  has four flippers for limbs. Its limbs are adapted for swimming.\nFigure: northern elephant seal.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: feet and limbs",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. Arms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the northern elephant seal.\nThe northern elephant seal uses its flippers to push itself through water. The flippers can also help it change direction while swimming.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe bottlenose dolphin has flippers. Its limbs are adapted for swimming.\nThe nilgai has long legs. Its limbs are not adapted for swimming. The nilgai uses its limbs to walk and run on land.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/9997\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Algernon's genotype for the body size gene?",
    "choices":[
      "bb",
      "a dwarf body"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"In a group of rats, some individuals have a normal-sized body and others have a dwarf body. In this group, the gene for the body size trait has two alleles. The allele B is for a normal-sized body, and the allele b is for a dwarf body.\nAlgernon, a rat from this group, has a dwarf body. Algernon has two alleles for a dwarf body.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.",
    "solution":"An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Algernon has two alleles for a dwarf body (b). So, Algernon's genotype for the body size gene is bb.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?",
    "choices":[
      "Several competent city council members have been elected in Seaside, but the mayor's office has prevented the council members from significantly influencing policy.",
      "The citizens of Seaside have elected several competent city council members, but the mayor's office has prevented them from significantly influencing policy."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Pronouns",
    "skill":"Identify vague pronoun references",
    "lecture":"When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.",
    "solution":"The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them could refer to the citizens or several competent city council members.\nThe citizens of Seaside have elected several competent city council members, but the mayor's office has prevented them from significantly influencing policy.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nSeveral competent city council members have been elected in Seaside, but the mayor's office has prevented the council members from significantly influencing policy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which trait did Coelodonta have? Select the trait you can observe on the fossil.",
    "choices":[
      "a black snout",
      "four legs"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This picture shows a fossil of an ancient animal called Coelodonta.\nCoelodonta was hunted by early humans and went extinct about 10,000 years ago.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Fossils",
    "skill":"Compare fossils to modern organisms",
    "lecture":"The way an organism looks or acts is called a trait. Scientists use fossils to learn more about the traits of ancient organisms. Fossils can preserve the remains of body parts and activities. A fossil of a body part, such as a tail or a wing, can tell you what an organism looked like. A fossil of an organism's activities, such as a burrow or a footprint, can tell you about the organism's behavior. Here are three examples of fossils and the traits that you can observe from them: This is a fossil of an animal. This fossil tells you that the animal had a spiral-shaped shell. This is a fossil of a plant. This fossil tells you that the plant had small leaves arranged in a branched pattern. This is a fossil of an animal's footprint. This fossil tells you that the animal could walk on land. An organism's fossil may not show all of the organism's traits. This is because most body parts are destroyed during fossil formation. When an organism's body turns into a fossil, only a few body parts are usually preserved.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10007\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which sentence states a fact?",
    "choices":[
      "For someone who has never read Charles Dickens, David Copperfield is the best novel to start with.",
      "In the 1840s, American fans of Charles Dickens hosted a \"Boz Ball\" in New York to honor the writer."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Distinguish facts from opinions",
    "lecture":"A fact is something that can be proved by research or observation. Napoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI. The statement above is a fact. The statement can be proved by researching the height of each man and comparing them. An opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved. Napoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI. The statement above is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" leader, so the statement cannot be proved.",
    "solution":"The first sentence states a fact.\nIn the 1840 s, American fans of Charles Dickens hosted a \"Boz Ball\" in New York to honor the writer.\nIt can be proved by reading a biography of Charles Dickens.\nThe second sentence states an opinion.\nFor someone who has never read Charles Dickens, David Copperfield is the best novel to start with.\nBest shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about which of Dickens's novels is best for a reader new to Dickens.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the reptile below.",
    "choices":[
      "water buffalo",
      "gharial",
      "salmon",
      "black howler"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Reptiles have scaly, waterproof skin. Most reptiles live on land.\nReptiles are cold-blooded. The body temperature of cold-blooded animals depends on their environment.\nA tortoise is an example of a reptile.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals.",
    "solution":"A salmon is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nUnlike most other fish, salmon can live in both fresh water and salt water.\nA water buffalo is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.\nWater buffaloes live in Asia. Some people raise water buffaloes for their milk.\nA black howler is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.\nHowler monkeys have loud calls, or howls. Their calls can be heard over three miles away!\nA gharial is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nGharials are a type of crocodile. Gharials live near rivers and eat fish.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10014\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is the main persuasive appeal used in this ad?",
    "choices":[
      "logos (reason)",
      "pathos (emotion)",
      "ethos (character)"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Persuasive strategies",
    "skill":"Identify appeals to ethos, pathos, and logos in advertisements",
    "lecture":"The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals: Appeals to ethos, or character, show that the writer or speaker is trustworthy or is an authority on a subject. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following: say that a brand has been trusted for many years note that a brand is recommended by a respected organization or celebrity include a quote from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's values Appeals to logos, or reason, use logic and specific evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following: use graphs or charts to display information mention the results of scientific studies explain the science behind a product or service Appeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following: trigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassment appeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractive link the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury",
    "solution":"The ad appeals to pathos, or emotion. It links the product to feelings of love and family.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10026\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a hammer?",
    "choices":[
      "7 feet",
      "7 miles",
      "7 inches",
      "7 yards"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of distance, mass, and volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles. There are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile. A football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the length of a hammer is 7 inches.\n7 feet, 7 yards, and 7 miles are all too long.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence.\nMixing copper and tin to make bronze is a ().",
    "choices":[
      "chemical change",
      "physical change"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule. In a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Burning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns. In a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.",
    "solution":"Mixing copper and tin to make bronze is a physical change. To make bronze, a furnace melts the copper and tin so that they can be mixed easily.\nSolid bronze forms when the mixture cools. The copper and tin are now combined as bronze. But they are still made of the same types of matter as before.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Answer the riddle.\nI am food.\nI am sweet.\nYou may eat me on your birthday.\nWhat am I?",
    "choices":[
      "an apple",
      "a cake"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade1",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"vocabulary",
    "category":"Comprehension strategies",
    "skill":"What am I?",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"A cake is food.\nA cake is sweet.\nYou may eat cake on your birthday.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these three objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "slippery",
      "yellow",
      "rough"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the best answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. All three objects are slippery.\nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. The wet paint and the jello are not rough.\nYellow is a color.\nThis color is yellow. The wet paint and the jello are not yellow.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is slippery.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10038\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a compound sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "The engine in the car makes a strange noise.",
      "Drivers should stop talking on their phones, or they should pull over."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple or compound?",
    "lecture":"A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate. The pitcher threw the ball to first base. A compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. The pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it. Some simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences. Anna and James will watch the fireworks tonight. This simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James. The singers bowed and walked off the stage. This simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat. This is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.",
    "solution":"The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction or.\nDrivers should stop talking on their phones, or they should pull over.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which tense does the sentence use?\nMr. Brady will mail those letters.",
    "choices":[
      "present tense",
      "past tense",
      "future tense"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"verbs",
    "category":"Verb tense",
    "skill":"Is the sentence in the past, present, or future tense?",
    "lecture":"Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now. Most present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es. Two verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms. Past tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened. Most past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed. Some verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms. Future tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen. All future-tense verbs use the word will. <br\/><br\/> Present | Past | Future<br\/> walk, walks | walked | will walk<br\/> go, goes | went | will go<br\/>",
    "solution":"The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, mail. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which type of sentence is this?\nElena is a competitive horseback rider, and she will be competing in the next World Equestrian Games, which are held every four years.",
    "choices":[
      "complex",
      "simple",
      "compound-complex",
      "compound"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Phrases and clauses",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex?",
    "lecture":"A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence. the oranges on our tree are ripe The clause can stand alone. It is independent. after we pick up Kevin from work The clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent. A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause. Ben and I spent all day relaxing by the pool. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat. Ben usually wears his heavy coat in the winter. A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. We saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose. If she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. During his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome. A compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. After Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym. Sometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause. Orcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.",
    "solution":"The sentence is compound-complex. It is made up of two independent clauses and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the relative pronoun which.\nElena is a competitive horseback rider, and she will be competing in the next World Equestrian Games, which are held every four years.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal is also adapted for flight?",
    "choices":[
      "Cape vulture",
      "gaur"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Flying foxes live in the forests of Southeast Asia and Australia. The  has wings. It is adapted for flight.\nFigure: flying fox.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: feet and limbs",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. Arms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the flying fox.\nThe flying fox has large, powerful wings. It is adapted for flight. Long, powerful wings help the flying fox travel long distances by air.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe Cape vulture has large, powerful wings. It is adapted for flight.\nThe gaur has long legs. It is not adapted for flight. The gaur uses its legs to walk and run.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10055\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following was an independent variable in this experiment?",
    "choices":[
      "the amount of light produced by the light bulb",
      "the type of metal sheet used in the circuit"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and think about the variables that are described.\n\nCameron designed an electric circuit to test how well different types of metal conduct electricity. The circuit included a battery, a light bulb, wires, and clips that could be attached to a sheet of metal. If the metal conducted electricity poorly, the light bulb would appear dim. If the metal conducted electricity well, the light bulb would appear bright.\nCameron collected nine equally sized sheets of metal: three sheets of copper, three sheets of iron, and three sheets of aluminum. He used the clips to attach each metal sheet, one sheet at a time, to the circuit. For each sheet, Cameron used a light meter to measure how much light the bulb produced.\nHint: An independent variable is a variable whose effect you are investigating. A dependent variable is a variable that you measure.\nFigure: clips attached to a sheet of copper in a circuit.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify independent and dependent variables",
    "lecture":"Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to find out how one variable affects another variable. For example, imagine that you want to find out if fertilizer affects the number of tomatoes a tomato plant grows. To answer this question, you decide to set up two equal groups of tomato plants. Then, you add fertilizer to the soil of the plants in one group but not in the other group. Later, you measure the effect of the fertilizer by counting the number of tomatoes on each plant. In this experiment, the amount of fertilizer added to the soil and the number of tomatoes were both variables. The amount of fertilizer added to the soil was an independent variable because it was the variable whose effect you were investigating. This type of variable is called independent because its value does not depend on what happens after the experiment begins. Instead, you decided to give fertilizer to some plants and not to others. The number of tomatoes was a dependent variable because it was the variable you were measuring. This type of variable is called dependent because its value can depend on what happens in the experiment.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10059\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Assume all other forces on Cassie are balanced. Which statement describes the forces on Cassie?",
    "choices":[
      "The forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Cassie.",
      "The forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Cassie."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Cassie is sitting on a roller coaster cart as it reaches the bottom of a big loop. Earth's gravity is pulling down on Cassie with a force of 600N. The seat of the cart is pushing up on Cassie with a force of 1,200N.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Balanced and unbalanced forces",
    "lecture":"A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces. When opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object. When opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object.",
    "solution":"To determine if there is a net force on Cassie, look at the forces:\nEarth's gravity is pulling Cassie down with a force of 600 N.\nThe seat of the cart is pushing Cassie up with a force of 1,200 N.\nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have different magnitudes: 600 N and 1,200 N. This means that the forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Cassie.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on clues in the text, how did fossil evidence help scientists explain the huge number of beetle species?",
    "choices":[
      "It helped scientists learn that beetle species only appeared after Earth's most recent ice age.",
      "It helped scientists figure out which ancient animal species were most likely to eat beetles.",
      "It let scientists compare ancient beetles' wing structure to modern beetles' wing structure.",
      "It let scientists compare the number of extinct beetles to the number of other extinct species."
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":"Read the text about beetles.\nThere are more species of beetles than any other life-form on Earth. About 380,000 species of beetles are known to exist, and more are discovered all the time. There are several theories about why there are so many different beetles, but fossils give us one clue. Using fossils, scientists can see how many ancient species used to exist but are now extinct. They found that beetles have the lowest extinction rates of any animal ever. This means that beetle species don't die out as often as other animals. Beetles seem to have an edge over other creatures.\nOne of the reasons beetles thrive is their body design. Most beetle species have two pairs of wings. The front pair is hard and thick like a helmet. These wings protect the rear set of wings and the beetle's abdomen. The front wings are not used for flying. Instead, the wings shield the beetle's veins and other soft parts from harm.\nBeetle species live all over the world and have many different types of food available to them. Most beetles are omnivores. That means they eat both plants and animals. Their flexible diets help them adapt to different habitats, even when a certain food source becomes scarce. Beetles can find something to eat, no matter what.\nFinally, beetles can move quickly over long distances. If there are any harmful changes to their environment, they can usually find a better place to live. For example, many animal species have died out during ice ages, when Earth's temperature has dropped for a long time. But many beetles survived this dangerous time. Beetles quickly notice temperature changes in their environment. So, they can quickly respond by migrating to a warmer place. No wonder there are so many beetles in the world. They have what it takes to stay alive.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reading-comprehension",
    "category":"Informational texts: level 1",
    "skill":"Read passages about animals",
    "lecture":"Informational texts include many facts, examples, and details. Authors don't always directly state how these things connect to each other. So, you may need to make guesses, or inferences, to understand how the ideas from the text fit together. Inferences can help you understand the whole text and draw conclusions about the information. Be sure to base your inferences on details found in the text as well as things you already know.",
    "solution":"Think about these details from the text:\nFossils can show how many ancient species have gone extinct.\nFossil evidence shows that beetles die out less often than any other animal.\nBeetles' low extinction rate helps explain the large number of beetle species.\nIn order to show that beetles die out less often than other animals, scientists must have compared different animals' extinction rates. To do this, they would need to figure out how many ancient species have gone extinct.\nBased on these clues, you can guess that fossil evidence let scientists compare the number of extinct beetles to the number of other extinct animals. This helped them figure out that beetles die out less often than other animals, which explains the huge number of beetle species.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10077\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"After the Akkadian Empire ended, many cities and empires tried to control Mesopotamia. Around the 1790s BCE, which empire started controlling Mesopotamia?",
    "choices":[
      "the Babylonian Empire",
      "the Akkadian Empire",
      "the Neo-Sumerian Empire",
      "the Elamite Empire"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Look at the table. Then answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"world-history",
    "category":"Ancient Mesopotamia",
    "skill":"Mesopotamian empires",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the table.\nThe abbreviation \"ca.\" stands for the Latin word, circa. Circa means \"about.\" It indicates when a date is estimated. So, around 1792 BCE, the Babylonian Empire started controlling Mesopotamia.\nThe Babylonian (ba-bih-LOH-nee-in) Empire came after the Akkadian and Neo-Sumerian empires. The capital of the Babylonian Empire was the city of Babylon (BA-bih-lahn).",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10078\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Tuvalu",
      "Solomon Islands",
      "the Marshall Islands",
      "Fiji"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Oceania: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of Oceania",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is Fiji.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10079\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?",
    "choices":[
      "climate",
      "weather"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Figure: Gobi Desert.\nA high pressure system can push clouds out of an area. It has been clear in the Gobi Desert all week because of a high pressure system in the region.\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Weather and climate around the world",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the passage carefully.\nA high pressure system can push clouds out of an area. It has been clear in the Gobi Desert all week because of a high pressure system in the region.\nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the barometric pressure in the Gobi Desert this week. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10082\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the statement.\nChloromethane is ().",
    "choices":[
      "an elementary substance",
      "a compound"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The model below represents a molecule of chloromethane. Chloromethane is found in chemicals that some farmers use to kill weeds.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"Classify elementary substances and compounds using models",
    "lecture":"There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you. A substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl. Scientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride. In a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance.",
    "solution":"Use the model to determine whether chloromethane is an elementary substance or a compound.\nStep 1: Interpret the model.\n.\nUse the legend to determine the chemical element represented by each color. The colors and atomic symbols from the legend are shown in the table below. The table also includes the names of the chemical elements represented in the model.\nYou can see from the model that a molecule of chloromethane is composed of three hydrogen atoms, one carbon atom, and one chlorine atom bonded together.\nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.\nYou know from Step 1 that chloromethane is composed of three chemical elements: hydrogen, carbon, and chlorine. Since chloromethane is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, chloromethane is a compound.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10085\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Isabella inherited this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Isabella and her mother both have short hair.",
      "Isabella's parents were born with wavy hair. They passed down this trait to Isabella."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nIsabella has wavy hair.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ncartoon - character",
    "choices":[
      "condemn",
      "cease"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince cease is between the guide words cartoon - character, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles?",
    "choices":[
      "neither; their concentrations are the same",
      "Solution B",
      "Solution A"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each purple ball represents one particle of solute.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Compare concentrations of solutions",
    "lecture":"A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent. concentration = particles of solute \/ volume of solvent",
    "solution":"In Solution A and Solution B, the purple particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles, look at both the number of purple particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of purple particles per milliliter.\nSolution B has more purple particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of purple particles.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10092\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word does not rhyme?",
    "choices":[
      "dine",
      "heat",
      "mine"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade1",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"phonological-awareness",
    "category":"Rhyming",
    "skill":"Which word does not rhyme?",
    "lecture":"Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound. The words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound. The words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound. The words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.",
    "solution":"The words dine and mine rhyme. They both end with the ine sound.\nThe word heat does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Terrell acquired this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Terrell learned how to build a fire at summer camp.",
      "Terrell can cook food over a fire."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nTerrell knows how to build a fire.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nIvan's Falstaffian nature makes him stand out at a party.",
    "choices":[
      "Shakespeare",
      "Greek mythology"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. The protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose. The word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion Falstaffian is Shakespeare.\nSir John Falstaff, a comical character in several of William Shakespeare's plays, is known for his cheerful sociability and sometimes off-color humor.\nThe allusion Falstaffian means characterized by joviality and enjoyment of food and drink.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the living thing.",
    "choices":[
      "soccer ball",
      "pine tree"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify living and nonliving things",
    "lecture":"All living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. Living things use this energy to grow and change. All living things grow and change during their lives. All living things sense changes in the world around them. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense.",
    "solution":"A soccer ball is not a living thing.\nSoccer balls do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to the world around them. They do not need food or water.\nA pine tree is a living thing.\nPine trees grow and respond to the world around them. They need food and water.\nPine trees are plants. They make their own food using water, carbon dioxide, and energy from sunlight.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence.\nThe mutation in the () affected the structure and function of the ().",
    "choices":[
      "FliG protein . . . FliG gene",
      "FliG gene . . . FliG protein"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The following passage describes the effects of a gene mutation, which is a permanent change in a gene. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below.\n\nCertain types of Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria have long, thin structures called flagella. The flagella on these bacteria can spin. This motion propels the bacteria and allows them to move through their environments.\nFlagella are assembled from many different proteins that stick to each other. Parts of the E. coli flagella are made up of a protein called FliG. The FliG protein is encoded by the FliG gene.\nScientists discovered some E. coli cells that had no flagella. These bacteria had a mutation in the FliG gene. Compared to the FliG gene without a mutation, the mutated FliG gene encoded a form of the FliG protein with a different structure.\nThis different form of the FliG protein could not stick to other flagella proteins.\nFigure: an E. coli cell with flagella.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Describe the effects of gene mutations on organisms",
    "lecture":"An organism's genes contain information about its proteins. Each gene encodes, or contains the instructions for making, one protein or a group of proteins. A permanent change in a gene is called a mutation. Because a mutation changes a gene, the mutation may change the structure of the protein encoded by that gene. The function of a protein depends on its structure. So, if a mutation in a gene changes a protein's structure, the mutation may also change the protein's function. An organism's observable traits are affected by the functions of its proteins. So, a gene mutation that affects a protein's function may also affect an organism's observable traits.",
    "solution":"A mutation in a gene may affect the protein it encodes.\nSo, the mutation in the FliG gene affected the structure and function of the FliG protein.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10118\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following could Anita's test show?",
    "choices":[
      "whether she added enough nutrients to help the bacteria produce 20% more insulin",
      "whether producing more insulin would help the bacteria grow faster",
      "whether different types of bacteria would need different nutrients to produce insulin"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design.\nThe passage below describes how the engineering-design process was used to test a solution to a problem. Read the passage. Then answer the question below.\n\nPeople with diabetes sometimes take a medicine made from insulin. Insulin can be made by a special type of bacteria. Anita was a bioengineer who wanted to increase the amount of insulin that the bacteria produced by 20%. She read that giving the bacteria more nutrients could affect the amount of insulin they produced. So, Anita gave extra nutrients to some of the bacteria. Then, she measured how much insulin those bacteria produced compared to bacteria that did not get extra nutrients.\nFigure: studying bacteria in a laboratory.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Engineering practices",
    "skill":"Evaluate tests of engineering-design solutions",
    "lecture":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured. Imagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves. First, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind. Then, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved. Tests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10134\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest south?",
    "choices":[
      "Maine",
      "Kentucky",
      "South Dakota",
      "Washington"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Kentucky is farthest south.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10135\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a run-on sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "The judge talks about the new law everyone listens.",
      "Opened the front door for Mr. Garrett."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is it a complete sentence, a fragment, or a run-on?",
    "lecture":"A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb. My friends walk along the path. A sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb. Knows the answer. This is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject. Who knows the answer? She knows the answer. The bright red car. This is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb. What did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped. A run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma. I knocked on the door it opened. It started raining, we ran inside. To fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence. I knocked on the door. It opened. It started raining. We ran inside. You can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. I knocked on the door, and it opened. It started raining, so we ran inside.",
    "solution":"The judge talks about the new law everyone listens is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without end punctuation: The judge talks about the new law and Everyone listens.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles?",
    "choices":[
      "neither; their concentrations are the same",
      "Solution B",
      "Solution A"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each blue ball represents one particle of solute.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Compare concentrations of solutions",
    "lecture":"A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent. concentration = particles of solute \/ volume of solvent",
    "solution":"In Solution A and Solution B, the blue particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles, look at both the number of blue particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of blue particles per milliliter.\nSolution B has more blue particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of blue particles.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10143\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest north?",
    "choices":[
      "North Carolina",
      "Texas",
      "Mississippi",
      "Missouri"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Maps",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Missouri is farthest north.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10145\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "attract",
      "repel"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces. Magnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S). Here are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles. If opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10147\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal is also adapted to be camouflaged among dead leaves?",
    "choices":[
      "plated leaf chameleon",
      "snowy owl"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Leaf-mimic grasshoppers live in tropical forests around the world. This grasshopper is adapted to be camouflaged among dead leaves.\nFigure: leaf-mimic grasshopper.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: skins and body coverings",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the leaf-mimic grasshopper.\nThe leaf-mimic grasshopper has a reddish-brown body. It is adapted to be camouflaged among dead leaves, which often have a reddish or brownish color. The word camouflage means to blend in.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe plated leaf chameleon has reddish-brown scales coverings its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged among dead leaves, which often have a reddish or brownish color.\nThe snowy owl has white feathers covering its body. It is not adapted to be camouflaged among dead leaves.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10152\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nMichelle's Boutique claims to have \"something for everyone,\" but it is generally understood that their target market is women of a certain age.",
    "choices":[
      "euphemism",
      "oxymoron"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify the figure of speech: euphemism, hyperbole, oxymoron, paradox",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! An oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Some reviewers are calling this book a new classic. A paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Always expect the unexpected.",
    "solution":"The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nOf a certain age is an indirect and generally more polite way of referring to older people.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Would you find the word stork on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nshy - single",
    "choices":[
      "no",
      "yes"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince stork is not between the guide words shy - single, it would not be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following organisms is the tertiary consumer in this food web?",
    "choices":[
      "black racer",
      "silver maple",
      "beaver",
      "black bear"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Below is a food web from Shenandoah National Park, a forest ecosystem in Virginia.\nA food web models how the matter eaten by organisms moves through an ecosystem. The arrows in a food web represent how matter moves between organisms in an ecosystem.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecological interactions",
    "skill":"Interpret food webs I",
    "lecture":"A food web is a model. A food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food. Arrows show how matter moves. A food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating. An organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web. An organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web.",
    "solution":"Tertiary consumers eat secondary consumers. So, in a food web, tertiary consumers have arrows pointing to them from secondary consumers. Secondary consumers have arrows pointing to them from primary consumers. And primary consumers have arrows pointing to them from producers.\nThe beaver has an arrow pointing to it from the silver maple. The silver maple is not a secondary consumer, so the beaver is not a tertiary consumer.\nThe gray fox has an arrow pointing to it from the pine vole. The pine vole is a secondary consumer, so the gray fox is a tertiary consumer.\nThe black racer has an arrow pointing to it from the pine vole. The pine vole is a secondary consumer, so the black racer is a tertiary consumer.\nThe black bear has arrows pointing to it from the persimmon tree, the swallowtail caterpillar, and the beaver. None of these organisms is a secondary consumer, so the black bear is not a tertiary consumer.\nThe silver maple does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the silver maple is not a tertiary consumer.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10157\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nAt twenty-one, Brad felt overwhelmed with adult responsibilities and wished he could fly off to Neverland.",
    "choices":[
      "allusion",
      "simile"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify figures of speech: review",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Alliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words. What a lucky little lady you are! An allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. An idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned. The assignment was a piece of cake. A simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike. The cat's fur was as dark as the night. A metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as. The snow formed a blanket over the town. Onomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound. The scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat. Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. The trees danced in the wind. A pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning. A great new broom is sweeping the nation. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.",
    "solution":"The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nNeverland alludes to the story of Peter Pan, a boy who lived in Neverland and never grew up.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What can Eli and Pedro trade to each get what they want?",
    "choices":[
      "Pedro can trade his almonds for Eli's tomatoes.",
      "Pedro can trade his broccoli for Eli's oranges.",
      "Eli can trade his tomatoes for Pedro's broccoli.",
      "Eli can trade his tomatoes for Pedro's carrots."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.\nEli and Pedro open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Neither Eli nor Pedro got everything that they wanted. The table below shows which items they each wanted:\n\nLook at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.\nEli's lunch Pedro's lunch",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Trade and specialization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the table and images.\nEli wants broccoli. Pedro wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10182\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Washington?",
    "choices":[
      "Spokane",
      "Salt Lake City",
      "Juneau",
      "Olympia"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify the 50 state capitals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Olympia is the capital of Washington.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10184\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which object has more thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "a bowl of oatmeal at a temperature of 70\u00b0F",
      "a bowl of oatmeal at a temperature of 75\u00b0F"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The objects are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Heat and thermal energy",
    "skill":"How is temperature related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.",
    "solution":"The two bowls of oatmeal have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 75\u00b0F bowl of oatmeal is hotter than the 70\u00b0F bowl of oatmeal, it has more thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which continent is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "South America",
      "Australia",
      "Africa",
      "Antarctica"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Physical Geography",
    "skill":"Oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents.",
    "solution":"This continent is Antarctica.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10194\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Lila acquired this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Lila's scar was caused by an accident. She cut her leg when she was climbing a tree.",
      "Some scars fade more quickly than others."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nLila has a scar on her left leg.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the reptile below.",
    "choices":[
      "tiger shark",
      "American toad",
      "piranha",
      "green sea turtle"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":"Reptiles have scaly, waterproof skin. Most reptiles live on land.\nReptiles are cold-blooded. The body temperature of cold-blooded animals depends on their environment.\nA tortoise is an example of a reptile.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals.",
    "solution":"An American toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.\nA tiger shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nTiger sharks are nocturnal. This means that they are active mostly at night.\nA piranha is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nPiranhas have sharp teeth. Piranhas hunt in groups. A group of piranhas can eat a large animal.\nA green sea turtle is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nSea turtles live in the water, but they lay their eggs on land.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10198\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nclutch - curse",
    "choices":[
      "capitol",
      "criminal"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince criminal is between the guide words clutch - curse, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?",
    "choices":[
      "Susan had witnessed a crime, so she made a call to report it. The operator promptly dispatched police to investigate the scene.",
      "Susan had witnessed a crime, so she made a call to report it. They promptly dispatched police to investigate the scene."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Pronouns",
    "skill":"Identify vague pronoun references",
    "lecture":"When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.",
    "solution":"The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. They has been replaced with the operator.\nSusan had witnessed a crime, so she made a call to report it. The operator promptly dispatched police to investigate the scene.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Can Megaptera novaeangliae cells make their own food?",
    "choices":[
      "no",
      "yes"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This organism is Megaptera novaeangliae. It is a member of the animal kingdom.\nMegaptera novaeangliae is commonly called a humpback whale. Humpback whales are famous for their underwater singing. They sing to communicate with one another over long distances. Male humpback whales can sing for up to 24 hours straight!",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Describe, classify, and compare kingdoms",
    "lecture":"In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms. Organisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom. <br\/><br\/>  | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | Plants<br\/> How many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | many<br\/> Do their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yes<br\/> Can their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes<br\/>",
    "solution":"Megaptera novaeangliae is an animal. Animal cells cannot make their own food. Animals get their food by digesting other organisms.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10213\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nNeil, you didn't vote in the last election, so you clearly have no regard for the democracy in which we live.",
    "choices":[
      "red herring: the use of a completely unrelated topic or idea",
      "false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> red herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that Neil must not care about democracy, because he didn't vote in the election. However, there may be a number of reasons why Neil didn't vote in the election. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the text to describe the diagram.\nSolute particles moved in both directions across the permeable membrane. But more solute particles moved across the membrane (). When there was an equal concentration on both sides, the particles reached equilibrium.",
    "choices":[
      "to the left than to the right",
      "to the right than to the left"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The diagram below shows a solution with one solute. Each solute particle is represented by a purple ball. The solution fills a closed container that is divided in half by a membrane. The membrane, represented by a dotted line, is permeable to the solute particles.\nThe diagram shows how the solution can change over time during the process of diffusion.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Diffusion across membranes",
    "lecture":"In a solution, solute particles move and spread throughout the solvent. The diagram below shows how a solution can change over time. Solute particles move from the area where they are at a higher concentration to the area where they are at a lower concentration. This movement happens through the process of diffusion. As a result of diffusion, the concentration of solute particles becomes equal throughout the solution. When this happens, the solute particles reach equilibrium. At equilibrium, the solute particles do not stop moving. But their concentration throughout the solution stays the same. Membranes, or thin boundaries, can divide solutions into parts. A membrane is permeable to a solute when particles of the solute can pass through gaps in the membrane. In this case, solute particles can move freely across the membrane from one side to the other. So, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more particles will move across a permeable membrane from the side with a higher concentration of solute particles to the side with a lower concentration. At equilibrium, the concentration on both sides of the membrane is equal.",
    "solution":"Look at the diagram again. It shows you how the solution changed during the process of diffusion.\nBefore the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 8 solute particles on the left side of the membrane and 2 solute particles on the right side of the membrane.\nWhen the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 5 solute particles on each side of the membrane. There were 3 more solute particles on the right side of the membrane than before.\nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more solute particles must have moved across the membrane to the right than to the left.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10234\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the action that doesn't belong.",
    "choices":[
      "join",
      "link",
      "stir",
      "attach"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"vocabulary",
    "category":"Categories",
    "skill":"Select the words that don't belong",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Stir doesn't belong.\nLink, attach, and join all name ways to connect things.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which greeting is correct for a letter?",
    "choices":[
      "dear Bella,",
      "Dear Bella,"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Greetings and closings of letters",
    "lecture":"A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue. Dear Aunt Sue, I'm glad you could come to my party, and thank you for the birthday gift. I could not have asked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think of you. With love, Rory",
    "solution":"The second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Bella is capitalized because it is a proper noun.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal's feet are also adapted for digging?",
    "choices":[
      "blue-footed booby",
      "honey badger"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Star-nosed moles are found in many parts of North America. They live in burrows. The moles eat earthworms and nuts, which they find in the soil. The feet of the  are adapted for digging.\nFigure: star-nosed mole.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: feet and limbs",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the star-nosed mole.\nThe star-nosed mole has long, straight claws. Its feet are adapted for digging. The star-nosed mole uses its claws to break up soil and move it out of the way.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe honey badger has long, straight claws. Its feet are adapted for digging.\nThe blue-footed booby has small claws and webbed feet. Its feet are not adapted for digging. The blue-footed booby uses its feet to swim.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10255\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of New Hampshire?",
    "choices":[
      "Tampa",
      "Annapolis",
      "Concord",
      "Manchester"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Northeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Concord is the capital of New Hampshire.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10260\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which closing is correct for a letter?",
    "choices":[
      "Yours truly,\nAnna",
      "Yours Truly,\nAnna"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Greetings and closings of letters",
    "lecture":"A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue. Dear Aunt Sue, I'm glad you could come to my party, and thank you for the birthday gift. I could not have asked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think of you. With love, Rory",
    "solution":"The first closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nWhitney, please stay away from the ocean. You shouldn't go in the water until you know how to swim.",
    "choices":[
      "paradox",
      "oxymoron"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify the figure of speech: euphemism, hyperbole, oxymoron, paradox",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! An oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Some reviewers are calling this book a new classic. A paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Always expect the unexpected.",
    "solution":"The text uses a paradox, a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nYou shouldn't go in the water until you know how to swim at first appears to be contradictory, because it is impossible to learn how to swim without going in the water. However, it contains some truth: you should not go into deep or dangerous water without first knowing how to swim.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal's skin is also adapted for survival in cold places?",
    "choices":[
      "armadillo lizard",
      "musk ox"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Arctic wolves live in the Canadian Arctic and Greenland. The 's skin is adapted to help the animal survive in cold places.\nFigure: Arctic wolf.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: skins and body coverings",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the Arctic wolf.\nThe Arctic wolf has thick fur covering its skin. Its skin is adapted for survival in cold places. The Arctic wolf uses its fur to keep warm in cold weather.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe musk ox has skin with thick fur on top and a thick layer of fat underneath it. Its skin is adapted for survival in cold places.\nThe armadillo lizard has scales covering much of its skin. Its skin is not adapted for survival in cold places.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10284\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nWhen I learned the details of Ariel's Faustian bargain, I was in disbelief.",
    "choices":[
      "literature",
      "history"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. Here, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion Faustian bargain is literature.\nIn a play by Christopher Marlowe based on the legend of Faust, a man strikes a deal with the devil. Disregarding the long-term consequences of his actions, he sells his soul in exchange for power.\nThe allusion Faustian bargain means a compromise of one's values for personal gain.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\nmilk going sour\ndeep-frying chicken",
    "choices":[
      "Both are only physical changes.",
      "Both are caused by cooling.",
      "Both are caused by heating.",
      "Both are chemical changes."
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Chemical reactions",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule. In a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns. In a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nMilk going sour is a chemical change. The type of matter in the milk slowly changes. The new matter that is formed gives the milk its sour taste.\nDeep-frying chicken is a chemical change. The heat causes the matter in the chicken to change. Cooked chicken and raw chicken are different types of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nCooking is caused by heating. But milk going sour is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Last year, there were seven men's clothing stores on Main Street in Lakeside. This year, there are only three. What probably happened to the overall supply of men's shirts in Lakeside?",
    "choices":[
      "The supply probably went up.",
      "The supply probably went down."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Supply and demand",
    "skill":"Understand overall supply and demand",
    "lecture":"Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply. <br\/><br\/>  | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand<br\/> Supply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up<br\/> Supply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down<br\/> <br\/> Producers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up.",
    "solution":"When four men's clothing stores closed on Main Street, the number of suppliers went down. There were fewer stores selling men's shirts. So, the supply of men's shirts probably went down.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is more flexible?",
    "choices":[
      "ice rink",
      "wool hat"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of materials",
    "lecture":"Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. A material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy. For example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.",
    "solution":"Flexible is a property. A flexible material can be bent without breaking easily.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine bending the material shown in each picture.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Brittany acquired this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Some scars fade more quickly than others.",
      "Brittany's scar was caused by an accident. She cut her leg when she was climbing a tree."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nBrittany has a scar on her left leg.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Heredity",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which correctly shows the title of a book?",
    "choices":[
      "***The Night at the Museum***",
      "\"The Night at the Museum\""
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Formatting titles",
    "lecture":"The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead. A Midsummer Night's Dream The title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks. \"You Are My Sunshine\"",
    "solution":"A book should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **The Night at the Museum**.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which sentence is more formal?",
    "choices":[
      "When the mayor learned that the local newspaper had printed an invasive story about her personal life, she flipped out.",
      "The mayor was furious when she learned that the local newspaper had printed an invasive story about her personal life."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Author's purpose and tone",
    "skill":"Which sentence is more formal?",
    "lecture":"Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing: <br\/><br\/> Type | Examples<br\/> slang | cool, awesome<br\/> idioms | knock your socks off<br\/> conversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah<br\/> abbreviated language | ASAP, FYI<br\/> overly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store<br\/> contractions | can't, won't<br\/> <br\/> Contractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing. Compare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal. Informal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners. Formal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.",
    "solution":"The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses slang (flipped out).\nThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the slang, so it is more formal overall.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "Virginia",
      "Maryland",
      "New York",
      "Washington, D.C."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"English colonies in North America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is Maryland.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10316\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nflutter - fur",
    "choices":[
      "found",
      "fed"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince found is between the guide words flutter - fur, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "repel",
      "attract"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south. Here are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S. If opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10326\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal is also adapted for flight?",
    "choices":[
      "northern elephant seal",
      "flamingo"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"A  has wings instead of arms. It is adapted for flight. Albatrosses fly long distances in search of food.\nFigure: gray-headed albatross.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: feet and limbs",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. Arms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the gray-headed albatross.\nThe gray-headed albatross has long, powerful wings. It is adapted for flight. Long, powerful wings help the gray-headed albatross travel long distances by air.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe flamingo has large, powerful wings. It is adapted for flight.\nThe northern elephant seal has flippers. It is not adapted for flight. The northern elephant seal uses its flippers to swim underwater.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10333\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the amphibian below.",
    "choices":[
      "barking tree frog",
      "keel-billed toucan"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Amphibians have moist skin and begin their lives in water. A red-spotted newt is an example of an amphibian.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common. Scientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.",
    "solution":"A keel-billed toucan is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nA barking tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10339\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nDr. Cunningham is unhappy with her new assistant because simple tasks, like fetching coffee, take him years to finish.",
    "choices":[
      "anaphora",
      "hyperbole"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify the figure of speech: review",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Anaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses. We are united. We are powerful. We are winners. Antithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure. I want to help, not to hurt. Apostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity. Oh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully? Assonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words. Try to light the fire. Chiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words. Never let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! An oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Some reviewers are calling this book a new classic. A paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Always expect the unexpected. Understatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is. As you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.",
    "solution":"The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nTake him years to finish is an exaggeration, since it probably does not take him entire years to fetch coffee.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the fish below.",
    "choices":[
      "European green toad",
      "green chameleon",
      "zebra",
      "porcupinefish"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":"Fish live underwater. They have fins, not limbs.\nFish are cold-blooded. The body temperature of cold-blooded animals depends on their environment.\nA great white shark is an example of a fish.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals.",
    "solution":"A green chameleon is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nChameleons eat insects. They use their long, sticky tongues to catch their prey.\nA porcupinefish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nPorcupinefish can puff up their bodies with air or water to scare off predators.\nA European green toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.\nA zebra is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.\nZebras eat mostly grass. But they sometimes eat other types of plants, such as shrubs or tree bark.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10360\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of West Virginia?",
    "choices":[
      "Huntington",
      "Charleston",
      "Athens",
      "Phoenix"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Southeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Charleston is the capital of West Virginia.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10368\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Winnee's phenotype for the coat pattern trait?",
    "choices":[
      "solid coloring",
      "white spots"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"In a group of cows, some individuals have solid coloring and others have white spots. In this group, the gene for the coat pattern trait has two alleles. The allele for white spots (a) is recessive to the allele for solid coloring (A).\nWinnee is a cow from this group. Winnee has the homozygous genotype aa for the coat pattern gene.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: dominant and recessive",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. Some traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene. An organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene. An organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene. The types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. A dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers. A recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.",
    "solution":"Winnee's genotype for the coat pattern gene is aa. Winnee's genotype of aa has only a alleles. The a allele is for white spots. So, Winnee's phenotype for the coat pattern trait must be white spots.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Winnee's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for white spots (a) is recessive to the allele for solid coloring (A). This means A is a dominant allele, and a is a recessive allele.\nWinnee's genotype of aa has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Winnee's phenotype for the coat pattern trait must be white spots.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Idaho?",
    "choices":[
      "Nampa",
      "Little Rock",
      "Boise",
      "Missoula"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Boise is the capital of Idaho.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10372\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Hawaii?",
    "choices":[
      "Helena",
      "Provo",
      "Sacramento",
      "Honolulu"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10373\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Palau",
      "the Federated States of Micronesia",
      "Vanuatu",
      "Samoa"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Oceania: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of Oceania",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is Palau.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10376\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal is also adapted to be camouflaged in the snow?",
    "choices":[
      "Arctic wolf",
      "porcupine"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Ptarmigans live in cold, snowy places. The  is adapted to be camouflaged in the snow.\nFigure: ptarmigan.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: skins and body coverings",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the ptarmigan.\nDuring the winter, the ptarmigan has white feathers covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in the snow. The word camouflage means to blend in.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThis Arctic wolf has white fur covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in the snow.\nThe porcupine has black-and-white spines covering its body. It is not adapted to be camouflaged in the snow.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10382\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following statement about our solar system true or false?\nNeptune's volume is more than 50 times as great as that of Earth.",
    "choices":[
      "true",
      "false"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Use the data to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"true-or-false",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Astronomy",
    "skill":"Analyze data to compare properties of planets",
    "lecture":"A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet. The primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.",
    "solution":"To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 50 times the volume of Earth.\nThen compare the result to the volume of Neptune. The volume of Neptune is 62,530 billion km^3, which is more than 54,500 billion km^3. So, Neptune's volume is more than 50 times as great as that of Earth.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10383\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is a newspaper a good or a service?",
    "choices":[
      "a service",
      "a good"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Goods and services",
    "lecture":"Everything you can buy is either a good or a service. A good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good. A service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service.",
    "solution":"To decide whether a newspaper is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs a newspaper something you can touch? Yes.\nIs a newspaper a job you might pay someone else to do? No.\nSo, a newspaper is a good.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nmat - movies",
    "choices":[
      "mustard",
      "minute"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince minute is between the guide words mat - movies, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"The city of Dayton has been one of the world's biggest makers of cough drops for many years. But last month, Dayton's cough drop factories were destroyed by floods. What will probably happen to the overall supply of cough drops?",
    "choices":[
      "The supply will probably go up.",
      "The supply will probably go down."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Supply and demand",
    "skill":"Understand overall supply and demand",
    "lecture":"Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply. <br\/><br\/>  | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand<br\/> Supply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up<br\/> Supply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down<br\/> <br\/> Producers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up.",
    "solution":"Floods destroyed the cough drop factories in Dayton. The number of producers of cough drops went down. So, the supply of cough drops will probably go down.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\nmixing sand and gravel\ntearing a piece of paper",
    "choices":[
      "Both are chemical changes.",
      "Both are caused by heating.",
      "Both are only physical changes.",
      "Both are caused by cooling."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nMixing sand and gravel is a physical change. Together, the sand and gravel make a mixture. But making this mixture does not form a different type of matter.\nTearing a piece of paper is a physical change. The paper tears into pieces. But each piece is still made of paper.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is potassium feldspar a mineral?",
    "choices":[
      "no",
      "yes"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Potassium feldspar has the following properties:\nfixed crystal structure\nsolid\nfound in nature\nnot made by living things\npure substance",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Rocks and minerals",
    "skill":"Identify rocks and minerals",
    "lecture":"Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties: It is a solid. It is formed in nature. It is not made by organisms. It is a pure substance. It has a fixed crystal structure. If a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral. Look closely at the last three properties: A mineral is not made by organisms. Organisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals. Humans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals. A mineral is a pure substance. A pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances. A mineral has a fixed crystal structure. The crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.",
    "solution":"Potassium feldspar has all the properties of a mineral. So, potassium feldspar is a mineral.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10404\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nRonald, you drive a beat-up car from the 1980s. For this reason, we can never allow you to be a lifeguard at the community pool.",
    "choices":[
      "false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist",
      "ad hominem: a personal attack against one's opponent"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> red herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that people who drive old cars are likely to be poor lifeguards. This is a personal attack that isn't relevant to someone's qualifications to be a lifeguard. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the statement.\nDiamond is ().",
    "choices":[
      "an elementary substance",
      "a compound"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Diamond is commonly used to make jewelry but is also used in tools that can cut or polish any material. The chemical formula for diamond is C.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"Classify elementary substances and compounds using chemical formulas",
    "lecture":"Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be. The symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula. An elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol. The symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule. For example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula. The chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms. A compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols. For example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms.",
    "solution":"You can tell whether diamond is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for diamond is C. This formula contains one symbol: C for carbon. So, the formula tells you that diamond is made of one chemical element.\nSubstances made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. So, diamond is an elementary substance.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Barbados",
      "Grenada",
      "Dominica",
      "Trinidad and Tobago"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"The Americas: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of the Caribbean",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is Trinidad and Tobago.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10418\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Oregon?",
    "choices":[
      "Salem",
      "San Francisco",
      "Portland",
      "Albany"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify the 50 state capitals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Salem is the capital of Oregon.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10422\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nIn business, we should consider competition not a threat but a challenge.",
    "choices":[
      "chiasmus",
      "antithesis"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify the figure of speech: anaphora, antithesis, apostrophe, assonance, chiasmus, understatement",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Anaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses. We are united. We are powerful. We are winners. Antithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure. I want to help, not to hurt. Apostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity. Oh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully? Assonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words. Try to light the fire. Chiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words. Never let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you. Understatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is. As you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.",
    "solution":"The text uses antithesis, the contrasting of opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nThe sentence contrasts two ways of looking at competition, as a threat and a challenge.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material, but some of them are different shapes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.",
    "solution":"The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nBoth magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.\nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10425\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which brownie has more thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "the colder brownie",
      "the hotter brownie"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Two brownies are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Thermal energy",
    "skill":"How are temperature and mass related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving. The energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. What happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.",
    "solution":"The two brownies are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter brownie has more thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence.\nUsing polish to remove tarnish from a silver spoon is a ().",
    "choices":[
      "physical change",
      "chemical change"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Identify physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Burning a piece of paper is a chemical change. When paper gets hot enough, it reacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same. Cutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper. A change of state is a type of physical change. For example, ice melting is a physical change. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.",
    "solution":"A tarnished silver spoon is one that has become less shiny over time. Polishing the spoon makes it look shiny again.\nThe polish changes the tarnish into a different type of matter that can be easily wiped away. So, using polish to remove tarnish from silver is a chemical change.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the solid.",
    "choices":[
      "water in a sink",
      "drum",
      "wet paint"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"States of matter",
    "skill":"Identify solids and liquids",
    "lecture":"Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own. Some solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break. A glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid. When matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container. Think about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space. Juice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a garden snail?",
    "choices":[
      "37 meters",
      "37 kilometers",
      "37 millimeters"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of distance",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter. The tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long. A red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the length of a garden snail is 37 millimeters.\n37 meters and 37 kilometers are both too long.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the motion of two humpback whales. Which humpback whale was moving at a higher speed?",
    "choices":[
      "a humpback whale that moved 20kilometers in 10hours",
      "a humpback whale that moved 30kilometers in 10hours"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Compare the speeds of moving objects",
    "lecture":"An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time. Distance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer. Time tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour. Think about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed.",
    "solution":"Look at the distance each humpback whale moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne humpback whale moved 30 kilometers in 10 hours.\nThe other humpback whale moved 20 kilometers in 10 hours.\nNotice that each humpback whale spent the same amount of time moving. The humpback whale that moved 30 kilometers moved a farther distance in that time. So, that humpback whale must have moved at a higher speed.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the invertebrate.",
    "choices":[
      "bull ant",
      "black howler",
      "gray tree frog",
      "minnow"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Hint: Insects, spiders, and worms are invertebrates.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify vertebrates and invertebrates",
    "lecture":"Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals. A vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange. An invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body.",
    "solution":"A bull ant is an insect. Like other insects, a bull ant is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA gray tree frog is an amphibian. Like other amphibians, a gray tree frog is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA black howler is a mammal. Like other mammals, a black howler is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA minnow is a fish. Like other fish, a minnow is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which type of sentence is this?\nLatrell took several incredible panoramic photographs of the sweeping view from the top of Table Mountain.",
    "choices":[
      "compound-complex",
      "complex",
      "simple",
      "compound"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Phrases and clauses",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex?",
    "lecture":"A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence. the oranges on our tree are ripe The clause can stand alone. It is independent. after we pick up Kevin from work The clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent. A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause. Ben and I spent all day relaxing by the pool. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat. Ben usually wears his heavy coat in the winter. A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. We saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose. If she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. During his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome. A compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. After Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym. Sometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause. Orcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.",
    "solution":"The sentence is simple. It is a single independent clause.\nLatrell took several incredible panoramic photographs of the sweeping view from the top of Table Mountain.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What kind of sentence is this?\nOscar usually eats oatmeal for breakfast.",
    "choices":[
      "declarative",
      "interrogative"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory?",
    "lecture":"There are four kinds of sentences. A declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period. I have an older brother and a younger sister. An interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark. How tall are you? An imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point. Read the first chapter by next week. Look out for that car! An exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point. Some whales are over ninety feet long! I can't wait until tomorrow!",
    "solution":"The sentence tells about something, and it ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal's feet are also adapted to walk on snow and ice?",
    "choices":[
      "horse",
      "brown bear"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Snow leopards live in the snowy mountains of central Asia. The 's feet are adapted for walking on snow and ice.\nFigure: snow leopard.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: feet and limbs",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the snow leopard.\nThe snow leopard has furry feet with large pads. Its feet are adapted to walk on snow and ice. The fur can help keep the snow leopard's feet warm. The large pads help spread its weight over a larger area. This allows it to walk on ice without slipping and to walk on snow without sinking in too deep.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe brown bear has furry feet with large pads. Its feet are adapted to walk on snow and ice.\nThe horse has hooves. Its feet are not adapted to walk on snow and ice. The horse uses its feet to walk and run on surfaces covered by soil.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10455\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "Pennsylvania",
      "Delaware",
      "New York",
      "Vermont"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"English colonies in North America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is New York.\nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10458\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the reptile below.",
    "choices":[
      "green frog",
      "Galapagos giant tortoise"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Reptiles have scaly, waterproof skin. Most reptiles live on land. A coral snake is an example of a reptile.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common. Scientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.",
    "solution":"A green frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nFrogs live near water or in damp places. Most frogs lay their eggs in water.\nA Galapagos giant tortoise is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nGalapagos tortoises live on the Galapagos Islands in the Pacific Ocean. They can live to be over 150 years old!",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10459\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What can Harper and Kamal trade to each get what they want?",
    "choices":[
      "Kamal can trade his almonds for Harper's tomatoes.",
      "Harper can trade her tomatoes for Kamal's carrots.",
      "Kamal can trade his broccoli for Harper's oranges.",
      "Harper can trade her tomatoes for Kamal's broccoli."
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":"Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.\nHarper and Kamal open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Neither Harper nor Kamal got everything that they wanted. The table below shows which items they each wanted:\n\nLook at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.\nHarper's lunch Kamal's lunch",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Trade and specialization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the table and images.\nHarper wants broccoli. Kamal wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10466\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\na sidewalk heating up in the sun\ncarving a piece of wood",
    "choices":[
      "Both are only physical changes.",
      "Both are caused by heating.",
      "Both are chemical changes.",
      "Both are caused by cooling."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nA sidewalk heating up in the sun is a physical change. The temperature of the sidewalk goes up, but the sidewalk is still made of the same type of matter.\nCarving a piece of wood is a physical change. The wood changes shape, but it is still made of the same type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nA sidewalk getting warm in the sun is caused by heating. But carving a piece of wood is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which type of sentence is this?\nDarrell always approaches difficult tasks enthusiastically, and he frequently motivates others with his energy and fervor.",
    "choices":[
      "simple",
      "compound-complex",
      "compound",
      "complex"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Phrases and clauses",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex?",
    "lecture":"A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence. the oranges on our tree are ripe The clause can stand alone. It is independent. after we pick up Kevin from work The clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent. A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause. Ben and I spent all day relaxing by the pool. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat. Ben usually wears his heavy coat in the winter. A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. We saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose. If she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. During his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome. A compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. After Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym. Sometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause. Orcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.",
    "solution":"The sentence is compound. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.\nDarrell always approaches difficult tasks enthusiastically, and he frequently motivates others with his energy and fervor.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property matches this object?",
    "choices":[
      "smooth",
      "sticky"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the better answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Identify properties of an object",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.",
    "solution":"Look at the object.\nThink about each property.\nA sticky object can attach or stick to other things. The fish bowl is not sticky.\nA smooth object is not scratchy or rough. The fish bowl is smooth.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10497\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these four objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "sweet",
      "fragile",
      "opaque"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the best answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. All four objects are fragile.\nAn opaque object does not let light through. The ceramic plate is opaque, but the glass flask, the glass bottle, and the icicle are not.\nSugar has a sweet taste. The ceramic plate and the icicle are not sweet.\nThe property that all four objects have in common is fragile.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10498\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nBy the time Ruth had finished explaining to Mr. Dickerson what had happened, her friends were laughingly referring to her as Scheherazade.",
    "choices":[
      "Greek history",
      "ancient legend"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. The protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose. The word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion Scheherazade is ancient legend.\nThe Arabian Nights presents the ancient legend of how Scheherazade successfully postpones her imminent death by mesmerizing her captor with a thousand and one fascinating tales.\nThe allusion Scheherazade means a person who uses his or her arts to distract someone and avoid consequences.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets.",
    "solution":"The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.\nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10511\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which three months have the same average precipitation?",
    "choices":[
      "June, July, and August",
      "September, October, and November",
      "March, April, and May"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Use the graph to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Use climate data to make predictions",
    "lecture":"Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. A bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average.",
    "solution":"To describe the average precipitation trends in Chicago, look at the graph.\nChoice \"Mar\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Apr\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"May\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Jun\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Aug\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Sep\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Oct\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Nov\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"June, July, and August\" is incorrect.\nThe average precipitation for these three months is different. The average precipitation in August is more than an inch higher than the average precipitation in June and July.\nChoice \"March, April, and May\" is incorrect.\nThe average precipitation for these three months is different. The average precipitation in April and May is more than 3 inches. But, the average precipitation in March is less than 3 inches.\nChoice \"September, October, and November\" is incorrect.\nThe average precipitation in September, October, and November is just over 3 inches. Every other month has an average precipitation that is either higher or lower than these three months.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10520\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the mass of a small candy bar?",
    "choices":[
      "40 kilograms",
      "40 grams"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of mass",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Mass is a measurement of how much matter something contains. There are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms. There are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram. A paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the mass of a small candy bar is 40 grams.\n40 kilograms is too heavy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the motion of two sailboats. Which sailboat was moving at a lower speed?",
    "choices":[
      "a sailboat that moved 30kilometers in 5hours",
      "a sailboat that moved 80kilometers in 5hours"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Compare the speeds of moving objects",
    "lecture":"An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time. Distance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer. Time tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour. Think about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed.",
    "solution":"Look at the distance each sailboat moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne sailboat moved 30 kilometers in 5 hours.\nThe other sailboat moved 80 kilometers in 5 hours.\nNotice that each sailboat spent the same amount of time moving. The sailboat that moved 30 kilometers moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that sailboat must have moved at a lower speed.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What can Maria and Jason trade to each get what they want?",
    "choices":[
      "Maria can trade her tomatoes for Jason's carrots.",
      "Jason can trade his broccoli for Maria's oranges.",
      "Jason can trade his almonds for Maria's tomatoes.",
      "Maria can trade her tomatoes for Jason's broccoli."
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":"Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.\nMaria and Jason open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Neither Maria nor Jason got everything that they wanted. The table below shows which items they each wanted:\n\nLook at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.\nMaria's lunch Jason's lunch",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Trade and specialization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the table and images.\nMaria wants broccoli. Jason wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10544\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material, but some of them are different shapes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets.",
    "solution":"Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.\nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10559\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest north?",
    "choices":[
      "Mississippi",
      "New Mexico",
      "Georgia",
      "Missouri"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Missouri is farthest north.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10567\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\nAccording to Mr. Hancock's kids, his snoring is as quiet as a jackhammer.",
    "choices":[
      "The snoring is subtle.",
      "The snoring is loud."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.",
    "solution":"The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nAs quiet as a jackhammer suggests that the snoring is loud. A jackhammer is not quiet, and neither is Mr. Hancock's snoring.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which continent is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Antarctica",
      "South America",
      "Australia",
      "North America"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Identify oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"A continent is one of the seven largest areas of land on earth.",
    "solution":"This continent is North America.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10571\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence.\nA conifer's () make seeds.",
    "choices":[
      "needles",
      "roots",
      "cones"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Plants",
    "skill":"Describe and construct conifer life cycles",
    "lecture":"Conifers are plants that grow cones. Conifers use their cones to reproduce, or make new plants like themselves. How do conifers use their cones to reproduce? Conifers can grow male and female cones. Male cones make pollen, and female cones make eggs. Pollination is what happens when wind blows pollen from male cones onto female cones. After pollination, sperm from the pollen can combine with eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into seeds. The seeds can fall out of the cones and land on the ground. When a seed lands on the ground, it can germinate, or start to grow into a new plant.",
    "solution":"Conifers use their cones to make seeds. Seeds grow inside the female cones.\nMany conifers have thin pointed leaves called needles. The needles make most of the conifer's food. Needles do not make seeds.\nRoots take in water and nutrients from the soil. They do not make seeds.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Antigua and Barbuda",
      "Haiti",
      "Cuba",
      "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"The Americas: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of the Caribbean",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is Haiti.\nDoes Haiti have any territorial disputes?\nHaiti claims to own Navassa Island, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.\nNavassa Island is also claimed by the United States. The United States claimed the island in 1857 and has controlled it since then. But Haiti considers the island part of its territory and has protested the United States' claim since this time. No one lives on the island. Today, it is a nature preserve.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10594\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property matches this object?",
    "choices":[
      "fuzzy",
      "yellow"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Identify properties of an object",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.",
    "solution":"Look at the object.\nThink about each property.\nYellow is a color.\nThis color is yellow. The slide is yellow.\nA fuzzy object is covered in soft hair. The slide is not fuzzy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10596\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "repel",
      "attract"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.\n\nHint: Magnets that attract pull together. Magnets that repel push apart.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south. Here are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S. If different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10599\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same species as the peregrine falcon.",
    "choices":[
      "Pelecanus occidentalis",
      "Pelecanus philippensis",
      "Falco peregrinus"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"This organism is a peregrine falcon. Its scientific name is Falco peregrinus.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"A peregrine falcon's scientific name is Falco peregrinus.\nPelecanus philippensis does not have the same scientific name as a peregrine falcon. So, Falco peregrinus and Pelecanus philippensis are not in the same species.\nPelecanus occidentalis does not have the same scientific name as a peregrine falcon. So, Falco peregrinus and Pelecanus occidentalis are not in the same species.\nFalco peregrinus has the same scientific name as a peregrine falcon. So, these organisms are in the same species.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10603\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which holiday greeting is more formal?",
    "choices":[
      "Best wishes for an enjoyable Independence Day from the entire staff at Gabby's Cafe.",
      "Happy 4th from the crew at Gabby's."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Audience, purpose, and tone",
    "skill":"Which text is most formal?",
    "lecture":"Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions. Formal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language. Compare the following sentences. Informal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome. More formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners. Most formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners.",
    "solution":"The first holiday greeting is more formal. It uses more elevated language (Independence Day, the entire staff). The other holiday greeting uses casual language (happy 4 th, the crew) that is more familiar in tone.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence.\nMud drying out in the sun is a ().",
    "choices":[
      "physical change",
      "chemical change"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Identify physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. Burning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. Cutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper. Ice melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state.",
    "solution":"Mud drying out in the sun is a physical change. The sun heats the water in the mud. The water changes state. It evaporates and becomes gas in the air.\nDry dirt is left behind. But the dirt and the water are still made of the same types of matter as before.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Indiana?",
    "choices":[
      "Topeka",
      "Indianapolis",
      "Lincoln",
      "Fort Wayne"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Indianapolis is the capital of Indiana.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10638\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the volume of a large soup pot?",
    "choices":[
      "11 milliliters",
      "11 liters"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Volume is a measurement of how much space something takes up. There are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters. There are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter. A raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the volume of a large soup pot is 11 liters.\n11 milliliters is too little.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nValeria was known among her coworkers for her spartan ways.",
    "choices":[
      "Greek history",
      "the Bible"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. Here, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion spartan is Greek history.\nSoldiers from the city of Sparta in ancient Greece were known for their self-restraint, self-discipline, and indifference to luxury.\nThe allusion spartan means simple and austere.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Elijah acquired this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Elijah learned to speak two languages in school.",
      "Elijah's mother speaks one language."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nElijah speaks two languages.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which text uses the word can in its traditional sense?",
    "choices":[
      "Miranda can type using a keyboard with a QWERTY layout, but she prefers the Dvorak layout. The two keyboards have different arrangements of letters and symbols.",
      "If Miranda prefers a keyboard with the Dvorak layout, she can use mine. In my opinion, it's faster than typing on a keyboard with a QWERTY layout."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Word usage and nuance",
    "skill":"Explore words with new or contested usages",
    "lecture":"Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner. When a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences. Britney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam. The traditional usage above is considered more standard. David perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages. The nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.",
    "solution":"The first text uses can in its traditional sense: to have the ability to.\nMiranda can type using a keyboard with a QWERTY layout, but she prefers the Dvorak layout. The two keyboards have different arrangements of letters and symbols.\nThe second text uses can in its nontraditional sense: to have permission to.\nIf Miranda prefers a keyboard with the Dvorak layout, she can use mine. In my opinion, it's faster than typing on a keyboard with a QWERTY layout.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word can because it is considered more standard.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these organisms contains matter that was once part of the bear sedge?",
    "choices":[
      "grizzly bear",
      "earthworm",
      "mushroom"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Below is a food web from a tundra ecosystem in Nunavut, a territory in Northern Canada.\nA food web models how the matter eaten by organisms moves through an ecosystem. The arrows in a food web represent how matter moves between organisms in an ecosystem.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Interpret food webs II",
    "lecture":"A food web is a model. A food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food. Arrows show how matter moves. A food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating. An organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web. An organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web.",
    "solution":"Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows that starts from the bear sedge.\nArrows point to the mushroom from the grizzly bear and the barren-ground caribou. The only arrows pointing to the grizzly bear start from the barren-ground caribou and the bilberry. The only arrow pointing to the barren-ground caribou starts from the lichen. No arrow points to the lichen or the bilberry. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the bear sedge to the mushroom.\nArrows point to the grizzly bear from the bilberry and the barren-ground caribou. The only arrow pointing to the barren-ground caribou starts from the lichen. No arrow points to the lichen or the bilberry. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the bear sedge to the grizzly bear.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10659\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same species as the silver gull.",
    "choices":[
      "Goura cristata",
      "Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae",
      "Goura victoria"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This organism is a silver gull. Its scientific name is Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification and scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"A silver gull's scientific name is Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae.\nChroicocephalus novaehollandiae has the same scientific name as a silver gull. So, these organisms are in the same species.\nGoura victoria does not have the same scientific name as a silver gull. So, Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae and Goura victoria are not in the same species.\nGoura cristata does not have the same scientific name as a silver gull. So, Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae and Goura cristata are not in the same species.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10662\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Does the sentence use a simile or a metaphor?\nJayla went down the slide face-first, like a penguin.",
    "choices":[
      "metaphor",
      "simile"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Identify similes and metaphors",
    "lecture":"Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike. A simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as. My sister runs like a cheetah. The sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like. A cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast. The cat's fur was as dark as the night. The cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as. The night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark. A metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as. The snow formed a blanket over the town. The snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as. A blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely. Using similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader.",
    "solution":"Jayla went down the slide face-first, like a penguin.\nThe words Jayla and penguin are compared using the word like. So, the sentence uses a simile.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\nbending a paper clip\nbreaking a rock in half",
    "choices":[
      "Both are only physical changes.",
      "Both are caused by cooling.",
      "Both are chemical changes.",
      "Both are caused by heating."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nBending a paper clip is a physical change. After you bend it, the paper clip has a different shape. But it is still made of the same type of matter.\nBreaking a rock in half is a physical change. The rock gets broken into two pieces. But the pieces are still made of the same type of matter as the original rock.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the volume of a bathtub?",
    "choices":[
      "65 gallons",
      "65 cups",
      "65 fluid ounces"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Volume is a measurement of how much space something takes up. There are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons. As the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon. A glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the volume of a bathtub is 65 gallons.\n65 fluid ounces and 65 cups are both too little.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nAlana thinks Mr. Cline is a Luddite because he doesn't own a cell phone.",
    "choices":[
      "the Bible",
      "British history"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. Here, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion Luddite is British history.\nIn the early nineteenth century, factories were replacing the jobs of craftsmen. Some of these craftsmen banded together to destroy the new machinery; those who did so were called Luddites.\nThe allusion Luddite means a person opposed to new technology.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?",
    "choices":[
      "If Emily's skirt doesn't match the blouse, she will have to exchange the blouse for another item.",
      "If Emily's skirt doesn't match the blouse, she will have to exchange it for another item."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Pronouns",
    "skill":"Identify vague pronoun references",
    "lecture":"When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.",
    "solution":"The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to Emily's skirt or the blouse.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the blouse.\nIf Emily's skirt doesn't match the blouse, she will have to exchange the blouse for another item.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which object has more thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "a bowl of oatmeal at a temperature of 40\u00b0C",
      "a bowl of oatmeal at a temperature of 25\u00b0C"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The objects are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Heat and thermal energy",
    "skill":"How is temperature related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.",
    "solution":"The two bowls of oatmeal have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 40\u00b0C bowl of oatmeal is hotter than the 25\u00b0C bowl of oatmeal, it has more thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which bird's beak is also adapted to tear through meat?",
    "choices":[
      "hoopoe",
      "bald eagle"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"White-backed vultures are scavengers. They find and eat the bodies of dead animals. The shape of the 's beak is adapted to tear through meat.\nFigure: white-backed vulture.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: beaks, mouths, and necks",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the white-backed vulture.\nThe white-backed vulture has a sharp hooked beak. Its beak is adapted to tear through meat. The sharp hook can help the white-backed vulture cut the meat into pieces it can swallow.\nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.\nThe bald eagle has a sharp hooked beak. Its beak is adapted to tear through meat.\nThe hoopoe has a long, thin beak. Its beak is not adapted to tear through meat.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10691\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nSandeep's leaving his job? That's old news. He's been planning that for months.",
    "choices":[
      "chiasmus",
      "oxymoron"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify the figure of speech: review",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Anaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses. We are united. We are powerful. We are winners. Antithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure. I want to help, not to hurt. Apostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity. Oh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully? Assonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words. Try to light the fire. Chiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words. Never let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! An oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Some reviewers are calling this book a new classic. A paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Always expect the unexpected. Understatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is. As you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.",
    "solution":"The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nOld news is a contradiction, because news is recent information.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Identify the question that Dakota's experiment can best answer.",
    "choices":[
      "Are eggs more likely to float in fresh water or salty water?",
      "Does the amount of water in a glass affect whether eggs sink or float in the water?"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below.\n\nDakota poured four ounces of water into each of six glasses. Dakota dissolved one tablespoon of salt in each of three glasses, and did not add salt to the other three. Then, Dakota placed an egg in one glass and observed if the egg floated. She removed the egg and dried it. She repeated the process with the other five glasses, recording each time if the egg floated. Dakota repeated this test with two more eggs and counted the number of times the eggs floated in fresh water compared to salty water.\nFigure: an egg floating in a glass of salty water.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify the experimental question",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment. Imagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured. First, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested. Then, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured. Experiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height. Examples of questions that this experiment can answer include: Does soil type affect the height of daffodil plants? Do daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil? Are daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10695\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the statement.\nCarbon monoxide is ().",
    "choices":[
      "an elementary substance",
      "a compound"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Carbon monoxide is a poisonous gas that is produced by volcanic eruptions and wildfires. The chemical formula for carbon monoxide is CO.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"Classify elementary substances and compounds using chemical formulas",
    "lecture":"There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you. A substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be. The atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula. An elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol. The atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule. For example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms. A compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols. The chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula. For example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two atoms.",
    "solution":"You can tell whether carbon monoxide is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of atomic symbols in its chemical formula. An atomic symbol consists of either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for carbon monoxide, CO, contains two atomic symbols: C for carbon and O for oxygen. So, the formula tells you that carbon monoxide is composed of two chemical elements bonded together.\nSince carbon monoxide is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, carbon monoxide is a compound.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following best describes a community in a New Zealand kelp forest?",
    "choices":[
      "the rocks and the bull kelp",
      "a group of New Zealand sea lions",
      "the sea stars, the crabs, and the snails"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Read the passage. Then answer the question below.\n\nBull kelp, a species of large seaweed, forms thick kelp forests along the coast of New Zealand. Kelp forests are home to many species, including the New Zealand sea lion. These sea lions hunt octopus and squid that live in the kelp forest.\nThe individual kelp stalks have strong holdfasts, or root-like structures, that cling tightly to the rocks on the seafloor. Small invertebrates such as sea stars, crabs, and snails can live on or around the holdfasts.\nFigure: a kelp holdfast attached to a rock.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Describe populations, communities, and ecosystems",
    "lecture":"In an environment, organisms interact with each other and with their nonliving surroundings. To help describe these interactions, ecologists use specific terms for different types of groups. A single organism is an individual. Individuals of the same species that live in the same place are part of a population. Multiple populations of different species that live in the same place are part of a community. Together, communities of living organisms and the nonliving parts of their environment make up an ecosystem.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10715\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which ocean is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "the Arctic Ocean",
      "the Southern Ocean",
      "the Atlantic Ocean",
      "the Indian Ocean"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Physical Geography",
    "skill":"Oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean.",
    "solution":"This is the Indian Ocean.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10717\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same genus as the red kangaroo.",
    "choices":[
      "Lynx rufus",
      "Lepus americanus",
      "Macropus giganteus"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"This organism is a red kangaroo. Its scientific name is Macropus rufus.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"A red kangaroo's scientific name is Macropus rufus. The first word of its scientific name is Macropus.\nLepus americanus is in the genus Lepus. The first word of its scientific name is Lepus. So, Lepus americanus and Macropus rufus are not in the same genus.\nLynx rufus and Macropus rufus are not in the same genus.\nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Lynx rufus and Macropus rufus have the same species name within their genus, rufus. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Lynx rufus is in the genus Lynx, and Macropus rufus is in the genus Macropus.\nMacropus giganteus is in the genus Macropus. The first word of its scientific name is Macropus. So, Macropus giganteus and Macropus rufus are in the same genus.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10718\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which solution has a higher concentration of green particles?",
    "choices":[
      "Solution A",
      "Solution B",
      "neither; their concentrations are the same"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each green ball represents one particle of solute.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Compare concentrations of solutions",
    "lecture":"A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent. concentration = particles of solute \/ volume of solvent",
    "solution":"In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.\nSolution B has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of green particles.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10722\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Utah?",
    "choices":[
      "Provo",
      "Juneau",
      "Santa Fe",
      "Salt Lake City"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify the 50 state capitals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Salt Lake City is the capital of Utah.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10733\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Identify the question that Grace and Daniel's experiment can best answer.",
    "choices":[
      "Does Grace's snowboard slide down a hill in less time when it has a thin layer of wax or a thick layer of wax?",
      "Does Grace's snowboard slide down a hill in less time when it has a layer of wax or when it does not have a layer of wax?"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below.\n\nGrace applied a thin layer of wax to the underside of her snowboard and rode the board straight down a hill. Then, she removed the wax and rode the snowboard straight down the hill again. She repeated the rides four more times, alternating whether she rode with a thin layer of wax on the board or not. Her friend Daniel timed each ride. Grace and Daniel calculated the average time it took to slide straight down the hill on the snowboard with wax compared to the average time on the snowboard without wax.\nFigure: snowboarding down a hill.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify the experimental question",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment. Imagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured. First, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested. Then, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured. Experiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height. Examples of questions that this experiment can answer include: Does soil type affect the height of daffodil plants? Do daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil? Are daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10735\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the personification in this text suggest?\nDan tried to ignore his unfinished essay, but it glared at him from across the room.",
    "choices":[
      "The essay was printed in large type.",
      "It bothered Dan that the essay wasn't finished."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. The trees danced in the wind.",
    "solution":"The text uses personification, giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nGlared at him suggests that it bothered Dan that the essay wasn't finished. The essay is like a person who is bothering Dan.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the motion of three motorboats. Which motorboat was moving at the highest speed?",
    "choices":[
      "a motorboat that moved 245miles north in 10hours",
      "a motorboat that moved 440miles south in 10hours",
      "a motorboat that moved 45miles east in 10hours"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Compare the speeds of moving objects",
    "lecture":"An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time. Distance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile. Time tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour. Think about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed.",
    "solution":"Look at the distance each motorboat moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each motorboat moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each motorboat moved for 10 hours. The motorboat that moved 440 miles moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that motorboat must have moved at the highest speed.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following trait inherited or acquired?\nChristine can drive a car.",
    "choices":[
      "inherited",
      "acquired"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Hint: Driving well takes practice.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Identify inherited and acquired traits",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.",
    "solution":"Humans are not born knowing how to drive a car. Instead, many people learn how to drive when they are older. So, driving is an acquired trait.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these colonies was in New England?",
    "choices":[
      "South Carolina",
      "Connecticut",
      "New York"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"In the following questions, you will learn about the origins of the New England Colonies. The New England Colonies made up the northern part of the Thirteen Colonies, which were ruled by Great Britain in the 1600s and 1700s.\nThe population of New England included Native American groups, enslaved and free people of African descent, and European settlers. The map below shows the Thirteen Colonies in 1750. Look at the map. Then answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"Colonial America",
    "skill":"New England Colonies: founding and government",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the legend on the map.\nThe colonies are shaded by region, and the New England Colonies are all shaded the same color. They include these colonies:\nThe rest of the Thirteen Colonies were part of the Middle Colonies or the Southern Colonies.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10780\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which statement describes the hockey puck's motion?",
    "choices":[
      "The hockey puck has a constant velocity.",
      "The hockey puck is accelerating."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"A hockey puck is slowing down as it slides straight across a rough patch of ice.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Identify whether objects are accelerating",
    "lecture":"An object's velocity describes its speed and its direction. An object has a constant velocity when neither its speed nor its direction is changing. So, an object has a constant velocity when the object is: moving in a straight line at a constant speed, or remaining motionless. If an object does not have a constant velocity, the object is accelerating. An object is accelerating when either its speed or its direction is changing. So, an object is accelerating when the object is: speeding up, slowing down, or changing direction.",
    "solution":"The hockey puck is slowing down. So, the hockey puck is accelerating.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1.",
      "The strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Compare strengths of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together.",
    "solution":"Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.\nThe magnets in Pair 2 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10806\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Alabama?",
    "choices":[
      "Montgomery",
      "Des Moines",
      "Salem",
      "Birmingham"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Southeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Montgomery is the capital of Alabama.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10807\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Using only these supplies, which question can Stefan investigate with an experiment?",
    "choices":[
      "Do the squirrels eat walnuts from large feeders more often than from small feeders?",
      "Which type of tree do the squirrels feed from most often?",
      "Do the squirrels select sunflower seeds or walnuts more often?"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Stefan enjoys feeding the squirrels in his backyard. He notices that they spend a lot of time collecting seeds and nuts. He wonders about what factors affect which foods squirrels choose to collect. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\ntwo identical squirrel feeders\na bag of sunflower seeds\na bag of walnuts\na tree to hang the feeders from",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the vertebrate.",
    "choices":[
      "painted stork",
      "earthworm",
      "fly",
      "orb weaver"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Hint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are vertebrates.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify vertebrates and invertebrates",
    "lecture":"Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals. A vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange. An invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body.",
    "solution":"Like other spiders, an orb weaver is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA fly is an insect. Like other insects, a fly is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nAn earthworm is a worm. Like other worms, an earthworm is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a soft body.\nA painted stork is a bird. Like other birds, a painted stork is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles?",
    "choices":[
      "Solution A",
      "Solution B",
      "neither; their concentrations are the same"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each blue ball represents one particle of solute.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Compare concentrations of solutions",
    "lecture":"A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent. concentration = particles of solute \/ volume of solvent",
    "solution":"In Solution A and Solution B, the blue particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles, look at both the number of blue particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of blue particles per milliliter.\nSolution A has more blue particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of blue particles.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10811\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Candy's genotype for the body hair gene?",
    "choices":[
      "BB",
      "a hairy body"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"In a group of deer mice, some individuals have a hairy body and others have a hairless body. In this group, the gene for the body hair trait has two alleles. The allele B is for a hairy body, and the allele b is for a hairless body.\nCandy, a deer mouse from this group, has a hairy body. Candy has two alleles for a hairy body.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.",
    "solution":"An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Candy has two alleles for a hairy body (B). So, Candy's genotype for the body hair gene is BB.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Freya's phenotype for the coat pattern trait?",
    "choices":[
      "AA",
      "a black coat"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"In a group of jaguars, some individuals have a black coat and others have a spotted coat. In this group, the gene for the coat pattern trait has two alleles. The allele A is for a black coat, and the allele a is for a spotted coat.\nFreya, a jaguar from this group, has a black coat. Freya has two alleles for a black coat.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.",
    "solution":"An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Freya's observable version of the coat pattern trait is a black coat. So, Freya's phenotype for the coat pattern trait is a black coat.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is this fly's phenotype for the body color trait?",
    "choices":[
      "a gray body",
      "a black body"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"In a group of fruit flies, some individuals have a gray body and others have a black body. In this group, the gene for the body color trait has two alleles. The allele for a black body (b) is recessive to the allele for a gray body (B).\nA certain fruit fly from this group has the homozygous genotype BB for the body color gene.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: dominant and recessive",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. Some traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene. An organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene. An organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene. The types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. A dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers. A recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.",
    "solution":"The fruit fly's genotype for the body color gene is BB. The fruit fly's genotype of BB has only B allelles. The B allele is for a gray body. So, the fruit fly's phenotype for the body color trait must be a gray body.\nTo check this answer, consider whether the fruit fly's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for a black body (b) is recessive to the allele for a gray body (B). This means B is a dominant allele, and b is a recessive allele.\nThe fruit fly's genotype of BB has two dominant alleles. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, the fruit fly's phenotype for the body color trait must be a gray body.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nWhere Sarah lives, winter is the rainiest season of the year.",
    "choices":[
      "climate",
      "weather"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Hint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"What's the difference between weather and climate?",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the text carefully.\nWhere Sarah lives, winter is the rainiest season of the year.\nThis passage tells you about the usual precipitation where Sarah lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the mass of a floor lamp?",
    "choices":[
      "9 tons",
      "9 pounds",
      "9 ounces"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of mass",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Mass is a measurement of how much matter something contains. There are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons. There are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton. So, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton. A slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the mass of a floor lamp is 9 pounds.\n9 ounces is too light and 9 tons is too heavy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnetic force is weaker in Pair 2.",
      "The strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Compare strengths of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart.",
    "solution":"Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.\nThe magnets in Pair 1 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1 than in Pair 2.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10826\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a compound sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "Ashley dislikes radishes, so she always orders her salad without them.",
      "Before Rebecca's birthday party, Juan wrapped her present with delicate silver tissue paper."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple, compound, or complex?",
    "lecture":"A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence. the oranges on our tree are ripe The clause can stand alone. It is independent. after we pick up Kevin from work The clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent. A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause. Ben and I spent all day relaxing by the pool. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat. Ben usually wears his heavy coat in the winter. A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. We saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while. If she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.",
    "solution":"The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction so.\nAshley dislikes radishes, so she always orders her salad without them.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the invertebrate.",
    "choices":[
      "fruit bat",
      "seahorse",
      "salt water crocodile",
      "black orb weaver spider"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":"Hint: Insects, spiders, and worms are invertebrates.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify vertebrates and invertebrates",
    "lecture":"Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals. A vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange. An invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body.",
    "solution":"A fruit bat is a mammal. Like other mammals, a fruit bat is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nLike other spiders, a black orb weaver spider is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA seahorse is a fish. Like other fish, a seahorse is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA salt water crocodile is a reptile. Like other reptiles, a salt water crocodile is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which material is this bridge made of?",
    "choices":[
      "metal",
      "wool"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Identify multiple materials in objects",
    "lecture":"A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. Some objects are made of just one material. Most nails are made of metal. Other objects are made of more than one material. This hammer is made of metal and wood.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the bridge.\nThe bridge is made of two different materials. The surface is asphalt. The rest of the bridge is made of metal.\nAsphalt and metal are good materials to build bridges with. Both materials are strong. They hold up well in cold or rainy weather.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10834\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is this organism's scientific name?",
    "choices":[
      "crystal jellyfish",
      "Aequorea victoria"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This organism is a crystal jellyfish. It is also called Aequorea victoria.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification and scientific names",
    "skill":"Identify common and scientific names",
    "lecture":"An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know. An organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English. Scientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca.",
    "solution":"Aequorea victoria is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not.\nSo, Aequorea victoria is the scientific name.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10843\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Oregon?",
    "choices":[
      "Salem",
      "Salt Lake City",
      "Portland",
      "Providence"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Salem is the capital of Oregon.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10848\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Malia inherited this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Malia's parents have red hair. They passed down this trait to Malia.",
      "Malia and her mother both wear their hair in braids."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nMalia has red hair.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Heredity",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a bench?",
    "choices":[
      "3 centimeters",
      "3 meters"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of distance",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Imagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers? The number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing. Now look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters. There are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter. There are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the length of a bench is 3 meters.\n3 centimeters is too short.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property matches this object?",
    "choices":[
      "bumpy",
      "smooth"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the better answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Identify properties of an object",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.",
    "solution":"Look at the object.\nThink about each property.\nA smooth object is not scratchy or rough. The rock are not smooth.\nA bumpy object is covered in lumps and bumps. The rock are bumpy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10856\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which trait did Eryma have? Select the trait you can observe on the fossil.",
    "choices":[
      "antennae",
      "a round, flat body"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This picture shows a fossil of an ancient animal called Eryma.\nFossils of Eryma have been found in deposits of shale and limestone. Some Eryma fossils are more than 100,000,000 years old.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Fossils",
    "skill":"Compare fossils to modern organisms",
    "lecture":"The way an organism looks or acts is called a trait. Scientists use fossils to learn more about the traits of ancient organisms. Fossils can preserve the remains of body parts and activities. A fossil of a body part, such as a tail or a wing, can tell you what an organism looked like. A fossil of an organism's activities, such as a burrow or a footprint, can tell you about the organism's behavior. Here are three examples of fossils and the traits that you can observe from them: This is a fossil of an animal. This fossil tells you that the animal had a spiral-shaped shell. This is a fossil of a plant. This fossil tells you that the plant had small leaves arranged in a branched pattern. This is a fossil of an animal's footprint. This fossil tells you that the animal could walk on land. An organism's fossil may not show all of the organism's traits. This is because most body parts are destroyed during fossil formation. When an organism's body turns into a fossil, only a few body parts are usually preserved.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10863\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What produces sperm and eggs?",
    "choices":[
      "spores",
      "an adult moss plant"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This diagram shows the life cycle of a moss.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Plant reproduction",
    "skill":"Moss and fern life cycles",
    "lecture":"Moss plants reproduce using both asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction. Moss plants use their male and female parts for sexual reproduction. The male parts produce sperm. Moss live in damp environments, and moss sperm can travel through water to the female parts. The sperm fuse with eggs in the female part. This is called fertilization. Self-fertilization happens when a sperm from a moss plant fertilizes an egg from the same plant. Cross-fertilization happens when a sperm from one moss plant fertilizes an egg from a different moss plant. The fertilized egg grows into a thin brown stalk on top of the female part. Each stalk has a small spore capsule at the top. Moss plants use asexual reproduction to make small spores in the capsules. When the capsules open, the spores are released. When the spores land on the ground, they may germinate and grow into a new moss plant. This new moss plant can produce eggs and sperm and begin the moss life cycle again.",
    "solution":"An adult moss plant produces eggs and sperm.\nSpores may germinate and grow into an adult moss plant, but spores do not produce eggs and sperm themselves.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10871\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the statement.\nChloromethane is ().",
    "choices":[
      "an elementary substance",
      "a compound"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The model below represents a molecule of chloromethane. Chloromethane is found in chemicals that some farmers use to kill weeds.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"Classify elementary substances and compounds using models",
    "lecture":"All substances are made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl. Scientists can use models to represent molecules. A ball-and-stick model of a molecule is shown below. This model represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride. In a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent chemical bonds. Notice how each ball is labeled with a symbol for a chemical element. The ball represents one atom of that element.",
    "solution":"Count the number of chemical elements represented in the model. Then, decide if chloromethane is an elementary substance or a compound.\nIn this model, each ball is labeled with C for carbon, H for hydrogen, or Cl for chlorine. So, the model shows you that chloromethane is made of three chemical elements bonded together.\nSubstances made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, chloromethane is a compound.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10888\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which sentence states a fact?",
    "choices":[
      "Florence Nightingale's parents expected their daughter to get married, but she enrolled in nursing school in 1844 instead.",
      "Florence Nightingale's parents, William Shore and Frances Nightingale, were overly strict with their daughter."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Distinguish facts from opinions",
    "lecture":"A fact is something that can be proved by research or observation. Napoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI. The statement above is a fact. The statement can be proved by researching the height of each man and comparing them. An opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved. Napoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI. The statement above is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" leader, so the statement cannot be proved.",
    "solution":"The first sentence states a fact.\nFlorence Nightingale's parents expected their daughter to get married, but she enrolled in nursing school in 1844 instead.\nIt can be proved by reading a biography of Florence Nightingale.\nThe second sentence states an opinion.\nFlorence Nightingale's parents, William Shore and Frances Nightingale, were overly strict with their daughter.\nOverly shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about whether William Shore and Frances Nightingale were too strict.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the probability that a rose plant produced by this cross will have dark yellow flowers?",
    "choices":[
      "3\/4",
      "0\/4",
      "4\/4",
      "2\/4",
      "1\/4"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":"In a group of rose plants, some individuals have light yellow flowers and others have dark yellow flowers. In this group, the gene for the flower color trait has two alleles. The allele for light yellow flowers (F) is dominant over the allele for dark yellow flowers (f).\nThis Punnett square shows a cross between two rose plants.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Use Punnett squares to calculate probabilities of offspring types",
    "lecture":"Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive? How do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. If an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait. If an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait. In a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes. An event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction: probability of an event = number of ways the event can happen \/ number of equally likely outcomes You can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff. <br\/><br\/>  | F | f<br\/> F | FF | Ff<br\/> f | Ff | ff<br\/> <br\/> Consider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction: number of ways the event can happen \/ number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff \/ total number of boxes = 1 \/ 4.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10891\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material, but some of them are different sizes and shapes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller.",
    "solution":"The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.\nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10893\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Delaware?",
    "choices":[
      "Wilmington",
      "Boston",
      "Georgetown",
      "Dover"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Northeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Dover is the capital of Delaware.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10897\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What does Kwanzaa celebrate?",
    "choices":[
      "the history and culture of African American people",
      "the day that slavery ended",
      "the birthday of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.",
      "the signing of the Declaration of Independence"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"culture",
    "category":"Cultural celebrations",
    "skill":"Kwanzaa",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Kwanzaa celebrates the history and culture of African American people.\nDuring Kwanzaa, African American people honor the traditions of their African ancestors. Ancestors are family members who lived a long time ago.\nDuring Kwanzaa, family and friends come together to remember the past. They talk about the future, too. Everyone sets goals to work hard and make their lives better.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.",
    "solution":"The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nBoth magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.\nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10903\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is limestone a mineral or a rock?",
    "choices":[
      "rock",
      "mineral"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Limestone has the following properties:\nno fixed crystal structure\nnaturally occurring\nnot made by living things\nforms from ocean sediment\nsolid\nmade mostly of calcite",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Rocks and minerals",
    "skill":"Identify rocks and minerals",
    "lecture":"Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals. Minerals and rocks have the following properties: <br\/><br\/> Property | Mineral | Rock<br\/> It is a solid. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is a pure substance. | Yes | No<br\/> It has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No<br\/> <br\/> You can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither. Look closely at the last three properties: Minerals and rocks are not made by organisms. Organisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be  minerals or rocks. Humans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks. A mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not. A pure substance is made of only one type of matter.  Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures. A mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not. The crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way. However, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different!",
    "solution":"Limestone is a rock that forms from ocean sediment. The sediment in limestone is made mostly of the shells of marine organisms. But the rock itself is not made by organisms. It forms deep below Earth's surface when layers of sediment are pressed together to form rock.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10904\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a run-on sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "During the game, the children hid behind the large tree.",
      "We went to Texas, we saw an old fort."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is it a complete sentence, a fragment, or a run-on?",
    "lecture":"A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb. My friends walk along the path. A sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb. Knows the answer. This is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject. Who knows the answer? She knows the answer. The bright red car. This is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb. What did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped. A run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma. I knocked on the door it opened. It started raining, we ran inside. To fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence. I knocked on the door. It opened. It started raining. We ran inside. You can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. I knocked on the door, and it opened. It started raining, so we ran inside.",
    "solution":"We went to Texas, we saw an old fort is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined by just a comma: We went to Texas and We saw an old fort.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which tense does the sentence use?\nMy family arrives at the airport on time.",
    "choices":[
      "future tense",
      "present tense",
      "past tense"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"verbs",
    "category":"Verb tense",
    "skill":"Is the sentence in the past, present, or future tense?",
    "lecture":"Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now. Most present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es. Two verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms. Past tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened. Most past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed. Some verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms. Future tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen. All future-tense verbs use the word will. <br\/><br\/> Present | Past | Future<br\/> walk, walks | walked | will walk<br\/> go, goes | went | will go<br\/>",
    "solution":"The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, arrives. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "sample A",
      "sample B",
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.\nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10910\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "Massachusetts",
      "Rhode Island",
      "Georgia",
      "New Hampshire"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"English colonies in North America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is Massachusetts.\nThe Massachusetts Colony included land that would later become the state of Maine. Maine was never its own colony.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10912\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence so that it uses personification.\nThe alarm () the burglar, scaring him away.",
    "choices":[
      "blared at",
      "screamed at"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Creative techniques",
    "skill":"Use personification",
    "lecture":"Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point. The trees danced in the wind. The word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.",
    "solution":"Complete the sentence with the phrase screamed at. It describes the alarm as if it were a screaming person.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Using only these supplies, which question can Frank investigate with an experiment?",
    "choices":[
      "Are dishes washed in a dishwasher cleaner than dishes washed by hand?",
      "Are dishes cleaner when washed with liquid dish detergent or with bar soap?",
      "Are dishes cleaner when washed with a soapy sponge or with a soapy rag?"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Frank is washing dishes after cooking his dinner. He notices that some of the dishes still feel oily after being washed. He wonders what factors affect how clean dishes are after they are washed. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\na sponge\nliquid dish detergent\na bar of soap\nhot water\ncold water\na pile of dirty dishes",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "repel",
      "attract"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces. Magnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S). Here are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles. If opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nBoth poles of each magnet line up with both poles of the other magnet. The north pole of each magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10930\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word does not rhyme?",
    "choices":[
      "truck",
      "duck",
      "hate"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade1",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"phonological-awareness",
    "category":"Rhyming",
    "skill":"Which word does not rhyme?",
    "lecture":"Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound. The words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound. The words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound. The words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.",
    "solution":"The words duck and truck rhyme. They both end with the uck sound.\nThe word hate does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is Nembrotha megalocera made up of many cells?",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This organism is Nembrotha megalocera. It is a member of the animal kingdom.\nNembrotha megalocera is commonly called a nudibranch. Like other nudibranchs, N. megalocera has a soft underside that is made up of a muscular foot. N. megalocera has a blue foot.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Describe, classify, and compare kingdoms",
    "lecture":"In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms. Organisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom. <br\/><br\/>  | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | Plants<br\/> How many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | many<br\/> Do their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yes<br\/> Can their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes<br\/>",
    "solution":"Nembrotha megalocera is an animal. Animals are made up of many cells.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10933\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Tiki's phenotype for the body feather color trait?",
    "choices":[
      "green body feathers",
      "blue body feathers"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"In a group of budgerigar parakeets, some individuals have green body feathers and others have blue body feathers. In this group, the gene for the body feather color trait has two alleles. The allele for blue body feathers (b) is recessive to the allele for green body feathers (B).\nTiki is a budgerigar parakeet from this group. Tiki has the homozygous genotype bb for the body feather color gene.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: dominant and recessive",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. Some traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene. An organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene. An organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene. The types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. A dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers. A recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.",
    "solution":"Tiki's genotype for the body feather color gene is bb. Tiki's genotype of bb has only b alleles. The b allele is for blue body feathers. So, Tiki's phenotype for the body feather color trait must be blue body feathers.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Tiki's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for blue body feathers (b) is recessive to the allele for green body feathers (B). This means B is a dominant allele, and b is a recessive allele.\nTiki's genotype of bb has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Tiki's phenotype for the body feather color trait must be blue body feathers.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following could Brett's test show?",
    "choices":[
      "how long it would take the sample fabric to dry after it absorbed one drop of water",
      "how much athletes would sweat in the fabric",
      "if the sample fabric would absorb one drop of water in less than one second"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design.\nThe passage below describes how the engineering-design process was used to test a solution to a problem. Read the passage. Then answer the question below.\n\nBrett, a materials engineer, was developing a quick-drying fabric for athletic clothing. The fabric needed to absorb one drop of water in less than one second and dry completely in less than five minutes. Brett thought a fabric made from cotton and polyester would both absorb water well and dry quickly. But he needed to decide what percentage of each material to use.\nSo, he made a sample fabric that was 50% cotton and 50% polyester. Then he put one drop of water on the sample. He timed how long it took the fabric to dry after the water was absorbed.\nFigure: fabric that has not absorbed drops of water.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Engineering practices",
    "skill":"Evaluate tests of engineering-design solutions",
    "lecture":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured. Imagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves. First, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind. Then, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved. Tests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10944\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which tense does the sentence use?\nMom will open the jar of jelly.",
    "choices":[
      "past tense",
      "future tense",
      "present tense"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"verbs",
    "category":"Verb tense",
    "skill":"Is the sentence in the past, present, or future tense?",
    "lecture":"Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now. Most present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es. Two verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms. Past tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened. Most past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed. Some verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms. Future tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen. All future-tense verbs use the word will. <br\/><br\/> Present | Past | Future<br\/> walk, walks | walked | will walk<br\/> go, goes | went | will go<br\/>",
    "solution":"The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, open. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the part whose main job is to use energy from sunlight to make sugar in a plant cell.",
    "choices":[
      "chromosomes",
      "chloroplasts",
      "cell membrane",
      "vacuole"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Cells",
    "skill":"Identify functions of plant cell parts",
    "lecture":"Plant cells are made up of many different parts. Each cell part has a function that helps the cell survive and grow. Some cell parts are called organelles. Organelles are cell structures that are surrounded by their own membranes. Here are some of the organelles in plant cells: Chloroplasts and mitochondria work together to help the cell get the energy it needs. The chloroplasts use photosynthesis to make sugar. The mitochondria break down this sugar and release energy that the cell can use for all of its activities. The nucleus directs cell activities by sending instructions to different parts of the cell. The nucleus contains structures called chromosomes. The chromosomes are made mostly of hereditary material called DNA. DNA contains information that the cell uses for growth and activities. These instructions tell ribosomes how to build molecules called proteins, which make up cell structures and help chemical reactions happen in the cell. The endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle that helps ribosomes build proteins. The nucleus sends instructions for making proteins to ribosomes. Ribosomes can attach to the endoplamic reticulum. The endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes use these instructions to make proteins that the cell needs to survive and grow. After proteins are made in the endoplasmic reticulum, they can be transferred to the Golgi. The Golgi is an organelle made up of flat, stacked membranes. The Golgi sorts and packages proteins and other substances. Then, the Golgi sends these substances to different parts of the cell. Some of these substances are sent to the cell membrane and released from the cell. In plant cells, the vacuole stores waste, water, and nutrients such as sugar. Most plant cells have one vacuole. Other cell parts are not surrounded by their own membranes. These cell parts are not organelles. The cell wall is the cell's tough outer covering. It gives the cell strength and stiffness and helps the cell keep its shape. On the inside of the cell wall is a thin layer called the cell membrane. This layer is a membrane, but it does not have a membrane surrounding it, so it is not an organelle. The cell membrane controls which substances enter and leave the cell. The cytoplasm is a thick liquid that fills the space inside the cell. The cytoplasm also helps the cell keep its shape and supports the other cell parts.",
    "solution":"Chloroplasts use photosynthesis to make sugar. First, chloroplasts capture energy from sunlight. Then, they use this energy to turn water and carbon dioxide gas into sugar, the plant cell's food.\nA plant cell may have many chloroplasts. Chloroplasts contain a green substance called chlorophyll.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nIt's an open secret that Bryce is writing a book based on his experiences living in Singapore. He never talks about it, but almost all his friends know.",
    "choices":[
      "hyperbole",
      "oxymoron"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify the figure of speech: review",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Anaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses. We are united. We are powerful. We are winners. Antithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure. I want to help, not to hurt. Apostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity. Oh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully? Assonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words. Try to light the fire. Chiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words. Never let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! An oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Some reviewers are calling this book a new classic. A paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Always expect the unexpected. Understatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is. As you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.",
    "solution":"The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nOpen secret is a contradiction, because open describes something that is freely or publicly known, and a secret is hidden.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following fossils is younger? Select the more likely answer.",
    "choices":[
      "dinosaur footprint",
      "fern"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This diagram shows fossils in an undisturbed sedimentary rock sequence.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Fossils",
    "skill":"Compare ages of fossils in a rock sequence",
    "lecture":"A fossil is the preserved evidence of an ancient organism. Some fossils are formed from body parts such as bones or shells. Other fossils, such as footprints or burrows, are formed from traces of an organism's activities. Fossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually form in layers. Over time, new layers are added on top of old layers in a series called a rock sequence. The layers in an undisturbed rock sequence are in the same order as when they formed. So, the deeper layers are older than the shallower layers. The relative ages of fossils can be determined from their positions in an undisturbed rock sequence. Older fossils are usually in deeper layers, and younger fossils are usually in shallower layers.",
    "solution":"Look again at the fossils in the rock sequence diagram.\nCompare the positions of these fossils to determine which one is younger:\nThe fern fossil is in a shallower layer in the rock sequence than the dinosaur footprint fossil. So, the fern fossil is most likely younger than the dinosaur footprint fossil.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10956\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the mass of a can of soup?",
    "choices":[
      "11 tons",
      "11 pounds",
      "11 ounces"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of mass",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Mass is a measurement of how much matter something contains. There are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons. There are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton. So, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton. A slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the mass of a can of soup is 11 ounces.\n11 pounds and 11 tons are both too heavy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Look at the models of molecules below. Select the elementary substance.",
    "choices":[
      "ethanol",
      "ozone",
      "hydrazine"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"Identify elementary substances and compounds using models",
    "lecture":"There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you. A substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl. Scientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride. In a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10958\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following organisms is the secondary consumer in this food web?",
    "choices":[
      "persimmon tree",
      "black bear",
      "beaver",
      "swallowtail caterpillar"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Below is a food web from Shenandoah National Park, a forest ecosystem in Virginia.\nA food web models how the matter eaten by organisms moves through an ecosystem. The arrows in a food web represent how matter moves between organisms in an ecosystem.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecological interactions",
    "skill":"Interpret food webs I",
    "lecture":"A food web is a model. A food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food. Arrows show how matter moves. A food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating. An organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web. An organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web.",
    "solution":"Secondary consumers eat primary consumers, and primary consumers eat producers. So, in a food web, secondary consumers have arrows pointing to them from primary consumers. Primary consumers have arrows pointing to them from producers.\nThe swallowtail caterpillar has an arrow pointing to it from the persimmon tree. The persimmon tree is not a primary consumer, so the swallowtail caterpillar is not a secondary consumer.\nThe beaver has an arrow pointing to it from the silver maple. The silver maple is not a primary consumer, so the beaver is not a secondary consumer.\nThe persimmon tree does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the persimmon tree is not a secondary consumer.\nThe black bear has arrows pointing to it from the swallowtail caterpillar and the beaver. The swallowtail caterpillar and the beaver are primary consumers, so the black bear is a secondary consumer.\nThe bobcat has an arrow pointing to it from the beaver. The beaver is a primary consumer, so the bobcat is a secondary consumer.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10959\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nsincere - swim",
    "choices":[
      "sand",
      "stories"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince stories is between the guide words sincere - swim, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a sentence fragment?",
    "choices":[
      "There are seven continents on earth South America is one of them.",
      "Sold the black coat."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is it a complete sentence, a fragment, or a run-on?",
    "lecture":"A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb. My friends walk along the path. A sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb. Knows the answer. This is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject. Who knows the answer? She knows the answer. The bright red car. This is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb. What did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped. A run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma. I knocked on the door it opened. It started raining, we ran inside. To fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence. I knocked on the door. It opened. It started raining. We ran inside. You can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. I knocked on the door, and it opened. It started raining, so we ran inside.",
    "solution":"Sold the black coat is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which object has more thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "an 8-kilogram block of iron at a temperature of 70\u00b0F",
      "an 8-kilogram block of iron at a temperature of 95\u00b0F"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The objects are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Heat and thermal energy",
    "skill":"How is temperature related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.",
    "solution":"The two blocks of iron have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 95\u00b0F block is hotter than the 70\u00b0F block, it has more thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which block of steel has less thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "the hotter block of steel",
      "the colder block of steel"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Two 4-kilogram blocks of steel are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Thermal energy",
    "skill":"How are temperature and mass related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving. The energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. What happens if the amount of matter changes? A 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has half as much thermal energy as a 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the smaller brick has half as many atoms. So, it has half as much thermal energy.",
    "solution":"The two blocks of steel are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the colder block of steel has less thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nRudy picked up his pace on the trail as his spidey sense began to tingle.",
    "choices":[
      "a comic book",
      "Italian history"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. Here, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion spidey sense is a comic book.\nThe comic book superhero Spider-Man possesses a spidey sense that warns him of impending trouble.\nThe allusion spidey sense means a sense of danger coming.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Franco inherited this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Franco's mother has blue eyes. She passed this trait down to Franco.",
      "Franco likes to wear a blue sweater to match his blue eyes."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nFranco has blue eyes.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Suppose Pablo decides to plant the birch tree. Which result would be a cost?",
    "choices":[
      "Pablo will get to look at the birch tree. He thinks it will look more beautiful than the hydrangeas would have looked.",
      "The birch tree will use up more space than the hydrangeas would have used up."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Pablo is deciding whether to plant hydrangeas or a birch tree in his backyard. He wants to make his backyard more beautiful. But he also wants to leave space for doing fun things.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Costs and benefits",
    "lecture":"Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits. Costs are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need. Benefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.",
    "solution":"This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Pablo wants or needs:\nThe birch tree will use up more space than the hydrangeas would have used up.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What can Diane and Evelyn trade to each get what they want?",
    "choices":[
      "Evelyn can trade her broccoli for Diane's oranges.",
      "Evelyn can trade her almonds for Diane's tomatoes.",
      "Diane can trade her tomatoes for Evelyn's carrots.",
      "Diane can trade her tomatoes for Evelyn's broccoli."
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":"Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.\nDiane and Evelyn open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Neither Diane nor Evelyn got everything that they wanted. The table below shows which items they each wanted:\n\nLook at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.\nDiane's lunch Evelyn's lunch",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Trade and specialization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the table and images.\nDiane wants broccoli. Evelyn wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/10986\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nBy the time Wanda had finished explaining to Mr. Blake what had happened, her friends were laughingly referring to her as Scheherazade.",
    "choices":[
      "ancient legend",
      "the Bible"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. The protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose. The word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion Scheherazade is ancient legend.\nThe Arabian Nights presents the ancient legend of how Scheherazade successfully postpones her imminent death by mesmerizing her captor with a thousand and one fascinating tales.\nThe allusion Scheherazade means a person who uses his or her arts to distract someone and avoid consequences.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is there a surplus or shortage of chocolate chip cookies?",
    "choices":[
      "surplus",
      "shortage"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The grocery store has chocolate chip cookies on sale for $2 per box. There are 20 boxes available. At that price, 35 people want to buy a box.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Supply and demand",
    "skill":"Identify shortage and surplus",
    "lecture":"There is a surplus if there is too much for sale at a given price. There is a shortage if there is not enough for sale at a given price. Surpluses and shortages usually happen when people who are selling goods or services charge too much or too little. When the price is too high, consumers will not want to buy much of the good or service. The quantity demanded will be less than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a surplus. When the price is too low, too many consumers will want to buy the good or service. The quantity demanded will be more than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a shortage.",
    "solution":"At the current price, there are not enough cookies for sale. There are 20 boxes for sale, but 35 people want to buy a box.\nSo, there is a shortage of cookies.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nLindsey's Boutique claims to have \"something for everyone,\" but it is generally understood that their target market is women of a certain age.",
    "choices":[
      "euphemism",
      "paradox"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify the figure of speech: euphemism, hyperbole, oxymoron, paradox",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! An oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Some reviewers are calling this book a new classic. A paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Always expect the unexpected.",
    "solution":"The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nOf a certain age is an indirect and generally more polite way of referring to older people.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a complex sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "Peter was playing the piano in the living room when Dad called him for dinner.",
      "The audition for the part of Dracula will begin in just a few minutes."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple, compound, or complex?",
    "lecture":"A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence. the oranges on our tree are ripe The clause can stand alone. It is independent. after we pick up Kevin from work The clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent. A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause. Ben and I spent all day relaxing by the pool. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat. Ben usually wears his heavy coat in the winter. A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. We saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while. If she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.",
    "solution":"The second sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction when.\nPeter was playing the piano in the living room when Dad called him for dinner.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property matches this object?",
    "choices":[
      "transparent",
      "soft"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Identify properties of an object",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.",
    "solution":"Look at the object.\nThink about each property.\nA soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. The soccer shorts are soft.\nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. The soccer shorts are not transparent.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11009\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these colonies was Middle Colonies?",
    "choices":[
      "Georgia",
      "Delaware",
      "Connecticut"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"In the following questions, you will learn about the origins of the Middle Colonies. The Middle Colonies made up the middle part of the Thirteen Colonies, which were ruled by England in the 1600s and 1700s. The map below shows the Thirteen Colonies in 1750. Look at the map. Then answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"Colonial America",
    "skill":"Middle Colonies: founding and government",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the legend on the map.\nThe rest of the Thirteen Colonies were part of New England or the Southern Colonies.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11012\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?",
    "choices":[
      "If Arianna's skirt doesn't match the blouse, she will have to exchange it for another item.",
      "If Arianna's skirt doesn't match the blouse, she will have to exchange the blouse for another item."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Pronouns",
    "skill":"Identify vague pronoun references",
    "lecture":"When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.",
    "solution":"The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to Arianna's skirt or the blouse.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the blouse.\nIf Arianna's skirt doesn't match the blouse, she will have to exchange the blouse for another item.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest west?",
    "choices":[
      "New Hampshire",
      "Delaware",
      "Rhode Island",
      "Florida"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Maps",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Florida is farthest west.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11025\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the one substance that is not a mineral.",
    "choices":[
      "Hematite is not made by living things. It is a pure substance.",
      "Quartz is formed in nature. It is a pure substance.",
      "A skull is not a pure substance. It is made by a living thing."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Rocks and minerals",
    "skill":"Identify minerals using properties",
    "lecture":"Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals. Minerals and rocks have the following properties: <br\/><br\/> Property | Mineral | Rock<br\/> It is a solid. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is a pure substance. | Yes | No<br\/> It has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No<br\/> <br\/> You can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither. Look closely at the last three properties: Minerals and rocks are not made by organisms. Organisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be  minerals or rocks. Humans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks. A mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not. A pure substance is made of only one type of matter.  Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures. A mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not. The crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way. However, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different!",
    "solution":"Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.\nHematite is a mineral.\nA skull is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.\nA skull is made by a living thing. But minerals are not made by living things.\nSo, a skull is not a mineral.\nQuartz is a mineral.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material, but some of them are different sizes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger.",
    "solution":"The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.\nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11028\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which better describes the Daintree rain forest ecosystem?",
    "choices":[
      "It has cold winters. It also has many different types of organisms.",
      "It has year-round warm temperatures. It also has soil that is poor in nutrients."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Figure: Daintree rain forest.\nThe Daintree rain forest is a tropical rain forest ecosystem in northeastern Australia.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Describe ecosystems",
    "lecture":"An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment. There are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other: the pattern of weather, or climate the type of soil the organisms that live there",
    "solution":"A tropical rain forest is a type of ecosystem. Tropical rain forests have the following features: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. So, the Daintree rain forest has year-round warm temperatures. It also has soil that is poor in nutrients.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11031\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Nebraska?",
    "choices":[
      "Lincoln",
      "Providence",
      "Omaha",
      "Bismarck"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Lincoln is the capital of Nebraska.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11035\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Pam acquired this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Pam knits sweaters using cotton, wool, and other types of yarn.",
      "Pam learned how to knit in an after school program."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nPam knows how to knit sweaters.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which graduation announcement is more formal?",
    "choices":[
      "We are proud to announce the graduation of Lester Horton.",
      "Lester Horton is graduating, and we couldn't be more proud!"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Audience, purpose, and tone",
    "skill":"Which text is most formal?",
    "lecture":"Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions. Formal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language. Compare the following sentences. Informal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome. More formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners. Most formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners.",
    "solution":"The first graduation announcement is more formal. It uses more ceremonious language (proud to announce). The other graduation announcement uses more conversational language (we couldn't be more proud!).",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nBy the time Bonnie had finished explaining to Mr. Wilkinson what had happened, her friends were laughingly referring to her as Scheherazade.",
    "choices":[
      "ancient legend",
      "Greek history"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. The protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose. The word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion Scheherazade is ancient legend.\nThe Arabian Nights presents the ancient legend of how Scheherazade successfully postpones her imminent death by mesmerizing her captor with a thousand and one fascinating tales.\nThe allusion Scheherazade means a person who uses his or her arts to distract someone and avoid consequences.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which correctly shows the title of a book?",
    "choices":[
      "Letting Go and Moving On",
      "Letting Go and moving On"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"capitalization",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Capitalizing titles",
    "lecture":"In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach These words are not important in titles: Articles, a, an, the Short prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up Coordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or",
    "solution":"Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word and is not important, so it should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is Letting Go and Moving On.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nWhere Meg lives, winds blowing from the northeast are rare in July.",
    "choices":[
      "climate",
      "weather"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"What's the difference between weather and climate?",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the text carefully.\nWhere Meg lives, winds blowing from the northeast are rare in July.\nThis passage tells you about the usual wind pattern where Meg lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the volume of a bathroom sink?",
    "choices":[
      "8 milliliters",
      "8 liters"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Volume is a measurement of how much space something takes up. There are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters. There are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter. A raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the volume of a bathroom sink is 8 liters.\n8 milliliters is too little.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is ocean water a solid, a liquid, or a gas?",
    "choices":[
      "a gas",
      "a solid",
      "a liquid"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"States of matter",
    "skill":"Identify and sort solids, liquids, and gases",
    "lecture":"Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own. Some solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid. When matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle. Some liquids are thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk. When matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space. Many gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas.",
    "solution":"Ocean water is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in.\nIf you pour some ocean water into a bucket, the ocean water will take the shape of the bucket. But the ocean water will still take up the same amount of space.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11052\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nplump - prevail",
    "choices":[
      "poetry",
      "person"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince poetry is between the guide words plump - prevail, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence.\nBleaching hair is a ().",
    "choices":[
      "chemical change",
      "physical change"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Chemical reactions",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule. In a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Burning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns. In a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.",
    "solution":"Bleaching hair is a chemical change. Hair contains colorful matter called pigment. The bleach reacts with the pigment and turns it into a different type of matter. The new matter gives the hair a lighter color than before.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Does the sentence use a simile or a metaphor?\nOn that winter morning, Linda's hands were as cold as ice.",
    "choices":[
      "simile",
      "metaphor"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Identify similes and metaphors",
    "lecture":"Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike. A simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as. My sister runs like a cheetah. The sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like. A cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast. The cat's fur was as dark as the night. The cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as. The night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark. A metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as. The snow formed a blanket over the town. The snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as. A blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely. Using similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader.",
    "solution":"On that winter morning, Linda's hands were as cold as ice.\nThe words hands and ice are compared using the word as. So, the sentence uses a simile.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these two objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "bendable",
      "breakable"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Different objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA bendable object can be bent without breaking. Neither of the objects are bendable.\nA breakable object will break into pieces if you drop it. Both objects are breakable.\nThe property that both objects have in common is breakable.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11066\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these three objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "translucent",
      "sour",
      "transparent"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the best answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA lemon has a sour taste. All three objects are sour.\nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. The green apple and the lemon are not transparent.\nA translucent object lets light through. But you cannot see clearly through a translucent object. The green apple is not translucent.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is sour.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11070\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest south?",
    "choices":[
      "Maine",
      "Illinois",
      "Vermont",
      "Washington"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Illinois is farthest south.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11078\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which material is this binder made of?",
    "choices":[
      "clay",
      "metal"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Identify multiple materials in objects",
    "lecture":"A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. Some objects are made of just one material. Most nails are made of metal. Other objects are made of more than one material. This hammer is made of metal and wood.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the binder.\nThe binder is made of two different materials. The cover is made of plastic, and the rings are made of metal.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11080\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following statement about our solar system true or false?\nThe volume of Uranus is less than one-tenth of the volume of Saturn.",
    "choices":[
      "false",
      "true"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Use the data to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"true-or-false",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Astronomy",
    "skill":"Analyze data to compare properties of planets",
    "lecture":"A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet. The primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.",
    "solution":"To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of one-tenth the volume of Saturn.\nThen compare the result to the volume of Uranus. The volume of Uranus is 68,300 billion km^3, which is less than 82,713 billion km^3. So, the volume of Uranus is less than one-tenth the volume of Saturn.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11091\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which statement describes the Cerrado ecosystem?",
    "choices":[
      "It has a rainy season and a dry season.",
      "It has cool summers and long, cold winters."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Figure: Cerrado.\nThe savanna grasslands of Brazil are called the Cerrado. The Cerrado covers over one-fifth of Brazil and is home to termites, anteaters, armadillos, and other organisms.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Describe ecosystems",
    "lecture":"An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment. There are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other: the pattern of weather, or climate the type of soil the organisms that live there",
    "solution":"A savanna grassland is a type of ecosystem. Savanna grasslands have the following features: warm summers and warm winters, a rainy season and a dry season, and soil that is poor in nutrients. So, the following statements describe the Cerrado ecosystem: warm summers and warm winters, a rainy season and a dry season, and soil that is poor in nutrients. It has a rainy season and a dry season. It has warm summers and warm winters. The following statement does not describe the Cerrado: warm summers and warm winters, a rainy season and a dry season, and soil that is poor in nutrients. It has cool summers and long, cold winters.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11101\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which object has less thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "a 200-gram glass of orange juice at a temperature of 70\u00b0F",
      "a 200-gram glass of orange juice at a temperature of 80\u00b0F"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The objects are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Heat and thermal energy",
    "skill":"How is temperature related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.",
    "solution":"The two glasses of orange juice have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 70\u00b0F glass of orange juice is colder than the 80\u00b0F glass of orange juice, it has less thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which bird's beak is also adapted to crack large, hard nuts?",
    "choices":[
      "palm cockatoo",
      "blue rock pigeon"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Military macaws live in the forests of Central and South America. They eat large seeds and nuts. The shape of the 's beak is adapted to crack open large, hard nuts.\nFigure: military macaw.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: beaks, mouths, and necks",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the military macaw.\nThe military macaw has a thick hooked beak. Its beak is adapted to crack large, hard nuts. The military macaw uses its thick beak to crack the shell of a nut by squeezing it. The hooked shape of the beak can help the bird hold the nut in place while cracking it.\nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.\nThe palm cockatoo has a thick hooked beak. Its beak is adapted to crack large, hard nuts.\nThe blue rock pigeon has a short, thin beak. Its beak is not adapted to crack large, hard nuts.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11107\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a run-on sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "Liam borrowed my book he enjoyed it.",
      "Coach Haley talked to her team before the game."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is it a complete sentence or a run-on?",
    "lecture":"A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb. My friends walk along the path. A run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma. I knocked on the door it opened. It started raining, we ran inside. To fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence. I knocked on the door. It opened. It started raining. We ran inside. You can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. I knocked on the door, and it opened. It started raining, so we ran inside.",
    "solution":"Liam borrowed my book he enjoyed it is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without end punctuation: Liam borrowed my book and He enjoyed it.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is the main persuasive appeal used in this ad?",
    "choices":[
      "logos (reason)",
      "ethos (character)",
      "pathos (emotion)"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Persuasive strategies",
    "skill":"Identify appeals to ethos, pathos, and logos in advertisements",
    "lecture":"The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals: Appeals to ethos, or character, show that the writer or speaker is trustworthy or is an authority on a subject. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following: say that a brand has been trusted for many years note that a brand is recommended by a respected organization or celebrity include a quote from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's values Appeals to logos, or reason, use logic and specific evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following: use graphs or charts to display information mention the results of scientific studies explain the science behind a product or service Appeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following: trigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassment appeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractive link the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury",
    "solution":"The ad appeals to ethos, or character. It includes a recommendation from a respected organization.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11117\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which object has the least thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "a meatball at a temperature of 25\u00b0C",
      "a meatball at a temperature of 17\u00b0C",
      "a meatball at a temperature of 35\u00b0C"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The objects are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Heat and thermal energy",
    "skill":"How is temperature related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.",
    "solution":"All three meatballs have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 17\u00b0C meatball is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which type of force from the boat causes the water skier to move across the water?",
    "choices":[
      "pull",
      "push"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"A boat applies a force to a water skier. She follows the boat as it moves on the water.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Identify pushes and pulls",
    "lecture":"A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to a second object. The direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing. The direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling.",
    "solution":"The boat applies a force to the water skier. This force causes the water skier to move across the water. The direction of this force is toward the boat. This force is a pull.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11128\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following could Jamie's test show?",
    "choices":[
      "if the weather station would work when the temperature was 50\u00b0C",
      "how well the weather station would work when it was windy"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design.\nThe passage below describes how the engineering-design process was used to test a solution to a problem. Read the passage. Then answer the question below.\n\nJamie was a mechanical engineer who was designing  to record temperature, precipitation, and wind speed. The weather station would be used in a town where the highest recorded temperature was 40\u00b0C. Jamie wanted to make sure the weather station would work even in unusually warm weather.\nSo, he set an indoor test chamber to 50\u00b0C with low moisture and no wind. He left the weather station in the chamber overnight. The next day, he checked to see if the weather station displayed accurate measurements after 24 hours at 50\u00b0C.\nFigure: a weather station.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Engineering practices",
    "skill":"Evaluate tests of engineering-design solutions",
    "lecture":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured. Imagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves. First, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind. Then, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved. Tests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11129\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the statement.\n2-Chloroethanol is ().",
    "choices":[
      "a compound",
      "an elementary substance"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"2\u2011Chloroethanol is a poisonous substance used to make chemicals that kill insects. The chemical formula for 2-chloroethanol is C2H5ClO.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"Classify elementary substances and compounds using chemical formulas",
    "lecture":"There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you. A substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be. The atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula. An elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol. The atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule. For example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms. A compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols. The chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula. For example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two atoms.",
    "solution":"You can tell whether 2-chloroethanol is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of atomic symbols in its chemical formula. An atomic symbol consists of either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for 2-chloroethanol, C2 H5 ClO, contains four atomic symbols: C for carbon, H for hydrogen, Cl for chlorine, and O for oxygen. So, the formula tells you that 2-chloroethanol is composed of four chemical elements bonded together.\nSince 2-chloroethanol is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, 2-chloroethanol is a compound.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the amphibian below.",
    "choices":[
      "seahorse",
      "gray tree frog",
      "water buffalo",
      "painted stork"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Amphibians have moist skin and begin their lives in water.\nAmphibians are cold-blooded. The body temperature of cold-blooded animals depends on their environment.\nA golden frog is an example of an amphibian.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals.",
    "solution":"A water buffalo is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.\nWater buffaloes live in Asia. Some people raise water buffaloes for their milk.\nA seahorse is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nSeahorses live in shallow, warm water. They can use their tails to hold on to plants.\nA gray tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nThere are many kinds of tree frogs. Most tree frogs are very small. They can walk on thin branches.\nA painted stork is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nStorks wade in shallow water to look for food. Storks eat fish, insects, worms, and other small animals.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11147\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a paintbrush?",
    "choices":[
      "11 feet",
      "11 miles",
      "11 yards",
      "11 inches"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of distance, mass, and volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles. There are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile. A football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the length of a paintbrush is 11 inches.\n11 feet, 11 yards, and 11 miles are all too long.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which glas of grape juice has a lower temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "the glass of grape juice with less thermal energy",
      "the glass of grape juice with more thermal energy"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two 225-gram glasses of grape juice are identical except for their thermal energies.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Thermal energy",
    "skill":"How are temperature and mass related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving. The energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. What happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.",
    "solution":"The two glasses of grape juice are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the glass of grape juice with less thermal energy has a lower temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the direction of this pull?",
    "choices":[
      "away from the builder's body",
      "toward the builder's body"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"A builder pulls a bucket of supplies up to where he is working.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Identify pushes and pulls",
    "lecture":"One object can make another object move with a push or a pull. The direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing. The direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling.",
    "solution":"The builder pulls the bucket toward his body. The bucket moves up to where he is working. The direction of the pull is toward the builder's body.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11166\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these cities is marked on the map?",
    "choices":[
      "Chicago",
      "Detroit",
      "Indianapolis",
      "St. Louis"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Cities",
    "skill":"Cities of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The city is Detroit, Michigan. Indianapolis, Chicago, and St. Louis are marked with gray circles on the map below.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11167\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nKevin put on an extra pair of socks this morning because it was so cold.",
    "choices":[
      "climate",
      "weather"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"What's the difference between weather and climate?",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the text carefully.\nKevin put on an extra pair of socks this morning because it was so cold.\nThis passage tells you about the temperature this morning where Kevin lives. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following could Brandon's test show?",
    "choices":[
      "which design would have the greatest distance between the concert area and the road",
      "if at least 20% of the park would be shaded by trees in each design",
      "which design would have the least traffic noise in the concert area"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design.\nThe passage below describes how the engineering-design process was used to test a solution to a problem. Read the passage. Then answer the question below.\n\nBrandon was a landscape architect who was hired to design a new city park. The city council wanted the park to have space for outdoor concerts and to have at least 20% of the park shaded by trees. Brandon thought the concert area should be at least 150 meters from the road so traffic noise didn't interrupt the music. He developed three possible designs for the park with the concert area in a different location in each design. Then, he tested each design by measuring the distance between the road and the concert area.\nFigure: studying an architect's design.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Engineering practices",
    "skill":"Evaluate tests of engineering-design solutions",
    "lecture":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured. Imagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves. First, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind. Then, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved. Tests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11170\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Bruce inherited this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Bruce's mother cuts his hair every month.",
      "Bruce's parents have blond hair. They passed down this trait to Bruce."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nBruce has blond hair.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"When was Frederick Douglass born?",
    "choices":[
      "1583",
      "1730",
      "1942",
      "1818"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"Historical figures",
    "skill":"Frederick Douglass",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Frederick Douglass was born in 1818. He became an important African American leader in the 1840 s.\nFrederick Douglass fought for African American people's rights. He worked to end slavery before the Civil War. During and after the Civil War, he kept fighting against unequal treatment.\nFrederick Douglass died in 1895.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"During this time, thermal energy was transferred from () to ().",
    "choices":[
      "each cake . . . the surroundings",
      "the surroundings . . . each cake"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Albert baked two identical cakes. When he took them out of the oven, he left one cake in its pan and took the other cake out of its pan to put it on a plate. This table shows how the temperature of each cake changed over 5minutes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Thermal energy",
    "skill":"Compare thermal energy transfers",
    "lecture":"A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy: An increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings. A decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings.",
    "solution":"The temperature of each cake decreased, which means that the thermal energy of each cake decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred from each cake to the surroundings.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11190\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which watermelon has a lower temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "the watermelon with less thermal energy",
      "the watermelon with more thermal energy"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two watermelons are identical except for their thermal energies.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Thermal energy",
    "skill":"How are temperature and mass related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving. The energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. What happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.",
    "solution":"The two watermelons are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the watermelon with less thermal energy has a lower temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Fred acquired this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Fred's scar is on his left knee. His mother also has a scar on her left knee.",
      "Fred's scar was caused by an accident. He cut his leg when he fell off his skateboard.",
      "Fred's brother has scars on both of his knees."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nFred has a scar on his left knee.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nget - goes",
    "choices":[
      "group",
      "gnaw"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince gnaw is between the guide words get - goes, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which text uses the word factoid in its traditional sense?",
    "choices":[
      "Chad subscribed to an online newsletter about African wildlife; he enjoyed receiving daily factoids about the wild animals' natural habitats and behavior.",
      "Chad seemed to know a lot about African wildlife, but it turned out that his knowledge was mostly based on factoids gleaned from unreliable websites."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Word usage and nuance",
    "skill":"Explore words with new or contested usages",
    "lecture":"Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner. When a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences. Britney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam. The traditional usage above is considered more standard. David perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages. The nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.",
    "solution":"The first text uses factoid in its traditional sense: something made up presented as a true fact.\nChad seemed to know a lot about African wildlife, but it turned out that his knowledge was mostly based on factoids gleaned from unreliable websites.\nThe second text uses factoid in its nontraditional sense: a trivial but true fact.\nChad subscribed to an online newsletter about African wildlife; he enjoyed receiving daily factoids about the wild animals' natural habitats and behavior.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word factoid because it is considered more standard.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of New Jersey?",
    "choices":[
      "Trenton",
      "Biloxi",
      "Newark",
      "Jersey City"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Northeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Trenton is the capital of New Jersey.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11240\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which object has less thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "a 200-gram glass of water at a temperature of 50\u00b0F",
      "a 200-gram glass of water at a temperature of 40\u00b0F"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The objects are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Heat and thermal energy",
    "skill":"How is temperature related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.",
    "solution":"The two glasses of water have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 40\u00b0F glass of water is colder than the 50\u00b0F glass of water, it has less thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets.",
    "solution":"The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.\nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11265\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "Pennsylvania",
      "Connecticut",
      "Rhode Island",
      "Delaware"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"English colonies in North America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is Rhode Island.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11268\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word does not rhyme?",
    "choices":[
      "dime",
      "lime",
      "tape"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade1",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"phonological-awareness",
    "category":"Rhyming",
    "skill":"Which word does not rhyme?",
    "lecture":"Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound. The words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound. The words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound. The words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.",
    "solution":"The words dime and lime rhyme. They both end with the ime sound.\nThe word tape does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of New Jersey?",
    "choices":[
      "Jersey City",
      "Newark",
      "Trenton",
      "Albany"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Northeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Trenton is the capital of New Jersey.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11274\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\noats - onion",
    "choices":[
      "over",
      "offer"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince offer is between the guide words oats - onion, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Nevada?",
    "choices":[
      "Carson City",
      "Sacramento",
      "Las Vegas",
      "Denver"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Carson City is the capital of Nevada.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11284\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nMuch to our shock, Tyrone chose to turn the other cheek when Ruth insulted him in a meeting.",
    "choices":[
      "a song",
      "the Bible"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. Here, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion turn the other cheek is the Bible.\nIn the Bible, Jesus counsels his followers to resist retaliation. He says that if they are struck on the right cheek, they shouldn't lash out; instead, they should turn the other cheek toward their attacker.\nThe allusion turn the other cheek means to respond without aggression.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"In this food chain, the eastern bluebird is a consumer. Why?",
    "choices":[
      "It makes its own food.",
      "It eats another living thing."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This diagram shows a food chain from a forest ecosystem in Virginia.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Identify roles in food chains",
    "lecture":"Every living thing needs food to stay alive. Living things get their food in different ways. A food chain shows how living things in an ecosystem get their food. Producers make their own food. Many producers use carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make sugar. This sugar is food for the producer. Consumers eat other living things. Consumers cannot make their own food.",
    "solution":"In this food chain, the eastern bluebird is a consumer because it eats another living thing. The eastern bluebird in this food chain eats the red-legged grasshopper.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11295\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Idaho?",
    "choices":[
      "Santa Fe",
      "Boise",
      "Nampa",
      "Milwaukee"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify the 50 state capitals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Boise is the capital of Idaho.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11297\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following statement true or false?\nPlant cells do not have vacuoles.",
    "choices":[
      "false",
      "true"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"true-or-false",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Cells",
    "skill":"Cell part functions: true or false",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Plant cells do not have vacuoles.\nThis statement is false. Not all cells have vacuoles, but most plant and animal cells have them.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Kenji acquired this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Kenji's mother speaks one language.",
      "Kenji learned to speak two languages in school."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nKenji speaks two languages.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which closing is correct for a letter?",
    "choices":[
      "your niece,\nWendy",
      "Your niece,\nWendy"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Greetings and closings of letters",
    "lecture":"A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue. Dear Aunt Sue, I'm glad you could come to my party, and thank you for the birthday gift. I could not have asked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think of you. With love, Rory",
    "solution":"The second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is the stickiest?",
    "choices":[
      "rock wall",
      "tape",
      "metal shield"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of materials",
    "lecture":"Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. A material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy. For example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.",
    "solution":"Sticky is a property. A sticky material easily attaches to other things.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the tape is the stickiest. If you touch a piece of tape, it will stick to you.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following trait inherited or acquired?\nBritney can ride a bicycle.",
    "choices":[
      "inherited",
      "acquired"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Identify inherited and acquired traits",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.",
    "solution":"People are not born knowing how to ride a bicycle. Instead, many people learn how to ride. So, riding a bicycle is an acquired trait.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which text uses the word nauseous in its traditional sense?",
    "choices":[
      "Debbie's little brother looked a little sick after eating mounds of candy and then going on the nauseous rides at the state fair.",
      "Debbie's little brother looked a little nauseous after eating mounds of candy and then going on the dizzying rides at the state fair."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Word usage and nuance",
    "skill":"Explore words with new or contested usages",
    "lecture":"Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner. When a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences. Britney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam. The traditional usage above is considered more standard. David perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages. The nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.",
    "solution":"The first text uses nauseous in its traditional sense: causing disgust or nausea.\nDebbie's little brother looked a little sick after eating mounds of candy and then going on the nauseous rides at the state fair.\nThe second text uses nauseous in its nontraditional sense: feeling disgusted or nauseated.\nDebbie's little brother looked a little nauseous after eating mounds of candy and then going on the dizzying rides at the state fair.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word nauseous because it is considered more standard.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal's skin is better adapted to hurt an attacking predator?",
    "choices":[
      "fantastic leaf-tailed gecko",
      "blowfish"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Porcupines have sharp spines covering much of their skin. These spines are called quills. The skin of the  is adapted to hurt an attacking predator.\nFigure: porcupine.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: skins and body coverings",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the porcupine.\nThe porcupine has sharp spines on its skin. Its skin is adapted to hurt an attacking predator. The spines can harm a predator that tries to bite the porcupine.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe blowfish has sharp spines on its skin. Its skin is adapted to hurt an attacking predator.\nThe fantastic leaf-tailed gecko has thin skin covering its body. Its skin is not adapted for hurting an attacking predator.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11334\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nDr. Cameron is unhappy with her new assistant because simple tasks, like fetching coffee, take him years to finish.",
    "choices":[
      "hyperbole",
      "oxymoron"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify figures of speech: euphemism, hyperbole, oxymoron, paradox",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! An oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Some reviewers are calling this book a new classic. A paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Always expect the unexpected.",
    "solution":"The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nTake him years to finish is an exaggeration, since it probably does not take him entire years to fetch coffee.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the direction of this pull?",
    "choices":[
      "toward the center of Earth",
      "away from the center of Earth"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"A skater falls off of his skateboard. The force of Earth's gravity pulls him to the ground.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Identify directions of forces",
    "lecture":"A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to another. Every force has a direction. The direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing. The direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling.",
    "solution":"The force of Earth's gravity pulls the skater downward. The direction of the pull is toward the center of Earth.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11358\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nMr. Carlson argues that we need to do more to prevent workplace injuries and fatalities. I doubt that someone so socially awkward would know a thing about office safety.",
    "choices":[
      "ad hominem: a personal attack against one's opponent",
      "false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> red herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that being socially awkward determines knowledge of workplace safety. This is a personal attack that isn't relevant to Mr. Carlson's desire to prevent workplace injuries. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Would you find the word deep on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ndangle - drench",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince deep is between the guide words dangle - drench, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the wind raising a kite a solid, a liquid, or a gas?",
    "choices":[
      "a liquid",
      "a solid",
      "a gas"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"States of matter",
    "skill":"Identify and sort solids, liquids, and gases",
    "lecture":"Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own. Some solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid. When matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle. Some liquids are thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk. When matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space. Many gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas.",
    "solution":"Wind raising a kite is air that is moving! Air is a gas. The air expands to fill the space around the kite.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11364\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which watermelon has less thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "the colder watermelon",
      "the hotter watermelon"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two watermelons are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Heat and thermal energy",
    "skill":"How are temperature and mass related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving. The energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. What happens if the amount of matter changes? A 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has half as much thermal energy as a 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the smaller brick has half as many atoms. So, it has half as much thermal energy.",
    "solution":"The two watermelons are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the colder watermelon has less thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a compound sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "Now the doctor will wrap a bandage around the cut.",
      "The detective must keep working, or he will never solve this case."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple or compound?",
    "lecture":"A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate. The pitcher threw the ball to first base. A compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. The pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it. Some simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences. Anna and James will watch the fireworks tonight. This simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James. The singers bowed and walked off the stage. This simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat. This is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.",
    "solution":"The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction or.\nThe detective must keep working, or he will never solve this case.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?",
    "choices":[
      "climate",
      "weather"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Figure: Obed River.\nThe Obed River is in central Tennessee. This region normally receives between three and five inches of rain each year during September, October, and November.\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Weather and climate around the world",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the passage carefully.\nThe Obed River is in central Tennessee. This region normally receives between three and five inches of rain each year during September, October, and November.\nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual pattern of precipitation in central Tennessee. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11376\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the text to describe the diagram.\nSolute particles moved in both directions across the permeable membrane. But more solute particles moved across the membrane (). When there was an equal concentration on both sides, the particles reached equilibrium.",
    "choices":[
      "to the right than to the left",
      "to the left than to the right"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The diagram below shows a solution with one solute. Each solute particle is represented by a yellow ball. The solution fills a closed container that is divided in half by a membrane. The membrane, represented by a dotted line, is permeable to the solute particles.\nThe diagram shows how the solution can change over time during the process of diffusion.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Diffusion across membranes",
    "lecture":"In a solution, solute particles move and spread throughout the solvent. The diagram below shows how a solution can change over time. Solute particles move from the area where they are at a higher concentration to the area where they are at a lower concentration. This movement happens through the process of diffusion. As a result of diffusion, the concentration of solute particles becomes equal throughout the solution. When this happens, the solute particles reach equilibrium. At equilibrium, the solute particles do not stop moving. But their concentration throughout the solution stays the same. Membranes, or thin boundaries, can divide solutions into parts. A membrane is permeable to a solute when particles of the solute can pass through gaps in the membrane. In this case, solute particles can move freely across the membrane from one side to the other. So, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more particles will move across a permeable membrane from the side with a higher concentration of solute particles to the side with a lower concentration. At equilibrium, the concentration on both sides of the membrane is equal.",
    "solution":"Look at the diagram again. It shows you how the solution changed during the process of diffusion.\nBefore the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 3 solute particles on the left side of the membrane and 7 solute particles on the right side of the membrane.\nWhen the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 5 solute particles on each side of the membrane. There were 2 more solute particles on the left side of the membrane than before.\nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more solute particles must have moved across the membrane to the left than to the right.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11382\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the one substance that is not a mineral.",
    "choices":[
      "Pyrite is not made by living things. It is formed in nature.",
      "Galena is a pure substance. It is not made by living things.",
      "A marble is made by humans. It is a solid."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Rocks and minerals",
    "skill":"Identify minerals using properties",
    "lecture":"Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals. Minerals and rocks have the following properties: <br\/><br\/> Property | Mineral | Rock<br\/> It is a solid. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is a pure substance. | Yes | No<br\/> It has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No<br\/> <br\/> You can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither. Look closely at the last three properties: Minerals and rocks are not made by organisms. Organisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be  minerals or rocks. Humans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks. A mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not. A pure substance is made of only one type of matter.  Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures. A mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not. The crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way. However, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different!",
    "solution":"Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.\nPyrite is a mineral.\nA marble is made by humans. But minerals are not made by living things.\nSo, a marble is not a mineral.\nGalena is a mineral.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets.",
    "solution":"Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.\nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11391\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"The shopper lifts each bag at the same speed. Which bag is lifted with a larger force?",
    "choices":[
      "a bag holding 9 pounds of food",
      "a bag holding 7 pounds of food"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"A shopper is buying food at the store. He fills two shopping bags. The shopping bags are the same size and shape.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"How do mass and force affect motion?",
    "lecture":"A force is a push or a pull. A force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction. Forces can be different sizes. Think about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object.",
    "solution":"Look for the shopping bag that is heavier.\nA shopping bag holding 9 pounds of food is heavier than a shopping bag holding 7 pounds of food. So, the bag holding 9 pounds needs a larger force to start moving upward at the same speed as the other bag.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nWe have no choice but to invite your manager to the party, because failing to invite her isn't a valid option.",
    "choices":[
      "hasty generalization: a broad claim based on too few observations",
      "false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist",
      "circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations<br\/> slippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that we must invite the manager because we can't not invite her. However, the \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which expression of thanks is more formal?",
    "choices":[
      "Thank you for taking the time to speak with me.",
      "It was super nice talking with you. Thanks for fitting me in!"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Audience, purpose, and tone",
    "skill":"Which text is most formal?",
    "lecture":"Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions. Formal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language. Compare the following sentences. Informal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome. More formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners. Most formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners.",
    "solution":"The first expression of thanks is more formal. It avoids imprecise, conversational language (super nice, fitting me in).",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Jayla acquired this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Jayla is in the Air Force. She flies a plane almost every day.",
      "A pilot taught Jayla how to fly a plane.",
      "Jayla can fly a plane on cloudy days and at night."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nJayla knows how to fly a plane.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of California?",
    "choices":[
      "San Francisco",
      "Olympia",
      "Los Angeles",
      "Sacramento"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify the 50 state capitals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Sacramento is the capital of California.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11401\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What can Lexi and Hugo trade to each get what they want?",
    "choices":[
      "Hugo can trade his broccoli for Lexi's oranges.",
      "Lexi can trade her tomatoes for Hugo's carrots.",
      "Hugo can trade his almonds for Lexi's tomatoes.",
      "Lexi can trade her tomatoes for Hugo's broccoli."
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":"Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.\nLexi and Hugo open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Neither Lexi nor Hugo got everything that they wanted. The table below shows which items they each wanted:\n\nLook at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.\nLexi's lunch Hugo's lunch",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Trade and specialization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the table and images.\nLexi wants broccoli. Hugo wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11402\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which bird's beak is also adapted to tear through meat?",
    "choices":[
      "California condor",
      "ringed teal"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Turkey vultures are scavengers. They find and eat the bodies of dead animals. The shape of the 's beak is adapted to tear through meat.\nFigure: turkey vulture.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: beaks, mouths, and necks",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the turkey vulture.\nThe turkey vulture has a sharp hooked beak. Its beak is adapted to tear through meat. The sharp hook can help the turkey vulture cut the meat into pieces it can swallow.\nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.\nThe California condor has a sharp hooked beak. Its beak is adapted to tear through meat.\nThe ringed teal has a wide, flat beak. Its beak is not adapted to tear through meat. The ringed teal uses its beak to eat plants and invertebrates that live in mud.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11403\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the living thing.",
    "choices":[
      "mug",
      "gorilla"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify living and nonliving things",
    "lecture":"All living things need food and water. Water helps living things stay healthy. Food gives living things energy. They can use this energy to grow and change. All living things grow and change during their lives. Living things can get bigger and grow new body parts. For example, an oak tree is a living thing. It begins life as a seed. It takes in water from the soil. It makes food using energy from the sun. The oak tree gets taller and grows leaves and branches during its life.",
    "solution":"A mug is not a living thing.\nMugs do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow. They do not need food or water.\nA gorilla is a living thing.\nGorillas grow and change. They need food and water.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material, but some of them are different sizes and shapes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller.",
    "solution":"Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.\nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11409\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What can Chad and Tessa trade to each get what they want?",
    "choices":[
      "Chad can trade his tomatoes for Tessa's broccoli.",
      "Chad can trade his tomatoes for Tessa's sandwich.",
      "Tessa can trade her broccoli for Chad's oranges.",
      "Tessa can trade her almonds for Chad's tomatoes."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.\nChad and Tessa open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Both of them could be happier with their lunches. Chad wanted broccoli in his lunch and Tessa was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Trade and specialization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Chad wanted broccoli in his lunch and Tessa was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.\nChad has tomatoes. Tessa has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11413\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Identify the question that Betty's experiment can best answer.",
    "choices":[
      "Does the humidity level where tomato seeds are planted affect the number of tomato seedlings that grow?",
      "Do more tomato seedlings grow when they are planted in soil with fertilizer compared to soil without fertilizer?"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below.\n\nBetty planted 25 tomato seeds one-half inch below the soil surface in each of six pots. Betty added an equal amount of fertilizer to three of the six pots. She placed the pots in a plant growth chamber where all the seeds experienced the same temperature, amount of light, and humidity level. After two weeks, Betty counted the number of seedlings that grew in each pot. She compared the number of seedlings in the pots with fertilizer to the number of seedlings in the pots without fertilizer.\nFigure: tomato seedlings growing in soil.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify the experimental question",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment. Imagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured. First, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested. Then, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured. Experiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height. Examples of questions that this experiment can answer include: Does soil type affect the height of daffodil plants? Do daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil? Are daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11414\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nDon't be deceived by Emily Campbell's articles on rural, blue-collar workers. Her husband is a fancy investment banker, so she can't possibly understand their situation.",
    "choices":[
      "guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something",
      "circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself",
      "bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations<br\/> slippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that Emily Campbell can't understand rural, blue-collar workers because she is associated with an urban newspaper. However, where Emily works doesn't necessarily indicate anything about her ability to empathize. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which continent is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Antarctica",
      "Asia",
      "Africa",
      "North America"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Physical Geography",
    "skill":"Oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents.",
    "solution":"This continent is Asia.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11423\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is the main persuasive appeal used in this ad?",
    "choices":[
      "pathos (emotion)",
      "logos (reason)",
      "ethos (character)"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Persuasive strategies",
    "skill":"Identify appeals to ethos, pathos, and logos in advertisements",
    "lecture":"The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals: Appeals to ethos, or character, show that the writer or speaker is trustworthy or is an authority on a subject. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following: say that a brand has been trusted for many years note that a brand is recommended by a respected organization or celebrity include a quote from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's values Appeals to logos, or reason, use logic and specific evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following: use graphs or charts to display information mention the results of scientific studies explain the science behind a product or service Appeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following: trigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassment appeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractive link the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury",
    "solution":"The ad appeals to logos, or reason. It uses a specific figure (3% cash back) and focuses on practical benefits of the product (everyday purchases).",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11428\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1.",
      "The magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2.",
      "The strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Compare strengths of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together.",
    "solution":"Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.\nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11431\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which continent is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Australia",
      "Europe",
      "North America",
      "Africa"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Oceans and continents",
    "skill":"Identify oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents.",
    "solution":"This continent is Europe.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11432\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is shale a mineral or a rock?",
    "choices":[
      "rock",
      "mineral"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Shale has the following properties:\nsolid\nnot made by organisms\nno fixed crystal structure\nnot a pure substance\nmade up of fine sediment grains\nfound in nature",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Rocks and minerals",
    "skill":"Identify rocks and minerals",
    "lecture":"Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals. Minerals and rocks have the following properties: <br\/><br\/> Property | Mineral | Rock<br\/> It is a solid. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is a pure substance. | Yes | No<br\/> It has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No<br\/> <br\/> You can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither. Look closely at the last three properties: Minerals and rocks are not made by organisms. Organisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be  minerals or rocks. Humans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks. A mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not. A pure substance is made of only one type of matter.  Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures. A mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not. The crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way. However, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different!",
    "solution":"The properties of shale match the properties of a rock. So, shale is a rock.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11435\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Millie's genotype for the agouti fur gene?",
    "choices":[
      "having agouti fur",
      "AA"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This passage describes the agouti fur trait in cats:\n\nIn a group of cats, some individuals have agouti fur and others do not. In this group, the gene for the agouti fur trait has two alleles. The allele A is for having agouti fur, and the allele a is for not having agouti fur.\nMillie, a cat from this group, has agouti fur. Millie has two alleles for having agouti fur.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.",
    "solution":"An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Millie has two alleles for having agouti fur (A). So, Millie's genotype for the agouti fur gene is AA.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\n\"That fits you well,\" Aiden remarked after Debbie's cap fell over her eyes for the tenth time.",
    "choices":[
      "The cap was too big.",
      "The cap was a good fit."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret the figure of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.",
    "solution":"The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nFits you well ironically suggests that the cap was too big. The cap was falling over Debbie's eyes, so it didn't fit her well at all.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the probability that a human produced by this cross will be heterozygous for the xeroderma pigmentosum gene?",
    "choices":[
      "4\/4",
      "2\/4",
      "3\/4",
      "0\/4",
      "1\/4"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This passage describes the xeroderma pigmentosum trait in humans:\nXeroderma pigmentosum is a condition that causes skin to be easily damaged by sunlight. Humans with xeroderma pigmentosum avoid exposure to sunlight by wearing protective clothing, using sunscreen, and not going outside during the day.\nIn a group of humans, some individuals have xeroderma pigmentosum and others do not. In this group, the gene for the xeroderma pigmentosum trait has two alleles. The allele for not having xeroderma pigmentosum (E) is dominant over the allele for having xeroderma pigmentosum (e).\nThis Punnett square shows a cross between two humans.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Use Punnett squares to calculate probabilities of offspring types",
    "lecture":"Offspring genotypes: homozygous or heterozygous? How do you determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for a gene? Look at the alleles in the organism's genotype for that gene. An organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. If both alleles are dominant, the organism is homozygous dominant for the gene. If both alleles are recessive, the organism is homozygous recessive for the gene. An organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. In a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype.  Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes. An event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction: probability of an event = number of ways the event can happen \/ number of equally likely outcomes You can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff. <br\/><br\/>  | F | f<br\/> F | FF | Ff<br\/> f | Ff | ff<br\/> <br\/> Consider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction: number of ways the event can happen \/ number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff \/ total number of boxes = 1 \/ 4",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11452\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the vertebrate.",
    "choices":[
      "domestic dog",
      "grasshopper",
      "bumble bee",
      "orb weaver"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Hint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are vertebrates.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify vertebrates and invertebrates",
    "lecture":"Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals. A vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange. An invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body.",
    "solution":"Like other spiders, an orb weaver is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA grasshopper is an insect. Like other insects, a grasshopper is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA domestic dog is a mammal. Like other mammals, a domestic dog is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA bumble bee is an insect. Like other insects, a bumble bee is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these two objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "blue",
      "slippery"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the better answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Different objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. The jeans are not slippery.\nBlue is a color.\nThis color is blue. Both objects are blue.\nThe property that both objects have in common is blue.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11463\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which rhetorical appeal is primarily used in this ad?",
    "choices":[
      "logos (reason)",
      "ethos (character)",
      "pathos (emotion)"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Persuasive strategies",
    "skill":"Identify appeals to ethos, pathos, and logos in advertisements",
    "lecture":"The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals. Appeals to ethos, or character, show the writer or speaker as trustworthy, authoritative, or sharing important values with the audience. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following: say that a brand has been trusted for many years include an endorsement from a respected organization, such as the American Dental Association feature a testimonial from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's values use an admired celebrity or athlete as a spokesperson Appeals to logos, or reason, use logic and verifiable evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following: use graphs or charts to display information cite results of clinical trials or independently conducted studies explain the science behind a product or service emphasize that the product is a financially wise choice anticipate and refute potential counterclaims Appeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following: trigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassment appeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractive link the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury",
    "solution":"The ad appeals to logos, or reason, by using a chart to compare the quality of Vistle cat food to that of a competitor.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11466\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which text uses the word travesty in its traditional sense?",
    "choices":[
      "Kristen thought it a travesty that her local news network provided only limited coverage of the presidential debates.",
      "Kristen was upset about the local news network's coverage of the presidential debates, calling it a travesty of reporting that undermined important issues."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Word usage and nuance",
    "skill":"Explore words with new or contested usages",
    "lecture":"Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner. When a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences. Britney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam. The traditional usage above is considered more standard. David perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages. The nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.",
    "solution":"The first text uses travesty in its traditional sense: a ridiculous imitation; a parody.\nKristen was upset about the local news network's coverage of the presidential debates, calling it a travesty of reporting that undermined important issues.\nThe second text uses travesty in its nontraditional sense: a disappointment or a tragedy.\nKristen thought it a travesty that her local news network provided only limited coverage of the presidential debates.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word travesty because it is considered more standard.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Would you find the word anybody on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nally - ascent",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince anybody is between the guide words ally - ascent, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which statement describes the Bia\u0142owie\u017ca Forest ecosystem?",
    "choices":[
      "It has a small amount of rain or snow.",
      "It has warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Figure: Bia\u0142owie\u017ca Forest.\nThe Bia\u0142owie\u017ca Forest is a temperate deciduous forest ecosystem located in Poland and Belarus. It is one of the largest and oldest forests in Europe.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Describe ecosystems",
    "lecture":"An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment. There are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other: the pattern of weather, or climate the type of soil the organisms that live there",
    "solution":"A temperate deciduous forest is a type of ecosystem. Temperate deciduous forests have the following features: warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters, soil that is rich in nutrients, and only a few types of trees. So, the following statements describe the Bia\u0142owie\u017ca Forest ecosystem: warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters, soil that is rich in nutrients, and only a few types of trees. It has warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters. It has soil that is rich in nutrients. The following statement does not describe the Bia\u0142owie\u017ca Forest: warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters, soil that is rich in nutrients, and only a few types of trees. It has a small amount of rain or snow.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11479\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the temperature of the air on a hot day?",
    "choices":[
      "38\u00b0F",
      "38\u00b0C"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Estimate temperatures",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Temperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units. <br\/><br\/> 212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0C<br\/> 98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0C<br\/> 68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0C<br\/> 32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0C<br\/>",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the temperature of the air on a hot day is 38\u00b0C.\n38\u00b0F is too cold.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Would you find the word balcony on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nbitter - blame",
    "choices":[
      "no",
      "yes"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince balcony is not between the guide words bitter - blame, it would not be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Do ferns produce seeds?",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This diagram shows the life cycle of a fern.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Plant reproduction",
    "skill":"Moss and fern life cycles",
    "lecture":"Fern plants reproduce using both asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction. Mature ferns have flat leaves called fronds. Ferns have structures that look like small dots on the underside of their fronds. These structures are called spore cases. The mature ferns use asexual reproduction to make spores. When the spore cases open, the spores are released. When a spore lands on the ground and germinates, it grows into a small heart-shaped plant. The heart-shaped plant begins the fern's sexual reproduction stage by making eggs and sperm. Ferns live in damp environments, and sperm can swim though small water drops. Self-fertilization happens when a sperm swims to an egg on the same heart-shaped plant. Cross-fertilization happens when the sperm swims to an egg on a nearby plant. Fertilization happens when a sperm and an egg fuse. The fertilized egg germinates and grows into a mature fern. The mature fern can make spores and begin the fern life cycle again.",
    "solution":"Ferns do not produce seeds. Mature ferns produce spores, and heart-shaped plants produce eggs and sperm.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11488\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material, but some of them are different shapes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets.",
    "solution":"Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.\nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11491\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a compound sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "Monica can eat the leftover tomato soup, or she can make herself a tuna sandwich.",
      "Despite their large size, grizzly bears can run at speeds of up to thirty miles per hour."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple, compound, or complex?",
    "lecture":"A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence. the oranges on our tree are ripe The clause can stand alone. It is independent. after we pick up Kevin from work The clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent. A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause. Ben and I spent all day relaxing by the pool. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat. Ben usually wears his heavy coat in the winter. A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. We saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while. If she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.",
    "solution":"The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction or.\nMonica can eat the leftover tomato soup, or she can make herself a tuna sandwich.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence.\nBreaking a pencil in half is a ().",
    "choices":[
      "physical change",
      "chemical change"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Identify physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. Burning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. Cutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper. Ice melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state.",
    "solution":"Breaking a pencil is a physical change. The pencil gets broken into pieces. But each piece is still made of the same type of matter.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Ruben acquired this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Ruben learned how to knit in an after school program.",
      "Ruben knits sweaters using cotton, wool, and other types of yarn."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nRuben knows how to knit sweaters.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Heredity",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Kiribati",
      "Tonga",
      "Tuvalu",
      "Fiji"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Oceania: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of Oceania",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is Tuvalu.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11506\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal is also adapted for flight?",
    "choices":[
      "rock hyrax",
      "gray-headed albatross"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Great blue herons fly long distances each year to find food. They have wings instead of arms. Herons are adapted for flight.\nFigure: great blue heron.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: feet and limbs",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. Arms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the great blue heron.\nThe great blue heron has large, powerful wings. It is adapted for flight. Long, powerful wings help the great blue heron travel long distances by air.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe gray-headed albatross has long, powerful wings. It is adapted for flight.\nThe rock hyrax has short legs. It is not adapted for flight.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11508\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which meatball has more thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "the hotter meatball",
      "the colder meatball"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two meatballs are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Thermal energy",
    "skill":"How are temperature and mass related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving. The energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. What happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.",
    "solution":"The two meatballs are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter meatball has more thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nvery - volcano",
    "choices":[
      "vanish",
      "visit"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince visit is between the guide words very - volcano, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which object has less thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "a 9-kilogram block of steel at a temperature of 335\u00b0F",
      "a 9-kilogram block of steel at a temperature of 300\u00b0F"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The objects are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Heat and thermal energy",
    "skill":"How is temperature related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.",
    "solution":"The two blocks of steel have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 300\u00b0F block is colder than the 335\u00b0F block, it has less thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What can Ivan and Gavin trade to each get what they want?",
    "choices":[
      "Gavin can trade his almonds for Ivan's tomatoes.",
      "Ivan can trade his tomatoes for Gavin's broccoli.",
      "Gavin can trade his broccoli for Ivan's oranges.",
      "Ivan can trade his tomatoes for Gavin's sandwich."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.\nIvan and Gavin open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Both of them could be happier with their lunches. Ivan wanted broccoli in his lunch and Gavin was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Trade and specialization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Ivan wanted broccoli in his lunch and Gavin was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.\nIvan has tomatoes. Gavin has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11521\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nIt has not rained in over a week at Lindsey's house.",
    "choices":[
      "climate",
      "weather"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Hint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"What's the difference between weather and climate?",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the text carefully.\nIt has not rained in over a week at Lindsey's house.\nThis passage tells you about the precipitation last week at Lindsey's house. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these continents does the prime meridian intersect?",
    "choices":[
      "Antarctica",
      "South America",
      "North America"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Maps",
    "skill":"Use lines of latitude and longitude",
    "lecture":"Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps. Lines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there. Lines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator. Lines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles. The equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W. Together, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place.",
    "solution":"The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects Antarctica. It does not intersect South America or North America.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11533\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles?",
    "choices":[
      "Solution A",
      "neither; their concentrations are the same",
      "Solution B"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each purple ball represents one particle of solute.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Compare concentrations of solutions",
    "lecture":"A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent. concentration = particles of solute \/ volume of solvent",
    "solution":"In Solution A and Solution B, the purple particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles, look at both the number of purple particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of purple particles per milliliter.\nSolution B has more purple particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of purple particles.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11538\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a potato?",
    "choices":[
      "19 kilometers",
      "19 millimeters",
      "19 meters",
      "19 centimeters"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of distance, mass, and volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter. The tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long. A red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the length of a potato is 19 centimeters.\n19 millimeters is too short. 19 meters and 19 kilometers are too long.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the vertebrate.",
    "choices":[
      "grasshopper",
      "gray tree frog",
      "pipevine swallowtail butterfly",
      "leaf-curling spider"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Hint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are vertebrates.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify vertebrates and invertebrates",
    "lecture":"Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals. A vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange. An invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body.",
    "solution":"A gray tree frog is an amphibian. Like other amphibians, a gray tree frog is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nLike other spiders, a leaf-curling spider is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA grasshopper is an insect. Like other insects, a grasshopper is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA pipevine swallowtail butterfly is an insect. Like other insects, a pipevine swallowtail butterfly is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following trait inherited or acquired?\nKyle has a scar on his right hand.",
    "choices":[
      "inherited",
      "acquired"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Hint: Most scars are caused by accidents during a person's life.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Heredity",
    "skill":"Identify inherited and acquired traits",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.",
    "solution":"Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What can Olivia and Cara trade to each get what they want?",
    "choices":[
      "Olivia can trade her tomatoes for Cara's broccoli.",
      "Cara can trade her almonds for Olivia's tomatoes.",
      "Cara can trade her broccoli for Olivia's oranges.",
      "Olivia can trade her tomatoes for Cara's carrots."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.\nOlivia and Cara open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Neither Olivia nor Cara got everything that they wanted. The table below shows which items they each wanted:\n\nLook at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.\nOlivia's lunch Cara's lunch",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Trade and specialization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the table and images.\nOlivia wants broccoli. Cara wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11558\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which closing is correct for a letter?",
    "choices":[
      "Yours truly,\nLaura",
      "Yours Truly,\nLaura"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Greetings and closings of letters",
    "lecture":"A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue. Dear Aunt Sue, I'm glad you could come to my party, and thank you for the birthday gift. I could not have asked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think of you. With love, Rory",
    "solution":"The first closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the motion of two ducks. Which duck was moving at a lower speed?",
    "choices":[
      "a duck that moved 755kilometers in 10hours",
      "a duck that moved 970kilometers in 10hours"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Compare the speeds of moving objects",
    "lecture":"An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time. Distance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer. Time tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour. Think about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed.",
    "solution":"Look at the distance each duck moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne duck moved 755 kilometers in 10 hours.\nThe other duck moved 970 kilometers in 10 hours.\nNotice that each duck spent the same amount of time moving. The duck that moved 755 kilometers moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that duck must have moved at a lower speed.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What does a moss plant's thin brown stalk produce?",
    "choices":[
      "eggs and sperm",
      "spores"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This diagram shows the life cycle of a moss.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Plant reproduction",
    "skill":"Moss and fern life cycles",
    "lecture":"Moss plants reproduce using both asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction. Moss plants use their male and female parts for sexual reproduction. The male parts produce sperm. Moss live in damp environments, and moss sperm can travel through water to the female parts. The sperm fuse with eggs in the female part. This is called fertilization. Self-fertilization happens when a sperm from a moss plant fertilizes an egg from the same plant. Cross-fertilization happens when a sperm from one moss plant fertilizes an egg from a different moss plant. The fertilized egg grows into a thin brown stalk on top of the female part. Each stalk has a small spore capsule at the top. Moss plants use asexual reproduction to make small spores in the capsules. When the capsules open, the spores are released. When the spores land on the ground, they may germinate and grow into a new moss plant. This new moss plant can produce eggs and sperm and begin the moss life cycle again.",
    "solution":"The thin brown stalk produces spores. Spores are released from the capsule at the top of the stalk.\nThe thin brown stalk does not produce eggs or sperm. They are produced by the female and male parts of the moss plant.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11587\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nNick put on an extra pair of socks this morning because it was so cold.",
    "choices":[
      "climate",
      "weather"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"What's the difference between weather and climate?",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the text carefully.\nNick put on an extra pair of socks this morning because it was so cold.\nThis passage tells you about the temperature this morning where Nick lives. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?",
    "choices":[
      "After scouring the classified ads for days, Dave finally found a used car that fit his budget. The sedan needed to be fixed, but it had Bluetooth.",
      "After scouring the classified ads for days, Dave finally found a used car that fit his budget. The sedan had Bluetooth, but it needed to be fixed."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Pronouns",
    "skill":"Identify vague pronoun references",
    "lecture":"When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.",
    "solution":"The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to the sedan or Bluetooth.\nAfter scouring the classified ads for days, Dave finally found a used car that fit his budget. The sedan had Bluetooth, but it needed to be fixed.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nAfter scouring the classified ads for days, Dave finally found a used car that fit his budget. The sedan needed to be fixed, but it had Bluetooth.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Nebraska?",
    "choices":[
      "Saint Paul",
      "Plymouth",
      "Omaha",
      "Lincoln"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Lincoln is the capital of Nebraska.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11595\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a leather belt?",
    "choices":[
      "60 kilometers",
      "60 millimeters",
      "60 centimeters",
      "60 meters"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of distance, mass, and volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter. The tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long. A red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the length of a leather belt is 60 centimeters.\n60 millimeters is too short. 60 meters and 60 kilometers are too long.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is smoother?",
    "choices":[
      "plastic bag",
      "burlap sack"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of materials",
    "lecture":"Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. A material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.",
    "solution":"Smooth is a property. A smooth material is not rough or bumpy.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the plastic bag is smoother. If you touch a plastic bag, it will not feel rough.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the one true statement.",
    "choices":[
      "Mitochondria are outside the nucleus of a plant cell.",
      "The cell membrane breaks down sugar to release energy that a plant cell can use.",
      "Lysosomes contain the master plan for all cell activities and cell development in animal cells."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Cells",
    "skill":"Compare cells and cell parts",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which term matches the picture?",
    "choices":[
      "osmosis",
      "diffusion"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the text.\nMolecules tend to move from areas of high concentration (more molecules for the space) to areas of low concentration (fewer molecules for the space) until they are evenly spaced. This movement is called diffusion. If you spray air freshener or perfume in a room, the perfume molecules will tend to move toward areas in which they are less concentrated, which is how the scent spreads.\nOsmosis is the term for a related but more specific kind of movement, the movement of certain kinds of molecules across semipermeable (semi-open) membranes. Many substances can't move across semipermeable cell membranes, but water molecules can. The process of pickling vegetables involves osmosis. Salt is more highly concentrated in salt water than it is in vegetables. For this reason, when a vegetable is placed in a jar of salt water, water molecules will pass via osmosis from areas of lower salt concentration (inside of the vegetable cells) to areas of higher salt concentration (the salt water surrounding the vegetables). This leaves the vegetables crispier.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"word-study",
    "category":"Domain-specific vocabulary",
    "skill":"Determine the meaning of domain-specific words with pictures",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"A drop of dye coloring all of the water in a container is an example of diffusion. Molecules spread throughout the water to areas where they are less concentrated.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11618\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which ocean is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "the Pacific Ocean",
      "the Indian Ocean",
      "the Southern Ocean",
      "the Atlantic Ocean"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Physical Geography",
    "skill":"Oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean.",
    "solution":"This is the Pacific Ocean.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11627\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Washington?",
    "choices":[
      "Olympia",
      "Santa Fe",
      "Spokane",
      "Laramie"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify the 50 state capitals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Olympia is the capital of Washington.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11636\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these continents does the prime meridian intersect?",
    "choices":[
      "Australia",
      "South America",
      "Africa"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Maps",
    "skill":"Use lines of latitude and longitude",
    "lecture":"Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps. Lines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there. Lines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator. Lines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles. The equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W. Together, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place.",
    "solution":"The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects Africa. It does not intersect Australia or South America.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11638\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nSenator Pena announced today that she plans to cut funding to early childhood education programs. The last thing we need is a government official who hates children!",
    "choices":[
      "straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against",
      "guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> red herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that Senator Pena hates children, because she wants to cut education funding. However, the fact that Senator Pena wants to cut education funding doesn't necessarily suggest that she hates children. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a straw man.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Wyoming?",
    "choices":[
      "Laramie",
      "Albany",
      "Cheyenne",
      "Reno"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11642\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following statement about our solar system true or false?\nJupiter's volume is more than 10,000 times as large as the volume of Mars.",
    "choices":[
      "false",
      "true"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Use the data to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"true-or-false",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Astronomy",
    "skill":"Analyze data to compare properties of planets",
    "lecture":"A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet. The primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation. For example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km^3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 10^15 km^3. To compare two numbers written in scientific notation, first compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example: 1.43 x 10^15 is larger than 1.43 x 10^12 If their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example: 1.43 x 10^15 is larger than 1.25 x 10^15 To multiply a number written in scientific notation by a power of 10, write the multiple of 10 as 10 raised to an exponent. Then, add the exponents. For example: 1.43 x 10^15 \u00b7 1000 = 1.43 x 10^15 \u00b7 10^3 = 1.43 x 10^(15 + 3) = 1.43 x 10^18",
    "solution":"To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 10,000 times the volume of Mars.\nThen compare the result to the volume of Jupiter. Jupiter's volume is 1.43 x 10^15 km^3, which is less than 1.63 x 10^15 km^3. So, Jupiter's volume is less than 10,000 times as large as the volume of Mars.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11646\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\n\"There's nothing I love more than skipping lunch,\" Mr. Benton told the flight attendant when he learned that no food would be available on his cross-country flight.",
    "choices":[
      "verbal irony",
      "allusion"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Alliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words. What a lucky little lady you are! An allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. An idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned. The assignment was a piece of cake. A simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike. The cat's fur was as dark as the night. A metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as. The snow formed a blanket over the town. Onomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound. The scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat. Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. The trees danced in the wind. A pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning. A great new broom is sweeping the nation. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.",
    "solution":"The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nNothing I love more shows verbal irony because Mr. Benton is probably upset that there isn't anything to eat.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which continent is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Africa",
      "Antarctica",
      "South America",
      "Australia"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Physical Geography",
    "skill":"Oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents.",
    "solution":"This continent is Australia.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11660\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Suppose Manny decides to plant the amaryllises. Which result would be a cost?",
    "choices":[
      "Manny will give up the chance to look at the oak tree. He thinks it would have looked more beautiful than the amaryllises.",
      "He will save some space. The amaryllises will use up less space than the oak tree would have used up."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Manny is deciding whether to plant amaryllises or an oak tree in his backyard. He wants to make his backyard more beautiful. But he also wants to leave space for doing fun things.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Costs and benefits",
    "lecture":"Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits. Costs are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need. Benefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.",
    "solution":"This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Manny wants or needs:\nManny will give up the chance to look at the oak tree. He thinks it would have looked more beautiful than the amaryllises.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nI've heard that Clare & Co. is downsizing, so I'm happy to see that their store in downtown Greenville will remain open for now.",
    "choices":[
      "apostrophe",
      "euphemism"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify the figure of speech: review",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Anaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses. We are united. We are powerful. We are winners. Antithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure. I want to help, not to hurt. Apostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity. Oh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully? Assonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words. Try to light the fire. Chiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words. Never let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! An oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Some reviewers are calling this book a new classic. A paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Always expect the unexpected. Understatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is. As you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.",
    "solution":"The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nDownsizing is an indirect way of saying that the company is planning on firing employees, closing shops or branches, and\/or reducing its budget.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Louisiana?",
    "choices":[
      "Augusta",
      "Springfield",
      "Baton Rouge",
      "New Orleans"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Southeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Baton Rouge is the capital of Louisiana.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11666\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nKaren lives in a windy place.",
    "choices":[
      "weather",
      "climate"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Hint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"What's the difference between weather and climate?",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the text carefully.\nKaren lives in a windy place.\nThis passage tells you about the usual amount of wind where Karen lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the student text plagiarized?",
    "choices":[
      "Yes, because it fails to use quotation marks.",
      "Yes, because it fails to cite the source.",
      "No, it is not plagiarized.",
      "Yes, because it fails to use quotation marks and fails to cite the source."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Compare the student text with the source.\nSource: Viorica Marian, PhD, and Anthony Shook, \"The Cognitive Benefits of Being Bilingual.\" Published in Cerebrum Oct. 2012.\nResearchers have shown that the bilingual brain can have better attention and task-switching capacities than the monolingual brain, thanks to its developed ability to inhibit one language while using another.\nStudent text:\nKnowing a second language can aid in multi-tasking due to the bilingual brain's ability to inhibit one language while using another (Marian and Shook).",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Research skills",
    "skill":"Identify plagiarism",
    "lecture":"Plagiarism is the act of taking another person's work or ideas and presenting them as your own, either accidentally or on purpose. When you use an outside source in your own writing, you should make sure to cite the source in order to avoid plagiarism. Consider the following source: Fisher, Goddu, and Keil, \"Searching for Explanations: How the Internet Inflates Estimates of Internal Knowledge.\" Copyright 2015 by the American Psychological Association The results of these experiments suggest that searching the Internet may cause a systematic failure to recognize the extent to which we rely on outsourced knowledge. Searching for explanations on the Internet inflates self-assessed knowledge in unrelated domains. If you use a direct quotation in your writing, you must use quotation marks around the exact words that were copied from the source, in addition to citing the source. Researchers have found that relying on the Internet for information may cause a systematic failure to recognize the extent to which we rely on outsourced knowledge. This sentence is plagiarized because it uses the source's exact words without quotation marks and without properly citing the source. Researchers have found that relying on the Internet for information \"may cause a systematic failure to recognize the extent to which we rely on outsourced knowledge\" (Fisher, Goddu, and Keil). If you paraphrase a source, or put a source's ideas into your own words, you must still cite the source. Even if properly cited, a paraphrase that is too similar to the source in wording or sentence structure is still considered plagiarized. According to Fisher, Goddu, and Keil, searching the Internet can lead to a regular failure to perceive the extent to which we rely on outside knowledge. This sentence is plagiarized because it is an insufficient paraphrase. Even though it is properly cited, it borrows too much of the source's wording and sentence structure. According to Fisher, Goddu, and Keil, relying on the Internet to look up information can make it difficult for us to estimate how much of our knowledge comes from internal versus external sources. There are different rules about how to format citations, such as when to include page numbers for print sources. Check a style guide, such as the Modern Language Association (MLA) Handbook, for a complete list of these rules.",
    "solution":"The student text is plagiarized. Though it cites the source, it uses the source's exact words without quotation marks.\nKnowing a second language can aid in multi-tasking due to the bilingual brain's ability to inhibit one language while using another (Marian and Shook).\nSource: Viorica Marian, PhD, and Anthony Shook, \"The Cognitive Benefits of Being Bilingual.\" Published in Cerebrum Oct. 2012.\nResearchers have shown that the bilingual brain can have better attention and task-switching capacities than the monolingual brain, thanks to its developed ability to inhibit one language while using another.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which continent is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Australia",
      "South America",
      "Antarctica",
      "North America"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Oceans and continents",
    "skill":"Identify oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents.",
    "solution":"This continent is Australia.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11673\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "sample B",
      "sample A",
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"Each particle in the two samples has the same mass, but the particles in sample B have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.\nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11681\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets.",
    "solution":"Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.\nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11684\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ncareful - correct",
    "choices":[
      "cent",
      "cube"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince cent is between the guide words careful - correct, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which correctly shows the title of a book?",
    "choices":[
      "The Adventures of bert",
      "The Adventures of Bert"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"capitalization",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Capitalizing titles",
    "lecture":"In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach These words are not important in titles: Articles, a, an, the Short prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up Coordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or",
    "solution":"Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word of is not important, so it should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is The Adventures of Bert.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles?",
    "choices":[
      "Solution B",
      "Solution A",
      "neither; their concentrations are the same"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each pink ball represents one particle of solute.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Compare concentrations of solutions",
    "lecture":"A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent. concentration = particles of solute \/ volume of solvent",
    "solution":"In Solution A and Solution B, the pink particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles, look at both the number of pink particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of pink particles per milliliter.\nSolution A and Solution B have the same number of pink particles per milliliter. So, their concentrations are the same.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11700\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the solid.",
    "choices":[
      "air inside a balloon",
      "vinegar",
      "scarf",
      "air from a hair dryer"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"States of matter",
    "skill":"Identify solids, liquids, and gases",
    "lecture":"Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own. Some solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid. When matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle. Some liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk. When matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space. Many gases are invisible. Air is a gas.",
    "solution":"The air inside a balloon is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. The air inside a balloon expands to fill all the space in the balloon. If the balloon pops, the air will expand to fill a much larger space.\nVinegar is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour vinegar into a different container, the vinegar will take the shape of that container. But the vinegar will still take up the same amount of space.\nA scarf is a solid. You can fold a scarf. But it will still have a size and shape of its own.\nThe air from a hair dryer is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. A hair dryer uses a fan to blow warm air out. When the air leaves the hair dryer, the air expands to fill a much large space.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "Virginia",
      "Alabama",
      "Maryland",
      "New Jersey"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"Colonial America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is Maryland.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11712\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a hiking trail?",
    "choices":[
      "3 kilometers",
      "3 centimeters",
      "3 millimeters",
      "3 meters"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of distance, mass, and volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter. The tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long. A red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the length of a hiking trail is 3 kilometers.\n3 millimeters, 3 centimeters, and 3 meters are all too short.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same genus as the axolotl.",
    "choices":[
      "Taricha torosa",
      "Ambystoma texanum",
      "Lissotriton helveticus"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This organism is an axolotl. Its scientific name is Ambystoma mexicanum.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"An axolotl's scientific name is Ambystoma mexicanum. The first word of its scientific name is Ambystoma.\nLissotriton helveticus is in the genus Lissotriton. The first word of its scientific name is Lissotriton. So, Lissotriton helveticus and Ambystoma mexicanum are not in the same genus.\nAmbystoma texanum is in the genus Ambystoma. The first word of its scientific name is Ambystoma. So, Ambystoma texanum and Ambystoma mexicanum are in the same genus.\nTaricha torosa is in the genus Taricha. The first word of its scientific name is Taricha. So, Taricha torosa and Ambystoma mexicanum are not in the same genus.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11716\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "repel",
      "attract"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.\n\nHint: Magnets that attract pull together. Magnets that repel push apart.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south. Here are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S. If different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11720\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the motion of two mountain bikers. Which mountain biker was moving at a higher speed?",
    "choices":[
      "a mountain biker who moved 105kilometers in 5hours",
      "a mountain biker who moved 135kilometers in 5hours"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Compare the speeds of moving objects",
    "lecture":"An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time. Distance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer. Time tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour. Think about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed.",
    "solution":"Look at the distance each mountain biker moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne mountain biker moved 135 kilometers in 5 hours.\nThe other mountain biker moved 105 kilometers in 5 hours.\nNotice that each mountain biker spent the same amount of time moving. The mountain biker who moved 135 kilometers moved a farther distance in that time. So, that mountain biker must have moved at a higher speed.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which sentence states a fact?",
    "choices":[
      "The word exoskeleton means \"outside skeleton.\"",
      "Creatures with exoskeletons, such as crabs, look scary."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Distinguish facts from opinions",
    "lecture":"A fact is something that can be proved to be true. The month of July has more days than the month of June. This is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month. An opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true. July is a better month than June for camping. This is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping.",
    "solution":"The second sentence states a fact.\nThe word exoskeleton means \"outside skeleton.\"\nIt can be proved by looking up exoskeleton in the dictionary.\nThe first sentence states an opinion.\nCreatures with exoskeletons, such as crabs, look scary.\nScary shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what looks scary.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "sample A",
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature",
      "sample B"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"Each particle in the two samples has the same mass, but the particles in sample A have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.\nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11747\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following statement about our solar system true or false?\nThe largest planet is made mainly of ice.",
    "choices":[
      "false",
      "true"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Use the data to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"true-or-false",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Astronomy",
    "skill":"Analyze data to compare properties of planets",
    "lecture":"A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet. The primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation. For example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km^3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 10^15 km^3. To compare two numbers written in scientific notation, compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example: 1.43 x 10^15 is larger than 1.43 x 10^12 If their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example: 1.43 x 10^15 is larger than 1.25 x 10^15",
    "solution":"To decide which planet is the largest, look at the volumes shown in the table and compare the exponents. Jupiter's volume has an exponent of 15, which is the largest out of all the planets.\nJupiter is made mainly of gas. So, the largest planet is made mainly of gas.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11750\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ngear - gnat",
    "choices":[
      "gasoline",
      "glider"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince glider is between the guide words gear - gnat, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the one animal that has all of the amphibian traits listed above.",
    "choices":[
      "Red salamanders do not have lungs! They can breathe through their moist, smooth skin. Adult red salamanders live near rivers or ponds. They lay eggs with no shells under rocks or logs. The baby red salamanders live underwater.",
      "Great blue herons have two wings with bluish-gray feathers. Their eggs also have bluish shells. Great blue herons use their beaks to catch and eat small fish, crabs, and other small animals."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Amphibians are a group of animals with similar traits. The following traits can be used to identify amphibians:\nThey spend part of their lives in water and part on land.\nThey have moist skin.\nThey make eggs with no shells. Observe the animals and read the descriptions.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Use evidence to classify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live. How do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group.",
    "solution":"To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nAmphibians have the following traits:\nThey spend part of their lives in water and part on land.\nThey have moist skin.\nThey make eggs with no shells.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA great blue heron has the following traits:\nIt has feathers.\nIt has wings.\nIt has a beak.\nIt makes eggs with shells.\nA great blue heron does not have all of the traits of an amphibian. A great blue heron is a bird.\nA red salamander has the following traits:\nIt spends part of its life in water and part on land.\nIt has moist skin.\nIt makes eggs with no shells.\nA red salamander has the traits of an amphibian. A red salamander is an amphibian.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Using only these supplies, which question can Austin investigate with an experiment?",
    "choices":[
      "Do watercolor paintings dry faster when they are placed inside or outside?",
      "Do watercolor paintings dry faster when placed next to a fan?",
      "Does a large watercolor painting or a small watercolor painting dry faster?"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Austin is painting watercolor pictures with his friend. An hour after they have finished, Austin notices one painting is dry but the other is not. He wonders what factors affect how quickly watercolor paintings dry. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\ntwo freshly painted watercolor pictures of the same size\nhis dining room table\na picnic table in his backyard\na heater",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?",
    "choices":[
      "climate",
      "weather"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Figure: Hallstatt, Austria.\nHallstatt is a village in Austria, a country known for winter sports such as skiing and snowboarding. Summers are warm and winters are cold in Austria.\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Weather and climate around the world",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the passage carefully.\nHallstatt is a village in Austria, a country known for winter sports such as skiing and snowboarding. Summers are warm and winters are cold in Austria.\nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual temperature pattern in Austria. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11774\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nHow could Hazel have anything insightful to say about foreign affairs? She grew up on a farm.",
    "choices":[
      "hasty generalization: a broad claim based on too few observations",
      "ad hominem: an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself",
      "slippery slope fallacy: the false assumption that a small first step will lead to extreme consequences"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations<br\/> slippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that Hazel cannot be insightful about foreign affairs because she grew up on a farm. This is a personal attack that isn't relevant to whether she knows about foreign affairs. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a caterpillar?",
    "choices":[
      "17 centimeters",
      "17 meters",
      "17 kilometers",
      "17 millimeters"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of distance, mass, and volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter. The tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long. A red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the length of a caterpillar is 17 millimeters.\n17 centimeters, 17 meters, and 17 kilometers are all too long.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following organisms is the tertiary consumer in this food web?",
    "choices":[
      "beaver",
      "black bear",
      "persimmon tree",
      "gray fox"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":"Below is a food web from Shenandoah National Park, a forest ecosystem in Virginia.\nA food web models how the matter eaten by organisms moves through an ecosystem. The arrows in a food web represent how matter moves between organisms in an ecosystem.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecological interactions",
    "skill":"Interpret food webs I",
    "lecture":"A food web is a model. A food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food. Arrows show how matter moves. A food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating. An organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web. An organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web.",
    "solution":"Tertiary consumers eat secondary consumers. So, in a food web, tertiary consumers have arrows pointing to them from secondary consumers. Secondary consumers have arrows pointing to them from primary consumers. And primary consumers have arrows pointing to them from producers.\nThe gray fox has an arrow pointing to it from the pine vole. The pine vole is a secondary consumer, so the gray fox is a tertiary consumer.\nThe black bear has arrows pointing to it from the persimmon tree, the swallowtail caterpillar, and the beaver. None of these organisms is a secondary consumer, so the black bear is not a tertiary consumer.\nThe beaver has an arrow pointing to it from the silver maple. The silver maple is not a secondary consumer, so the beaver is not a tertiary consumer.\nThe persimmon tree does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the persimmon tree is not a tertiary consumer.\nThe black racer has an arrow pointing to it from the pine vole. The pine vole is a secondary consumer, so the black racer is a tertiary consumer.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11789\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is dolostone a mineral or a rock?",
    "choices":[
      "rock",
      "mineral"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Dolostone has the following properties:\nno fixed crystal structure\nnaturally occurring\nsolid\nlight gray\nmade mostly of dolomite\nnot made by organisms",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Rocks and minerals",
    "skill":"Identify rocks and minerals",
    "lecture":"Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals. Minerals and rocks have the following properties: <br\/><br\/> Property | Mineral | Rock<br\/> It is a solid. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is a pure substance. | Yes | No<br\/> It has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No<br\/> <br\/> You can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither. Look closely at the last three properties: Minerals and rocks are not made by organisms. Organisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be  minerals or rocks. Humans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks. A mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not. A pure substance is made of only one type of matter.  Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures. A mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not. The crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way. However, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different!",
    "solution":"The properties of dolostone match the properties of a rock. So, dolostone is a rock.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11792\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence.\nIn this chemical reaction, hydrogen peroxide is a ().",
    "choices":[
      "reactant",
      "product"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This passage describes a chemical reaction. Read the passage. Then, follow the instructions below.\nHydrogen peroxide, a household disinfectant, breaks down into water and oxygen gas over time. Light speeds up this process, so hydrogen peroxide is typically stored in a dark-colored bottle. The bottle's dark coloring blocks light and makes the hydrogen peroxide last longer.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Chemical reactions",
    "skill":"Identify reactants and products",
    "lecture":"A chemical change occurs when new substances are formed from existing substances. This process is called a chemical reaction. In a chemical reaction, one or more substances change into one or more different substances. During the reaction, the atoms of the original substances are rearranged to form other substances. The original substances in a chemical reaction are called reactants. These substances react, or go through a chemical change. The substances that are formed in a chemical reaction are called products. These substances are produced by the chemical reaction. So, in a chemical reaction, reactants go through a chemical change to form products.",
    "solution":"Read the underlined text carefully. Look for information about what happens to hydrogen peroxide in this chemical reaction.\nHydrogen peroxide, a household disinfectant, breaks down into water and oxygen gas over time. Light speeds up this process, so hydrogen peroxide is typically stored in a dark-colored bottle. The bottle's dark coloring blocks light and makes the hydrogen peroxide last longer.\nThe underlined text tells you that when hydrogen peroxide breaks down, hydrogen and oxygen are formed. When hydrogen peroxide reacts, or goes through a chemical change, its atoms are rearranged to form hydrogen and oxygen. Because hydrogen peroxide reacts in this chemical reaction, hydrogen peroxide is a reactant.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property matches this object?",
    "choices":[
      "yellow",
      "rough"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Identify properties of an object",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.",
    "solution":"Look at the object.\nThink about each property.\nYellow is a color.\nThis color is yellow. The sandpaper is not yellow.\nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. The sandpaper is rough.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11803\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Hawaii?",
    "choices":[
      "Honolulu",
      "Hilo",
      "Pierre",
      "Jefferson City"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11808\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Chanel's phenotype for the body hair trait?",
    "choices":[
      "a hairless body",
      "bb"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"In a group of cats, some individuals have a hairy body and others have a hairless body. In this group, the gene for the body hair trait has two alleles. The allele B is for a hairy body, and the allele b is for a hairless body.\nChanel, a cat from this group, has a hairless body. Chanel has two alleles for a hairless body.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.",
    "solution":"An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Chanel's observable version of the body hair trait is a hairless body. So, Chanel's phenotype for the body hair trait is a hairless body.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence so that it uses personification.\nThe heavy door () as Tammy pushed it open.",
    "choices":[
      "swung",
      "protested"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Creative techniques",
    "skill":"Use personification",
    "lecture":"Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point. The trees danced in the wind. The word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.",
    "solution":"Complete the sentence with the word protested. It describes the door as if it were a person who didn't want to obey.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nMr. Harding can quit smoking because he's capable of stopping.",
    "choices":[
      "circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself",
      "slippery slope fallacy: the false assumption that a small first step will lead to extreme consequences",
      "appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations<br\/> slippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that Mr. Harding can quit smoking because he is able to stop. However, the \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following could Tom's test show?",
    "choices":[
      "how well the weather station would work when it was windy",
      "if the weather station would work when the temperature was 50\u00b0C"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design.\nThe passage below describes how the engineering-design process was used to test a solution to a problem. Read the passage. Then answer the question below.\n\nTom was a mechanical engineer who was designing  to record temperature, precipitation, and wind speed. The weather station would be used in a town where the highest recorded temperature was 40\u00b0C. Tom wanted to make sure the weather station would work even in unusually warm weather.\nSo, he set an indoor test chamber to 50\u00b0C with low moisture and no wind. He left the weather station in the chamber overnight. The next day, he checked to see if the weather station displayed accurate measurements after 24 hours at 50\u00b0C.\nFigure: a weather station.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Engineering practices",
    "skill":"Evaluate tests of engineering-design solutions",
    "lecture":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured. Imagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves. First, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind. Then, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved. Tests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11839\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which material is this screw driver made of?",
    "choices":[
      "wax",
      "metal"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Identify multiple materials in objects",
    "lecture":"A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. Some objects are made of just one material. Most nails are made of metal. Other objects are made of more than one material. This hammer is made of metal and wood.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the screw driver.\nThis screw driver is made of two different materials. The handle is made of plastic. The rest of the screw driver is made of metal.\nMetal is a good material for tools. Metal is hard and can be made into many shapes.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11847\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the one animal that has all of the fish traits listed above.",
    "choices":[
      "Thresher sharks hatch from eggs with no shells. They have a long tail and fins. They can use their tail to hit and stun their prey. Thresher sharks live in salt water.",
      "Amazon milk frogs have moist skin and live in South American rain forests. They hatch from eggs with no shells and begin their lives in water. As adults, Amazon milk frogs live in trees and eat insects."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Fish are a group of animals with similar traits. The following traits can be used to identify fish:\nThey have fins, not limbs.\nThey make eggs with no shells. Observe the animals and read the descriptions.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Use evidence to classify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live. How do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group.",
    "solution":"To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nFish have the following traits:\nThey have fins, not limbs.\nThey make eggs with no shells.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nAn Amazon milk frog has the following traits:\nIt spends part of its life in water and part on land.\nIt has moist skin.\nIt makes eggs with no shells.\nAn Amazon milk frog does not have all of the traits of a fish. An Amazon milk frog is an amphibian.\nA thresher shark has the following traits:\nIt has fins, not limbs.\nIt makes eggs with no shells.\nA thresher shark has the traits of a fish. A thresher shark is a fish.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence so that it uses personification.\nAt the farmer's market, bright red tomatoes () a bountiful harvest.",
    "choices":[
      "came from",
      "boasted of"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Creative techniques",
    "skill":"Use personification",
    "lecture":"Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point. The trees danced in the wind. The word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.",
    "solution":"Complete the sentence with the phrase boasted of. It describes the tomatoes as if they were people who brag.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which text message is more formal?",
    "choices":[
      "Heads up! Ellison is here. In the lobby.",
      "Ms. Ellison is already here. She's waiting in the lobby."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Audience, purpose, and tone",
    "skill":"Which text is most formal?",
    "lecture":"Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions. Formal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language. Compare the following sentences. Informal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome. More formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners. Most formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners.",
    "solution":"The first text message is more formal. It uses complete sentences, avoids slang (heads up), and uses the person's title (Ms. Ellison). The other text message includes more casual language and sentence fragments.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"In this food web, which organism contains matter that eventually moves to the bat star?",
    "choices":[
      "orca",
      "black rockfish"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Below is a food web from an ocean ecosystem in Monterey Bay, off the coast of California.\nA food web models how the matter eaten by organisms moves through an ecosystem. The arrows in a food web represent how matter moves between organisms in an ecosystem.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecological interactions",
    "skill":"Interpret food webs II",
    "lecture":"A food web is a model. A food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food. Arrows show how matter moves. A food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating. An organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web. An organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web.",
    "solution":"Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows to the bat star.There is one path matter can take from the black rockfish to the bat star: black rockfish->kelp bass->bat star. There is one path matter can take from the kelp to the bat star: kelp->kelp bass->bat star. There are four paths matter can take from the phytoplankton to the bat star: phytoplankton->zooplankton->kelp bass->bat star. phytoplankton->zooplankton->plainfin midshipman->kelp bass->bat star. phytoplankton->zooplankton->black rockfish->kelp bass->bat star. phytoplankton->plainfin midshipman->kelp bass->bat star. orca. The only arrow pointing from the orca leads to the sea cucumber. No arrows point from the sea cucumber to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the orca to the bat star..",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11873\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Colorado?",
    "choices":[
      "Frankfort",
      "Olympia",
      "Honolulu",
      "Denver"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Denver is the capital of Colorado.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11882\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which term matches the picture?",
    "choices":[
      "stem tuber",
      "rhizome"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the text.\nSome plants have underground stems that branch out in a fingerlike pattern. Botanists call these stems rhizomes. Some of these branching stems, such as the turmeric rhizome, are highly prized for the spices that can be extracted from them.\nLike rhizomes, stem tubers are specialized structures that plants use to deliver nutrients. While rhizomes usually contain many horizontal finger-like branches, though, stem tubers are usually thick and oval-shaped, such as potatoes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"vocabulary",
    "category":"Context clues",
    "skill":"Determine the meaning of domain-specific words with pictures",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Ginger root is the rhizome, or branching underground stem, of the ginger plant.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11884\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property matches this object?",
    "choices":[
      "blue",
      "hard"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the better answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Identify properties of an object",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.",
    "solution":"Look at the object.\nThink about each property.\nBlue is a color.\nThis color is blue. The track suit is blue.\nA hard object keeps its shape when you squeeze it. The track suit is not hard.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11889\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Hawaii?",
    "choices":[
      "Phoenix",
      "Honolulu",
      "Richmond",
      "Jefferson City"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify the 50 state capitals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11898\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following statement about our solar system true or false?\nSaturn's volume is more than 50% of Jupiter's volume.",
    "choices":[
      "false",
      "true"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Use the data to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"true-or-false",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Astronomy",
    "skill":"Analyze data to compare properties of planets",
    "lecture":"A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet. The primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.",
    "solution":"To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 50% of Jupiter's volume by multiplying Jupiter's volume by 0.5.\nThen compare the result to the volume of Saturn. The volume of Saturn is 827,130 billion km^3, which is more than 715,640 billion km^3. So, Saturn's volume is more than 50% of Jupiter's volume.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11902\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which better describes the Monongahela National Forest ecosystem?",
    "choices":[
      "It has soil that is poor in nutrients. It also has only a few types of trees.",
      "It has cold, wet winters. It also has soil that is rich in nutrients."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Figure: Monongahela National Forest.\nThe Monongahela National Forest is a temperate deciduous forest ecosystem in eastern West Virginia.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Describe ecosystems",
    "lecture":"An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment. There are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other: the pattern of weather, or climate the type of soil the organisms that live there",
    "solution":"A temperate deciduous forest is a type of ecosystem. Temperate deciduous forests have the following features: warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters, soil that is rich in nutrients, and only a few types of trees. So, the Monongahela National Forest has cold, wet winters. It also has soil that is rich in nutrients.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11904\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which object has the most thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "a 225-gram glass of apple juice at a temperature of 41\u00b0F",
      "a 225-gram glass of apple juice at a temperature of 64\u00b0F",
      "a 225-gram glass of apple juice at a temperature of 66\u00b0F"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The objects are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Heat and thermal energy",
    "skill":"How is temperature related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.",
    "solution":"All three glasses of apple juice have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 66\u00b0F glass of apple juice is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Hannah acquired this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Hannah is most interested in human biology.",
      "Hannah learned biology by reading, observing, and experimenting."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nHannah knows a lot about biology.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Suppose Samantha decides to make onion soup. Which result would be a cost?",
    "choices":[
      "Samantha will give up the chance to eat the chicken soup, which would have been tastier than the onion soup.",
      "Samantha will save some time. The chicken soup would have taken longer to make than the onion soup."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Samantha is deciding whether to make chicken soup or onion soup for dinner. She wants dinner to be as tasty as possible. But she is also hungry and wants to eat soon.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Costs and benefits",
    "lecture":"Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits. Costs are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need. Benefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.",
    "solution":"This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Samantha wants or needs:\nSamantha will give up the chance to eat the chicken soup, which would have been tastier than the onion soup.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which continent is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Europe",
      "Australia",
      "Antarctica",
      "South America"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Oceans and continents",
    "skill":"Identify oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents.",
    "solution":"This continent is Australia.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11927\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following statement about our solar system true or false?\n50% of the planets are made mainly of gas.",
    "choices":[
      "true",
      "false"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Use the data to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"true-or-false",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Astronomy",
    "skill":"Analyze data to compare properties of planets",
    "lecture":"A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet. The primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.",
    "solution":"The table tells you that two out of the eight planets are made mainly of gas. So, one-fourth, or 25%, of the planets are made mainly of gas.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11949\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?",
    "choices":[
      "The fleece jacket that Sophia saw on the bench looked like Kate's.",
      "Sophia told Kate that the fleece jacket on the bench looked like hers."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Pronouns and antecedents",
    "skill":"Identify vague pronoun references",
    "lecture":"When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.",
    "solution":"The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun hers could refer to Sophia's or Kate's.\nSophia told Kate that the fleece jacket on the bench looked like hers.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nThe fleece jacket that Sophia saw on the bench looked like Kate's.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Would you find the word anchor on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\naccount - apart",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince anchor is between the guide words account - apart, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What can Savannah and Michael trade to each get what they want?",
    "choices":[
      "Michael can trade his broccoli for Savannah's oranges.",
      "Savannah can trade her tomatoes for Michael's broccoli.",
      "Savannah can trade her tomatoes for Michael's carrots.",
      "Michael can trade his almonds for Savannah's tomatoes."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.\nSavannah and Michael open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Neither Savannah nor Michael got everything that they wanted. The table below shows which items they each wanted:\n\nLook at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.\nSavannah's lunch Michael's lunch",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Trade and specialization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the table and images.\nSavannah wants broccoli. Michael wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11973\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the simile in this text suggest?\nTara rubbed coconut oil on her hands, which were like the parched earth during a drought.",
    "choices":[
      "Tara was baking something.",
      "Tara's hands were dry and cracked."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret the figure of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. A simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike. The cat's fur was as dark as the night.",
    "solution":"The text includes a simile, using like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe simile like the parched earth during a drought suggests that Tara's hands were dry and cracked. A drought is a period without rain; the ground during a drought can become hard and cracked.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nBaldwin got off the mountain by the skin of his teeth.",
    "choices":[
      "the Bible",
      "U.S. history"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. The protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose. The word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion by the skin of his teeth is the Bible.\nIn the Bible, Job complains to God about his hardships, saying that both strangers and those he loves have turned against him. He says, \"My bone cleaveth to my skin and to my flesh, and I am escaped with the skin of my teeth.\" Scholars have long debated the exact meaning of the phrase, but many claim that Job is saying that he narrowly escaped death.\nThe allusion by the skin of his teeth means just barely.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following statement about our solar system true or false?\nThe largest planet is made mainly of ice.",
    "choices":[
      "false",
      "true"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Use the data to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"true-or-false",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Astronomy",
    "skill":"Analyze data to compare properties of planets",
    "lecture":"A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet. The primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.",
    "solution":"The table tells you that Jupiter is the largest planet and that Jupiter is made mainly of gas. So, the largest planet is made mainly of gas.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11980\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which continent is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Europe",
      "Antarctica",
      "North America",
      "Africa"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Physical Geography",
    "skill":"Oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents.",
    "solution":"This continent is Europe.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/11982\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nRed velvet cupcakes were Krysta's Achilles's heel when she was trying to eat more healthily.",
    "choices":[
      "Greek mythology",
      "the Bible"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. Here, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion Achilles's heel is Greek mythology.\nIn Greek mythology, Achilles's mother dips him in a river that protects his body wherever it touches. His heel does not get wet, so it is the one part of his body left unprotected. During the Trojan War, an arrow hits Achilles in the heel and kills him.\nThe allusion Achilles's heel means a sole weakness.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these four objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "opaque",
      "fragile",
      "transparent"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the best answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nAn opaque object does not let light through. The ceramic tea cup is opaque, but the window, the glass, and the icicle are not.\nA fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. All four objects are fragile.\nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. The window and the glass are transparent, but the ceramic tea cup is not.\nThe property that all four objects have in common is fragile.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12006\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which material is this sidewalk made of?",
    "choices":[
      "concrete",
      "wool"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Identify materials in objects",
    "lecture":"A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the sidewalk.\nThe sidewalk is made of concrete.\nConcrete is a mixture of sand, rocks, and cement. Concrete is heavy and strong. Bridges and large buildings are often made out of concrete.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12009\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the volume of a small can of tomato sauce?",
    "choices":[
      "1 cup",
      "1 fluid ounce",
      "1 gallon"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Volume is a measurement of how much space something takes up. There are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons. As the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon. A glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the volume of a small can of tomato sauce is 1 cup.\n1 fluid ounce is too little and 1 gallon is too much.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which bird's beak is also adapted to catch insects?",
    "choices":[
      "European robin",
      "rosy-faced lovebird"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Superb fairywrens eat insects and other small invertebrates. The shape of the 's beak is adapted to catch insects.\nFigure: superb fairywren.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: beaks, mouths, and necks",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the superb fairywren.\nA short, thin beak is light and easy to move. The superb fairywren uses its beak to grab fast-moving insects while flying.\nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.\nThe European robin has a short, thin beak. Its beak is adapted to catch insects.\nThe rosy-faced lovebird has a small hooked beak. Its beak is not adapted to catch insects. The rosy-faced lovebird uses its beak to eat seeds and berries.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12022\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Using only these supplies, which question can Christina investigate with an experiment?",
    "choices":[
      "Do rocks skip more times when thrown across a river or across a pond?",
      "Do round rocks or flat rocks skip more times when thrown across the river?",
      "Do small rocks or large rocks skip more times when thrown across the river?"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Christina likes to skip rocks at the river. She notices that some of the rocks she throws skip off the surface of the water many times, while others skip once and then sink. She wonders what factors affect how well rocks skip on the water. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\n10 small flat rocks\n10 large flat rocks\naccess to the river by her school",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which cup of black tea has a lower temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "the cup of black tea with more thermal energy",
      "the cup of black tea with less thermal energy"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Two 250-gram cups of black tea are identical except for their thermal energies.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Heat and thermal energy",
    "skill":"How are temperature and mass related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving. The energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. What happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.",
    "solution":"The two cups of black tea are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the cup of black tea with less thermal energy has a lower temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which tense does the sentence use?\nMr. Cho signed his name on the letter.",
    "choices":[
      "present tense",
      "future tense",
      "past tense"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"verbs",
    "category":"Verb tense",
    "skill":"Is the sentence in the past, present, or future tense?",
    "lecture":"Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now. Most present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es. Two verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms. Past tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened. Most past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed. Some verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms. Future tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen. All future-tense verbs use the word will. <br\/><br\/> Present | Past | Future<br\/> walk, walks | walked | will walk<br\/> go, goes | went | will go<br\/>",
    "solution":"The sentence is in past tense. You can tell because it uses a past-tense verb, signed. The verb ends in -ed and tells you about something that has already happened.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Zelda's phenotype for the horns trait?",
    "choices":[
      "having horns",
      "not having horns"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"In a group of cows, some individuals have horns and others do not. In this group, the gene for the horns trait has two alleles. The allele for having horns (h) is recessive to the allele for not having horns (H).\nZelda is a cow from this group. Zelda has the heterozygous genotype Hh for the horns gene.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: dominant and recessive",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. Some traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene. An organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene. An organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene. The types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. A dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers. A recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.",
    "solution":"You need to determine Zelda's phenotype for the horns trait. First, consider the alleles in Zelda's genotype for the horns gene. Then, decide whether these alleles are dominant or recessive.\nThe allele for having horns (h) is recessive to the allele for not having horns (H). This means H is a dominant allele, and h is a recessive allele.\nZelda's genotype of Hh has one dominant allele and one recessive allele. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Zelda's phenotype for the horns trait must be not having horns.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these three objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "fragile",
      "transparent",
      "colorful"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Select the best answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. None of the objects are transparent.\nA fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. None of the objects are fragile.\nA colorful object has one or more bright colors. All three objects are colorful.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is colorful.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12032\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Monica acquired this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Some scars fade more quickly than others.",
      "Monica's scar was caused by an accident. She cut her leg when she was climbing a tree."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nMonica has a scar on her left leg.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?",
    "choices":[
      "climate",
      "weather"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Figure: Des Moines.\nThe temperature recorded in Des Moines on Tuesday morning was 49\u00b0F.\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Weather and climate around the world",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the passage carefully.\nThe temperature recorded in Des Moines on Tuesday morning was 49\u00b0F.\nThis passage tells you about the temperature in Des Moines on Tuesday morning. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12039\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the fish below.",
    "choices":[
      "goldfish",
      "bald eagle"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Fish live underwater. They have fins, not limbs. A tiger shark is an example of a fish.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common. Scientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.",
    "solution":"A goldfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nA bald eagle is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12040\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the mass of a dinner fork?",
    "choices":[
      "60 grams",
      "60 kilograms"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of mass",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Mass is a measurement of how much matter something contains. There are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms. There are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram. A paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the mass of a dinner fork is 60 grams.\n60 kilograms is too heavy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nAll the cars at Dotson's Auto Dealership are certified pre-owned. Although they all seem to be in good condition, I think I'd prefer to buy a new car.",
    "choices":[
      "euphemism",
      "hyperbole"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify the figure of speech: euphemism, hyperbole, oxymoron, paradox",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! An oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Some reviewers are calling this book a new classic. A paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Always expect the unexpected.",
    "solution":"The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nPre-owned is an indirect way of saying used.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence.\nMixing sand and gravel is a ().",
    "choices":[
      "chemical change",
      "physical change"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Identify physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Burning a piece of paper is a chemical change. When paper gets hot enough, it reacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same. Cutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper. A change of state is a type of physical change. For example, ice melting is a physical change. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.",
    "solution":"Mixing sand and gravel is a physical change. Together, the sand and gravel make a mixture. But making this mixture does not form a different type of matter.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Identify the question that Allie's experiment can best answer.",
    "choices":[
      "Does linen fabric turn darker than cotton fabric when soaked in a mixture of black dye and water?",
      "Does fabric turn darker when soaked in a mixture of black dye and water for 15 minutes compared to 30 minutes?"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below.\n\nAllie prepared ten buckets, each with one gallon of boiling water and three tablespoons of black fabric dye. Allie soaked white linen fabric squares in five of the buckets, and white cotton fabric squares in the other five buckets. All of the fabric squares were soaked for 15 minutes. After the fabric dried, Allie scored the darkness of the squares on a scale from light to dark. She compared the darkness of the linen fabric to the darkness of the cotton fabric.\nFigure: fabric that has been dyed black.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify the experimental question",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment. Imagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured. First, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested. Then, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured. Experiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height. Examples of questions that this experiment can answer include: Does soil type affect the height of daffodil plants? Do daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil? Are daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12063\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnetic force is weaker in Pair 2.",
      "The magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Compare strengths of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart.",
    "solution":"Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.\nThe magnets in Pair 1 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1 than in Pair 2.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12076\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which greeting is correct for a letter?",
    "choices":[
      "Dear Uncle Brian,",
      "dear Uncle Brian,"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Greetings and closings of letters",
    "lecture":"A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue. Dear Aunt Sue, I'm glad you could come to my party, and thank you for the birthday gift. I could not have asked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think of you. With love, Rory",
    "solution":"The second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Uncle Brian is capitalized because it is a proper noun.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Peaches's genotype for the cheek color gene?",
    "choices":[
      "bright orange cheeks",
      "Rr"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"In a group of cockatiels, some individuals have bright orange cheeks and others have pale orange cheeks. In this group, the gene for the cheek color trait has two alleles. The allele R is for bright orange cheeks, and the allele r is for pale orange cheeks.\nPeaches, a cockatiel from this group, has bright orange cheeks. Peaches has one allele for bright orange cheeks and one allele for pale orange cheeks.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.",
    "solution":"An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Peaches has one allele for bright orange cheeks (R) and one allele for pale orange cheeks (r). So, Peaches's genotype for the cheek color gene is Rr.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a pen?",
    "choices":[
      "16 meters",
      "16 centimeters",
      "16 millimeters",
      "16 kilometers"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of distance, mass, and volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter. The tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long. A red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the length of a pen is 16 centimeters.\n16 millimeters is too short. 16 meters and 16 kilometers are too long.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word is not like the others?",
    "choices":[
      "hen",
      "chicken",
      "boy",
      "duck"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade1",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"vocabulary",
    "category":"Categories",
    "skill":"Which word is not like the others?",
    "lecture":"Some words are alike. They go together in a group. Red, blue, and green go together. They are colors. Mom, dad, grandma, and grandpa go together. They are people in a family.",
    "solution":"Hen, duck, and chicken go together. They are birds. Boy is not a bird, so it is not like the other words.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What kind of sentence is this?\nFor his report, Ted needs information about zebras.",
    "choices":[
      "exclamatory",
      "declarative"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory?",
    "lecture":"There are four kinds of sentences. A declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period. I have an older brother and a younger sister. An interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark. How tall are you? An imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point. Read the first chapter by next week. Look out for that car! An exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point. Some whales are over ninety feet long! I can't wait until tomorrow!",
    "solution":"The sentence tells about something, and it ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these cities is marked on the map?",
    "choices":[
      "Cleveland",
      "Minneapolis",
      "Kansas City",
      "St. Louis"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Cities",
    "skill":"Cities of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The city is Kansas City, Missouri. St. Louis, Cleveland, and Minneapolis are marked with gray circles on the map below.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12108\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following statement about our solar system true or false?\nHalf of the planets are made mainly of gas or ice.",
    "choices":[
      "false",
      "true"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Use the data to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"true-or-false",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Astronomy",
    "skill":"Analyze data to compare properties of planets",
    "lecture":"A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet. The primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.",
    "solution":"The table tells you that of the eight planets, two are made mainly of gas and two are made mainly of ice. So, four of the eight, or half, of the planets are made mainly of gas or ice.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12109\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What sport did Jackie Robinson play for a living?",
    "choices":[
      "baseball",
      "soccer",
      "volleyball",
      "hockey"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"Historical figures",
    "skill":"Jackie Robinson",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Jackie Robinson played baseball for a living. He played for a team called the Brooklyn Dodgers. This picture shows him in his Dodgers uniform.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Maverick's phenotype for the wool color trait?",
    "choices":[
      "white wool",
      "LL"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"In a group of sheep, some individuals have white wool and others have black wool. In this group, the gene for the wool color trait has two alleles. The allele L is for white wool, and the allele l is for black wool.\nMaverick, a sheep from this group, has white wool. Maverick has two alleles for white wool.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.",
    "solution":"An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Maverick's observable version of the wool color trait is white wool. So, Maverick's phenotype for the wool color trait is white wool.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Max inherited this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Max likes to wear a blue sweater to match his blue eyes.",
      "Max's mother has blue eyes. She passed this trait down to Max."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nMax has blue eyes.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the one animal that has all of the bird traits listed above.",
    "choices":[
      "Black howler monkeys have loud calls, or howls. The howls can be heard over three miles away! Howler monkeys have fur and feed their offspring milk.",
      "Snowy owls have sharp, curved beaks and live in cold places. They have feathers on their feet to protect them from the cold. Mother owls keep their eggs warm by standing on their shells."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Birds are a group of animals with similar traits. The following traits can be used to identify birds:\nThey have feathers.\nThey have wings.\nThey have a beak.\nThey make eggs with shells. Observe the animals and read the descriptions.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Use evidence to classify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live. How do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group.",
    "solution":"To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nBirds have the following traits:\nThey have feathers.\nThey have wings.\nThey have a beak.\nThey make eggs with shells.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA snowy owl has the following traits:\nIt has feathers.\nIt has wings.\nIt has a beak.\nIt makes eggs with shells.\nA snowy owl has the traits of a bird. A snowy owl is a bird.\nA black howler has the following traits:\nIt feeds its offspring milk.\nIt has fur.\nA black howler does not have all of the traits of a bird. A black howler is a mammal.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nigloo - injury",
    "choices":[
      "itch",
      "impose"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince impose is between the guide words igloo - injury, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Identify the question that Denise's experiment can best answer.",
    "choices":[
      "Does the amount of water in a glass affect whether eggs sink or float in the water?",
      "Are eggs more likely to float in fresh water or salty water?"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below.\n\nDenise poured four ounces of water into each of six glasses. Denise dissolved one tablespoon of salt in each of three glasses, and did not add salt to the other three. Then, Denise placed an egg in one glass and observed if the egg floated. She removed the egg and dried it. She repeated the process with the other five glasses, recording each time if the egg floated. Denise repeated this test with two more eggs and counted the number of times the eggs floated in fresh water compared to salty water.\nFigure: an egg floating in a glass of salty water.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify the experimental question",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment. Imagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured. First, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested. Then, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured. Experiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height. Examples of questions that this experiment can answer include: Does soil type affect the height of daffodil plants? Do daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil? Are daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12121\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the statement.\nPlatinum is ().",
    "choices":[
      "an elementary substance",
      "a compound"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The model below represents platinum. Platinum is a precious metal used to make jewelry.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"Classify elementary substances and compounds using models",
    "lecture":"There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you. A substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be. Scientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a space-filling model. The space-filling model below represents the elementary substance copper. In a space-filling model, the balls represent atoms that are bonded together. The color of a ball represents a specific chemical element. The atomic symbol for that chemical element is shown in the legend.",
    "solution":"Use the model to determine whether platinum is an elementary substance or a compound.\nStep 1: Interpret the model.\nIn the space-filling model shown above, all of the balls are the same color:\n. The legend shows that dark blue represents the chemical element with the atomic symbol Pt. So, the model shows you that platinum is composed of one chemical element.\nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.\nYou know from Step 1 that platinum is composed of only one chemical element. So, platinum is an elementary substance.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12122\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest north?",
    "choices":[
      "Oklahoma",
      "Delaware",
      "Arizona",
      "North Carolina"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Delaware is farthest north.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12132\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal's limbs are also adapted for swimming?",
    "choices":[
      "sea turtle",
      "ostrich"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Harbor seals live along the coasts of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. They spend a lot of time hunting fish at sea.\nThe  has four flippers for limbs. Its limbs are adapted for swimming.\nFigure: harbor seal.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: feet and limbs",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. Arms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the harbor seal.\nThe harbor seal uses its flippers to push itself through water. The flippers can also help it change direction while swimming.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe sea turtle has flippers. Its limbs are adapted for swimming.\nThe ostrich has short wings and long, thin legs. Its limbs are not adapted for swimming. The ostrich uses its limbs to walk and run on land.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12138\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the animal.",
    "choices":[
      "Pear trees have green leaves.",
      "Gorillas eat leaves, fruits, and insects."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify plants and animals",
    "lecture":"Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms. Plants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can. Animals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food.",
    "solution":"A gorilla is an animal. It eats leaves, fruits, and insects.\nGorillas live in groups called troops.\nA pear tree is a plant. It has green leaves.\nWild pear trees grow in Europe, north Africa, and Asia.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Wisconsin?",
    "choices":[
      "Milwaukee",
      "Green Bay",
      "Madison",
      "Bismarck"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Madison is the capital of Wisconsin.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12153\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?",
    "choices":[
      "When Molly ran into Maria at the post office, she smiled and said hello.",
      "Molly smiled and said hello when she ran into Maria at the post office."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Pronouns",
    "skill":"Identify vague pronoun references",
    "lecture":"When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.",
    "solution":"The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Molly or Maria.\nWhen Molly ran into Maria at the post office, she smiled and said hello.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nMolly smiled and said hello when she ran into Maria at the post office.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Splash's genotype for the iridescent scales gene?",
    "choices":[
      "ii",
      "mostly plain scales"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This passage describes the iridescent scales trait in bettas:\n\nIn a group of bettas, some individuals have mostly iridescent scales and others have mostly plain scales. In this group, the gene for the iridescent scales trait has two alleles. The allele I is for mostly iridescent scales, and the allele i is for mostly plain scales.\nSplash, a betta from this group, has mostly plain scales. Splash has two alleles for mostly plain scales.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.",
    "solution":"An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Splash has two alleles for mostly plain scales (i). So, Splash's genotype for the iridescent scales gene is ii.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What type of rock is granodiorite?",
    "choices":[
      "igneous",
      "metamorphic",
      "sedimentary"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This is a piece of granodiorite. Granodiorite forms through the cooling of melted rock.\nDo you see the mineral grains in this piece of granodiorite? The black mineral grains are crystals of the mineral biotite. The light-colored grains are crystals of minerals such as feldspar and quartz.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Rocks and minerals",
    "skill":"Classify rocks as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic",
    "lecture":"Igneous rock is formed when melted rock cools and hardens into solid rock. This type of change can occur at Earth's surface or below it. Sedimentary rock is formed when layers of sediment are pressed together, or compacted, to make rock. This type of change occurs below Earth's surface. Metamorphic rock is formed when a rock is changed by very high temperature and pressure. This type of change often occurs deep below Earth's surface. Over time, the old rock becomes a new rock with different properties.",
    "solution":"Granodiorite is an igneous rock. Like other igneous rocks, it forms when melted rock cools and hardens.\nMelted rock below the earth's surface is called magma. Granodiorite forms from magma that contains a lot of silica. As the magma cools, minerals such as feldspar begin to form. When the magma becomes solid, it turns into granodiorite.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12161\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Suppose Trevor decides to join the Photography Club. Which result would be a cost?",
    "choices":[
      "Trevor will spend more time in the Photography Club than he would have spent in the Theater Club.",
      "Trevor will have more fun in the Photography Club than he would have had in the Theater Club."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Trevor is deciding whether to join the Photography Club or the Theater Club at school. He wants the club he joins to be fun. But he doesn't want it to take up too much time.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Costs and benefits",
    "lecture":"Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits. Costs are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need. Benefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.",
    "solution":"This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Trevor wants or needs:\nTrevor will spend more time in the Photography Club than he would have spent in the Theater Club.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material, but some of them are different shapes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets.",
    "solution":"The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.\nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12168\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence.\nA slice of banana turning brown is a ().",
    "choices":[
      "chemical change",
      "physical change"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule. In a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Burning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns. In a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.",
    "solution":"A slice of banana turning brown is a chemical change. The part of the banana in contact with the air reacts with oxygen and turns into a different type of matter.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What can Dalton and Elise trade to each get what they want?",
    "choices":[
      "Elise can trade her almonds for Dalton's tomatoes.",
      "Dalton can trade his tomatoes for Elise's broccoli.",
      "Elise can trade her broccoli for Dalton's oranges.",
      "Dalton can trade his tomatoes for Elise's carrots."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.\nDalton and Elise open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Neither Dalton nor Elise got everything that they wanted. The table below shows which items they each wanted:\n\nLook at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.\nDalton's lunch Elise's lunch",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Trade and specialization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the table and images.\nDalton wants broccoli. Elise wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12175\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Using only these supplies, which question can Santiago investigate with an experiment?",
    "choices":[
      "Does white sandwich bread grow visible mold in fewer days if the bread is stored in a paper bag or in a plastic bag?",
      "Does white sandwich bread grow visible mold in fewer days if the bread is stored inside or outside the refrigerator?",
      "Does white or whole wheat sandwich bread grow visible mold in fewer days?"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Santiago starts to make a sandwich, but he sees mold on the bread! He wonders what factors affect how mold grows on bread. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\ntwo loaves of white sandwich bread\na small plastic bag\na large plastic bag\na refrigerator",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these three objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "soft",
      "opaque",
      "flexible"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the best answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA flexible object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. The paper notebook and the grocery bag are flexible, but the concrete steps are not.\nA soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. The concrete steps are not soft.\nAn opaque object does not let light through. All three objects are opaque.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is opaque.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12181\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the fish below.",
    "choices":[
      "piranha",
      "sea otter"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Fish live underwater. They have fins, not limbs. A manta ray is an example of a fish.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common. Scientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.",
    "solution":"A piranha is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nPiranhas have sharp teeth. Piranhas hunt in groups. A group of piranhas can eat a large animal.\nA sea otter is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.\nSea otters have very thick fur. Their fur keeps them warm in cold water.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12189\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following statement about our solar system true or false?\nThe volume of Neptune is less than 75% of the volume of Uranus.",
    "choices":[
      "true",
      "false"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Use the data to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"true-or-false",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Astronomy",
    "skill":"Analyze data to compare properties of planets",
    "lecture":"A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet. The primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.",
    "solution":"To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 75% of the volume of Uranus by multiplying its volume by 0.75.\nThen compare the result to the volume of Neptune. The volume of Neptune is 62,530 billion km^3, which is more than 51,248 billion km^3. So, the volume of Neptune is more than 75% of the volume of Uranus.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12193\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same genus as the Victoria crowned pigeon.",
    "choices":[
      "Aequorea victoria",
      "Goura scheepmakeri",
      "Strix aluco"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This organism is a Victoria crowned pigeon. Its scientific name is Goura victoria.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"A Victoria crowned pigeon's scientific name is Goura victoria. The first word of its scientific name is Goura.\nStrix aluco is in the genus Strix. The first word of its scientific name is Strix. So, Strix aluco and Goura victoria are not in the same genus.\nGoura scheepmakeri is in the genus Goura. The first word of its scientific name is Goura. So, Goura scheepmakeri and Goura victoria are in the same genus.\nAequorea victoria and Goura victoria are not in the same genus.\nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Aequorea victoria and Goura victoria have the same species name within their genus, victoria. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Aequorea victoria is in the genus Aequorea, and Goura victoria is in the genus Goura.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12194\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which correctly shows the title of a movie?",
    "choices":[
      "***A Good Day for an Outing***",
      "\"A Good Day for an Outing\""
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Formatting titles",
    "lecture":"The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead. A Midsummer Night's Dream The title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks. \"You Are My Sunshine\"",
    "solution":"A movie should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **A Good Day for an Outing**.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature",
      "sample A",
      "sample B"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.\nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12197\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the solid.",
    "choices":[
      "air inside a soccer ball",
      "water droplets",
      "robot",
      "helium"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"States of matter",
    "skill":"Identify solids, liquids, and gases",
    "lecture":"Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own. Some solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid. When matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle. Some liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk. When matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space. Many gases are invisible. Air is a gas.",
    "solution":"The air inside a soccer ball is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. The air fills all the space inside the soccer ball. If air leaks out, it will expand into the space around the ball.\nWater droplets are a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you collect water droplets in a bucket, they will take the shape of the bucket. But the water droplets will still take up the same amount of space.\nA robot is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. A robot can move. But if it moves across a room, the robot will still have a size and shape of its own.\nHelium is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. Helium is lighter than air. So, if you fill a balloon with helium, the balloon will rise. If helium leaks out of the balloon, the helium will expand into the space around the balloon.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\nAfter a jog around the block, Sadie collapsed on the couch and declared with a wheeze, \"Well, I'm ready to run a marathon.\"",
    "choices":[
      "Sadie was out of shape.",
      "Sadie plans to run more."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.",
    "solution":"The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nReady to run a marathon ironically suggests that Sadie was out of shape. She was actually far from ready to run a marathon.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?",
    "choices":[
      "Mr. Dudley wanted the new employees to fill out their intake forms, but he couldn't find them.",
      "Mr. Dudley wanted the new employees to fill out their intake forms, but he couldn't find the forms."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Pronouns",
    "skill":"Identify vague pronoun references",
    "lecture":"When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.",
    "solution":"The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them could refer to the new employees or their intake forms.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Them has been replaced with the forms.\nMr. Dudley wanted the new employees to fill out their intake forms, but he couldn't find the forms.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nHow do I know that Carla is the most intelligent person in our geometry class? I know because she's so smart.",
    "choices":[
      "circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself",
      "false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> red herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that Carla is intelligent because she's smart. However, the \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?",
    "choices":[
      "Just as Mrs. Bradley finished brewing Jane a cup of tea, her phone rang.",
      "Mrs. Bradley's phone rang just as she finished brewing Jane a cup of tea."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Pronouns and antecedents",
    "skill":"Identify vague pronoun references",
    "lecture":"When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.",
    "solution":"The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun her could refer to Mrs. Bradley's or Jane's.\nJust as Mrs. Bradley finished brewing Jane a cup of tea, her phone rang.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nMrs. Bradley's phone rang just as she finished brewing Jane a cup of tea.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Can Rafflesia arnoldii cells make their own food?",
    "choices":[
      "no",
      "yes"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This organism is Rafflesia arnoldii. It is a member of the plant kingdom.\nRafflesia arnoldii has the largest flowers in the world. A single flower can be three feet wide! R. arnoldii is commonly called a corpse flower because the flower smells like rotting meat.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Describe, classify, and compare kingdoms",
    "lecture":"In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms. Organisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom. <br\/><br\/>  | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | Plants<br\/> How many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | many<br\/> Do their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yes<br\/> Can their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes<br\/>",
    "solution":"Rafflesia arnoldii is a plant. Plant cells can make their own food. Plant cells make food using photosynthesis.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12229\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these three objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "blue",
      "fuzzy",
      "hard"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Select the best answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nBlue is a color.\nThis color is blue. The baseball bat and the road are not blue.\nA hard object does not change shape when pressed or squeezed. All three objects are hard.\nA fuzzy object is covered in soft hair. None of the objects are fuzzy.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is hard.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12239\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which solution has a higher concentration of yellow particles?",
    "choices":[
      "Solution A",
      "Solution B",
      "neither; their concentrations are the same"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each yellow ball represents one particle of solute.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Compare concentrations of solutions",
    "lecture":"A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent. concentration = particles of solute \/ volume of solvent",
    "solution":"In Solution A and Solution B, the yellow particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of yellow particles, look at both the number of yellow particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of yellow particles per milliliter.\nSolution A has more yellow particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of yellow particles.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12252\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on the timeline, which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "Buddhism began about 300 years after Judaism.",
      "Buddhism began about 1,000 years after Hinduism."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The following timeline shows the approximate dates when several world religions began. Look at the timeline. Then answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"world-history",
    "category":"World religions",
    "skill":"Origins of Buddhism",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12260\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is this organism's scientific name?",
    "choices":[
      "Galapagos giant tortoise",
      "Chelonoidis nigra"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This organism is a Galapagos giant tortoise. It is also called Chelonoidis nigra.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification and scientific names",
    "skill":"Identify common and scientific names",
    "lecture":"An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know. An organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English. Scientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca.",
    "solution":"Chelonoidis nigra is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not.\nSo, Chelonoidis nigra is the scientific name.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12265\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a compound sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "The Mississippi River flows from Lake Itasca to the Gulf of Mexico.",
      "September has thirty days, and July has thirty-one."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple or compound?",
    "lecture":"A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate. The pitcher threw the ball to first base. A compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. The pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it. Some simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences. Anna and James will watch the fireworks tonight. This simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James. The singers bowed and walked off the stage. This simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat. This is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.",
    "solution":"The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction and.\nSeptember has thirty days, and July has thirty-one.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Montana?",
    "choices":[
      "Missoula",
      "Helena",
      "Billings",
      "Sacramento"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Helena is the capital of Montana.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12276\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Washington?",
    "choices":[
      "Olympia",
      "Richmond",
      "Seattle",
      "Dallas"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Olympia is the capital of Washington.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12277\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence so that it uses personification.\nThe washing machine () when Wyatt ran an oversized load of laundry.",
    "choices":[
      "complained",
      "broke"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Creative techniques",
    "skill":"Use personification",
    "lecture":"Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point. The trees danced in the wind. The word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.",
    "solution":"Complete the sentence with the word complained. It describes the washing machine as if it were a grumpy, overworked person.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these organisms contains matter that was once part of the bear sedge?",
    "choices":[
      "grizzly bear",
      "bilberry",
      "short-tailed weasel"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Below is a food web from a tundra ecosystem in Nunavut, a territory in Northern Canada.\nA food web models how the matter eaten by organisms moves through an ecosystem. The arrows in a food web represent how matter moves between organisms in an ecosystem.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecological interactions",
    "skill":"Interpret food webs II",
    "lecture":"A food web is a model. A food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food. Arrows show how matter moves. A food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating. An organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web. An organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web.",
    "solution":"Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows that starts from the bear sedge.\nThe grizzly bear has two arrows pointing to it. One arrow starts from the bilberry. The bilberry does not have any arrows pointing to it. The other arrow pointing to the grizzly bear starts from the barren-ground caribou. The only arrow pointing to the barren-ground caribou starts from the lichen. The lichen does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the bear sedge to the grizzly bear.\nThe bilberry does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the bear sedge to the bilberry.There is one path matter can take from the bear sedge to the short-tailed weasel: bear sedge->brown lemming->short-tailed weasel. There is one path matter can take from the bear sedge to the Arctic fox: bear sedge->brown lemming->Arctic fox. There is one path matter can take from the bear sedge to the rough-legged hawk: bear sedge->brown lemming->parasitic jaeger->rough-legged hawk.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12296\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nSenator Robinson isn't lying when she says she cares about her constituents\u2014she wouldn't lie to people she cares about.",
    "choices":[
      "guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something",
      "circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself",
      "straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations<br\/> slippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that Senator Robinson isn't lying about caring for her constituents because she doesn't lie to people she cares about. However, the \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ntea - triangle",
    "choices":[
      "torn",
      "turf"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince torn is between the guide words tea - triangle, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following is a trait of an organism?",
    "choices":[
      "the amount of oxygen in the organism's environment",
      "the way the organism looks",
      "the amount of sunshine the organism gets"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Introduction to adaptations",
    "lecture":"A trait is the way an organism looks or behaves. An adaptation is a trait that helps an organism stay alive in its environment.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Identify the question that Edmond's experiment can best answer.",
    "choices":[
      "Do steel nails take fewer days to rust in water compared to vinegar?",
      "Do steel nails rust in fewer days when submerged in a large volume of liquid compared to a small volume?"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below.\n\nEdmond put one two-inch steel nail into each of six test tubes. He added water to three of the test tubes and vinegar to the other three. In each test tube, he completely covered the nail with the same volume of liquid. Edmond checked the nails for rust at the same time every day. He recorded how many days it took each nail to become completely covered in rust. Then, he compared the number of days it took nails to rust in water to the number of days it took nails to rust in vinegar.\nFigure: a new steel nail on a pile of rusty nails.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify the experimental question",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment. Imagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured. First, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested. Then, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured. Experiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height. Examples of questions that this experiment can answer include: Does soil type affect the height of daffodil plants? Do daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil? Are daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12310\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material, but some of them are different sizes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller.",
    "solution":"Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.\nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12313\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Alaska?",
    "choices":[
      "Denver",
      "Fairbanks",
      "Honolulu",
      "Juneau"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify the 50 state capitals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Juneau is the capital of Alaska.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12315\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which object has the most thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "a 350-gram mug of cocoa at a temperature of 143\u00b0F",
      "a 350-gram mug of cocoa at a temperature of 160\u00b0F",
      "a 350-gram mug of cocoa at a temperature of 132\u00b0F"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The objects are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Heat and thermal energy",
    "skill":"How is temperature related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.",
    "solution":"All three mugs of cocoa have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 160\u00b0F mug of cocoa is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "repel",
      "attract"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.\n\nHint: Magnets that attract pull together. Magnets that repel push apart.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south. Here are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S. If different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12326\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Identify the question that Dan's experiment can best answer.",
    "choices":[
      "Can pennies hold more drops of water mixed with dish soap or water mixed with hand soap?",
      "Can pennies hold more drops of pure water or water mixed with hand soap?"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below.\n\nDan used a dropper to put equal-sized drops of pure water, one at a time, onto a penny. The drops stayed together and formed a dome on the penny's surface. Dan recorded the number of drops he could add before the water spilled over the edge of the penny. Then, he rinsed and dried the penny, and repeated the test using water mixed with hand soap. He repeated these trials on nine additional pennies. Dan compared the average number of pure water drops to the average number of water drops mixed with hand soap that he could add to a penny before the water spilled over.\nFigure: a dome of water on the surface of a penny.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify the experimental question",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment. Imagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured. First, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested. Then, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured. Experiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height. Examples of questions that this experiment can answer include: Does soil type affect the height of daffodil plants? Do daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil? Are daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12338\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is Pleopeltis polypodioides made up of one cell?",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This organism is Pleopeltis polypodioides. It is a member of the plant kingdom.\nPleopeltis polypodioides can survive without water for a long time. Because of this, it can grow in very dry places. In the image, you can see P. polypodioides growing on a cooled black lava flow.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Describe, classify, and compare kingdoms",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Pleopeltis polypodioides is a plant. Plants are made up of many cells.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12341\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What kind of sentence is this?\nThat was the most spectacular acrobatic feat I have ever seen!",
    "choices":[
      "declarative",
      "interrogative",
      "exclamatory"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory?",
    "lecture":"There are four kinds of sentences. A declarative sentence is a statement and always ends with a period. The nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure. An imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point. For this assignment, use references to support your claims. Don't drive so quickly in the construction zone! An interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark. Given the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction? An exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point. I can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!",
    "solution":"The sentence is a statement that shows strong feeling and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What kind of sentence is this?\nStop twisting the rope like that.",
    "choices":[
      "interrogative",
      "imperative"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory?",
    "lecture":"There are four kinds of sentences. A declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period. I have an older brother and a younger sister. An interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark. How tall are you? An imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point. Read the first chapter by next week. Look out for that car! An exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point. Some whales are over ninety feet long! I can't wait until tomorrow!",
    "solution":"The sentence tells someone to do something, so it is an imperative sentence. Here, it ends with a period.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Faye's genotype for the albinism gene?",
    "choices":[
      "not having albinism",
      "Aa"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This passage describes the albinism trait in rats:\n\nIn a group of rats, some individuals have albinism and others do not. In this group, the gene for the albinism trait has two alleles. The allele A is for not having albinism, and the allele a is for having albinism.\nFaye, a rat from this group, does not have albinism. Faye has one allele for not having albinism and one allele for having albinism.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.",
    "solution":"An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Faye has one allele for not having albinism (A) and one allele for having albinism (a). So, Faye's genotype for the albinism gene is Aa.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "sample B",
      "sample A",
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"Each particle in the two samples has the same mass, and the particles in both samples have the same average speed. So, the particles in both samples have the same average kinetic energy.\nBecause the particles in both samples have the same average kinetic energy, the samples must have the same temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12349\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nIt has not rained in over a week at Trevor's house.",
    "choices":[
      "climate",
      "weather"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"What's the difference between weather and climate?",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the text carefully.\nIt has not rained in over a week at Trevor's house.\nThis passage tells you about the precipitation last week at Trevor's house. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.",
    "solution":"The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nBoth magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.\nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12356\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which statement is true about the average monthly temperature in New York City?",
    "choices":[
      "November is warmer than May.",
      "January and February are the coldest months of the year.",
      "July, August, and September are colder than the other months of the year."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Use the graph to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Use climate data to make predictions",
    "lecture":"Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Temperature is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average temperature for each month. The average temperature can be used to describe the climate of a location. A line graph can be used to show the average temperature each month. Months with higher dots on the graph have higher average temperatures.",
    "solution":"To describe the average temperature trends in New York City, look at the graph.\nChoice \"Feb\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"May\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Aug\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Sep\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Nov\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Jan\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"January and February are the coldest months of the year.\" is incorrect.\nThe average temperatures in January and February are between 30\u00b0F and 35\u00b0F. These months have the lowest average temperatures of all of the months. So, they are the coldest months of the year.\nChoice \"November is warmer than May.\" is incorrect.\nThe average temperature in November is around 50\u00b0F. May has an average temperature around 60\u00b0F. So, November is colder, not warmer, than May.\nChoice \"July, August, and September are colder than the other months of the year.\" is incorrect.\nThe average temperatures in July, August, and September are around 75\u00b0F. These months have the highest average temperatures of any months. So, they are hotter, not colder, than the other months.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12361\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same genus as the eastern gray kangaroo.",
    "choices":[
      "Equus quagga",
      "Macropus agilis",
      "Equus grevyi"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This organism is an eastern gray kangaroo. Its scientific name is Macropus giganteus.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"An eastern gray kangaroo's scientific name is Macropus giganteus. The first word of its scientific name is Macropus.\nEquus grevyi is in the genus Equus. The first word of its scientific name is Equus. So, Equus grevyi and Macropus giganteus are not in the same genus.\nEquus quagga is in the genus Equus. The first word of its scientific name is Equus. So, Equus quagga and Macropus giganteus are not in the same genus.\nMacropus agilis is in the genus Macropus. The first word of its scientific name is Macropus. So, Macropus agilis and Macropus giganteus are in the same genus.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12362\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nDon't try to tell me that you only watch educational programming, Marie! I know for a fact that your sister only watches reality television.",
    "choices":[
      "hasty generalization: a very broad claim based on very little evidence",
      "guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> red herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that Marie must watch reality television, because her sister watches reality television. However, even though Marie's sister watches reality television, that doesn't necessarily mean that Marie does, too. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles?",
    "choices":[
      "Solution B",
      "Solution A",
      "neither; their concentrations are the same"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each pink ball represents one particle of solute.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Compare concentrations of solutions",
    "lecture":"A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent. concentration = particles of solute \/ volume of solvent",
    "solution":"In Solution A and Solution B, the pink particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles, look at both the number of pink particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of pink particles per milliliter.\nSolution B has more pink particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of pink particles.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12369\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Joseph acquired this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Joseph learned how to knit in an after school program.",
      "Joseph knits sweaters using cotton, wool, and other types of yarn."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nJoseph knows how to knit sweaters.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "Rhode Island",
      "Georgia",
      "South Carolina",
      "Ohio"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"English colonies in North America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is Georgia.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12383\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest east?",
    "choices":[
      "New Mexico",
      "South Dakota",
      "California",
      "Idaho"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Maps",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. South Dakota is farthest east.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12384\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Illinois?",
    "choices":[
      "Springfield",
      "Bismarck",
      "Chicago",
      "Topeka"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Springfield is the capital of Illinois.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12388\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nDespite Mariana's insistence that she would raise Cain if we ever got lost, we decided to try taking a shortcut.",
    "choices":[
      "Greek mythology",
      "the Bible"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. The protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose. The word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion raise Cain is the Bible.\nIn the Bible, Adam and Eve's son Cain murders his brother in a jealous rage.\nThe allusion raise Cain means to resort to violence.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Washington?",
    "choices":[
      "Boise",
      "Olympia",
      "Spokane",
      "Seattle"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Olympia is the capital of Washington.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12408\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is siltstone a mineral or a rock?",
    "choices":[
      "rock",
      "mineral"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Siltstone has the following properties:\nno fixed crystal structure\nsolid\nnot made by living things\nmade up of fine sediment grains\nnot a pure substance\nfound in nature",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Rocks and minerals",
    "skill":"Identify rocks and minerals",
    "lecture":"Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals. Minerals and rocks have the following properties: <br\/><br\/> Property | Mineral | Rock<br\/> It is a solid. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is a pure substance. | Yes | No<br\/> It has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No<br\/> <br\/> You can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither. Look closely at the last three properties: Minerals and rocks are not made by organisms. Organisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be  minerals or rocks. Humans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks. A mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not. A pure substance is made of only one type of matter.  Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures. A mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not. The crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way. However, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different!",
    "solution":"The properties of siltstone match the properties of a rock. So, siltstone is a rock.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12420\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Louisiana?",
    "choices":[
      "Charleston",
      "Baton Rouge",
      "New Orleans",
      "Montgomery"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Southeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Baton Rouge is the capital of Louisiana.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12422\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the amphibian below.",
    "choices":[
      "American bullfrog",
      "clownfish"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Amphibians have moist skin and begin their lives in water. A Japanese tree frog is an example of an amphibian.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common. Scientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.",
    "solution":"A clownfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nClownfish live with animals called anemones. In the image of the clownfish, you can see the green anemone behind the clownfish.\nAn American bullfrog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nFrogs live near water or in damp places. Most frogs lay their eggs in water.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12424\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following statement about our solar system true or false?\nNeptune's volume is more than 50 times as great as that of Earth.",
    "choices":[
      "true",
      "false"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Use the data to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"true-or-false",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Astronomy",
    "skill":"Analyze data to compare properties of planets",
    "lecture":"A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet. The primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.",
    "solution":"To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 50 times the volume of Earth.\nThen compare the result to the volume of Neptune. The volume of Neptune is 62,530 billion km^3, which is more than 54,500 billion km^3. So, Neptune's volume is more than 50 times as great as that of Earth.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12439\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest east?",
    "choices":[
      "Florida",
      "Arkansas",
      "New Mexico",
      "Washington"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Florida is farthest east.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12445\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"According to Newton's third law, what other force must be happening?",
    "choices":[
      "The suitcase is pushing on Scott.",
      "The suitcase is pulling on Scott."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Isaac Newton was born in the 1600s and studied how objects move. He discovered three fundamental laws about forces and motion. According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force.\nConsider the following force:\nScott is pulling on a full suitcase.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Predict forces using Newton's third law",
    "lecture":"According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction. For example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you.",
    "solution":"Scott is pulling on the suitcase. So, Newton's third law tells you that the suitcase is pulling on Scott.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the part that contains the information that an animal cell uses for growth and activities.",
    "choices":[
      "chromosomes",
      "vacuoles",
      "cell membrane"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Cells",
    "skill":"Identify functions of animal cell parts",
    "lecture":"The cell membrane controls which substances enter and leave the cell. The cell membrane also protects the cell from the outside environment. The cytoplasm is made up of a thick liquid that fills the space inside the cell membrane. The cytoplasm supports the other cell parts and holds them in place. Many important chemical reactions happen in the cytoplasm. The mitochondria break down sugar to release energy that the cell can use. The vacuoles store nutrients, such as sugar, in the cell. Vacuoles also store water and waste. The nucleus directs cell activities. It does this by sending instructions to different parts of the cell. The chromosomes contain the information that the cell uses for growth and activities. In animal and plant cells, the chromosomes are inside the nucleus.",
    "solution":"Chromosomes contain the information that the cell uses for growth and activities. This information helps control what the cell does and how it grows and develops.\nIn animal and plant cells, the chromosomes are inside the nucleus.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Using only these supplies, which question can Gavin investigate with an experiment?",
    "choices":[
      "Does a big toy car go down the wooden ramp faster than a small toy car?",
      "Do toy cars with plastic wheels go faster down the cardboard ramp than toy cars with metal wheels?",
      "Do toy cars go faster down the ramp made of wood or the ramp made of cardboard?"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Gavin and his sister are building ramps to race their toy cars down. Gavin notices that the cars go down some of the ramps faster than others. He wonders what factors affect the cars' speed. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\ntwo identical toy cars\na wooden ramp three feet long and two feet tall\na cardboard ramp three feet long and two feet tall",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which sentence states a fact?",
    "choices":[
      "Preserving dead people as mummies is definitely gross.",
      "In ancient Egypt, some people were preserved as mummies after they died."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Distinguish facts from opinions",
    "lecture":"A fact is something that can be proved to be true. The month of July has more days than the month of June. This is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month. An opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true. July is a better month than June for camping. This is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping.",
    "solution":"The second sentence states a fact.\nIn ancient Egypt, some people were preserved as mummies after they died.\nIt can be proved by reading a book about ancient Egypt.\nThe first sentence states an opinion.\nPreserving dead people as mummies is definitely gross.\nDefinitely gross shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what is gross.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Would you find the word tickle on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nthrow - true",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince tickle is between the guide words throw - true, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which sentence states a fact?",
    "choices":[
      "It is legal for public schools to have dress codes.",
      "School dress codes are bad for students."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"civics",
    "category":"Social studies skills",
    "skill":"Identify facts and opinions",
    "lecture":"A fact is something that can be proved true by research or observation. George Washington became president of the United States in 1789. This statement is a fact. It can be proved by researching what year George Washington was inaugurated president. An opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion can be supported by evidence, but it cannot be proved true. George Washington was a better president than Thomas Jefferson. This statement is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" president, so the statement cannot be proved.",
    "solution":"The second sentence states a fact.\nIt is legal for public schools to have dress codes.\nIt can be proved by looking up court rulings about dress codes.\nThe first sentence states an opinion.\nSchool dress codes are bad for students.\nBad shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what rules are bad for kids.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material, but some of them are different sizes and shapes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger.",
    "solution":"Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.\nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12479\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Kansas?",
    "choices":[
      "Jefferson City",
      "Baltimore",
      "Topeka",
      "Lansing"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Topeka is the capital of Kansas.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12480\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following trait inherited or acquired?\nSam has a scar on his right knee.",
    "choices":[
      "inherited",
      "acquired"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Identify inherited and acquired traits",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.",
    "solution":"Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Scarlett acquired this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Scarlett is most interested in American history.",
      "Scarlett learned history by reading."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nScarlett knows a lot about history.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nIt's true that pasteurization kills harmful bacteria in milk. But pasteurization is a process that was invented by humans. Instead, we should drink milk raw, pure, and unchanged. It's better for us.",
    "choices":[
      "bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct",
      "appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good",
      "circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations<br\/> slippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that raw milk is better than pasteurized milk because pasteurization isn't a natural process. However, raw milk isn't necessarily healthier for humans just because it's unprocessed. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as an appeal to nature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the fish.",
    "choices":[
      "red howler",
      "American bullfrog",
      "human",
      "leafy seadragon"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Fish live underwater. They have fins, not limbs.",
    "solution":"A leafy seadragon is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nA seadragon's body looks like a clump of seaweed. This helps the seadragon hide from its predators.\nAn American bullfrog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nFrogs live near water or in damp places. Most frogs lay their eggs in water.\nA human is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.\nHumans are a type of animal called a primate. Monkeys and apes are also primates.\nA red howler is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.\nHowler monkeys have loud calls, or howls. Their calls can be heard over three miles away!",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the mixture.",
    "choices":[
      "glass and gold balls",
      "sugar"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Mixtures",
    "skill":"Identify mixtures",
    "lecture":"A pure substance is made of only one type of matter. A mixture is made of two or more types of matter mixed together.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Would you find the word which on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nwide - wren",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince which is not between the guide words wide - wren, it would not be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which specific humidity level was measured within the outlined area shown?",
    "choices":[
      "11 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air",
      "13 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air",
      "3 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The map below shows humidity in the lower atmosphere on February 21, 2017. The map shows specific humidity, a measurement of the amount of water vapor in the air. The outlined area shows an air mass that influenced weather in Africa on that day.\nLook at the map. Then, answer the question below.\nData source: United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\/Earth System Research Laboratory, Physical Sciences Division",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Identify and compare air masses",
    "lecture":"To study air masses, scientists can use maps that show conditions within Earth's atmosphere. For example, the map below uses color to show specific humidity, a measurement of the amount of water vapor in the air. The map's legend tells you the specific humidity level that each color represents. Colors on the left in the legend represent lower specific humidity levels than colors on the right. For example, areas on the map that are the darkest shade of purple have a specific humidity from zero grams per kilogram (g\/kg) up to two g\/kg. Areas that are the next darkest shade of purple have a specific humidity from two g\/kg up to four g\/kg.",
    "solution":"Look at the colors shown within the outlined area. Then, use the legend to determine which specific humidity levels those colors represent.\nThe legend tells you that this air mass contained air with specific humidity levels between 0 and 6 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air.\n3 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air is within this range.\n11 and 13 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air are outside of this range.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12500\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is an adult alligator?",
    "choices":[
      "14 feet",
      "14 inches"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of distance",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Imagine being told that a pencil is 8 long. You might be thinking, 8 what? Is the pencil 8 inches long? 8 feet? 8 miles? The number 8 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing. Now look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are inches. So, the length of the pencil is 8 inches. There are 12 inches in 1 foot. So, 1 inch is much shorter than 1 foot. There are 3 feet in 1 yard. So, 1 foot is shorter than 1 yard.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the length of an adult alligator is 14 feet.\n14 inches is too short.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a simple sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "Albert stacked a crate of oranges on top of the crate of lemons and checked both crates off his order sheet.",
      "Brennan walked through Paris in a daze because he was still suffering from jet lag."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple, compound, or complex?",
    "lecture":"A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence. the oranges on our tree are ripe The clause can stand alone. It is independent. after we pick up Kevin from work The clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent. A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause. Ben and I spent all day relaxing by the pool. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat. Ben usually wears his heavy coat in the winter. A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. We saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while. If she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.",
    "solution":"The second sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.\nAlbert stacked a crate of oranges on top of the crate of lemons and checked both crates off his order sheet.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Kentucky?",
    "choices":[
      "Little Rock",
      "Lexington",
      "Columbia",
      "Frankfort"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Southeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Frankfort is the capital of Kentucky.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12518\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the probability that a rainbow trout produced by this cross will have a greenish-brown body?",
    "choices":[
      "3\/4",
      "4\/4",
      "0\/4",
      "2\/4",
      "1\/4"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"In a group of rainbow trout, some individuals have a greenish-brown body and others have a blue body. In this group, the gene for the body color trait has two alleles. The allele for a blue body (b) is recessive to the allele for a greenish-brown body (B).\nThis Punnett square shows a cross between two rainbow trout.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Use Punnett squares to calculate probabilities of offspring types",
    "lecture":"Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive? How do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. If an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait. If an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait. In a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes. An event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction: probability of an event = number of ways the event can happen \/ number of equally likely outcomes You can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff. <br\/><br\/>  | F | f<br\/> F | FF | Ff<br\/> f | Ff | ff<br\/> <br\/> Consider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction: number of ways the event can happen \/ number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff \/ total number of boxes = 1 \/ 4.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12519\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same genus as the bobcat.",
    "choices":[
      "Lynx lynx",
      "Macropus rufus",
      "Halichoeres hortulanus"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This organism is a bobcat. Its scientific name is Lynx rufus.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"A bobcat's scientific name is Lynx rufus. The first word of its scientific name is Lynx.\nHalichoeres hortulanus is in the genus Halichoeres. The first word of its scientific name is Halichoeres. So, Halichoeres hortulanus and Lynx rufus are not in the same genus.\nLynx lynx is in the genus Lynx. The first word of its scientific name is Lynx. So, Lynx lynx and Lynx rufus are in the same genus.\nMacropus rufus and Lynx rufus are not in the same genus.\nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Macropus rufus and Lynx rufus have the same species name within their genus, rufus. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Macropus rufus is in the genus Macropus, and Lynx rufus is in the genus Lynx.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12520\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which trait do African wild dogs have?",
    "choices":[
      "They live in packs with thousands of other African wild dogs.",
      "They have black, brown, and white fur."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This picture shows two African wild dogs. \nAfrican wild dogs live in groups called packs. Between 3 and 20 adult African wild dogs live together in a pack.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"literacy-in-science",
    "category":"Animals",
    "skill":"Benefits of group behavior: African wild dogs",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Both the picture and the text tell you about the traits of African wild dogs. Start with the picture.\nThese African wild dogs have black, brown, and white fur. They also have four legs and two ears.\nNext, read the text about African wild dogs.\nAfrican wild dogs live in groups called packs. Between 3 and 20 adult African wild dogs live together in a pack.\nAfrican wild dogs do live in groups. But the groups are not made up of thousands of dogs.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12522\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence.\nBreaking a ceramic plate is a ().",
    "choices":[
      "physical change",
      "chemical change"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Identify physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Burning a piece of paper is a chemical change. When paper gets hot enough, it reacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same. Cutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper. A change of state is a type of physical change. For example, ice melting is a physical change. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.",
    "solution":"Breaking a ceramic plate is a physical change. The plate gets broken into pieces. But each piece is still made of the same type of matter.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the animal that has a backbone.",
    "choices":[
      "green frog",
      "ladybug"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Hint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians all have backbones.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify animals with and without backbones",
    "lecture":"Some animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange. Other animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body.",
    "solution":"A ladybug is an insect. Like other insects, a ladybug does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover.\nA green frog is an amphibian. Like other amphibians, a green frog has a backbone.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Jamaica",
      "Saint Kitts and Nevis",
      "Antigua and Barbuda",
      "Saint Lucia"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"The Americas: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of the Caribbean",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is Saint Kitts and Nevis.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12534\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the reptile below.",
    "choices":[
      "coral snake",
      "sea otter"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Reptiles have scaly, waterproof skin. Most reptiles live on land. A helmeted iguana is an example of a reptile.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common. Scientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.",
    "solution":"A coral snake is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nA sea otter is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12536\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the one substance that is not a rock.",
    "choices":[
      "Conglomerate is not made by living things. It is not a pure substance.",
      "Marble is a solid. It is not made by living things.",
      "Steel is made by humans. It is not a pure substance."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Rocks and minerals",
    "skill":"Identify rocks using properties",
    "lecture":"Rocks are made of minerals. Here are some properties of rocks: They are solid. They are formed in nature. They are not made by living things. They are not pure substances.",
    "solution":"Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of rocks. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of rocks.\nConglomerate is a rock.\nSteel is made by humans. But rocks are not made by living things.\nSo, steel is not a rock.\nMarble is a rock.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is hematite a mineral?",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Hematite has the following properties:\nfixed crystal structure\nsolid\nnot made by organisms\nnaturally occurring\npure substance",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Rocks and minerals",
    "skill":"Identify rocks and minerals",
    "lecture":"Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties: It is a solid. It is formed in nature. It is not made by organisms. It is a pure substance. It has a fixed crystal structure. If a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral. Look closely at the last three properties: A mineral is not made by organisms. Organisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals. Humans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals. A mineral is a pure substance. A pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances. A mineral has a fixed crystal structure. The crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.",
    "solution":"Hematite has all the properties of a mineral. So, hematite is a mineral.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12544\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles?",
    "choices":[
      "Solution B",
      "neither; their concentrations are the same",
      "Solution A"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each purple ball represents one particle of solute.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Compare concentrations of solutions",
    "lecture":"A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent. concentration = particles of solute \/ volume of solvent",
    "solution":"In Solution A and Solution B, the purple particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles, look at both the number of purple particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of purple particles per milliliter.\nSolution B has more purple particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of purple particles.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12546\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the allusion in this text suggest?\nWith the gutters clogged and water rising in the streets, Elena, who was watching the storm from her window, commented, \"We're going to need an ark to get out of here.\"",
    "choices":[
      "Elena thinks the storm will cause major flooding.",
      "Elena plans to build a boat."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. An allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.",
    "solution":"The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nThe allusion to an ark suggests that Elena thinks the storm will cause major flooding. In the Bible, it rains for forty days and forty nights; Noah, his family, and animals of every species survive the great flood in an ark that he builds.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the allusion in this text suggest?\nWhen Samantha claimed she had loaded the dishwasher before turning on Dancing with the Stars, her mother replied, \"Your nose is growing!\"",
    "choices":[
      "Samantha was trustworthy.",
      "Samantha was lying."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. An allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.",
    "solution":"The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nThe allusion nose is growing suggests that Samantha was lying. In the story of Pinocchio, when Pinocchio lies, his nose grows longer.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Robert inherited this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Robert and his biological parents have brown hair.",
      "Robert's coworker also has curly hair.",
      "Robert's biological father has curly hair."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nRobert has curly hair.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following could Polly's test show?",
    "choices":[
      "whether the new turbine could produce 10% more electricity",
      "if the new turbine could turn easily",
      "how much the new turbine would weigh"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design.\nThe passage below describes how the engineering-design process was used to test a solution to a problem. Read the passage. Then answer the question below.\n\nWind turbines use wind power to produce electricity. Polly was a materials engineer who designed wind turbines. She wanted to design a new turbine that would produce 10% more electricity than older wind turbines. She thought that a turbine made from lightweight material would turn more easily and produce more electricity. So, Polly created a computer model of a turbine made from lightweight material. Then she used the model to calculate how much more electricity the new turbine could produce compared to the older turbines.\nFigure: studying a wind turbine computer model.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Engineering practices",
    "skill":"Evaluate tests of engineering-design solutions",
    "lecture":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured. Imagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves. First, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind. Then, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved. Tests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12578\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Using only these supplies, which question can Sandra investigate with an experiment?",
    "choices":[
      "Do apple slices turn brown more quickly if they are dipped in sugar or in orange juice?",
      "Do slices of pear turn brown more quickly than slices of banana?",
      "Do apple slices dipped in orange juice turn brown more slowly than plain apple slices?"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Sandra is making a fruit salad. She mixes some apple slices with orange and pineapple slices, and leaves the rest of the apple slices on the counter. A few minutes later, she notices that the apple slices on the counter have turned brown. She wonders what factors affect how quickly sliced fruit turns brown. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\ntwo apples\ntwo bananas\norange juice\na kitchen knife",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which trait did Miocidaris have? Select the trait you can observe on the fossil.",
    "choices":[
      "a mostly orange body",
      "a mushroom-shaped body",
      "straight spines"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"This picture shows a fossil of an ancient animal called Miocidaris.\nMiocidaris lived in the ocean over 230,000,000 years ago.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Fossils",
    "skill":"Compare fossils to modern organisms",
    "lecture":"The way an organism looks or acts is called a trait. Scientists use fossils to learn more about the traits of ancient organisms. Fossils can preserve the remains of body parts and activities. A fossil of a body part, such as a tail or a wing, can tell you what an organism looked like. A fossil of an organism's activities, such as a burrow or a footprint, can tell you about the organism's behavior. Here are three examples of fossils and the traits that you can observe from them: This is a fossil of an animal. This fossil tells you that the animal had a spiral-shaped shell. This is a fossil of a plant. This fossil tells you that the plant had small leaves arranged in a branched pattern. This is a fossil of an animal's footprint. This fossil tells you that the animal could walk on land. An organism's fossil may not show all of the organism's traits. This is because most body parts are destroyed during fossil formation. When an organism's body turns into a fossil, only a few body parts are usually preserved.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12583\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\n\"Someone had better turn on the heat,\" Sasha said, sweat glistening on her face.",
    "choices":[
      "The temperature was too cool.",
      "The temperature was too warm."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.",
    "solution":"The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nSomeone had better turn on the heat ironically suggests that the temperature was too warm. Sasha did not think that more heat was needed; she was already sweating.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"In this experiment, which were part of a control group?",
    "choices":[
      "the pots with pure water",
      "the pots with salted water"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The passage below describes an experiment.\n\nHansen was a chef's assistant in an Italian restaurant. One of his coworkers told him that adding salt to water would cause the spaghetti to cook faster.\nHansen gathered six pots that were the same size. He filled each pot with the same amount of pure water. He added one tablespoon of salt to each of three pots. He did not add salt to the other three pots. Then, Hansen boiled spaghetti in each pot. He checked how firm the spaghetti was after five minutes of boiling.\nFigure: spaghetti in a pot.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify control and experimental groups",
    "lecture":"Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to investigate whether changing a variable between different groups has a specific outcome. For example, imagine you want to find out whether adding fertilizer to soil affects the height of pea plants. You could investigate this question with the following experiment: You grow one group of pea plants in soil with fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. This group shows you what happens when fertilizer is added to soil. Since fertilizer is the variable whose effect you are investigating, this group is an experimental group. You grow another group of pea plants in soil without fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. Since this group shows you what happens when fertilizer is not added to the soil, it is a control group. By comparing the results from the experimental group to the results from the control group, you can conclude whether adding fertilizer to the soil affects pea plant height.",
    "solution":"In this experiment, Hansen investigated whether adding salt to water affects how quickly spaghetti cooks. The pots with pure water did not have salt. So, they were part of a control group.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12595\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal is also adapted to use its neck to appear large and scary to a predator?",
    "choices":[
      "sand lizard",
      "frillneck lizard"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Spectacled cobras are snakes. Their predators include mongooses and eagles. The cobra uses its neck to appear large and scary to a predator.\nFigure: spectacled cobra.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: beaks, mouths, and necks",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The shape of an animal's neck is one example of an adaptation. Animals' necks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large frilled neck might help an animal appear dangerous to its predators. A long neck might help an animal get food from tall trees.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the spectacled cobra.\nWhen frightened, the spectacled cobra can spread out its hood to appear larger and more dangerous. If a predator is nearby, the hood can help scare it away.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe frillneck lizard has a layer of skin, called a frill,  around its neck. It uses its neck to appear larger and more dangerous to a predator.\nThe sand lizard has a short neck. Its neck is not adapted to help it appear larger and more dangerous to a predator.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12599\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is this organism's scientific name?",
    "choices":[
      "black howler",
      "Alouatta caraya"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This organism is a black howler. It is also called Alouatta caraya.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification and scientific names",
    "skill":"Identify common and scientific names",
    "lecture":"An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know. An organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English. Scientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca.",
    "solution":"Alouatta caraya is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not.\nSo, Alouatta caraya is the scientific name.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12601\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Samoa",
      "Fiji",
      "Tuvalu",
      "Tonga"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Oceania: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of Oceania",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is Tonga.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12602\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What kind of sentence is this?\nWho took the wheelbarrow out of the shed?",
    "choices":[
      "declarative",
      "interrogative"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory?",
    "lecture":"There are four kinds of sentences. A declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period. I have an older brother and a younger sister. An interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark. How tall are you? An imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point. Read the first chapter by next week. Look out for that car! An exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point. Some whales are over ninety feet long! I can't wait until tomorrow!",
    "solution":"The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the motion of three motorboats. Which motorboat was moving at the lowest speed?",
    "choices":[
      "a motorboat that moved 110miles west in 10hours",
      "a motorboat that moved 55miles west in 10hours",
      "a motorboat that moved 165miles north in 10hours"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Compare the speeds of moving objects",
    "lecture":"An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time. Distance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile. Time tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour. Think about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed.",
    "solution":"Look at the distance each motorboat moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each motorboat moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each motorboat moved for 10 hours. The motorboat that moved 55 miles moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that motorboat must have moved at the lowest speed.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which tense does the sentence use?\nThe boy helps his father after school.",
    "choices":[
      "past tense",
      "future tense",
      "present tense"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"verbs",
    "category":"Verb tense",
    "skill":"Is the sentence in the past, present, or future tense?",
    "lecture":"Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now. Most present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es. Two verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms. Past tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened. Most past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed. Some verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms. Future tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen. All future-tense verbs use the word will. <br\/><br\/> Present | Past | Future<br\/> walk, walks | walked | will walk<br\/> go, goes | went | will go<br\/>",
    "solution":"The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, helps. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is a baseball a solid or a liquid?",
    "choices":[
      "a solid",
      "a liquid"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"States of matter",
    "skill":"Classify matter as solid or liquid",
    "lecture":"Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own. Some solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break. A glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid. When matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container. Think about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space. Juice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid.",
    "solution":"A baseball is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.\nIf you hit a baseball with a bat, the baseball will still have a size and shape of its own.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12617\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these cities is marked on the map?",
    "choices":[
      "Nashville",
      "Charlotte",
      "Oklahoma City",
      "San Antonio"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Cities",
    "skill":"Cities of the Southeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The city is Charlotte, North Carolina. Nashville, Oklahoma City, and San Antonio are marked with gray circles on the map below.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12621\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Would you find the word garbage on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nglitter - grin",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince garbage is not between the guide words glitter - grin, it would not be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Wyoming?",
    "choices":[
      "Cheyenne",
      "Santa Fe",
      "Newport",
      "Laramie"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12628\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Look at the models of molecules below. Select the elementary substance.",
    "choices":[
      "trichlorofluoromethane",
      "dichloromethane",
      "nitrogen"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"Identify elementary substances and compounds using models",
    "lecture":"There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you. A substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl. Scientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride. In a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12631\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Connecticut?",
    "choices":[
      "Portland",
      "Hartford",
      "Phoenix",
      "Jersey City"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Northeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Hartford is the capital of Connecticut.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12642\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Suppose Dan decides to make beef barley soup. Which result would be a cost?",
    "choices":[
      "The beef barley soup will be tastier than the split pea soup would have been.",
      "Dan will spend more time making the beef barley soup than he would have spent making the split pea soup."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Dan is deciding whether to make beef barley soup or split pea soup for dinner. He wants dinner to be as tasty as possible. But he is also hungry and wants to eat soon.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Costs and benefits",
    "lecture":"Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits. Costs are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need. Benefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.",
    "solution":"This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Dan wants or needs:\nDan will spend more time making the beef barley soup than he would have spent making the split pea soup.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\ncutting an apple\nshaking up salad dressing",
    "choices":[
      "Both are chemical changes.",
      "Both are caused by heating.",
      "Both are caused by cooling.",
      "Both are only physical changes."
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nCutting an apple is a physical change. The apple gets a different shape. But it is still made of the same type of matter as the uncut apple.\nShaking up salad dressing is a physical change. The different parts mix together, but they are still made of the same type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word does not rhyme?",
    "choices":[
      "cop",
      "top",
      "mad"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade1",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"phonological-awareness",
    "category":"Rhyming",
    "skill":"Which word does not rhyme?",
    "lecture":"Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound. The words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound. The words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound. The words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.",
    "solution":"The words top and cop rhyme. They both end with the op sound.\nThe word mad does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Identify the question that Kendall and Leroy's experiment can best answer.",
    "choices":[
      "Does Kendall's snowboard slide down a hill in less time when it has a layer of wax or when it does not have a layer of wax?",
      "Does Kendall's snowboard slide down a hill in less time when it has a thin layer of wax or a thick layer of wax?"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below.\n\nKendall applied a thin layer of wax to the underside of her snowboard and rode the board straight down a hill. Then, she removed the wax and rode the snowboard straight down the hill again. She repeated the rides four more times, alternating whether she rode with a thin layer of wax on the board or not. Her friend Leroy timed each ride. Kendall and Leroy calculated the average time it took to slide straight down the hill on the snowboard with wax compared to the average time on the snowboard without wax.\nFigure: snowboarding down a hill.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify the experimental question",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment. Imagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured. First, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested. Then, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured. Experiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height. Examples of questions that this experiment can answer include: Does soil type affect the height of daffodil plants? Do daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil? Are daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12665\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest east?",
    "choices":[
      "New Mexico",
      "Nevada",
      "Kansas",
      "Wyoming"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Kansas is farthest east.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12669\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is flying a plane a good or a service?",
    "choices":[
      "a service",
      "a good"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Economics",
    "skill":"Goods and services",
    "lecture":"Everything you can buy is either a good or a service. A good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good. A service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service.",
    "solution":"To decide whether flying a plane is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs flying a plane something you can touch? No.\nIs flying a plane a job you might pay someone else to do? Yes.\nSo, flying a plane is a service.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature",
      "sample A",
      "sample B"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. The particles in sample A also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.\nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12679\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these three objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "rough",
      "bouncy",
      "fuzzy"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the best answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The pineapple and the tree bark are not bouncy.\nA fuzzy object is covered in soft hair. The sidewalk and the pineapple are not fuzzy.\nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. All three objects are rough.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is rough.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12681\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"How long does it take to watch a movie at the theater?",
    "choices":[
      "3 hours",
      "3 minutes"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose units of time",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Imagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds? The number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing. Time is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven. There are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute. There are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for how long it takes to watch a movie at the theater is 3 hours.\n3 minutes is too fast.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same species as the cocoi heron.",
    "choices":[
      "Falco peregrinus",
      "Tyto alba",
      "Ardea cocoi"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"This organism is a cocoi heron. Its scientific name is Ardea cocoi.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"A cocoi heron's scientific name is Ardea cocoi.\nTyto alba does not have the same scientific name as a cocoi heron. So, Ardea cocoi and Tyto alba are not in the same species.\nArdea cocoi has the same scientific name as a cocoi heron. So, these organisms are in the same species.\nFalco peregrinus does not have the same scientific name as a cocoi heron. So, Ardea cocoi and Falco peregrinus are not in the same species.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12685\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Missouri?",
    "choices":[
      "Indianapolis",
      "Jefferson City",
      "Kansas City",
      "Little Rock"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Jefferson City is the capital of Missouri.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12688\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the probability that a fruit fly produced by this cross will have brown eyes?",
    "choices":[
      "3\/4",
      "1\/4",
      "2\/4",
      "4\/4",
      "0\/4"
    ],
    "answer":4,
    "hint":"In a group of fruit flies, some individuals have red eyes and others have brown eyes. In this group, the gene for the eye color trait has two alleles. The allele for brown eyes (e) is recessive to the allele for red eyes (E).\nThis Punnett square shows a cross between two fruit flies.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Use Punnett squares to calculate probabilities of offspring types",
    "lecture":"Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive? How do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. If an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait. If an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait. In a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes. An event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction: probability of an event = number of ways the event can happen \/ number of equally likely outcomes You can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff. <br\/><br\/>  | F | f<br\/> F | FF | Ff<br\/> f | Ff | ff<br\/> <br\/> Consider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction: number of ways the event can happen \/ number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff \/ total number of boxes = 1 \/ 4.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12691\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the idiom in this text suggest?\nIn such an unfamiliar environment, Matt was a fish out of water.",
    "choices":[
      "Matt felt out of place.",
      "Matt had not visited that location before."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. An idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned. The assignment was a piece of cake.",
    "solution":"The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.\nThe idiom a fish out of water suggests that Matt felt out of place. A fish out of water is someone out of his or her usual, comfortable environment.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?",
    "choices":[
      "Carly used an old broom to clean up the broken glass before throwing the broken glass away.",
      "Carly used an old broom to clean up the broken glass before throwing it away."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Pronouns and antecedents",
    "skill":"Identify vague pronoun references",
    "lecture":"When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.",
    "solution":"The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to the old broom or the broken glass.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the broken glass.\nCarly used an old broom to clean up the broken glass before throwing the broken glass away.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the one animal that has all of the placental mammal traits listed above.",
    "choices":[
      "Red-headed poison frogs have moist, smooth skin. Female red-headed poison frogs lay their eggs on plants. The eggs have no shells and are protected by their father. When the eggs hatch, the father frog carries the tadpoles to water.",
      "Sea otters have very thick fur. Their fur helps keep them warm in cold water. Female sea otters give birth to live offspring in the water."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Placental mammals are a group of animals with similar traits. The following traits can be used to identify placental mammals:\nThey give birth to live offspring.\nThey have fur or hair. Observe the animals and read the descriptions.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Use evidence to classify animals",
    "lecture":"Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live. How do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group.",
    "solution":"To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nPlacental mammals have the following traits:\nThey give birth to live offspring.\nThey have fur or hair.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA red-headed poison frog has the following traits:\nIt spends part of its life in water and part on land.\nIt has moist skin.\nIt makes eggs with no shells.\nA red-headed poison frog does not have all of the traits of a placental mammal. A red-headed poison frog is an amphibian.\nA sea otter has the following traits:\nIt gives birth to live offspring.\nA sea otter has the traits of a placental mammal. A sea otter is a placental mammal.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal's feet are also adapted for grabbing prey?",
    "choices":[
      "common buzzard",
      "sable"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Bald eagles eat fish, mammals, and other birds. The 's feet are adapted for grabbing prey.\nFigure: bald eagle.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: feet and limbs",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the bald eagle.\nThe bald eagle has long toes with sharp claws. Its feet are adapted for grabbing prey. The sharp claws can help the bald eagle attack and kill its prey. The long toes can help it hold on to its prey.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe common buzzard has long toes with sharp claws. Its feet are adapted for grabbing prey.\nThe sable has hoofed feet. Its feet are not adapted for grabbing prey. The sable uses its feet to walk and run on hard ground.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12705\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\na slice of banana turning brown\na copper statue turning green",
    "choices":[
      "Both are caused by cooling.",
      "Both are caused by heating.",
      "Both are chemical changes.",
      "Both are only physical changes."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nA slice of banana turning brown is a chemical change. The part of the banana in contact with the air reacts with oxygen and turns into a different type of matter.\nA copper statue turning green is a chemical change. The copper reacts with oxygen in the air. This reaction forms a different type of matter called copper oxide. The copper oxide is green.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Using only these supplies, which question can Carrie investigate with an experiment?",
    "choices":[
      "Do rocks skip more times when thrown across a river or across a pond?",
      "Do round rocks or flat rocks skip more times when thrown across the river?",
      "Do small rocks or large rocks skip more times when thrown across the river?"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Carrie likes to skip rocks at the river. She notices that some of the rocks she throws skip off the surface of the water many times, while others skip once and then sink. She wonders what factors affect how well rocks skip on the water. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\n10 small flat rocks\n10 large flat rocks\naccess to the river by her school",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which material is this jar made of?",
    "choices":[
      "cotton",
      "metal"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Identify multiple materials in objects",
    "lecture":"A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. Some objects are made of just one material. Most nails are made of metal. Other objects are made of more than one material. This hammer is made of metal and wood.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the jar.\nThe jar is made of two different materials. The lid is made of metal. The rest of the jar is made of glass.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12721\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Illinois?",
    "choices":[
      "Springfield",
      "Cleveland",
      "Jefferson City",
      "Chicago"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Springfield is the capital of Illinois.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12730\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Connecticut?",
    "choices":[
      "Hartford",
      "Atlanta",
      "Santa Fe",
      "Providence"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Northeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Hartford is the capital of Connecticut.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12732\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which cotton ball has more thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "the hotter cotton ball",
      "the colder cotton ball"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two cotton balls are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Heat and thermal energy",
    "skill":"How are temperature and mass related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving. The energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. What happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.",
    "solution":"The two cotton balls are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter cotton ball has more thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "repel",
      "attract"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.\n\nHint: Magnets that attract pull together. Magnets that repel push apart.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south. Here are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S. If different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12742\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest north?",
    "choices":[
      "Missouri",
      "Delaware",
      "Texas",
      "Idaho"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Maps",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Idaho is farthest north.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12745\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which correctly shows the title of a TV show?",
    "choices":[
      "Tales by Moonlight",
      "tales by moonlight"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"capitalization",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Capitalizing titles",
    "lecture":"In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach These words are not important in titles: Articles, a, an, the Short prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up Coordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or",
    "solution":"Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word by is not important, so it should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is Tales by Moonlight.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is this a sentence fragment?\nDuring a test flight over the Mojave Desert, Virgin Galactic's experimental SpaceShipTwo spacecraft crashing on October 31, 2014.",
    "choices":[
      "no",
      "yes"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Identify sentence fragments",
    "lecture":"A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. The band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks. A sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. Rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks. This fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing. The band I'm in. This fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing. Because we have a concert in two weeks. This fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert.",
    "solution":"This is a sentence fragment. It does not express a complete thought.\nDuring a test flight over the Mojave Desert, Virgin Galactic's experimental SpaceShipTwo spacecraft crashing on October 31, 2014.\nHere is one way to fix the sentence fragment:\nDuring a test flight over the Mojave Desert, Virgin Galactic's experimental SpaceShipTwo spacecraft crashed on October 31, 2014.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following could Marvin's test show?",
    "choices":[
      "if the weather station would work when the temperature was 50\u00b0C",
      "how well the weather station would work when it was windy"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design.\nThe passage below describes how the engineering-design process was used to test a solution to a problem. Read the passage. Then answer the question below.\n\nMarvin was a mechanical engineer who was designing  to record temperature, precipitation, and wind speed. The weather station would be used in a town where the highest recorded temperature was 40\u00b0C. Marvin wanted to make sure the weather station would work even in unusually warm weather.\nSo, he set an indoor test chamber to 50\u00b0C with low moisture and no wind. He left the weather station in the chamber overnight. The next day, he checked to see if the weather station displayed accurate measurements after 24 hours at 50\u00b0C.\nFigure: a weather station.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Engineering practices",
    "skill":"Evaluate tests of engineering-design solutions",
    "lecture":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured. Imagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves. First, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind. Then, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved. Tests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12752\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Nico's genotype for the body hair gene?",
    "choices":[
      "a hairy body",
      "Bb"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"In a group of cats, some individuals have a hairy body and others have a hairless body. In this group, the gene for the body hair trait has two alleles. The allele B is for a hairy body, and the allele b is for a hairless body.\nNico, a cat from this group, has a hairy body. Nico has one allele for a hairy body and one allele for a hairless body.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.",
    "solution":"An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Nico has one allele for a hairy body (B) and one allele for a hairless body (b). So, Nico's genotype for the body hair gene is Bb.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"The donkeys move the carts at the same speed. Which cart is pulled with a larger force?",
    "choices":[
      "a cart holding 82 pounds",
      "a cart holding 59 pounds"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two donkeys pull carts from the farmhouse to the yard. The carts are the same. Each cart is holding different tools.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"How do mass and force affect motion?",
    "lecture":"A force is a push or a pull. A force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction. Forces can be different sizes. Think about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object.",
    "solution":"Look for the cart that is heavier.\nA cart holding 82 pounds is heavier than a cart holding 59 pounds. So, the cart holding 82 pounds needs a larger force to start moving at the same speed as the other cart.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the one substance that is not a mineral.",
    "choices":[
      "An antler is not a pure substance. It is formed in nature.",
      "Baryte is not made by living things. It is formed in nature.",
      "Gypsum is formed in nature. It is a solid."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Rocks and minerals",
    "skill":"Identify minerals using properties",
    "lecture":"Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals. Minerals and rocks have the following properties: <br\/><br\/> Property | Mineral | Rock<br\/> It is a solid. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is a pure substance. | Yes | No<br\/> It has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No<br\/> <br\/> You can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither. Look closely at the last three properties: Minerals and rocks are not made by organisms. Organisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be  minerals or rocks. Humans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks. A mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not. A pure substance is made of only one type of matter.  Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures. A mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not. The crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way. However, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different!",
    "solution":"Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.\nGypsum is a mineral.\nAn antler is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.\nSo, an antler is not a mineral.\nBaryte is a mineral.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "the Federated States of Micronesia",
      "Solomon Islands",
      "Nauru",
      "the Marshall Islands"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Oceania: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of Oceania",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is the Marshall Islands.\nDoes the Marshall Islands have any territorial disputes?\nThe Marshall Islands claims to own Wake Island, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.\nThe United States claimed Wake Island in 1899 and has controlled it since then. But the Marshall Islands considers the island part of its territory. It says that its people have traveled to the island to gather food and resources for many years. Today, the island is mainly used by the U.S. Air Force.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12763\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a run-on sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "Beavers build a dam, they use sticks and branches.",
      "Our cabin has bunk beds for the kids."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is it a complete sentence or a run-on?",
    "lecture":"A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb. My friends walk along the path. A run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma. I knocked on the door it opened. It started raining, we ran inside. To fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence. I knocked on the door. It opened. It started raining. We ran inside. You can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. I knocked on the door, and it opened. It started raining, so we ran inside.",
    "solution":"Beavers build a dam, they use sticks and branches is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined by just a comma: Beavers build a dam and They use sticks and branches.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the mass of an eraser?",
    "choices":[
      "1 ounce",
      "1 pound",
      "1 ton"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of mass",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Mass is a measurement of how much matter something contains. There are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons. There are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton. So, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton. A slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the mass of an eraser is 1 ounce.\n1 pound and 1 ton are both too heavy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?",
    "choices":[
      "After Mr. Vance finished performing with Mr. Patton, Mary went up and thanked him.",
      "Mary went up and thanked Mr. Vance after he finished performing with Mr. Patton."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Pronouns and antecedents",
    "skill":"Identify vague pronoun references",
    "lecture":"When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.",
    "solution":"The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun him could refer to Mr. Vance or Mr. Patton.\nAfter Mr. Vance finished performing with Mr. Patton, Mary went up and thanked him.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nMary went up and thanked Mr. Vance after he finished performing with Mr. Patton.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a hummingbird's beak?",
    "choices":[
      "2 centimeters",
      "2 kilometers"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of distance",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Imagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers? The number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing. Now look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters. There are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter. There are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the length of a hummingbird's beak is 2 centimeters.\n2 kilometers is too long.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which part of the mint plant do we usually eat?",
    "choices":[
      "the seeds",
      "the leaves",
      "the fruit"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"People use mint plants for food. Photosynthesis makes food for the plant. We usually eat the part of the plant that does most of the photosynthesis.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Plants",
    "skill":"Classify fruits and vegetables as plant parts",
    "lecture":"The fruits and vegetables we eat are parts of plants! Plants are made up of different structures. The different structures carry out important functions. The roots take in water and nutrients from the soil. They also hold the plant in place in the soil. The stem supports the plant. It carries food, water, and nutrients through the plant. The leaves are where most of the plant's photosynthesis happens. Photosynthesis is the process plants use to turn water, sunlight, and carbon dioxide into food. After they are pollinated, the flowers make seeds and fruit. The fruit contain the seeds. Each fruit grows from a pollinated flower. The seeds can grow into a new plant. Germination is when a seed begins to grow.",
    "solution":"The part of the mint plant we usually eat is the leaves. They do most of the photosynthesis to make food for the plant.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12772\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal's mouth is also adapted to eat plant matter?",
    "choices":[
      "giraffe",
      "cougar"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Spotted deer are herbivores, or plant eaters. They eat grass and leaves. The deer's mouth is adapted to grind up and eat plant matter.\nFigure: spotted deer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: beaks, mouths, and necks",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the spotted deer.\nThe spotted deer has long jaws and flat teeth. Its mouth is adapted to eat plant matter. The long jaws can help the spotted deer reach grass. The flat teeth can help it cut and grind up the food into soft pieces it can swallow.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe giraffe has long jaws and flat teeth. Its mouth is adapted to eat plant matter.\nThe cougar has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is not adapted to eat plant matter. The cougar uses its mouth to eat other animals.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12773\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which part of the bamboo plant do we usually eat?",
    "choices":[
      "the leaves",
      "the stem",
      "the root"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"People use bamboo plants for food. We usually eat the part of this plant that supports the plant. It carries food, water, and nutrients through the plant.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Plants",
    "skill":"Classify fruits and vegetables as plant parts",
    "lecture":"The fruits and vegetables we eat are parts of plants! Plants are made up of different structures. The different structures carry out important functions. The roots take in water and nutrients from the soil. They also hold the plant in place in the soil. The stem supports the plant. It carries food, water, and nutrients through the plant. The leaves are where most of the plant's photosynthesis happens. Photosynthesis is the process plants use to turn water, sunlight, and carbon dioxide into food. After they are pollinated, the flowers make seeds and fruit. The fruit contain the seeds. Each fruit grows from a pollinated flower. The seeds can grow into a new plant. Germination is when a seed begins to grow.",
    "solution":"The part of the bamboo plant we usually eat is the stem. It supports the plant. It also carries food, water, and nutrients through the plant.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12775\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which change best matches the sentence?\nLava comes out from below Earth's surface.",
    "choices":[
      "erosion",
      "earthquake",
      "volcanic eruption"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Earth events",
    "skill":"Classify changes to Earth's surface I",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the statement.\nZinc is ().",
    "choices":[
      "an elementary substance",
      "a compound"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Zinc is a metal that is used to make batteries and musical instruments. The chemical formula for zinc is Zn.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"Classify elementary substances and compounds using chemical formulas",
    "lecture":"Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be. The symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula. An elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol. The symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule. For example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula. The chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms. A compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols. For example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms.",
    "solution":"You can tell whether zinc is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for zinc is Zn. This formula contains one symbol: Zn. So, the formula tells you that zinc is made of one chemical element.\nSubstances made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. So, zinc is an elementary substance.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Clara acquired this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Clara can cook food over a fire.",
      "Clara learned how to build a fire at summer camp."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nClara knows how to build a fire.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What can a fertilized egg become?",
    "choices":[
      "a cone",
      "a seed",
      "pollen"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Plants",
    "skill":"Describe and construct conifer life cycles",
    "lecture":"Conifers are plants that grow cones. Conifers use their cones to reproduce, or make new plants like themselves. How do conifers use their cones to reproduce? Conifers can grow male and female cones. Male cones make pollen, and female cones make eggs. Pollination is what happens when wind blows pollen from male cones onto female cones. After pollination, sperm from the pollen can combine with eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into seeds. The seeds can fall out of the cones and land on the ground. When a seed lands on the ground, it can germinate, or start to grow into a new plant.",
    "solution":"Fertilized eggs grow into seeds.\nA seed can grow into a new plant, which can grow pollen and cones. But a fertilized egg does not become pollen or a cone.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is gasoline a solid, a liquid, or a gas?",
    "choices":[
      "a liquid",
      "a solid",
      "a gas"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"States of matter",
    "skill":"Identify and sort solids, liquids, and gases",
    "lecture":"Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own. Some solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid. When matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle. Some liquids are thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk. When matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space. Many gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas.",
    "solution":"Gasoline is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in.\nIf you pour gasoline into a different container, the gasoline will take the size and shape of that container.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12811\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following could Rita and Kendall's test show?",
    "choices":[
      "if the concrete from each batch took the same amount of time to dry",
      "if a new batch of concrete was firm enough to use"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design.\nThe passage below describes how the engineering-design process was used to test a solution to a problem. Read the passage. Then answer the question below.\n\nRita and Kendall were making batches of concrete for a construction project. To make the concrete, they mixed together dry cement powder, gravel, and water. Then, they checked if each batch was firm enough using a test called a slump test.\nThey poured some of the fresh concrete into an upside-down metal cone. They left the concrete in the metal cone for 30 seconds. Then, they lifted the cone to see if the concrete stayed in a cone shape or if it collapsed. If the concrete in a batch collapsed, they would know the batch should not be used.\nFigure: preparing a concrete slump test.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Engineering practices",
    "skill":"Evaluate tests of engineering-design solutions",
    "lecture":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured. Imagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves. First, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind. Then, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved. Tests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12812\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the amphibian below.",
    "choices":[
      "gray tree frog",
      "human"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Amphibians have moist skin and begin their lives in water. A cane toad is an example of an amphibian.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common. Scientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.",
    "solution":"A human is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.\nHumans are a type of animal called a primate. Monkeys and apes are also primates.\nA gray tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nThere are many kinds of tree frogs. Most tree frogs are very small. They can walk on thin branches.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12820\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a compound sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "In June, Jane and Rodrigo will graduate with honors from Georgetown High School.",
      "The corridor in the basement was dark and damp, so Ariel put on a sweater and found a flashlight."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple, compound, or complex?",
    "lecture":"A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence. the oranges on our tree are ripe The clause can stand alone. It is independent. after we pick up Kevin from work The clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent. A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause. Ben and I spent all day relaxing by the pool. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat. Ben usually wears his heavy coat in the winter. A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. We saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while. If she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.",
    "solution":"The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction so.\nThe corridor in the basement was dark and damp, so Ariel put on a sweater and found a flashlight.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Isabella inherited this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Isabella's hair is the same color as her brown eyes.",
      "Isabella's father has brown eyes. He passed this trait down to Isabella."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nIsabella has brown eyes.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which closing is correct for a letter?",
    "choices":[
      "Your Friend,\nBert",
      "Your friend,\nBert"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Greetings and closings of letters",
    "lecture":"A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue. Dear Aunt Sue, I'm glad you could come to my party, and thank you for the birthday gift. I could not have asked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think of you. With love, Rory",
    "solution":"The first closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following statement true or false?\nAn animal cell does not have a cell membrane.",
    "choices":[
      "false",
      "true"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"true-or-false",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Cells",
    "skill":"Cell part functions: true or false",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"An animal cell does not have a cell membrane.\nThis statement is false. Every cell has a cell membrane. The cell membrane controls which substances enter and leave the cell.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same genus as the green tree frog.",
    "choices":[
      "Hyla japonica",
      "Macropus giganteus",
      "Ardea cinerea"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This organism is a green tree frog. Its scientific name is Hyla cinerea.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification and scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"A green tree frog's scientific name is Hyla cinerea. The first word of its scientific name is Hyla.\nHyla japonica is in the genus Hyla. The first word of its scientific name is Hyla. So, Hyla japonica and Hyla cinerea are in the same genus.\nMacropus giganteus is in the genus Macropus. The first word of its scientific name is Macropus. So, Macropus giganteus and Hyla cinerea are not in the same genus.\nArdea cinerea and Hyla cinerea are not in the same genus.\nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Ardea cinerea and Hyla cinerea have the same species name within their genus, cinerea. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Ardea cinerea is in the genus Ardea, and Hyla cinerea is in the genus Hyla.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12838\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the one substance that is not a rock.",
    "choices":[
      "Steel is made in a factory. It is not a pure substance.",
      "Dolerite is not a pure substance. It is formed in nature.",
      "Sandstone is a solid. It is not made by living things."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Rocks and minerals",
    "skill":"Identify rocks using properties",
    "lecture":"Rocks are made of minerals. Here are some properties of rocks: They are solid. They are formed in nature. They are not made by living things. They are not pure substances.",
    "solution":"Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of rocks. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of rocks.\nSandstone is a rock.\nDolerite is a rock.\nSteel is made in a factory. But all rocks are formed in nature.\nSo, steel is not a rock.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which type of force from the student's hand slides open the drawer?",
    "choices":[
      "pull",
      "push"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"A student opens her desk drawer. Her hand applies a force to the drawer and slides it open.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Identify pushes and pulls",
    "lecture":"A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to a second object. The direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing. The direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling.",
    "solution":"The student's hand applies a force to the drawer. This force slides the drawer open. The direction of this force is toward the student's hand. This force is a pull.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12850\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Pennsylvania?",
    "choices":[
      "Harrisburg",
      "Albany",
      "Philadelphia",
      "Santa Fe"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Northeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Harrisburg is the capital of Pennsylvania.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12853\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same genus as the purple heron.",
    "choices":[
      "Procambarus clarkii",
      "Sarracenia purpurea",
      "Ardea alba"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"This organism is a purple heron. Its scientific name is Ardea purpurea.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification and scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"A purple heron's scientific name is Ardea purpurea. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea.\nSarracenia purpurea and Ardea purpurea are not in the same genus.\nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Sarracenia purpurea and Ardea purpurea have the same species name within their genus, purpurea. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Sarracenia purpurea is in the genus Sarracenia, and Ardea purpurea is in the genus Ardea.\nProcambarus clarkii is in the genus Procambarus. The first word of its scientific name is Procambarus. So, Procambarus clarkii and Ardea purpurea are not in the same genus.\nArdea alba is in the genus Ardea. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea. So, Ardea alba and Ardea purpurea are in the same genus.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12854\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is a garbage can a solid or a liquid?",
    "choices":[
      "a liquid",
      "a solid"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"States of matter",
    "skill":"Classify matter as solid or liquid",
    "lecture":"Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own. Some solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break. A glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid. When matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container. Think about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space. Juice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid.",
    "solution":"A garbage can is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.\nYou can open or close a garbage can. But it will still have a size and shape of its own.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12860\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest south?",
    "choices":[
      "West Virginia",
      "Nebraska",
      "Tennessee",
      "South Carolina"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Maps",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. South Carolina is farthest south.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12863\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which change best matches the sentence?\nAn area gets less rain than usual over many years.",
    "choices":[
      "landslide",
      "drought",
      "erosion"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Earth events",
    "skill":"Classify changes to Earth's surface II",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is turquoise a mineral?",
    "choices":[
      "no",
      "yes"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Turquoise has the following properties:\nfixed crystal structure\nfound in nature\nnot made by organisms\npure substance\nsolid",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Rocks and minerals",
    "skill":"Identify rocks and minerals",
    "lecture":"Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties: It is a solid. It is formed in nature. It is not made by organisms. It is a pure substance. It has a fixed crystal structure. If a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral. Look closely at the last three properties: A mineral is not made by organisms. Organisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals. Humans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals. A mineral is a pure substance. A pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances. A mineral has a fixed crystal structure. The crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.",
    "solution":"Turquoise has all the properties of a mineral. So, turquoise is a mineral.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12866\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these four objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "stretchy",
      "hard",
      "fuzzy"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Select the best answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA fuzzy object is covered in soft hair. All four objects are fuzzy.\nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. The kiwi is not stretchy.\nA hard object does not change shape when pressed or squeezed. The boots, the stuffed dice, and the yarn pom pom are not hard.\nThe property that all four objects have in common is fuzzy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12871\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nsafety - sneak",
    "choices":[
      "ski",
      "stocking"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince ski is between the guide words safety - sneak, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Washington?",
    "choices":[
      "Hartford",
      "Olympia",
      "Spokane",
      "Fairbanks"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify the 50 state capitals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Olympia is the capital of Washington.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12888\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these two objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "breakable",
      "stretchy"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the better answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Different objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. Neither of the objects are stretchy.\nA breakable object will break into pieces if you drop it. Both objects are breakable.\nThe property that both objects have in common is breakable.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12889\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the chemical formula for this molecule.",
    "choices":[
      "C",
      "C2",
      "CCl4",
      "CCl5"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"Match chemical formulas to ball-and-stick models",
    "lecture":"Every substance around you is made up of atoms. Atoms can link together to form molecules. The links between atoms in a molecule are called chemical bonds. Different molecules are made up of different chemical elements, or types of atoms, bonded together. Scientists use both ball-and-stick models and chemical formulas to represent molecules. A ball-and-stick model of a molecule is shown below. The balls represent atoms. The sticks represent the chemical bonds between the atoms. Notice how each ball is labeled with a symbol made of one or more letters. The symbol is an abbreviation for a chemical element. The ball represents one atom of that element. Every chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, that symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, it is one capital letter followed by one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element boron is B and the symbol for the element chlorine is Cl. The molecule shown above has one boron atom and three chlorine atoms. A chemical bond links each chlorine atom to the boron atom. The chemical formula for a molecule contains the symbol for each chemical element in the molecule. Many chemical formulas use subscripts. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. In chemical formulas, the subscripts are numbers. The subscript is always written after the symbol for an element. The subscript tells you how many atoms that symbol represents. If the symbol represents just one atom, then no subscript is included. The symbols in the chemical formula for a molecule match the symbols in the ball-and-stick model for that molecule. The ball-and-stick model shown before and the chemical formula shown above represent the same substance.",
    "solution":"C is the symbol for carbon. Cl is the symbol for chlorine. This ball-and-stick model shows a molecule with one carbon atom and four chlorine atoms.\nThe chemical formula will contain the symbols C and Cl. There is one carbon atom, so C will not have a subscript. There are four chlorine atoms, so Cl will have a subscript of 4.\nThe correct formula is CCl4.\nThe diagram below shows how each part of the chemical formula matches with each part of the model above.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12891\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Would you find the word toot on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ntepee - thrilling",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince toot is not between the guide words tepee - thrilling, it would not be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the animal that does not have a backbone.",
    "choices":[
      "wolf spider",
      "salmon"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Hint: Insects, spiders, and worms do not have backbones.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify animals with and without backbones",
    "lecture":"Some animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange. Other animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body.",
    "solution":"A salmon is a fish. Like other fish, a salmon has a backbone.\nLike other spiders, a wolf spider does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "sample B",
      "sample A",
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"Each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. The particles in sample B also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.\nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12900\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Nebraska?",
    "choices":[
      "Milwaukee",
      "Omaha",
      "Rapid City",
      "Lincoln"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Lincoln is the capital of Nebraska.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12903\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material, but some of them are different sizes and shapes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller.",
    "solution":"Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.\nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12906\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"In this experiment, which were part of a control group?",
    "choices":[
      "the plants that were only soaked in water",
      "the plants that were soaked in water and sprayed"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The passage below describes an experiment.\n\nEllen had six air plants on her desk that were not growing. Once a week, she soaked the air plants in water. But she suspected that they needed more water. She wondered if spraying the air plants with water every day in addition to soaking them would help them grow.\nEllen measured the initial weight of all six air plants. Then, for the next month, she continued to soak all of the air plants once a week. She also sprayed three of the plants every day. At the end of the month, Ellen measured the weights of the plants again.\nFigure: an air plant displayed on a rock.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify control and experimental groups",
    "lecture":"Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to investigate whether changing a variable between different groups has a specific outcome. For example, imagine you want to find out whether adding fertilizer to soil affects the height of pea plants. You could investigate this question with the following experiment: You grow one group of pea plants in soil with fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. This group shows you what happens when fertilizer is added to soil. Since fertilizer is the variable whose effect you are investigating, this group is an experimental group. You grow another group of pea plants in soil without fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. Since this group shows you what happens when fertilizer is not added to the soil, it is a control group. By comparing the results from the experimental group to the results from the control group, you can conclude whether adding fertilizer to the soil affects pea plant height.",
    "solution":"In this experiment, Ellen investigated whether spraying air plants affects their growth. The plants that were only soaked in water were not sprayed. So, they were part of a control group.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12910\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Using only these supplies, which question can Emilia investigate with an experiment?",
    "choices":[
      "Do small rocks or large rocks skip more times when thrown across the river?",
      "Do rocks skip more times when thrown across a river or across a pond?",
      "Do round rocks or flat rocks skip more times when thrown across the river?"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Emilia likes to skip rocks at the river. She notices that some of the rocks she throws skip off the surface of the water many times, while others skip once and then sink. She wonders what factors affect how well rocks skip on the water. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\n10 small flat rocks\n10 large flat rocks\naccess to the river by her school",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Arizona?",
    "choices":[
      "Burlington",
      "Phoenix",
      "Sacramento",
      "Tucson"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify the 50 state capitals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Phoenix is the capital of Arizona.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12915\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Tuvalu",
      "Palau",
      "the Marshall Islands",
      "Kiribati"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Oceania: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of Oceania",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is Kiribati.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12929\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which object has less thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "a 100-gram mug of cider at a temperature of 55\u00b0C",
      "a 100-gram mug of cider at a temperature of 35\u00b0C"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The objects are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Heat and thermal energy",
    "skill":"How is temperature related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.",
    "solution":"The two mugs of cider have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 35\u00b0C mug of cider is colder than the 55\u00b0C mug of cider, it has less thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Ruben inherited this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Ruben and his biological parents have brown hair.",
      "Ruben's biological father has curly hair.",
      "Ruben's coworker also has curly hair."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nRuben has curly hair.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following could Eli's test show?",
    "choices":[
      "the amount of sunlight the roof would get throughout the year",
      "which side of the roof got more sun over one day",
      "how many solar panels could fit on each side of the roof"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design.\nThe passage below describes how the engineering-design process was used to test a solution to a problem. Read the passage. Then answer the question below.\n\nEli was installing solar panels on the roof of a client's house. The panels had to provide enough electricity to power the house year-round. Eli needed to decide how many panels to install and which side of the roof to install them on. If he put the panels on the side that got the most sun, then he could use fewer panels, and the client would save money. Eli installed sunlight sensors on both sides of the roof. Then, he measured the amount of sunlight the sensors on each side of the roof recorded over one sunny summer day.\nFigure: installing solar panels on a roof.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Engineering practices",
    "skill":"Evaluate tests of engineering-design solutions",
    "lecture":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured. Imagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves. First, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind. Then, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved. Tests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12937\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a paintbrush?",
    "choices":[
      "10 yards",
      "10 miles",
      "10 feet",
      "10 inches"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of distance, mass, and volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles. There are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile. A football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the length of a paintbrush is 10 inches.\n10 feet, 10 yards, and 10 miles are all too long.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a garden snail?",
    "choices":[
      "34 centimeters",
      "34 meters",
      "34 kilometers",
      "34 millimeters"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of distance, mass, and volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter. The tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long. A red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the length of a garden snail is 34 millimeters.\n34 centimeters, 34 meters, and 34 kilometers are all too long.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles?",
    "choices":[
      "Solution A",
      "neither; their concentrations are the same",
      "Solution B"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each blue ball represents one particle of solute.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Compare concentrations of solutions",
    "lecture":"A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent. concentration = particles of solute \/ volume of solvent",
    "solution":"In Solution A and Solution B, the blue particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles, look at both the number of blue particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of blue particles per milliliter.\nSolution A has more blue particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of blue particles.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12951\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these four objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "opaque",
      "flexible",
      "stretchy"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the best answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA flexible object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. The paperback book and the ballet shoes are flexible, but the concrete steps are not.\nAn opaque object does not let light through. All four objects are opaque.\nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. The paperback book and the concrete steps are not stretchy.\nThe property that all four objects have in common is opaque.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12952\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a sentence fragment?",
    "choices":[
      "A cheese sandwich with lettuce and tomato.",
      "The girls climb on the bars at the playground."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is it a complete sentence, a fragment, or a run-on?",
    "lecture":"A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb. My friends walk along the path. A sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb. Knows the answer. This is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject. Who knows the answer? She knows the answer. The bright red car. This is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb. What did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped. A run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma. I knocked on the door it opened. It started raining, we ran inside. To fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence. I knocked on the door. It opened. It started raining. We ran inside. You can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. I knocked on the door, and it opened. It started raining, so we ran inside.",
    "solution":"A cheese sandwich with lettuce and tomato is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "sample A",
      "sample B",
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. The particles in sample A also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.\nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/12959\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which object has the least thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "a plate of spaghetti at a temperature of 98\u00b0F",
      "a plate of spaghetti at a temperature of 97\u00b0F",
      "a plate of spaghetti at a temperature of 136\u00b0F"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The objects are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Heat and thermal energy",
    "skill":"How is temperature related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.",
    "solution":"All three plates of spaghetti have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 97\u00b0F plate of spaghetti is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Luce's genotype for the fur type gene?",
    "choices":[
      "straight fur",
      "Ff"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"In a group of cats, some individuals have straight fur and others have curly fur. In this group, the gene for the fur type trait has two alleles. The allele F is for straight fur, and the allele f is for curly fur.\nLuce, a cat from this group, has straight fur. Luce has one allele for straight fur and one allele for curly fur.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.",
    "solution":"An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Luce has one allele for straight fur (F) and one allele for curly fur (f). So, Luce's genotype for the fur type gene is Ff.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a basketball court?",
    "choices":[
      "29 meters",
      "29 centimeters"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of distance",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Imagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers? The number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing. Now look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters. There are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter. There are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the length of a basketball court is 29 meters.\n29 centimeters is too short.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which closing is correct for a letter?",
    "choices":[
      "Your nephew,\nRuben",
      "Your Nephew,\nRuben"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"capitalization",
    "category":"Capitalization",
    "skill":"Greetings and closings of letters",
    "lecture":"A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue. Dear Aunt Sue, I'm glad you could come to my party, and thank you for the birthday gift. I could not have asked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think of you. With love, Rory",
    "solution":"The second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which holiday greeting is more formal?",
    "choices":[
      "May your Thanksgiving be filled with family and fun!",
      "I hope that you and your gang have a blast this Thanksgiving!"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Audience, purpose, and tone",
    "skill":"Which text is most formal?",
    "lecture":"Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions. Formal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language. Compare the following sentences. Informal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome. More formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners. Most formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners.",
    "solution":"The first holiday greeting is more formal. It uses more ceremonious language (may your Thanksgiving be filled). The other holiday greeting uses slang (your gang, have a blast) and sounds more casual.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word is not like the others?",
    "choices":[
      "fly",
      "bee",
      "pig",
      "ant"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade1",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"vocabulary",
    "category":"Categories",
    "skill":"Which word is not like the others?",
    "lecture":"Some words are alike. They go together in a group. Red, blue, and green go together. They are colors. Mom, dad, grandma, and grandpa go together. They are people in a family.",
    "solution":"Bee, ant, and fly go together. They are bugs. Pig is not a bug, so it is not like the other words.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nPedro put on an extra pair of socks this morning because it was so cold.",
    "choices":[
      "weather",
      "climate"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Hint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"What's the difference between weather and climate?",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the text carefully.\nPedro put on an extra pair of socks this morning because it was so cold.\nThis passage tells you about the temperature this morning where Pedro lives. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nsped - sworn",
    "choices":[
      "smash",
      "stunt"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince stunt is between the guide words sped - sworn, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the direction of this push?",
    "choices":[
      "away from the dad's hands",
      "toward the dad's hands"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"A girl's dad pushes her bike with his hands, and she rides forward.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Identify pushes and pulls",
    "lecture":"One object can make another object move with a push or a pull. The direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing. The direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling.",
    "solution":"The girl's dad pushes the bike away from himself. So, the girl rides forward. The direction of the push is away from the dad's hands.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13042\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Australia",
      "Papua New Guinea",
      "New Zealand",
      "Vanuatu"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Oceania: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of Oceania",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is New Zealand.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13047\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Oregon?",
    "choices":[
      "Portland",
      "Phoenix",
      "Salem",
      "Boise"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Salem is the capital of Oregon.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13049\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\nroasting a marshmallow over a campfire\ngrilling a hamburger",
    "choices":[
      "Both are caused by cooling.",
      "Both are caused by heating.",
      "Both are only physical changes."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nRoasting a marshmallow is a chemical change. The type of matter on the outside of the marshmallow changes. As a marshmallow is roasted, it turns brown and crispy.\nGrilling a hamburger is a chemical change. Heat from the grill causes the matter in the meat to change. Cooked meat and raw meat are different types of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBoth changes are caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the amphibian.",
    "choices":[
      "koala",
      "helmeted iguana",
      "alpine newt",
      "red crowned crane"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Amphibians have moist skin and begin their lives in water.",
    "solution":"An alpine newt is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nSome newts live in water. Other newts live on land but lay their eggs in water.\nA helmeted iguana is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nIguanas are a type of lizard. Iguanas eat plants and fruit.\nA koala is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.\nKoalas sleep for up to 20 hours a day!\nA red crowned crane is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nCranes wade in shallow water to look for food. Cranes eat insects, worms, and plants.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which sentence is more formal?",
    "choices":[
      "Alexander Electronics has a reputation for responding quickly to all customer concerns and questions.",
      "Alexander Electronics has a reputation for responding real quick to customer concerns and questions."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Author's purpose and tone",
    "skill":"Which sentence is more formal?",
    "lecture":"Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing: <br\/><br\/> Type | Examples<br\/> slang | cool, awesome<br\/> idioms | knock your socks off<br\/> conversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah<br\/> abbreviated language | ASAP, FYI<br\/> overly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store<br\/> contractions | can't, won't<br\/> <br\/> Contractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing. Compare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal. Informal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners. Formal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.",
    "solution":"The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses conversational language (real quick).\nThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the conversational language, so it is more formal overall.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is a marble a solid, a liquid, or a gas?",
    "choices":[
      "a liquid",
      "a gas",
      "a solid"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"States of matter",
    "skill":"Classify matter as solid, liquid, or gas",
    "lecture":"Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own. Some solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid. When matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle. Some liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk. When matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space. Many gases are invisible. Air is a gas.",
    "solution":"A marble is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.\nA marble can be made of clear or colored glass.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13079\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which text uses the word ironic in its traditional sense?",
    "choices":[
      "Last winter, Terrence took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, a rare snowstorm happened to hit Florida that week.",
      "Last winter, Terrence took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, he just missed a few of his college friends, who had been in Florida the previous week."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Word usage and nuance",
    "skill":"Explore words with new or contested usages",
    "lecture":"Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner. When a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences. Britney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam. The traditional usage above is considered more standard. David perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages. The nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.",
    "solution":"The second text uses ironic in its traditional sense: contrary to what was intended, often in an amusing way. It's ironic because Terrence tried to get away from the snow but found himself in a snowstorm regardless.\nLast winter, Terrence took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, a rare snowstorm happened to hit Florida that week.\nThe first text uses ironic in its nontraditional sense: marked by coincidence. It was a coincidence that Terrence's friends were in Florida the week before.\nLast winter, Terrence took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, he just missed a few of his college friends, who had been in Florida the previous week.\nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word ironic because it is generally considered incorrect.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is the hardest?",
    "choices":[
      "metal horseshoe",
      "burlap sack",
      "rubber gloves"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of materials",
    "lecture":"Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. A material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy. For example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.",
    "solution":"Hard is a property. A hard material keeps its shape when you press on it with your finger.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pushing on the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the metal horseshoe is the hardest. If you squeeze a metal horseshoe, it will not change shape.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Look at the models of molecules below. Select the elementary substance.",
    "choices":[
      "dichloromethane",
      "propane",
      "chlorine"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"Identify elementary substances and compounds using models",
    "lecture":"There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you. A substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl. Scientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride. In a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13085\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which sentence uses a simile?",
    "choices":[
      "The baby fish in the aquarium are as tiny as specks.",
      "The baby fish in the aquarium are tiny specks."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Identify similes and metaphors",
    "lecture":"Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike. A simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as. My sister runs like a cheetah. The sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like. A cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast. The cat's fur was as dark as the night. The cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as. The night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark. A metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as. The snow formed a blanket over the town. The snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as. A blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely. Using similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader.",
    "solution":"This sentence uses a simile:\nThe baby fish in the aquarium are as tiny as specks.\nThe words baby fish and specks are compared using the word as.\nThis sentence uses a metaphor:\nThe baby fish in the aquarium are tiny specks.\nThe words baby fish and specks are compared without the word like or as.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "sample B",
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature",
      "sample A"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.\nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13089\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Fawkes's phenotype for the cheek color trait?",
    "choices":[
      "pale orange cheeks",
      "rr"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"In a group of cockatiels, some individuals have bright orange cheeks and others have pale orange cheeks. In this group, the gene for the cheek color trait has two alleles. The allele R is for bright orange cheeks, and the allele r is for pale orange cheeks.\nFawkes, a cockatiel from this group, has pale orange cheeks. Fawkes has two alleles for pale orange cheeks.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.",
    "solution":"An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Fawkes's observable version of the cheek color trait is pale orange cheeks. So, Fawkes's phenotype for the cheek color trait is pale orange cheeks.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which sentence is more formal?",
    "choices":[
      "Cindy didn't enter student politics until her junior year.",
      "Cindy did not enter student politics until her junior year."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Author's purpose and tone",
    "skill":"Which sentence is more formal?",
    "lecture":"Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing: <br\/><br\/> Type | Examples<br\/> slang | cool, awesome<br\/> idioms | knock your socks off<br\/> conversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah<br\/> abbreviated language | ASAP, FYI<br\/> overly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store<br\/> contractions | can't, won't<br\/> <br\/> Contractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing. Compare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal. Informal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners. Formal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.",
    "solution":"The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses a contraction (didn't).\nThe first sentence does not use a contraction, so it is more formal.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"The donkeys move the carts at the same speed. Which cart is pulled with a larger force?",
    "choices":[
      "a cart holding 63 pounds",
      "a cart holding 76 pounds"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Two donkeys pull carts from the farmhouse to the yard. The carts are the same. Each cart is holding different tools.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"How do mass and force affect motion?",
    "lecture":"A force is a push or a pull. A force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction. Forces can be different sizes. Think about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object.",
    "solution":"Look for the cart that is heavier.\nA cart holding 76 pounds is heavier than a cart holding 63 pounds. So, the cart holding 76 pounds needs a larger force to start moving at the same speed as the other cart.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest south?",
    "choices":[
      "North Dakota",
      "Vermont",
      "Rhode Island",
      "Maine"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Rhode Island is farthest south.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13108\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these four objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "soft",
      "shiny",
      "smooth"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the best answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA smooth object is not scratchy or rough. The slippers are not smooth.\nA shiny object reflects a lot of light. You can usually see your reflection in a shiny object. The slippers are not shiny.\nA soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. All four objects are soft.\nThe property that all four objects have in common is soft.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13113\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these continents does the equator intersect?",
    "choices":[
      "South America",
      "Europe",
      "Australia"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Maps",
    "skill":"Use lines of latitude and longitude",
    "lecture":"Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps. Lines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there. Lines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator. Lines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles. The equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W. Together, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place.",
    "solution":"The equator is the line at 0\u00b0 latitude. It intersects South America. It does not intersect Europe or Australia.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13121\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the motion of two birds. Which bird was moving at a lower speed?",
    "choices":[
      "a bird that moved 35miles in 10hours",
      "a bird that moved 50miles in 10hours"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Compare the speeds of moving objects",
    "lecture":"An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time. Distance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile. Time tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour. Think about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed.",
    "solution":"Look at the distance each bird moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne bird moved 35 miles in 10 hours.\nThe other bird moved 50 miles in 10 hours.\nNotice that each bird spent the same amount of time moving. The bird that moved 35 miles moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that bird must have moved at a lower speed.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material, but some of them are different shapes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets.",
    "solution":"The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.\nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13136\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"How long does it take to mow the lawn?",
    "choices":[
      "33 minutes",
      "33 hours"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose units of time",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Imagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds? The number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing. Time is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven. There are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute. There are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for how long it takes to mow the lawn is 33 minutes.\n33 hours is too slow.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles?",
    "choices":[
      "Solution B",
      "Solution A",
      "neither; their concentrations are the same"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each purple ball represents one particle of solute.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Compare concentrations of solutions",
    "lecture":"A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent. concentration = particles of solute \/ volume of solvent",
    "solution":"In Solution A and Solution B, the purple particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles, look at both the number of purple particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of purple particles per milliliter.\nSolution B has more purple particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of purple particles.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13144\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nBefore Kelly had even met her future husband in person, she knew about his reputation as a Romeo.",
    "choices":[
      "literature",
      "British history"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. Here, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion Romeo is literature.\nIn William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, Romeo is known for the eloquent declaration of love with which he woos Juliet.\nThe allusion Romeo means a man who is very romantic.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal's neck is also adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still?",
    "choices":[
      "blue-footed booby",
      "painted stork"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Great blue herons live near wetlands and lakes. They eat mostly fish.\nThe 's neck helps it grab fish while keeping the rest of its body still. If the heron had to move its body, it might scare the fish away.\nFigure: great blue heron.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: beaks, mouths, and necks",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The shape of an animal's neck is one example of an adaptation. Animals' necks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large frilled neck might help an animal appear dangerous to its predators. A long neck might help an animal get food from tall trees.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the great blue heron.\nThe great blue heron has a long neck. Its neck is adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still. This allows the great blue heron to grab the prey without scaring it away.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe painted stork has a long neck. Its neck is adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still.\nThe blue-footed booby has a short neck. Its neck is not adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13149\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "attract",
      "repel"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces. Magnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S). Here are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles. If opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13155\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\na copper statue turning green\na piece of avocado turning brown",
    "choices":[
      "Both are chemical changes.",
      "Both are caused by cooling.",
      "Both are only physical changes.",
      "Both are caused by heating."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nA copper statue turning green is a chemical change. The copper reacts with oxygen in the air. This reaction forms a different type of matter called copper oxide. The copper oxide is green.\nA piece of avocado turning brown is a chemical change. The avocado reacts with oxygen in the air to form a different type of matter.\nIf you scrape off the brown part of the avocado, the inside will still be green. The inside hasn't touched the air. So the chemical change hasn't happened to that part of the avocado.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What can Tom and Debbie trade to each get what they want?",
    "choices":[
      "Debbie can trade her broccoli for Tom's oranges.",
      "Tom can trade his tomatoes for Debbie's sandwich.",
      "Tom can trade his tomatoes for Debbie's broccoli.",
      "Debbie can trade her almonds for Tom's tomatoes."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.\nTom and Debbie open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Both of them could be happier with their lunches. Tom wanted broccoli in his lunch and Debbie was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Trade and specialization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Tom wanted broccoli in his lunch and Debbie was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.\nTom has tomatoes. Debbie has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13169\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which object has the least thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "a 350-gram bath towel at a temperature of 21\u00b0F",
      "a 350-gram bath towel at a temperature of 35\u00b0F",
      "a 350-gram bath towel at a temperature of 18\u00b0F"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The objects are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Heat and thermal energy",
    "skill":"How is temperature related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.",
    "solution":"All three bath towels have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 18\u00b0F towel is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nAfter spending weeks in New York City, Jenny was a bit unnerved by the deafening silence of her small hometown.",
    "choices":[
      "oxymoron",
      "euphemism"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify the figure of speech: euphemism, hyperbole, oxymoron, paradox",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! An oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Some reviewers are calling this book a new classic. A paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Always expect the unexpected.",
    "solution":"The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nDeafening silence is a contradiction, because deafening describes something extremely loud, and silence is the absence of sound.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Eli inherited this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Eli likes to wear a blue sweater to match his blue eyes.",
      "Eli's mother has blue eyes. She passed this trait down to Eli."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nEli has blue eyes.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Nero's genotype for the fur color gene?",
    "choices":[
      "FF",
      "orange fur"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"In a group of Bengal tigers, some individuals have orange fur and others have white fur. In this group, the gene for the fur color trait has two alleles. The allele F is for orange fur, and the allele f is for white fur.\nNero, a Bengal tiger from this group, has orange fur. Nero has two alleles for orange fur.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.",
    "solution":"An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Nero has two alleles for orange fur (F). So, Nero's genotype for the fur color gene is FF.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "Maryland",
      "Virginia",
      "West Virginia",
      "Alabama"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"English colonies in North America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is Virginia.\nThe Virginia Colony included land that would later become part of the state of West Virginia. West Virginia was never its own colony.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13183\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these three objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "colorful",
      "bouncy",
      "slippery"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the best answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. The spring is not slippery.\nA colorful object has one or more bright colors. The inflatable castle is colorful, but the soccer ball and the spring are not.\nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. All three objects are bouncy.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is bouncy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13187\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is conglomerate a mineral?",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Conglomerate has the following properties:\nnot a pure substance\nnaturally occurring\nnot made by organisms\nsolid\nno fixed crystal structure",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Rocks and minerals",
    "skill":"Identify rocks and minerals",
    "lecture":"Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties: It is a solid. It is formed in nature. It is not made by organisms. It is a pure substance. It has a fixed crystal structure. If a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral. Look closely at the last three properties: A mineral is not made by organisms. Organisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals. Humans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals. A mineral is a pure substance. A pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances. A mineral has a fixed crystal structure. The crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.",
    "solution":"Conglomerate does not have all the properties of a mineral. So, conglomerate is not a mineral.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13189\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Toby's phenotype for the fur length trait?",
    "choices":[
      "short fur",
      "long fur"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"In a group of dogs, some individuals have short fur and others have long fur. In this group, the gene for the fur length trait has two alleles. The allele for long fur (f) is recessive to the allele for short fur (F).\nToby is a dog from this group. Toby has the homozygous genotype ff for the fur length gene.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: dominant and recessive",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. Some traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene. An organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene. An organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene. The types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. A dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers. A recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.",
    "solution":"Toby's genotype for the fur length gene is ff. Toby's genotype of ff has only f alleles. The f allele is for long fur. So, Toby's phenotype for the fur length trait must be long fur.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Toby's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for long fur (f) is recessive to the allele for short fur (F). This means F is a dominant allele, and f is a recessive allele.\nToby's genotype of ff has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Toby's phenotype for the fur length trait must be long fur.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Billy acquired this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Billy's scar was caused by an accident. He cut his arm when he fell off his bicycle.",
      "Some scars fade more quickly than others."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nBilly has a scar on his right arm.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Heredity",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is this plant's phenotype for the fruit taste trait?",
    "choices":[
      "sour fruit",
      "sweet fruit"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"In a group of muskmelon plants, some individuals have sour fruit and others have sweet fruit. In this group, the gene for the fruit taste trait has two alleles. The allele for sweet fruit (f) is recessive to the allele for sour fruit (F).\nA certain muskmelon plant from this group has the homozygous genotype ff for the fruit taste gene.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: dominant and recessive",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. Some traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene. An organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene. An organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene. The types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. A dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers. A recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.",
    "solution":"The muskmelon plant's genotype for the fruit taste gene is ff. The muskmelon plant's genotype of ff has only f alleles. The f allele is for sweet fruit. So, the muskmelon plant's phenotype for the fruit taste trait must be sweet fruit.\nTo check this answer, consider whether the muskmelon plant's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for sweet fruit (f) is recessive to the allele for sour fruit (F). This means F is a dominant allele, and f is a recessive allele.\nThe muskmelon plant's genotype of ff has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, the muskmelon plant's phenotype for the fruit taste trait must be sweet fruit.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"The donkeys move the carts at the same speed. Which cart is pulled with a larger force?",
    "choices":[
      "a cart holding 54 pounds",
      "a cart holding 53 pounds"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two donkeys pull carts from the farmhouse to the yard. The carts are the same. Each cart is holding different tools.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"How do mass and force affect motion?",
    "lecture":"A force is a push or a pull. A force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction. Forces can be different sizes. Think about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object.",
    "solution":"Look for the cart that is heavier.\nA cart holding 54 pounds is heavier than a cart holding 53 pounds. So, the cart holding 54 pounds needs a larger force to start moving at the same speed as the other cart.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same species as the copperband butterflyfish.",
    "choices":[
      "Chelmon rostratus",
      "Amphiprion frenatus",
      "Premnas biaculeatus"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This organism is a copperband butterflyfish. Its scientific name is Chelmon rostratus.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"A copperband butterflyfish's scientific name is Chelmon rostratus.\nChelmon rostratus has the same scientific name as a copperband butterflyfish. So, these organisms are in the same species.\nAmphiprion frenatus does not have the same scientific name as a copperband butterflyfish. So, Chelmon rostratus and Amphiprion frenatus are not in the same species.\nPremnas biaculeatus does not have the same scientific name as a copperband butterflyfish. So, Chelmon rostratus and Premnas biaculeatus are not in the same species.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13212\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the direction of this push?",
    "choices":[
      "toward Magnet 1",
      "away from Magnet 1"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Each of these magnets repels the other with a magnetic force. This force is a push.\nThe force from Magnet 1 pushes Magnet 2.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Identify directions of forces",
    "lecture":"A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to another. Every force has a direction. The direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing. The direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling.",
    "solution":"Magnet 1 pushes Magnet 2. The direction of the push is away from Magnet 1.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13217\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Use the evidence in the text to select the photosynthetic organism.",
    "choices":[
      "Azalea plants have brightly colored flowers and green leaves. The leaves are green because they contain a substance called chlorophyll, which captures energy from sunlight.",
      "Anna's hummingbirds live on the western coast of North America. A male Anna's hummingbird has a shiny pink patch of feathers that can attract females."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Plants",
    "skill":"Identify the photosynthetic organism",
    "lecture":"Organisms that carry out photosynthesis are called photosynthetic organisms. During photosynthesis, these organisms use light energy to turn water and carbon dioxide into sugars and oxygen. Photosynthetic organisms also often have the following characteristics: They are producers, which are organisms that make their own food inside their cells. Producers don't usually eat other organisms. Their cells contain chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are cell parts where photosynthesis occurs. Their chloroplasts often contain chlorophyll, which is green. Chlorophyll captures energy from sunlight to power photosynthesis. They use the sugars they make during photosynthesis as food. This food provides the organisms with the energy they need to live.",
    "solution":"This organism is photosynthetic:\nThe text tells you that azalea plants use chlorophyll to capture energy from sunlight. This is evidence that the azalea plant is a photosynthetic organism.\nThis organism is not photosynthetic:\nThe text does not provide evidence that the Anna's hummingbird is photosynthetic.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\nrust forming on a metal gate\nburning a piece of wood",
    "choices":[
      "Both are caused by cooling.",
      "Both are chemical changes.",
      "Both are only physical changes.",
      "Both are caused by heating."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nRust forming on a metal gate is a chemical change. As the gate rusts, the metal turns into a different type of matter called rust. Rust is reddish-brown and falls apart easily.\nBurning a piece of wood is a chemical change. When the wood burns, the type of matter in it changes. The wood turns black and gives off smoke.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBurning is caused by heating. But rust forming on a metal gate is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word does not rhyme?",
    "choices":[
      "top",
      "jog",
      "pop"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"phonological-awareness",
    "category":"Rhyming",
    "skill":"Which word does not rhyme?",
    "lecture":"Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound. The words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound. The words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings. The words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.",
    "solution":"The words pop and top rhyme. They both end with the op sound.\nThe word jog does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Using only these supplies, which question can Savannah investigate with an experiment?",
    "choices":[
      "Does a heavier ball travel farther than a lighter ball when launched from a catapult?",
      "Does a rubber ball travel farther when launched from a metal catapult or from a wooden catapult?",
      "Does a catapult with a longer arm launch a rubber ball farther than a catapult with a shorter arm?"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Savannah visits a museum about ancient Greece. She notices an exhibit with models of wooden catapults that were used to launch large rocks across battlefields. She wonders what factors affect how far a catapult can launch an object. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\na wooden catapult with a 10-inch-long arm\na wooden catapult with a five-inch-long arm\ntwo identical rubber balls",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Wyoming?",
    "choices":[
      "Cheyenne",
      "Tucson",
      "Juneau",
      "Laramie"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify the 50 state capitals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13225\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Hawaii?",
    "choices":[
      "Hilo",
      "Omaha",
      "Manchester",
      "Honolulu"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify the 50 state capitals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13229\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which greeting is correct for a letter?",
    "choices":[
      "Dear Grandpa Robert,",
      "Dear grandpa Robert,"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"capitalization",
    "category":"Capitalization",
    "skill":"Greetings and closings of letters",
    "lecture":"A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue. Dear Aunt Sue, I'm glad you could come to my party, and thank you for the birthday gift. I could not have asked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think of you. With love, Rory",
    "solution":"The first greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Grandpa Robert is capitalized because it is a proper noun.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Suppose Steve decides to watch the comedy. Which result would be a cost?",
    "choices":[
      "Steve will give up the chance to watch a movie with his sister.",
      "Steve will get to watch the movie that he is more excited about."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Steve is deciding whether to watch a comedy or an action movie. He would prefer to watch a comedy. But he also wants to watch a movie with his sister. Steve's sister will only watch an action movie.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Costs and benefits",
    "lecture":"Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits. Costs are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need. Benefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.",
    "solution":"This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Steve wants or needs:\nSteve will give up the chance to watch a movie with his sister.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence.\nBurning food on a stove is a ().",
    "choices":[
      "physical change",
      "chemical change"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Identify physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. Burning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. Cutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper. Ice melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state.",
    "solution":"Food burning on a stove is a chemical change. The type of matter in the food changes. The food turns black and gives off smoke.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a hiking trail?",
    "choices":[
      "2 yards",
      "2 feet",
      "2 miles",
      "2 inches"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of distance, mass, and volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles. There are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile. A football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the length of a hiking trail is 2 miles.\n2 inches, 2 feet, and 2 yards are all too short.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which sentence states a fact?",
    "choices":[
      "Fifteen days is a long time to celebrate a holiday.",
      "The Chinese New Year celebration lasts for fifteen days."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"civics",
    "category":"Social studies skills",
    "skill":"Identify facts and opinions",
    "lecture":"A fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information. The flag of the United States has 13 stripes. This is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes. An opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true. The flag of the United States is easy to draw. This is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw.",
    "solution":"The first sentence states a fact.\nThe Chinese New Year celebration lasts for fifteen days.\nIt can be proved by looking up information about the Chinese New Year.\nThe second sentence states an opinion.\nFifteen days is a long time to celebrate a holiday.\nLong time shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what is a long time.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a bus route across a small town?",
    "choices":[
      "4 meters",
      "4 kilometers",
      "4 centimeters",
      "4 millimeters"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of distance, mass, and volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter. The tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long. A red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the length of a bus route across a small town is 4 kilometers.\n4 millimeters, 4 centimeters, and 4 meters are all too short.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"How long does it take to paint the walls in a bedroom?",
    "choices":[
      "3 hours",
      "3 minutes"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose units of time",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Imagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds? The number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing. Time is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven. There are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute. There are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for how long it takes to paint the walls in a bedroom is 3 hours.\n3 minutes is too fast.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following could Dillon's test show?",
    "choices":[
      "how well the weather station would work when it was windy",
      "if the weather station would work when the temperature was 50\u00b0C"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design.\nThe passage below describes how the engineering-design process was used to test a solution to a problem. Read the passage. Then answer the question below.\n\nDillon was a mechanical engineer who was designing  to record temperature, precipitation, and wind speed. The weather station would be used in a town where the highest recorded temperature was 40\u00b0C. Dillon wanted to make sure the weather station would work even in unusually warm weather.\nSo, he set an indoor test chamber to 50\u00b0C with low moisture and no wind. He left the weather station in the chamber overnight. The next day, he checked to see if the weather station displayed accurate measurements after 24 hours at 50\u00b0C.\nFigure: a weather station.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Engineering practices",
    "skill":"Evaluate tests of engineering-design solutions",
    "lecture":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured. Imagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves. First, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind. Then, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved. Tests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13265\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal's limbs are also adapted for swimming?",
    "choices":[
      "ostrich",
      "humpback whale"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Harbor seals live along the coasts of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. They spend a lot of time hunting fish at sea.\nThe  has four flippers for limbs. Its limbs are adapted for swimming.\nFigure: harbor seal.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: feet and limbs",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. Arms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the harbor seal.\nThe harbor seal uses its flippers to push itself through water. The flippers can also help it change direction while swimming.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe humpback whale has flippers. Its limbs are adapted for swimming.\nThe ostrich has short wings and long, thin legs. Its limbs are not adapted for swimming. The ostrich uses its limbs to walk and run on land.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13270\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Idaho?",
    "choices":[
      "Boise",
      "Sioux Falls",
      "Nampa",
      "Phoenix"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Boise is the capital of Idaho.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13274\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?",
    "choices":[
      "climate",
      "weather"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Figure: Antarctica.\nScientists face many challenges working in Antarctica. Cracked lips and dry skin are constant problems on scientific expeditions like the one shown here. This is because the Antarctic air is extremely dry for most of the year.\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Weather and climate around the world",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the passage carefully.\nScientists face many challenges working in Antarctica. Cracked lips and dry skin are constant problems on scientific expeditions like the one shown here. This is because the Antarctic air is extremely dry for most of the year.\nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual pattern of humidity in Antarctica. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13276\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"The donkeys move the carts at the same speed. Which cart is pulled with a larger force?",
    "choices":[
      "a cart holding 68 pounds",
      "a cart holding 84 pounds"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Two donkeys pull carts from the farmhouse to the yard. The carts are the same. Each cart is holding different tools.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"How do mass and force affect motion?",
    "lecture":"A force is a push or a pull. A force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction. Forces can be different sizes. Think about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object.",
    "solution":"Look for the cart that is heavier.\nA cart holding 84 pounds is heavier than a cart holding 68 pounds. So, the cart holding 84 pounds needs a larger force to start moving at the same speed as the other cart.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is harder?",
    "choices":[
      "nylon swim shorts",
      "chalk"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of materials",
    "lecture":"Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. A material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.",
    "solution":"Hard is a property. A hard material keeps its shape when you press on it with your finger.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pushing on the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the chalk is harder. If you squeeze a piece of chalk, it will not change shape.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature",
      "sample A",
      "sample B"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. The particles in sample A also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.\nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13286\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Suppose Billy decides to plant the gardenias. Which result would be a cost?",
    "choices":[
      "Billy will give up the chance to look at the fir tree. He thinks it would have looked more beautiful than the gardenias.",
      "He will save some space. The gardenias will use up less space than the fir tree would have used up."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Billy is deciding whether to plant gardenias or a fir tree in his backyard. He wants to make his backyard more beautiful. But he also wants to leave space for doing fun things.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Costs and benefits",
    "lecture":"Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits. Costs are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need. Benefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.",
    "solution":"This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Billy wants or needs:\nBilly will give up the chance to look at the fir tree. He thinks it would have looked more beautiful than the gardenias.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a simple sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "Bears eat honeybees, and some birds eat them, too.",
      "The mayor left a message for the president."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple or compound?",
    "lecture":"A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate. The pitcher threw the ball to first base. A compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. The pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it. Some simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences. Anna and James will watch the fireworks tonight. This simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James. The singers bowed and walked off the stage. This simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat. This is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.",
    "solution":"The first sentence is the simple sentence. It has one subject and predicate.\nThe mayor left a message for the president.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the motion of three motorboats. Which motorboat was moving at the lowest speed?",
    "choices":[
      "a motorboat that moved 185kilometers west in 5hours",
      "a motorboat that moved 165kilometers north in 5hours",
      "a motorboat that moved 120kilometers south in 5hours"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Compare the speeds of moving objects",
    "lecture":"An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time. Distance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer. Time tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour. Think about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed.",
    "solution":"Look at the distance each motorboat moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each motorboat moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each motorboat moved for 5 hours. The motorboat that moved 120 kilometers moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that motorboat must have moved at the lowest speed.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a complete sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "Food and water are fuel for our bodies.",
      "Mom kisses Danielle's cheek Danielle smiles at Mom."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is it a complete sentence, a fragment, or a run-on?",
    "lecture":"A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb. My friends walk along the path. A sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb. Knows the answer. This is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject. Who knows the answer? She knows the answer. The bright red car. This is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb. What did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped. A run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma. I knocked on the door it opened. It started raining, we ran inside. To fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence. I knocked on the door. It opened. It started raining. We ran inside. You can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. I knocked on the door, and it opened. It started raining, so we ran inside.",
    "solution":"Food and water are fuel for our bodies is a complete sentence. The subject is food and water, and the verb is are.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which tense does the sentence use?\nMr. Greer will mail those letters.",
    "choices":[
      "future tense",
      "present tense",
      "past tense"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"verbs",
    "category":"Verb tense",
    "skill":"Is the sentence in the past, present, or future tense?",
    "lecture":"Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now. Most present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es. Two verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms. Past tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened. Most past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed. Some verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms. Future tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen. All future-tense verbs use the word will. <br\/><br\/> Present | Past | Future<br\/> walk, walks | walked | will walk<br\/> go, goes | went | will go<br\/>",
    "solution":"The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, mail. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a compound sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "Kentucky joined the United States in 1792.",
      "Mr. Atkinson cleans the chimney, and Mrs. Atkinson washes the car."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple or compound?",
    "lecture":"A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate. The pitcher threw the ball to first base. A compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. The pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it. Some simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences. Anna and James will watch the fireworks tonight. This simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James. The singers bowed and walked off the stage. This simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat. This is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.",
    "solution":"The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction and.\nMr. Atkinson cleans the chimney, and Mrs. Atkinson washes the car.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following could Trent's test show?",
    "choices":[
      "if at least 20% of the park would be shaded by trees in each design",
      "which design would have the least traffic noise in the concert area",
      "which design would have the greatest distance between the concert area and the road"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design.\nThe passage below describes how the engineering-design process was used to test a solution to a problem. Read the passage. Then answer the question below.\n\nTrent was a landscape architect who was hired to design a new city park. The city council wanted the park to have space for outdoor concerts and to have at least 20% of the park shaded by trees. Trent thought the concert area should be at least 150 meters from the road so traffic noise didn't interrupt the music. He developed three possible designs for the park with the concert area in a different location in each design. Then, he tested each design by measuring the distance between the road and the concert area.\nFigure: studying an architect's design.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Engineering practices",
    "skill":"Evaluate tests of engineering-design solutions",
    "lecture":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured. Imagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves. First, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind. Then, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved. Tests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13317\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word does not rhyme?",
    "choices":[
      "first",
      "chirp",
      "thirst"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"phonological-awareness",
    "category":"Rhyming",
    "skill":"Which word does not rhyme?",
    "lecture":"Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound. The words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound. The words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings. The words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.",
    "solution":"The words first and thirst rhyme. They both end with the irst sound.\nThe word chirp does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which text uses the word literally in its traditional sense?",
    "choices":[
      "Victoria adores the classic Renaissance style of the Rialto Bridge in Venice. She was surprised to learn that the bridge remains functional even though it is literally hundreds of years old.",
      "Victoria adores the classic Renaissance style of the Rialto Bridge in Venice. She was surprised to learn that the bridge remains functional even though it is literally a million years old."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Word usage and nuance",
    "skill":"Explore words with new or contested usages",
    "lecture":"Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner. When a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences. Britney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam. The traditional usage above is considered more standard. David perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages. The nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.",
    "solution":"The second text uses literally in its traditional sense: in a factual, non-exaggerated way.\nVictoria adores the classic Renaissance style of the Rialto Bridge in Venice. She was surprised to learn that the bridge remains functional even though it is literally hundreds of years old.\nThe first text uses literally in its nontraditional sense: nearly or in effect (often exaggerated). The bridge is old, but it is not actually a million years old.\nVictoria adores the classic Renaissance style of the Rialto Bridge in Venice. She was surprised to learn that the bridge remains functional even though it is literally a million years old.\nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word literally because it is generally considered incorrect.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Shawna acquired this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Shawna likes to look at butterflies and beetles.",
      "Shawna learned to identify insects by reading many books about insects."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nShawna is good at identifying insects.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Look at the models of molecules below. Select the elementary substance.",
    "choices":[
      "propane",
      "ethanol",
      "nitrogen"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"Identify elementary substances and compounds using models",
    "lecture":"There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you. A substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl. Scientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride. In a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13331\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is Acanthaster planci made up of one cell?",
    "choices":[
      "no",
      "yes"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This organism is Acanthaster planci. It is a member of the animal kingdom.\nAcanthaster planci is commonly called a crown-of-thorns sea star. A crown-of-thorns sea star is covered in poisonous spines! The spines help protect it from predators.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Describe, classify, and compare kingdoms",
    "lecture":"In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms. Organisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom. <br\/><br\/>  | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | Plants<br\/> How many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | many<br\/> Do their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yes<br\/> Can their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes<br\/>",
    "solution":"Acanthaster planci is an animal. Animals are made up of many cells.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13333\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "sample A",
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature",
      "sample B"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. The particles in sample A also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.\nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13335\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "New Hampshire",
      "Georgia",
      "Vermont",
      "North Carolina"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"English colonies in North America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is New Hampshire.\nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13339\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these colonies was Middle Colonies?",
    "choices":[
      "Pennsylvania",
      "Connecticut",
      "Georgia"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"In the following questions, you will learn about the origins of the Middle Colonies. The Middle Colonies made up the middle part of the Thirteen Colonies, which were ruled by England in the 1600s and 1700s. The map below shows the Thirteen Colonies in 1750. Look at the map. Then answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"Colonial America",
    "skill":"Middle Colonies: founding and government",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the legend on the map.\nThe rest of the Thirteen Colonies were part of New England or the Southern Colonies.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13341\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?",
    "choices":[
      "climate",
      "weather"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Figure: Uganda.\nUganda is an African country with large forests. The humidity in the forest was low this morning, so the air felt dry.\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Weather and climate around the world",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the passage carefully.\nUganda is an African country with large forests. The humidity in the forest was low this morning, so the air felt dry.\nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the humidity in Uganda this morning. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13342\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which statement describes the motorcycle's motion?",
    "choices":[
      "The motorcycle has a constant velocity.",
      "The motorcycle is accelerating."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"A motorcycle is swerving to the right to avoid a pothole.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Identify whether objects are accelerating",
    "lecture":"An object's velocity describes its speed and its direction. An object has a constant velocity when neither its speed nor its direction is changing. So, an object has a constant velocity when the object is: moving in a straight line at a constant speed, or remaining motionless. If an object does not have a constant velocity, the object is accelerating. An object is accelerating when either its speed or its direction is changing. So, an object is accelerating when the object is: speeding up, slowing down, or changing direction.",
    "solution":"The motorcycle is changing direction. So, the motorcycle is accelerating.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.",
    "solution":"The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nBoth magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.\nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13361\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is this plant's phenotype for the thorns trait?",
    "choices":[
      "having thorns",
      "not having thorns"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"In a group of rose plants, some individuals have thorns and others do not. In this group, the gene for the thorns trait has two alleles. The allele for not having thorns (r) is recessive to the allele for having thorns (R).\nA certain rose plant from this group has the homozygous genotype rr for the thorns gene.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: dominant and recessive",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. Some traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene. An organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene. An organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene. The types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. A dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers. A recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.",
    "solution":"The rose plant's genotype for the thorns gene is rr. The rose plant's genotype of rr has only r alleles. The r allele is for not having thorns. So, the rose plant's phenotype for the thorns trait must be not having thorns.\nTo check this answer, consider whether the rose plant's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for not having thorns (r) is recessive to the allele for having thorns (R). This means R is a dominant allele, and r is a recessive allele.\nThe rose plant's genotype of rr has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, the rose plant's phenotype for the thorns trait must be not having thorns.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these two objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "stretchy",
      "blue"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Different objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nBlue is a color.\nThis color is blue. Both objects are blue.\nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. The track suit is stretchy, but the sapphire is not.\nThe property that both objects have in common is blue.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13375\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the mass of an elephant?",
    "choices":[
      "6,730 kilograms",
      "6,730 grams"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of mass",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Mass is a measurement of how much matter something contains. There are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms. There are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram. A paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the mass of an elephant is 6,730 kilograms.\n6,730 grams is too light.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which solution has a higher concentration of green particles?",
    "choices":[
      "neither; their concentrations are the same",
      "Solution B",
      "Solution A"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each green ball represents one particle of solute.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Compare concentrations of solutions",
    "lecture":"A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent. concentration = particles of solute \/ volume of solvent",
    "solution":"In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.\nSolution B has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of green particles.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13379\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the mass of a passenger airplane?",
    "choices":[
      "48 pounds",
      "48 tons",
      "48 ounces"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of mass",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Mass is a measurement of how much matter something contains. There are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons. There are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton. So, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton. A slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the mass of a passenger airplane is 48 tons.\n48 ounces and 48 pounds are both too light.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence.\nA log decomposing in the woods is a ().",
    "choices":[
      "chemical change",
      "physical change"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Chemical reactions",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule. In a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Burning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns. In a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.",
    "solution":"The breakdown of plant and animal matter by organisms such as fungi and earthworms is called decomposition. A log decomposing in the woods is a chemical change.\nAs the log breaks down, the type of matter in it changes. Over time, the log becomes softer and has a different smell.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Would you find the word tidy on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nthaw - trunk",
    "choices":[
      "no",
      "yes"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince tidy is between the guide words thaw - trunk, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which ocean is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "the Arctic Ocean",
      "the Indian Ocean",
      "the Southern Ocean",
      "the Atlantic Ocean"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Physical Geography",
    "skill":"Oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean.",
    "solution":"This is the Arctic Ocean.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13396\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Jamaica",
      "The Bahamas",
      "Cuba",
      "Saint Lucia"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"The Americas: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of the Caribbean",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is Cuba.\nDoes Cuba have any territorial disputes?\nCuba claims to own Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.\nThe United States controls the area and uses it as a military base and prison. A treaty in 1903 gave the U.S. the right to rent the land from Cuba. But today, Cuba says that it had no choice but to accept the treaty. It wants the United States to leave the area and does not accept the rent money sent by the United States each year.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13404\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which closing is correct for a letter?",
    "choices":[
      "Thank you,\nPorter",
      "thank you,\nPorter"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Greetings and closings of letters",
    "lecture":"A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue. Dear Aunt Sue, I'm glad you could come to my party, and thank you for the birthday gift. I could not have asked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think of you. With love, Rory",
    "solution":"The first closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "Maryland",
      "Massachusetts",
      "New York",
      "South Carolina"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"English colonies in North America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is Massachusetts.\nThe Massachusetts Colony included land that would later become the state of Maine. Maine was never its own colony.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13414\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Michigan?",
    "choices":[
      "Topeka",
      "Lansing",
      "Springfield",
      "Bismarck"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Lansing is the capital of Michigan.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13415\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following trait inherited or acquired?\nAudrey has naturally red hair.",
    "choices":[
      "inherited",
      "acquired"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Identify inherited and acquired traits",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.",
    "solution":"Humans do not choose their natural hair color. Some people dye their hair. But this does not change their natural hair color.\nChildren get their natural hair color from their parents. So, Audrey's hair color is an inherited trait.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which material are these rain boots made of?",
    "choices":[
      "wool",
      "rubber"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Identify materials in objects",
    "lecture":"A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the rain boots.\nThe rain boots are made of rubber.\nRubber is waterproof, so it's the perfect material for rain boots.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13426\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the reptile below.",
    "choices":[
      "American alligator",
      "American bullfrog"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Reptiles have scaly, waterproof skin. Most reptiles live on land. A helmeted iguana is an example of a reptile.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common. Scientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.",
    "solution":"An American alligator is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nAlligators live in and around water. They can live near ponds, rivers, marshes, and lakes.\nAn American bullfrog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nFrogs live near water or in damp places. Most frogs lay their eggs in water.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13427\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of New Jersey?",
    "choices":[
      "Anchorage",
      "Concord",
      "Boston",
      "Trenton"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Northeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Trenton is the capital of New Jersey.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13445\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Kraken's phenotype for the eye color trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Ee",
      "red eyes"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"In a group of koi fish, some individuals have red eyes and others have black eyes. In this group, the gene for the eye color trait has two alleles. The allele E is for red eyes, and the allele e is for black eyes.\nKraken, a koi fish from this group, has red eyes. Kraken has one allele for red eyes and one allele for black eyes.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.",
    "solution":"An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Kraken's observable version of the eye color trait is red eyes. So, Kraken's phenotype for the eye color trait is red eyes.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature",
      "sample B",
      "sample A"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"Each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. The particles in sample B also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.\nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13452\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the mammal below.",
    "choices":[
      "American toad",
      "robin",
      "sugar glider",
      "ostrich"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Mammals have hair or fur and feed their young milk.\nMammals are warm-blooded. Warm-blooded animals can control their body temperature.\nA koala is an example of a mammal.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals.",
    "solution":"A sugar glider is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.\nSugar gliders can jump long distances from tree to tree. They have flaps of loose skin on their sides. These flaps help them stay in the air.\nA robin is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nA robin is a songbird. It sings different songs at different times of the day.\nAn ostrich is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nThe ostrich is the largest bird alive today. Ostriches cannot fly, but they can run very fast.\nAn American toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13453\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which continent is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "North America",
      "Africa",
      "Australia",
      "South America"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Identify oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"A continent is one of the seven largest areas of land on earth.",
    "solution":"This continent is Australia.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13454\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Gabe inherited this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Gabe's parents have blond hair. They passed down this trait to Gabe.",
      "Gabe's mother cuts his hair every month."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nGabe has blond hair.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "The Bahamas",
      "Dominica",
      "Cuba",
      "Jamaica"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"The Americas: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of the Caribbean",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is Cuba.\nDoes Cuba have any territorial disputes?\nCuba claims to own Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.\nThe United States controls the area and uses it as a military base and prison. A treaty in 1903 gave the U.S. the right to rent the land from Cuba. But today, Cuba says that it had no choice but to accept the treaty. It wants the United States to leave the area and does not accept the rent money sent by the United States each year.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13468\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following statement about our solar system true or false?\nThe volume of Mars is more than ten times as large as Mercury's.",
    "choices":[
      "false",
      "true"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Use the data to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"true-or-false",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Astronomy",
    "skill":"Analyze data to compare properties of planets",
    "lecture":"A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet. The primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation. For example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km^3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 10^15 km^3. To compare two numbers written in scientific notation, first compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example: 1.43 x 10^15 is larger than 1.43 x 10^12 If their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example: 1.43 x 10^15 is larger than 1.25 x 10^15 To multiply a number written in scientific notation by a power of 10, write the multiple of 10 as 10 raised to an exponent. Then, add the exponents. For example: 1.43 x 10^15 \u00b7 1000 = 1.43 x 10^15 \u00b7 10^3 = 1.43 x 10^(15 + 3) = 1.43 x 10^18",
    "solution":"To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of ten times the volume of Mercury.\nThen compare the result to the volume of Mars. The volume of Mars is 1.63 x 10^11 km^3, which is less than 6.08 x 10^11 km^3. So, the volume of Mars is less than ten times as large as Mercury's.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13477\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\na puddle freezing into ice on a cold night\ncutting an orange",
    "choices":[
      "Both are caused by heating.",
      "Both are caused by cooling.",
      "Both are only physical changes.",
      "Both are chemical changes."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nA puddle freezing into ice on a cold night is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. Liquid water freezes and becomes solid, but it is still made of water. A different type of matter is not formed.\nCutting an orange is a physical change. The orange gets a different shape. But it is still made of the same type of matter as the uncut orange.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nA puddle freezing is caused by cooling. But cutting an orange is not.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the Arctic hare's scientific name?",
    "choices":[
      "Lepus timidus",
      "Lepus arcticus"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The Arctic hare lives in very cold parts of Canada and Greenland. Its thick fur helps it live in the cold. The Arctic hare's scientific name refers to the environment it lives in.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Scientific names",
    "skill":"Origins of scientific names",
    "lecture":"When a scientist identifies a new organism, he or she chooses its scientific name. Sometimes, an organism is named after the place where it was first found. Other times, an organism is named after the scientist who first identified it. Or, the scientific name might describe the organism's physical traits. Many of the words that make up scientific names are based on words from old languages, like Latin and classical Greek. Sometimes, English words are changed to make them sound more like Latin or Greek. The new words are then used in an organism's scientific name.",
    "solution":"This organism's scientific name refers to the Arctic, the environment it lives in.\nThe word arcticus refers to the Arctic. So, the Arctic hare's scientific name is Lepus arcticus.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13479\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which change best matches the sentence?\nA part of Earth's surface shakes and trembles.",
    "choices":[
      "flood",
      "erosion",
      "earthquake"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Earth events",
    "skill":"Classify changes to Earth's surface I",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\ncooking a pancake\nan old sandwich rotting in a trashcan",
    "choices":[
      "Both are caused by cooling.",
      "Both are chemical changes.",
      "Both are caused by heating.",
      "Both are only physical changes."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nCooking a pancake is a chemical change. Pancakes are made from pancake batter. A cooked pancake is a different type of matter than pancake batter. Pancake batter is wet and slippery. Cooked pancakes are fluffy and can be good to eat!\nA sandwich rotting is a chemical change. The matter in the sandwich breaks down and slowly turns into a different type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nCooking is caused by heating. But a sandwich rotting is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which type of sentence is this?\nWendy is a competitive horseback rider, and she will be competing in the next World Equestrian Games, which are held every four years.",
    "choices":[
      "simple",
      "compound",
      "complex",
      "compound-complex"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Phrases and clauses",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex?",
    "lecture":"A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence. the oranges on our tree are ripe The clause can stand alone. It is independent. after we pick up Kevin from work The clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent. A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause. Ben and I spent all day relaxing by the pool. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat. Ben usually wears his heavy coat in the winter. A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. We saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose. If she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. During his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome. A compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. After Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym. Sometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause. Orcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.",
    "solution":"The sentence is compound-complex. It is made up of two independent clauses and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the relative pronoun which.\nWendy is a competitive horseback rider, and she will be competing in the next World Equestrian Games, which are held every four years.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nPolly's phone slipped out of her pocket, landing in the toilet with a plop.",
    "choices":[
      "idiom",
      "onomatopoeia"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify figures of speech: review",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Alliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words. What a lucky little lady you are! An allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. An idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned. The assignment was a piece of cake. A simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike. The cat's fur was as dark as the night. A metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as. The snow formed a blanket over the town. Onomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound. The scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat. Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. The trees danced in the wind. A pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning. A great new broom is sweeping the nation. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.",
    "solution":"The text uses onomatopoeia, a word that expresses a sound.\nPlop represents the sound of the phone landing in the toilet.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nPresident Hamilton is an effective communicator, because he has a natural talent for speaking with people.",
    "choices":[
      "circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself",
      "ad hominem: a personal attack against one's opponent"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> red herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that President Hamilton is an effective communicator because he communicates well. However, the \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Alaska?",
    "choices":[
      "Salem",
      "Fairbanks",
      "Juneau",
      "Anchorage"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify the 50 state capitals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Juneau is the capital of Alaska.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13515\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nweek - winter",
    "choices":[
      "wonder",
      "whisper"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince whisper is between the guide words week - winter, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest east?",
    "choices":[
      "Washington",
      "Oklahoma",
      "California",
      "Montana"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Oklahoma is farthest east.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13521\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following trait inherited or acquired?\nAdriana has five toes on each foot.",
    "choices":[
      "acquired",
      "inherited"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Identify inherited and acquired traits",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.",
    "solution":"Most humans are born with five toes on each foot. So, having five toes is an inherited trait.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\nAccording to Mr. Kerr's kids, his snoring is as quiet as a jackhammer.",
    "choices":[
      "The snoring occurs in bursts.",
      "The snoring is loud."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.",
    "solution":"The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nAs quiet as a jackhammer suggests that the snoring is loud. A jackhammer is not quiet, and neither is Mr. Kerr's snoring.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Turner acquired this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Turner rides his bicycle to school.",
      "Turner and his mother both ride bicycles.",
      "Turner's friend showed him how to ride a bicycle."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nTurner can ride a bicycle.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is a peach pit a mineral?",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"A peach pit has the following properties:\nno fixed crystal structure\nnot a pure substance\nsolid\nmade by a peach tree\nnaturally occurring",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Rocks and minerals",
    "skill":"Identify rocks and minerals",
    "lecture":"Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties: It is a solid. It is formed in nature. It is not made by organisms. It is a pure substance. It has a fixed crystal structure. If a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral. Look closely at the last three properties: A mineral is not made by organisms. Organisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals. Humans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals. A mineral is a pure substance. A pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances. A mineral has a fixed crystal structure. The crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.",
    "solution":"A peach pit does not have all the properties of a mineral. So, a peach pit is not a mineral.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13561\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these four objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "slippery",
      "shiny",
      "soft"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Select the best answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. The yarn pom pom and the stuffed rabbit are not slippery.\nA shiny object reflects a lot of light. You can usually see your reflection in a shiny object. The stuffed rabbit is not shiny.\nA soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. All four objects are soft.\nThe property that all four objects have in common is soft.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13562\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is an apple a good or a service?",
    "choices":[
      "a good",
      "a service"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Economics",
    "skill":"Goods and services",
    "lecture":"Everything you can buy is either a good or a service. A good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good. A service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service.",
    "solution":"To decide whether an apple is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs an apple something you can touch? Yes.\nIs an apple a job you might pay someone else to do? No.\nSo, an apple is a good.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\na rock heating up in a campfire\nmixing sand and water",
    "choices":[
      "Both are only physical changes.",
      "Both are caused by cooling.",
      "Both are caused by heating.",
      "Both are chemical changes."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nA rock heating up in a campfire is a physical change. The temperature of the rock goes up, but the rock is still made of the same type of matter.\nMixing sand and water is a physical change. Adding water makes the sand wet. But both the sand and water are still made of the same type of matter as before.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nA rock heating up in a campfire is caused by heating. But mixing sand and water is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following could Wayne's test show?",
    "choices":[
      "which side of the roof got more sun over one day",
      "the amount of sunlight the roof would get throughout the year",
      "how many solar panels could fit on each side of the roof"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design.\nThe passage below describes how the engineering-design process was used to test a solution to a problem. Read the passage. Then answer the question below.\n\nWayne was installing solar panels on the roof of a client's house. The panels had to provide enough electricity to power the house year-round. Wayne needed to decide how many panels to install and which side of the roof to install them on. If he put the panels on the side that got the most sun, then he could use fewer panels, and the client would save money. Wayne installed sunlight sensors on both sides of the roof. Then, he measured the amount of sunlight the sensors on each side of the roof recorded over one sunny summer day.\nFigure: installing solar panels on a roof.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Engineering practices",
    "skill":"Evaluate tests of engineering-design solutions",
    "lecture":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured. Imagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves. First, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind. Then, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved. Tests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13569\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which correctly shows the title of a movie?",
    "choices":[
      "\"Pirates of the Plain\"",
      "***Pirates of the Plain***"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Formatting titles",
    "lecture":"The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead. A Midsummer Night's Dream The title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks. \"You Are My Sunshine\"",
    "solution":"A movie should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **Pirates of the Plain**.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the temperature of the air on a cold, snowy day?",
    "choices":[
      "25\u00b0C",
      "25\u00b0F"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Estimate temperatures",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Temperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units. <br\/><br\/> 212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0C<br\/> 98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0C<br\/> 68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0C<br\/> 32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0C<br\/>",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the temperature of the air on a cold, snowy day is 25\u00b0F.\n25\u00b0C is too hot.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Aaron acquired this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Aaron's scar was caused by an accident. He cut his leg when he fell off his skateboard.",
      "Aaron's scar is on his left knee. His mother also has a scar on her left knee.",
      "Aaron's brother has scars on both of his knees."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nAaron has a scar on his left knee.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the motion of two fish. Which fish was moving at a higher speed?",
    "choices":[
      "a fish that moved 40miles in 10hours",
      "a fish that moved 10miles in 10hours"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Compare the speeds of moving objects",
    "lecture":"An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time. Distance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile. Time tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour. Think about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed.",
    "solution":"Look at the distance each fish moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne fish moved 40 miles in 10 hours.\nThe other fish moved 10 miles in 10 hours.\nNotice that each fish spent the same amount of time moving. The fish that moved 40 miles moved a farther distance in that time. So, that fish must have moved at a higher speed.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which plate of spaghetti has more thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "the hotter plate of spaghetti",
      "the colder plate of spaghetti"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two plates of spaghetti are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Heat and thermal energy",
    "skill":"How are temperature and mass related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving. The energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. What happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.",
    "solution":"The two plates of spaghetti are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter plate of spaghetti has more thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Identify the question that Greta's experiment can best answer.",
    "choices":[
      "Do the temperatures inside boxes depend on the sizes of the boxes?",
      "Do the insides of white boxes get hotter than the insides of black boxes when the boxes are left in the sun?"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below.\n\nGreta glued lids onto 16 cardboard shoe boxes of equal size. She painted eight of the boxes black and eight of the boxes white. Greta made a small hole in the side of each box and then stuck a thermometer partially into each hole so she could measure the temperatures inside the boxes. She placed the boxes in direct sunlight in her backyard. Two hours later, she measured the temperature inside each box. Greta compared the average temperature inside the black boxes to the average temperature inside the white boxes.\nFigure: a shoebox painted black.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify the experimental question",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment. Imagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured. First, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested. Then, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured. Experiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height. Examples of questions that this experiment can answer include: Does soil type affect the height of daffodil plants? Do daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil? Are daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13588\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which sentence is more formal?",
    "choices":[
      "Senate leaders remain divided on the tax plan that they are negotiating.",
      "Senate leaders do not see eye to eye on the tax plan that they are negotiating."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Author's purpose and tone",
    "skill":"Which sentence is more formal?",
    "lecture":"Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing: <br\/><br\/> Type | Examples<br\/> slang | cool, awesome<br\/> idioms | knock your socks off<br\/> conversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah<br\/> abbreviated language | ASAP, FYI<br\/> overly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store<br\/> contractions | can't, won't<br\/> <br\/> Contractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing. Compare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal. Informal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners. Formal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.",
    "solution":"The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses an idiom (see eye to eye).\nThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the idiom, so it is more formal overall.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which text uses the word ironic in its traditional sense?",
    "choices":[
      "Last winter, Zane took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, a rare snowstorm happened to hit Florida that week.",
      "Last winter, Zane took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, he just missed a few of his college friends, who had been in Florida the previous week."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Word usage and nuance",
    "skill":"Explore words with new or contested usages",
    "lecture":"Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner. When a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences. Britney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam. The traditional usage above is considered more standard. David perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages. The nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.",
    "solution":"The first text uses ironic in its traditional sense: contrary to what was intended, often in an amusing way. It's ironic because Zane tried to get away from the snow but found himself in a snowstorm regardless.\nLast winter, Zane took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, a rare snowstorm happened to hit Florida that week.\nThe second text uses ironic in its nontraditional sense: marked by coincidence. It was a coincidence that Zane's friends were in Florida the week before.\nLast winter, Zane took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, he just missed a few of his college friends, who had been in Florida the previous week.\nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word ironic because it is generally considered incorrect.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on the continuum scale, which of the following blood types is more common that B+?",
    "choices":[
      "B-",
      "A+"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This continuum scale shows how common different blood types are.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Visual elements",
    "skill":"Read graphic organizers",
    "lecture":"A graphic organizer is a chart or picture that shows how ideas, facts, or topics are related to one another. When you read, look for graphic organizers included in the text. You can use these images to find key information. You can also create your own graphic organizers with information that you've read. Doing this can help you think about the ideas in the text and easily review them. When you write, you can use graphic organizers to organize your thoughts and plan your writing.",
    "solution":"A continuum scale compares things by ordering them along a line. This continuum scale shows how common different blood types are.\nLess common blood types are shown to the left. More common blood types are shown to the right. B- is shown farther to the left than B+, so B- is less common than B+. A+ is shown farther to the right than B+, so A+ is more common than B+.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13604\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following was an independent variable in this experiment?",
    "choices":[
      "the distance the sled traveled across the flat field",
      "the temperature at the hill"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and think about the variables that are described.\n\nEzra heard that when it was cold outside, a sled would travel farther after it got to the bottom of a hill. To test this idea, Ezra headed to the sledding hill near his house on a cold winter morning.\nWhen he got to the hill, the temperature outside was 16\u00b0F. Starting from the top of the hill, Ezra rode straight down the hill three times. For each ride, he measured the distance he traveled across the flat field at the bottom of the hill. Then, Ezra waited until mid-afternoon, when the temperature outside had increased to 43\u00b0F. He rode straight down the hill three more times and measured how far he traveled across the field.\nHint: An independent variable is a variable whose effect you are investigating. A dependent variable is a variable that you measure.\nFigure: sledding down a hill.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify independent and dependent variables",
    "lecture":"Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to find out how one variable affects another variable. For example, imagine that you want to find out if fertilizer affects the number of tomatoes a tomato plant grows. To answer this question, you decide to set up two equal groups of tomato plants. Then, you add fertilizer to the soil of the plants in one group but not in the other group. Later, you measure the effect of the fertilizer by counting the number of tomatoes on each plant. In this experiment, the amount of fertilizer added to the soil and the number of tomatoes were both variables. The amount of fertilizer added to the soil was an independent variable because it was the variable whose effect you were investigating. This type of variable is called independent because its value does not depend on what happens after the experiment begins. Instead, you decided to give fertilizer to some plants and not to others. The number of tomatoes was a dependent variable because it was the variable you were measuring. This type of variable is called dependent because its value can depend on what happens in the experiment.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13611\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Cuba",
      "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines",
      "Haiti",
      "The Bahamas"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"The Americas: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of the Caribbean",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is Haiti.\nDoes Haiti have any territorial disputes?\nHaiti claims to own Navassa Island, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.\nNavassa Island is also claimed by the United States. The United States claimed the island in 1857 and has controlled it since then. But Haiti considers the island part of its territory and has protested the United States' claim since this time. No one lives on the island. Today, it is a nature preserve.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13613\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\n\"Your new hairstyle is so boring!\" Darrell remarked when his sister showed up with a pink-and-blue mohawk.",
    "choices":[
      "simile",
      "verbal irony"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Alliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words. What a lucky little lady you are! An allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. An idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned. The assignment was a piece of cake. A simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike. The cat's fur was as dark as the night. A metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as. The snow formed a blanket over the town. Onomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound. The scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat. Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. The trees danced in the wind. A pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning. A great new broom is sweeping the nation. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.",
    "solution":"The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nBoring shows verbal irony because Darrell's sister's hairstyle is not at all boring.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature",
      "sample A",
      "sample B"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. The particles in sample A also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.\nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13616\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal is also adapted to be camouflaged among green leaves?",
    "choices":[
      "leaf-mimic katydid",
      "hoverfly"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Leaf insects live in the forests of Asia and Australia. The  is adapted to be camouflaged among green leaves.\nFigure: leaf insect.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: skins and body coverings",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the leaf insect.\nThe leaf insect has a green leaf-shaped body. It is adapted to be camouflaged among green leaves. The word camouflage means to blend in.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe leaf-mimic katydid has a green leaf-shaped body. It is adapted to be camouflaged among green leaves.\nThe hoverfly has a yellow-and-black pattern on its body. It is not adapted to be camouflaged among green leaves.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13619\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which rhetorical appeal is primarily used in this ad?",
    "choices":[
      "pathos (emotion)",
      "ethos (character)",
      "logos (reason)"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Persuasive strategies",
    "skill":"Identify appeals to ethos, pathos, and logos in advertisements",
    "lecture":"The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals. Appeals to ethos, or character, show the writer or speaker as trustworthy, authoritative, or sharing important values with the audience. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following: say that a brand has been trusted for many years include an endorsement from a respected organization, such as the American Dental Association feature a testimonial from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's values use an admired celebrity or athlete as a spokesperson Appeals to logos, or reason, use logic and verifiable evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following: use graphs or charts to display information cite results of clinical trials or independently conducted studies explain the science behind a product or service emphasize that the product is a financially wise choice anticipate and refute potential counterclaims Appeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following: trigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassment appeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractive link the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury",
    "solution":"The ad appeals to pathos, or emotion, by associating the chocolate with indulgence and luxury.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13622\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a sentence fragment?",
    "choices":[
      "We went to Texas, we saw an old fort.",
      "Closed the door to the baby's room."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is it a complete sentence, a fragment, or a run-on?",
    "lecture":"A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb. My friends walk along the path. A sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb. Knows the answer. This is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject. Who knows the answer? She knows the answer. The bright red car. This is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb. What did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped. A run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma. I knocked on the door it opened. It started raining, we ran inside. To fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence. I knocked on the door. It opened. It started raining. We ran inside. You can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. I knocked on the door, and it opened. It started raining, so we ran inside.",
    "solution":"Closed the door to the baby's room is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence so that it uses personification.\nThe mosquitoes () us with their ceaseless biting and buzzing.",
    "choices":[
      "irritated",
      "taunted"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Creative techniques",
    "skill":"Use personification",
    "lecture":"Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point. The trees danced in the wind. The word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.",
    "solution":"Complete the sentence with the word taunted. It describes the mosquitoes as if they were people who torment others.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nHave you noticed that texting people is way more popular than calling them? Texting is clearly a much better way to communicate.",
    "choices":[
      "ad hominem: an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself",
      "straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against",
      "bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations<br\/> slippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that texting must be a better form of communication because it's more popular. However, this isn't necessarily true. A phone call may be a better way to communicate, even though texting is more popular. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the bandwagon fallacy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nLisa thinks Mr. Vance is a Luddite because he doesn't own a cell phone.",
    "choices":[
      "British history",
      "Roman history"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. Here, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion Luddite is British history.\nIn the early nineteenth century, factories were replacing the jobs of craftsmen. Some of these craftsmen banded together to destroy the new machinery; those who did so were called Luddites.\nThe allusion Luddite means a person opposed to new technology.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which sentence states a fact?",
    "choices":[
      "It is unfortunate that Mary Shelley could not publish Frankenstein under her own name.",
      "Although Mary Shelley published Frankenstein anonymously, her husband Percy Shelley wrote the introduction."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Distinguish facts from opinions",
    "lecture":"Statements of fact make claims that are based on research, observation, or experimentation. Facts can be proved with evidence. Napoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI. This statement is a fact. The statement can be verified by researching and comparing the height of each man. Statements of opinion make claims that are based on personal judgments or perspectives. Opinions can be supported by evidence, but they cannot be definitively proved. Napoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI. This statement is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" leader, so the statement cannot be proved.",
    "solution":"The second sentence states a fact. It can be verified by looking up who wrote the introduction to Frankenstein.\nAlthough Mary Shelley published Frankenstein anonymously, her husband Percy Shelley wrote the introduction.\nThe first sentence states an opinion. Unfortunate indicates a personal judgment.\nIt is unfortunate that Mary Shelley could not publish Frankenstein under her own name.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the reptile below.",
    "choices":[
      "Chinese alligator",
      "goldfish"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Reptiles have scaly, waterproof skin. Most reptiles live on land. A tortoise is an example of a reptile.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common. Scientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.",
    "solution":"A goldfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nA Chinese alligator is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13661\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Sebastian acquired this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Sebastian knits sweaters using cotton, wool, and other types of yarn.",
      "Sebastian learned how to knit in an after school program."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nSebastian knows how to knit sweaters.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which letter marks the location of ancient Egypt?",
    "choices":[
      "C",
      "A",
      "B",
      "D"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Religion is an important part of many people's lives today. It was also important to people in ancient civilizations, including ancient Egyptians. Look at the map of ancient civilizations from around 5,000 years ago. Then answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"world-history",
    "category":"Ancient Egypt and Kush",
    "skill":"Ancient Egyptian religion",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Ancient Egypt is located in northeastern Africa, along the Nile River. Locate the Nile River on the map.\nAncient Egyptian civilization began along the Nile River. The Nile is closest to label A, which marks the location of ancient Egypt.\nZoom into Egypt!\nAncient Egypt was divided into two main territories:\nLower Egypt was close to the mouth, or end, of the Nile River, which flowed into the Mediterranean Sea.\nUpper Egypt was closer to the source, or beginning, of the Nile River.\nSo, Lower Egypt is in northern Egypt and Upper Egypt is in southern Egypt.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13676\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Nevada?",
    "choices":[
      "Las Vegas",
      "Carson City",
      "Concord",
      "Annapolis"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify the 50 state capitals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Carson City is the capital of Nevada.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13681\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the temperature of the air inside of a freezer?",
    "choices":[
      "19\u00b0C",
      "19\u00b0F"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Estimate temperatures",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Temperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units. <br\/><br\/> 212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0C<br\/> 98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0C<br\/> 68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0C<br\/> 32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0C<br\/>",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the temperature of the air inside of a freezer is 19\u00b0F.\n19\u00b0C is too hot.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\nbreaking a ceramic plate\npicking up a paper clip with a magnet",
    "choices":[
      "Both are only physical changes.",
      "Both are caused by heating.",
      "Both are chemical changes.",
      "Both are caused by cooling."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Chemical reactions",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule. In a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns. In a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nBreaking a ceramic plate is a physical change. The plate gets broken into pieces. But each piece is still made of the same type of matter.\nPicking up a paper clip with a magnet is a physical change. The paper clip sticks to the magnet, but it is still made of the same type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What can Ivan and Abdul trade to each get what they want?",
    "choices":[
      "Abdul can trade his almonds for Ivan's tomatoes.",
      "Ivan can trade his tomatoes for Abdul's broccoli.",
      "Abdul can trade his broccoli for Ivan's oranges.",
      "Ivan can trade his tomatoes for Abdul's carrots."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.\nIvan and Abdul open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Neither Ivan nor Abdul got everything that they wanted. The table below shows which items they each wanted:\n\nLook at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.\nIvan's lunch Abdul's lunch",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Trade and specialization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the table and images.\nIvan wants broccoli. Abdul wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13689\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the living thing.",
    "choices":[
      "soccer ball",
      "paper clip",
      "crayon",
      "crab"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify living and nonliving things",
    "lecture":"All living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell. All living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change. All living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense.",
    "solution":"A paper clip is not a living thing.\nPaper clips do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.\nA soccer ball is not a living thing.\nSoccer balls do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.\nA crayon is not a living thing.\nCrayons do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.\nA crab is a living thing.\nCrabs grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water. Crabs are made up of many cells.\nCrabs are animals. Some crabs live in oceans. Other crabs live in freshwater or on land.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following best describes an ecosystem in the Great Lakes?",
    "choices":[
      "the water, the gravel, the snails, and the worms",
      "a school of spotted gar",
      "the lake sturgeon and the walleye"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Read the passage. Then answer the question below.\n\nAt the border between the United States and Canada, a series of lakes known as the Great Lakes forms the largest freshwater system in the world.\nThe Great Lakes are home to several species of large fish, such as the spotted gar, the lake sturgeon, and the walleye. Lake sturgeon have sensory organs called barbels that hang down from their mouths. The sturgeon swim just above the rocks and gravel at the bottom of a lake. They use their barbels to search for prey including snails, mussels, and worms.\nFigure: a lake sturgeon with barbels under its mouth.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Describe populations, communities, and ecosystems",
    "lecture":"In an environment, organisms interact with each other and with their nonliving surroundings. To help describe these interactions, ecologists use specific terms for different types of groups. A single organism is an individual. Individuals of the same species that live in the same place are part of a population. Multiple populations of different species that live in the same place are part of a community. Together, communities of living organisms and the nonliving parts of their environment make up an ecosystem.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13694\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a complex sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "My fleece hat keeps my head and ears warm on even the coldest winter days.",
      "Although she left her house early, Lola barely made it to the train station in time."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple, compound, or complex?",
    "lecture":"A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence. the oranges on our tree are ripe The clause can stand alone. It is independent. after we pick up Kevin from work The clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent. A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause. Ben and I spent all day relaxing by the pool. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat. Ben usually wears his heavy coat in the winter. A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. We saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while. If she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.",
    "solution":"The first sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction although.\nAlthough she left her house early, Lola barely made it to the train station in time.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature",
      "sample A",
      "sample B"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.\nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13699\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Grenada",
      "The Bahamas",
      "Trinidad and Tobago",
      "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"The Americas: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of the Caribbean",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is Grenada.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13701\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following statement about our solar system true or false?\nHalf of the planets are made mainly of gas or ice.",
    "choices":[
      "false",
      "true"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Use the data to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"true-or-false",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Astronomy",
    "skill":"Analyze data to compare properties of planets",
    "lecture":"A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet. The primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.",
    "solution":"The table tells you that of the eight planets, two are made mainly of gas and two are made mainly of ice. So, four of the eight, or half, of the planets are made mainly of gas or ice.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13702\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Who was Theodor Geisel?",
    "choices":[
      "a made-up person",
      "a famous writer"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the passage about Theodor Geisel.\nTheodor Geisel wrote many books for kids. But most people know him by the name Dr. Seuss. As Dr. Seuss, he wrote books that were easy to read. His silly poems made his books fun to read, too. Theodor used words in clever ways. Sometimes he even made up his own words!\nOnce, a man made a bet with Theodor. He bet Theodor couldn't write a book using only fifty words. But Theodor won. The book that he wrote was Green Eggs and Ham. It is one of Theodor's most famous books.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reading-comprehension",
    "category":"Independent reading comprehension",
    "skill":"Read and understand informational passages",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the passage. It tells you who Theodor Geisel was.\nTheodor Geisel wrote many books for kids. But most people know him by the name Dr. Seuss. As Dr. Seuss, he wrote books that were easy to read. His silly poems made his books fun to read, too. Theodor used words in clever ways. Sometimes he even made up his own words!",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13707\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal's mouth is also adapted to eat plant matter?",
    "choices":[
      "cougar",
      "impala"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Horses are herbivores, or plant eaters. They eat grass. The 's mouth is adapted to grind up and eat plant matter.\nFigure: horse.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: beaks, mouths, and necks",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the horse.\nThe horse has long jaws and flat teeth. Its mouth is adapted to eat plant matter. The long jaws can help the horse reach grass. The flat teeth can help it cut and grind up the food into soft pieces it can swallow.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe impala has long jaws and flat teeth. Its mouth is adapted to eat plant matter.\nThe cougar has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is not adapted to eat plant matter. The cougar uses its mouth to eat other animals.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13708\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest west?",
    "choices":[
      "Oregon",
      "Rhode Island",
      "Utah",
      "Tennessee"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Maps",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Oregon is farthest west.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13716\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a compound sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "Dad takes a shower at night, or he soaks in the bathtub.",
      "Today more than five million American alligators live in our wetlands."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple or compound?",
    "lecture":"A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate. The pitcher threw the ball to first base. A compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. The pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it. Some simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences. Anna and James will watch the fireworks tonight. This simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James. The singers bowed and walked off the stage. This simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat. This is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.",
    "solution":"The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction or.\nDad takes a shower at night, or he soaks in the bathtub.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence so that it uses personification.\n\"I can't believe I tripped,\" John remarked. \"The curb must have ()\".",
    "choices":[
      "jumped out in front of me",
      "been higher than I thought"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Creative techniques",
    "skill":"Use personification",
    "lecture":"Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point. The trees danced in the wind. The word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.",
    "solution":"Complete the sentence with the phrase jumped out in front of me. It describes the curb as if it were a mischievous, unpredictable person.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the living thing.",
    "choices":[
      "ostrich",
      "crayon"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify living and nonliving things",
    "lecture":"All living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. Living things use this energy to grow and change. All living things grow and change during their lives. All living things sense changes in the world around them. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense.",
    "solution":"A crayon is not a living thing.\nCrayons do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to the world around them. They do not need food or water.\nAn ostrich is a living thing.\nOstriches grow and respond to the world around them. They need food and water.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which object has less thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "a cherry pie at a temperature of 80\u00b0F",
      "a cherry pie at a temperature of 75\u00b0F"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The objects are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Heat and thermal energy",
    "skill":"How is temperature related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.",
    "solution":"The two cherry pies have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 75\u00b0F pie is colder than the 80\u00b0F pie, it has less thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which pencil has more thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "the colder pencil",
      "the hotter pencil"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Two pencils are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Heat and thermal energy",
    "skill":"How are temperature and mass related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving. The energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. What happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.",
    "solution":"The two pencils are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter pencil has more thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Hera's phenotype for the coat color trait?",
    "choices":[
      "a red coat",
      "a black coat"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"In a group of cows, some individuals have a black coat and others have a red coat. In this group, the gene for the coat color trait has two alleles. The allele for a red coat (l) is recessive to the allele for a black coat (L).\nHera is a cow from this group. Hera has the homozygous genotype LL for the coat color gene.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: dominant and recessive",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. Some traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene. An organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene. An organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene. The types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. A dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers. A recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.",
    "solution":"Hera's genotype for the coat color gene is LL. Hera's genotype of LL has only L allelles. The L allele is for a black coat. So, Hera's phenotype for the coat color trait must be a black coat.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Hera's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for a red coat (l) is recessive to the allele for a black coat (L). This means L is a dominant allele, and l is a recessive allele.\nHera's genotype of LL has two dominant alleles. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Hera's phenotype for the coat color trait must be a black coat.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Hawaii?",
    "choices":[
      "Honolulu",
      "Denver",
      "Hilo",
      "Columbus"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13740\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which bird's beak is also adapted to get nectar out of long flowers?",
    "choices":[
      "roseate spoonbill",
      "bronzy sunbird"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"s live in the woodlands and meadows of California and Mexico. The shape of this hummingbird's beak is adapted to get nectar out of long flowers.\nFigure: Allen's hummingbird.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: beaks, mouths, and necks",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the Allen's hummingbird.\nThe Allen's hummingbird has a long, thin beak. Its beak is adapted to get nectar out of long flowers. The Allen's hummingbird's long, thin beak can reach deep into the flowers.\nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.\nThe bronzy sunbird has a long, thin beak. Its beak is adapted to get nectar out of long flowers.\nThe roseate spoonbill has a long spoon-shaped beak. Its beak is not adapted to get nectar out of long flowers. The roseate spoonbill uses its beak to filter through mud for invertebrates and small fish.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13748\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\nburning a candle\nsilver jewelry tarnishing",
    "choices":[
      "Both are caused by heating.",
      "Both are only physical changes.",
      "Both are chemical changes.",
      "Both are caused by cooling."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nBurning a candle is a chemical change. Both the wick and the melted wax burn. They react with oxygen in the air and turn into soot, carbon dioxide, and water.\nMetal turning less shiny over time is called tarnishing. Silver jewelry tarnishing is a chemical change. The silver reacts with sulfur in the air to form black tarnish. The tarnish is a different type of matter that was not there before the change.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBurning is caused by heating. But silver tarnishing is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the idiom in this text suggest?\nMalia has a lot on her plate: she is attending college, has a full-time job as a waitress, and volunteers at the animal shelter.",
    "choices":[
      "Malia has worked up an appetite.",
      "Malia has many responsibilities."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. An idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned. The assignment was a piece of cake.",
    "solution":"The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.\nThe idiom a lot on her plate suggests that Malia has many responsibilities. If you have a lot on your plate, you are busy with many different obligations.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which sentence states a fact?",
    "choices":[
      "W. E. B. Du Bois's essays were compelling and insightful, but sometimes the language he used was difficult to understand.",
      "W. E. B. Du Bois was a founding member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Distinguish facts from opinions",
    "lecture":"Statements of fact make claims that are based on research, observation, or experimentation. Facts can be proved with evidence. Napoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI. This statement is a fact. The statement can be verified by researching and comparing the height of each man. Statements of opinion make claims that are based on personal judgments or perspectives. Opinions can be supported by evidence, but they cannot be definitively proved. Napoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI. This statement is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" leader, so the statement cannot be proved.",
    "solution":"The second sentence states a fact. It can be verified by looking up founders of NAACP.\nW. E. B. Du Bois was a founding member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).\nThe first sentence states an opinion. Compelling and insightful indicates a personal judgment.\nW. E. B. Du Bois's essays were compelling and insightful, but sometimes the language he used was difficult to understand.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which organ provides protection for some of the body's soft organs?",
    "choices":[
      "stomach",
      "heart",
      "skeleton",
      "lungs"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Animals",
    "skill":"Human organs and their functions",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the statement.\nSilane is ().",
    "choices":[
      "a compound",
      "an elementary substance"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The model below represents a molecule of silane. Silane is used to produce some types of solar cells, which make electricity from sunlight.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"Classify elementary substances and compounds using models",
    "lecture":"There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you. A substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl. Scientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride. In a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance.",
    "solution":"Use the model to determine whether silane is an elementary substance or a compound.\nStep 1: Interpret the model.\n.\nUse the legend to determine the chemical element represented by each color. The colors and atomic symbols from the legend are shown in the table below. The table also includes the names of the chemical elements represented in the model.\nYou can see from the model that a molecule of silane is composed of four hydrogen atoms and one silicon atom bonded together.\nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.\nYou know from Step 1 that silane is composed of two chemical elements: hydrogen and silicon. Since silane is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, silane is a compound.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13770\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material, but some of them are different shapes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets.",
    "solution":"The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.\nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13778\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following trait inherited or acquired?\nSteve has naturally curly hair.",
    "choices":[
      "acquired",
      "inherited"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Hint: Some humans are born with naturally curly hair. Others are born with naturally straight hair.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Heredity",
    "skill":"Identify inherited and acquired traits",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.",
    "solution":"Human hair can be naturally curly or naturally straight. Curly and straight are examples of hair texture.\nSome people decide to change how their hair looks. But this doesn't affect the natural texture of their hair. So, having naturally curly hair is an inherited trait.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is this a sentence fragment?\nUntil the variable harlequin toad was rediscovered in a remote mountain region of Costa Rica.",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Identify sentence fragments",
    "lecture":"A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. The band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks. A sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. Rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks. This fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing. The band I'm in. This fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing. Because we have a concert in two weeks. This fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert.",
    "solution":"This is a sentence fragment. It does not express a complete thought.\nUntil the variable harlequin toad was rediscovered in a remote mountain region of Costa Rica.\nHere is one way to fix the sentence fragment:\nUntil the variable harlequin toad was rediscovered in a remote mountain region of Costa Rica, it was thought to be extinct.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the motion of two birds. Which bird was moving at a lower speed?",
    "choices":[
      "a bird that moved 15miles in 5hours",
      "a bird that moved 5miles in 5hours"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Compare the speeds of moving objects",
    "lecture":"An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time. Distance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile. Time tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour. Think about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed.",
    "solution":"Look at the distance each bird moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne bird moved 5 miles in 5 hours.\nThe other bird moved 15 miles in 5 hours.\nNotice that each bird spent the same amount of time moving. The bird that moved 5 miles moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that bird must have moved at a lower speed.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Washington?",
    "choices":[
      "Spokane",
      "Olympia",
      "Santa Fe",
      "New York City"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify the 50 state capitals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Olympia is the capital of Washington.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13797\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Hawaii?",
    "choices":[
      "Hilo",
      "Memphis",
      "Carson City",
      "Honolulu"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify the 50 state capitals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13803\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these cities is marked on the map?",
    "choices":[
      "Cleveland",
      "Chicago",
      "Minneapolis",
      "Detroit"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Cities",
    "skill":"Cities of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The city is Minneapolis, Minnesota. Detroit, Cleveland, and Chicago are marked with gray circles on the map below.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13808\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which correctly shows the title of a movie?",
    "choices":[
      "\"So Dear to My Heart\"",
      "***So Dear to My Heart***"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Formatting titles",
    "lecture":"The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead. A Midsummer Night's Dream The title of a poem, song, or article should be in quotation marks. \"You Are My Sunshine\"",
    "solution":"A movie should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **So Dear to My Heart**.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the statement.\nMagnesium is ().",
    "choices":[
      "a compound",
      "an elementary substance"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Magnesium burns easily in air, so it is often used as a fire starter. The chemical formula for magnesium is Mg.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"Classify elementary substances and compounds using chemical formulas",
    "lecture":"Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be. The symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula. An elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol. The symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule. For example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula. The chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms. A compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols. For example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms.",
    "solution":"You can tell whether magnesium is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for magnesium is Mg. This formula contains one symbol: Mg. So, the formula tells you that magnesium is made of one chemical element.\nSubstances made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. So, magnesium is an elementary substance.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Use the evidence in the text to select the photosynthetic organism.",
    "choices":[
      "Painted nettles combine water and carbon dioxide to make sugars inside their cells. The painted nettles can use these sugars for energy.",
      "Planthoppers are insects that get sugars by sucking nectar from plants. The planthoppers can use these sugars for energy."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Photosynthesis",
    "skill":"Identify the photosynthetic organism",
    "lecture":"Organisms that carry out photosynthesis are called photosynthetic organisms. During photosynthesis, these organisms use light energy, carbon dioxide, and water to produce sugars and oxygen. Photosynthetic organisms also often have the following characteristics: They are producers, which are organisms that make their own food inside their cells. Because producers make their own food, they typically do not eat other organisms. Their cells contain chloroplasts, which are cell structures where photosynthesis occurs. Their chloroplasts often contain a green substance called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll captures light energy from the Sun to power photosynthesis. They use the sugars they produce during photosynthesis as food. This food provides energy that helps the organisms live, grow, and reproduce.",
    "solution":"This organism is photosynthetic:\nThe text tells you that painted nettles combine water and carbon dioxide to make sugars, which they use for energy. This is evidence that the painted nettle is a photosynthetic organism.\nThis organism is not photosynthetic:\nThe text does not provide evidence that the planthopper is photosynthetic.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the motion of three ducks. Which duck was moving at the highest speed?",
    "choices":[
      "a duck that moved 400miles east in 10hours",
      "a duck that moved 545miles south in 10hours",
      "a duck that moved 660miles north in 10hours"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Compare the speeds of moving objects",
    "lecture":"An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time. Distance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile. Time tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour. Think about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed.",
    "solution":"Look at the distance each duck moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each duck moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each duck moved for 10 hours. The duck that moved 660 miles moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that duck must have moved at the highest speed.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same genus as the Dall sheep.",
    "choices":[
      "Ovis canadensis",
      "Hystrix cristata",
      "Alouatta caraya"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This organism is a Dall sheep. Its scientific name is Ovis dalli.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"A Dall sheep's scientific name is Ovis dalli. The first word of its scientific name is Ovis.\nAlouatta caraya is in the genus Alouatta. The first word of its scientific name is Alouatta. So, Alouatta caraya and Ovis dalli are not in the same genus.\nOvis canadensis is in the genus Ovis. The first word of its scientific name is Ovis. So, Ovis canadensis and Ovis dalli are in the same genus.\nHystrix cristata is in the genus Hystrix. The first word of its scientific name is Hystrix. So, Hystrix cristata and Ovis dalli are not in the same genus.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13835\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the statement.\nTitanium is ().",
    "choices":[
      "a compound",
      "an elementary substance"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The model below represents titanium. tanium is a strong, lightweight metal often used to make tennis rackets and golf clubs.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"Classify elementary substances and compounds using models",
    "lecture":"There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you. A substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be. Scientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a space-filling model. The space-filling model below represents the elementary substance copper. In a space-filling model, the balls represent atoms that are bonded together. The color of a ball represents a specific chemical element. The atomic symbol for that chemical element is shown in the legend.",
    "solution":"Use the model to determine whether titanium is an elementary substance or a compound.\nStep 1: Interpret the model.\nIn the space-filling model shown above, all of the balls are the same color:\n. The legend shows that gray represents the chemical element with the atomic symbol Ti. So, the model shows you that titanium is composed of one chemical element.\nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.\nYou know from Step 1 that titanium is composed of only one chemical element. So, titanium is an elementary substance.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13836\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which object has the least thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "a 150-gram glass of orange juice at a temperature of 57\u00b0F",
      "a 150-gram glass of orange juice at a temperature of 55\u00b0F",
      "a 150-gram glass of orange juice at a temperature of 59\u00b0F"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The objects are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Heat and thermal energy",
    "skill":"How is temperature related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.",
    "solution":"All three glasses of orange juice have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 55\u00b0F glass of orange juice is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Hawaii?",
    "choices":[
      "Grand Rapids",
      "Juneau",
      "Hilo",
      "Honolulu"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify the 50 state capitals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13841\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following statement about our solar system true or false?\nSaturn's volume is more than 10,000 times as large as Mercury's.",
    "choices":[
      "true",
      "false"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Use the data to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"true-or-false",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Astronomy",
    "skill":"Analyze data to compare properties of planets",
    "lecture":"A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet. The primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation. For example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km^3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 10^15 km^3. To compare two numbers written in scientific notation, first compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example: 1.43 x 10^15 is larger than 1.43 x 10^12 If their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example: 1.43 x 10^15 is larger than 1.25 x 10^15 To multiply a number written in scientific notation by a power of 10, write the multiple of 10 as 10 raised to an exponent. Then, add the exponents. For example: 1.43 x 10^15 \u00b7 1000 = 1.43 x 10^15 \u00b7 10^3 = 1.43 x 10^(15 + 3) = 1.43 x 10^18",
    "solution":"To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 10,000 times the volume of Mercury.\nThen compare the result to the volume of Saturn. The volume of Saturn is 8.27 x 10^14 km^3, which is more than 6.08 x 10^14 km^3. So, Saturn's volume is more than 10,000 times as large as Mercury's volume.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13848\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same species as the Steller's sea eagle.",
    "choices":[
      "Diodon hystrix",
      "Haliaeetus pelagicus",
      "Haliaeetus leucocephalus"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This organism is a Steller's sea eagle. Its scientific name is Haliaeetus pelagicus.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"A Steller's sea eagle's scientific name is Haliaeetus pelagicus.\nHaliaeetus pelagicus has the same scientific name as a Steller's sea eagle. So, these organisms are in the same species.\nDiodon hystrix does not have the same scientific name as a Steller's sea eagle. So, Haliaeetus pelagicus and Diodon hystrix are not in the same species.\nHaliaeetus pelagicus is in the same genus as Haliaeetus leucocephalus, but they are not in the same species.\nOrganisms in the same species have the same scientific names. Haliaeetus pelagicus and Haliaeetus leucocephalus are different species within the same genus.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13850\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following organisms is the producer in this food web?",
    "choices":[
      "earthworm",
      "Arctic fox",
      "lichen"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Below is a food web from a tundra ecosystem in Nunavut, a territory in Northern Canada.\nA food web models how the matter eaten by organisms moves through an ecosystem. The arrows in a food web represent how matter moves between organisms in an ecosystem.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecological interactions",
    "skill":"Interpret food webs I",
    "lecture":"A food web is a model. A food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food. Arrows show how matter moves. A food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating. An organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web. An organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web.",
    "solution":"Producers do not eat other organisms. So, in a food web, producers do not have arrows pointing to them from other organisms.\nThe Arctic fox has arrows pointing to it, so it is not a producer.\nThe lichen does not have an arrow pointing to it. So, the lichen is a producer.\nThe earthworm has arrows pointing to it, so it is not a producer.\nThe bear sedge does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the bear sedge is a producer.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13851\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest south?",
    "choices":[
      "Michigan",
      "Vermont",
      "Colorado",
      "Maine"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Colorado is farthest south.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13862\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which material is this handkerchief made of?",
    "choices":[
      "linen",
      "glass"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Identify materials in objects",
    "lecture":"A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the handkerchief.\nThe handkerchief is made of linen.\nLinen is made from the stems of flax plants. First, the stems are cut. Then, the stems are soaked in water until they are soft. The soft fibers from the stems are then spun into yarn.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13864\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the expected ratio of offspring with sour fruit to offspring with sweet fruit? Choose the most likely ratio.",
    "choices":[
      "3:1",
      "4:0",
      "0:4",
      "2:2",
      "1:3"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"In a group of muskmelon plants, some individuals have sour fruit and others have sweet fruit. In this group, the gene for the fruit taste trait has two alleles. The allele for sour fruit (F) is dominant over the allele for sweet fruit (f).\nThis Punnett square shows a cross between two muskmelon plants.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Use Punnett squares to calculate ratios of offspring types",
    "lecture":"Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive? How do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. If an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait. If an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait. A Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type. For example, consider the Punnett square below. <br\/><br\/>  | F | f<br\/> F | FF | Ff<br\/> f | Ff | ff<br\/> <br\/> There is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.",
    "solution":"To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with sour fruit or sweet fruit, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the fruit taste trait. The question tells you that the F allele, which is for sour fruit, is dominant over the f allele, which is for sweet fruit.\nSour fruit is the dominant allele's version of the fruit taste trait. A muskmelon plant with the dominant version of the fruit taste trait must have at least one dominant allele for the fruit taste gene. So, offspring with sour fruit must have the genotype FF or Ff.\nAll 4 boxes in the Punnett square have the genotype FF or Ff.\nSweet fruit is the recessive allele's version of the fruit taste trait. A muskmelon plant with the recessive version of the fruit taste trait must have only recessive alleles for the fruit taste gene. So, offspring with sweet fruit must have the genotype ff.\nThere are 0 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype ff.\nSo, the expected ratio of offspring with sour fruit to offspring with sweet fruit is 4:0. This means that, based on the Punnett square, this cross will always produce offspring with sour fruit. This cross is expected to never produce offspring with sweet fruit.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13870\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence so that it uses personification.\nAs Reid rushed down the hill, the wind () his ears.",
    "choices":[
      "rushed by",
      "sang in"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Creative techniques",
    "skill":"Use personification",
    "lecture":"Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point. The trees danced in the wind. The word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.",
    "solution":"Complete the sentence with the phrase sang in. It describes the wind as if it were a singer.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\na banana getting ripe on the counter\nmilk going sour",
    "choices":[
      "Both are caused by heating.",
      "Both are only physical changes.",
      "Both are caused by cooling.",
      "Both are chemical changes."
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Chemical reactions",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule. In a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns. In a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nA banana getting ripe on the counter is a chemical change. As a banana ripens, the type of matter in it changes. The peel changes color and the inside becomes softer and sweeter.\nMilk going sour is a chemical change. The type of matter in the milk slowly changes. The new matter that is formed gives the milk its sour taste.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\ncells using oxygen to break down sugar\nburning food on a stove",
    "choices":[
      "Both are caused by cooling.",
      "Both are chemical changes.",
      "Both are caused by heating.",
      "Both are only physical changes."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nCells using oxygen to break down sugar is a chemical change. When sugar is broken down, it forms carbon dioxide and water.\nBurning food on a stove is a chemical change. When the food burns, the type of matter in it changes. The food turns black and gives off smoke.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBurning is caused by heating. But cells using oxygen to break down sugar is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What can a douglas fir seed grow into?",
    "choices":[
      "a female cone",
      "a male cone",
      "a new plant"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Douglas fir seeds grow inside of cones.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Plants",
    "skill":"Describe and construct conifer life cycles",
    "lecture":"Conifers are plants that grow cones. Conifers use their cones to reproduce, or make new plants like themselves. How do conifers use their cones to reproduce? Conifers can grow male and female cones. Male cones make pollen, and female cones make eggs. Pollination is what happens when wind blows pollen from male cones onto female cones. After pollination, sperm from the pollen can combine with eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into seeds. The seeds can fall out of the cones and land on the ground. When a seed lands on the ground, it can germinate, or start to grow into a new plant.",
    "solution":"A seed can germinate and grow into a new plant.\nThe new plant can grow male and female cones. But a seed does not grow into a male cone or a female cone.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13898\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Pennsylvania?",
    "choices":[
      "Detroit",
      "Harrisburg",
      "Annapolis",
      "Kansas City"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Northeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Harrisburg is the capital of Pennsylvania.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13905\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same species as the bobcat.",
    "choices":[
      "Felis nigripes",
      "Felis silvestris",
      "Lynx rufus"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"This organism is a bobcat. Its scientific name is Lynx rufus.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"A bobcat's scientific name is Lynx rufus.\nFelis silvestris does not have the same scientific name as a bobcat. So, Lynx rufus and Felis silvestris are not in the same species.\nFelis nigripes does not have the same scientific name as a bobcat. So, Lynx rufus and Felis nigripes are not in the same species.\nLynx rufus has the same scientific name as a bobcat. So, these organisms are in the same species.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13909\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which ocean is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "the Southern Ocean",
      "the Arctic Ocean",
      "the Indian Ocean",
      "the Atlantic Ocean"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Physical Geography",
    "skill":"Oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean.",
    "solution":"This is the Arctic Ocean.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13919\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is biotite a mineral or a rock?",
    "choices":[
      "mineral",
      "rock"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Biotite has the following properties:\npure substance\nnaturally occurring\nsolid\nfragile\nfixed crystal structure\nnot made by organisms",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Rocks and minerals",
    "skill":"Identify rocks and minerals",
    "lecture":"Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals. Minerals and rocks have the following properties: <br\/><br\/> Property | Mineral | Rock<br\/> It is a solid. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is a pure substance. | Yes | No<br\/> It has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No<br\/> <br\/> You can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither. Look closely at the last three properties: Minerals and rocks are not made by organisms. Organisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be  minerals or rocks. Humans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks. A mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not. A pure substance is made of only one type of matter.  Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures. A mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not. The crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way. However, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different!",
    "solution":"Biotite has all the properties of a mineral. So, biotite is a mineral.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13920\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the mammal below.",
    "choices":[
      "gorilla",
      "common toad"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Mammals have hair or fur and feed their young milk. A fruit bat is an example of a mammal.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common. Scientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.",
    "solution":"A gorilla is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.\nA common toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13933\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these two objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "bouncy",
      "slippery"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the better answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Different objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. Both objects are bouncy.\nA slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. The spring is not slippery.\nThe property that both objects have in common is bouncy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13935\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the probability that a rose plant produced by this cross will have single flowers?",
    "choices":[
      "3\/4",
      "2\/4",
      "1\/4",
      "0\/4",
      "4\/4"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This passage describes the flower form trait in rose plants:\nRoses may grow single flowers or double flowers. Double flowers have more petals than single flowers and are highly prized by gardeners. However, these extra petals may block or replace parts of the flower needed for reproduction. This makes double-flowered plants difficult to breed.\nIn a group of rose plants, some individuals have double flowers and others have single flowers. In this group, the gene for the flower form trait has two alleles. The allele for single flowers (f) is recessive to the allele for double flowers (F).\nThis Punnett square shows a cross between two rose plants.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Use Punnett squares to calculate probabilities of offspring types",
    "lecture":"Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive? How do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. If an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait. If an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait. In a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes. An event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction: probability of an event = number of ways the event can happen \/ number of equally likely outcomes You can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff. <br\/><br\/>  | F | f<br\/> F | FF | Ff<br\/> f | Ff | ff<br\/> <br\/> Consider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction: number of ways the event can happen \/ number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff \/ total number of boxes = 1 \/ 4.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13936\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the bird below.",
    "choices":[
      "giraffe",
      "loon",
      "great white shark",
      "leafy seadragon"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Birds have feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nBirds are warm-blooded. Warm-blooded animals can control their body temperature.\nA penguin is an example of a bird.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals.",
    "solution":"A loon is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nLoons usually live near lakes. They dive in the water to hunt for food.\nA great white shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nGreat white sharks can live for up to 70 years.\nA giraffe is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.\nGiraffes eat mostly leaves that are too high up for other animals to reach.\nA leafy seadragon is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nA seadragon's body looks like a clump of seaweed. This helps the seadragon hide from its predators.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13938\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following could Ann and Kiara's test show?",
    "choices":[
      "if a new batch of concrete was firm enough to use",
      "if the concrete from each batch took the same amount of time to dry"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design.\nThe passage below describes how the engineering-design process was used to test a solution to a problem. Read the passage. Then answer the question below.\n\nAnn and Kiara were making batches of concrete for a construction project. To make the concrete, they mixed together dry cement powder, gravel, and water. Then, they checked if each batch was firm enough using a test called a slump test.\nThey poured some of the fresh concrete into an upside-down metal cone. They left the concrete in the metal cone for 30 seconds. Then, they lifted the cone to see if the concrete stayed in a cone shape or if it collapsed. If the concrete in a batch collapsed, they would know the batch should not be used.\nFigure: preparing a concrete slump test.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Engineering practices",
    "skill":"Evaluate tests of engineering-design solutions",
    "lecture":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured. Imagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves. First, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind. Then, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved. Tests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13940\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which better describes the Kermadec Arc ecosystem?",
    "choices":[
      "It has water at the bottom of the ocean. It also has organisms that crawl or stick to the ground.",
      "It has bright sunlight. It also has organisms that crawl or stick to the ground."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Figure: Kermadec Arc.\nThe Kermadec Arc is a deep sea ecosystem in the southern Pacific Ocean.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Describe ecosystems",
    "lecture":"An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other: the pattern of weather, or climate the type of soil or water the organisms that live there",
    "solution":"The deep sea is a type of ecosystem. Deep sea ecosystems have the following features: water at the bottom of the ocean, no sunlight, and organisms that crawl or stick to the ground. So, the Kermadec Arc has water at the bottom of the ocean. It also has organisms that crawl or stick to the ground.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13942\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of New Mexico?",
    "choices":[
      "Atlanta",
      "Sacramento",
      "Santa Fe",
      "Cheyenne"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify the 50 state capitals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Santa Fe is the capital of New Mexico.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13951\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which i in row C?",
    "choices":[
      "the fire department",
      "the gas station",
      "the library",
      "the theater"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Use a letter-number grid",
    "lecture":"A grid is made up of lines of squares. They are organized in rows and columns. A grid can help you use a map. A row is a line of squares that goes from side to side. Rows are marked with letters. A column is a line of squares that goes up and down. Columns are marked with numbers.",
    "solution":"The gas station is in row C.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13955\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "North Carolina",
      "West Virginia",
      "Maryland",
      "Georgia"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"English colonies in North America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is Georgia.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13959\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a complex sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "Although she left her house early, Mabel barely made it to the train station in time.",
      "The package includes some old letters from my grandma to my dad and a broken pocket watch."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple, compound, or complex?",
    "lecture":"A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence. the oranges on our tree are ripe The clause can stand alone. It is independent. after we pick up Kevin from work The clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent. A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause. Ben and I spent all day relaxing by the pool. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat. Ben usually wears his heavy coat in the winter. A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. We saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while. If she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.",
    "solution":"The first sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction although.\nAlthough she left her house early, Mabel barely made it to the train station in time.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the statement.\nWater is ().",
    "choices":[
      "an elementary substance",
      "a compound"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Over 98% of the molecules in your body are water molecules. The chemical formula for water is H2O.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"Classify elementary substances and compounds using chemical formulas",
    "lecture":"Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be. The symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula. An elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol. The symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule. For example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula. The chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms. A compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols. For example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms.",
    "solution":"You can tell whether water is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for water is H2 O. This formula contains two symbols: H for hydrogen and O for oxygen. So, the formula tells you that water is made of two chemical elements bonded together.\nSubstances made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, water is a compound.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence.\nCooking an egg is a ().",
    "choices":[
      "physical change",
      "chemical change"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Identify physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. Burning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. Cutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper. Ice melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state.",
    "solution":"Cooking an egg is a chemical change. The heat causes the matter in the egg to change. Cooked eggs and raw eggs are made of different types of matter.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nThere are usually more days with low air pressure than high air pressure where Chloe lives.",
    "choices":[
      "weather",
      "climate"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"What's the difference between weather and climate?",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the text carefully.\nThere are usually more days with low air pressure than high air pressure where Chloe lives.\nAir pressure is caused by the weight of the air in the atmosphere. When the air pressure is low, the sky is usually cloudy. When the air pressure is high, the sky is usually clear.\nThis passage tells you about the usual pattern of air pressure where Chloe lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "Rhode Island",
      "Tennessee",
      "West Virginia",
      "Ohio"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"English colonies in North America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is Rhode Island.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/13992\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which holiday greeting is more formal?",
    "choices":[
      "Happy 4th from the crew at Addison's.",
      "Best wishes for an enjoyable Independence Day from the entire staff at Addison's Cafe."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Audience, purpose, and tone",
    "skill":"Which text is most formal?",
    "lecture":"Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions. Formal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language. Compare the following sentences. Informal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome. More formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners. Most formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners.",
    "solution":"The first holiday greeting is more formal. It uses more elevated language (Independence Day, the entire staff). The other holiday greeting uses casual language (happy 4 th, the crew) that is more familiar in tone.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the statement.\nCarbon tetrachloride is ().",
    "choices":[
      "an elementary substance",
      "a compound"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Carbon tetrachloride was once used in fire extinguishers. It is no longer used because it is poisonous. The chemical formula for carbon tetrachloride is CCl4.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"Classify elementary substances and compounds using chemical formulas",
    "lecture":"There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you. A substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be. The atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula. An elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol. The atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule. For example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms. A compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols. The chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula. For example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two atoms.",
    "solution":"You can tell whether carbon tetrachloride is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of atomic symbols in its chemical formula. An atomic symbol consists of either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for carbon tetrachloride, CCl4, contains two atomic symbols: C for carbon and Cl for chlorine. So, the formula tells you that carbon tetrachloride is composed of two chemical elements bonded together.\nSince carbon tetrachloride is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, carbon tetrachloride is a compound.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on the timeline, which of the following statements about European exploration in the 1500s is true?",
    "choices":[
      "Ferdinand Magellan led the only expedition to sail around the world in the 1500s.",
      "Spain, England, and France all sent expeditions to the Americas.",
      "France was the first country in Europe to send an expedition to the Americas."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"In the 1500s, several European governments sponsored, or paid for, overseas voyages to the Americas. The timeline below shows some of these expeditions and the government that sponsored each one. Look at the timeline. Then answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"world-history",
    "category":"Age of Exploration",
    "skill":"French and English expeditions: part I",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the timeline.\nThe timeline shows that Spain, England, and France all sent expeditions to the Americas. For example, the following expedition leaders traveled to the Americas:\nIn 1493, Christopher Columbus sailed to the Americas on behalf of Spain.\nIn 1497, John Cabot sailed to Canada, which is in the Americas, on behalf of England.\nIn 1534, Jacques Cartier sailed to Canada on behalf of France.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14009\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which sentence states a fact?",
    "choices":[
      "Living in the southwestern United States is more difficult than living in other parts of North America.",
      "The Navajo people are a Native American nation from the southwestern United States."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"civics",
    "category":"Social studies skills",
    "skill":"Identify facts and opinions",
    "lecture":"A fact is something that can be proved true by research or observation. George Washington became president of the United States in 1789. This statement is a fact. It can be proved by researching what year George Washington was inaugurated president. An opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion can be supported by evidence, but it cannot be proved true. George Washington was a better president than Thomas Jefferson. This statement is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" president, so the statement cannot be proved.",
    "solution":"The second sentence states a fact.\nThe Navajo people are a Native American nation from the southwestern United States.\nIt can be proved by reading about the Navajo people.\nThe first sentence states an opinion.\nLiving in the southwestern United States is more difficult than living in other parts of North America.\nMore difficult shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes a place difficult to live in.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word does not rhyme?",
    "choices":[
      "pain",
      "sock",
      "main"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade1",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"phonological-awareness",
    "category":"Rhyming",
    "skill":"Which word does not rhyme?",
    "lecture":"Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound. The words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound. The words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound. The words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.",
    "solution":"The words pain and main rhyme. They both end with the ain sound.\nThe word sock does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"The city of Oak Grove has been one of the world's biggest makers of cough drops for many years. But last month, Oak Grove's cough drop factories were destroyed by floods. What will probably happen to the overall supply of cough drops?",
    "choices":[
      "The supply will probably go down.",
      "The supply will probably go up."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Supply and demand",
    "skill":"Understand overall supply and demand",
    "lecture":"Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply. <br\/><br\/>  | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand<br\/> Supply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up<br\/> Supply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down<br\/> <br\/> Producers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up.",
    "solution":"Floods destroyed the cough drop factories in Oak Grove. The number of producers of cough drops went down. So, the supply of cough drops will probably go down.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nMy opponent criticizes my budget proposal for the city. Nonsense. My opponent recklessly spends his income on expensive suits and fancy cars, and he thinks he can question my budget proposal?",
    "choices":[
      "hasty generalization: a broad claim based on too few observations",
      "ad hominem: an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself",
      "circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations<br\/> slippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that the opponent can't question the budget proposal because of his personal spending habits. This is a personal attack that isn't relevant to whether the opponent's criticisms are valid. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the vertebrate.",
    "choices":[
      "three-toed sloth",
      "bess beetle",
      "praying mantis",
      "pipevine swallowtail butterfly"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Hint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are vertebrates.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify vertebrates and invertebrates",
    "lecture":"Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals. A vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange. An invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body.",
    "solution":"A bess beetle is an insect. Like other insects, a bess beetle is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA three-toed sloth is a mammal. Like other mammals, a three-toed sloth is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA praying mantis is an insect. Like other insects, a praying mantis is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA pipevine swallowtail butterfly is an insect. Like other insects, a pipevine swallowtail butterfly is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these continents does the prime meridian intersect?",
    "choices":[
      "South America",
      "North America",
      "Europe"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Maps",
    "skill":"Use lines of latitude and longitude",
    "lecture":"Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps. Lines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there. Lines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator. Lines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles. The equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W. Together, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place.",
    "solution":"The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects Europe. It does not intersect North America or South America.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14032\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Coco's phenotype for the body hair trait?",
    "choices":[
      "a hairy body",
      "a hairless body"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"In a group of cats, some individuals have a hairy body and others have a hairless body. In this group, the gene for the body hair trait has two alleles. The allele for a hairy body (B) is dominant over the allele for a hairless body (b).\nCoco is a cat from this group. Coco has the heterozygous genotype Bb for the body hair gene.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: dominant and recessive",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. Some traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene. An organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene. An organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene. The types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. A dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers. A recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.",
    "solution":"You need to determine Coco's phenotype for the body hair trait. First, consider the alleles in Coco's genotype for the body hair gene. Then, decide whether these alleles are dominant or recessive.\nThe allele for a hairy body (B) is dominant over the allele for a hairless body (b). This means B is a dominant allele, and b is a recessive allele.\nCoco's genotype of Bb has one dominant allele and one recessive allele. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Coco's phenotype for the body hair trait must be a hairy body.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property matches this object?",
    "choices":[
      "sweet",
      "blue"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the better answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Identify properties of an object",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.",
    "solution":"Look at the object.\nThink about each property.\nBlue is a color.\nThis color is blue. The caramel corn is not blue.\nSugar has a sweet taste. The caramel corn is sweet.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14045\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is softer?",
    "choices":[
      "plastic water pitcher",
      "styrofoam packing peanuts"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of materials",
    "lecture":"Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. A material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.",
    "solution":"Soft is a property. A soft material changes shape when you press on it.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the styrofoam packing peanuts are softer. If you squeeze styrofoam packing peanuts, they will change shape.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Utah?",
    "choices":[
      "Denver",
      "Salt Lake City",
      "Provo",
      "Cambridge"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify the 50 state capitals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Salt Lake City is the capital of Utah.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14049\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence.\nThe Peru-Chile Trench formed at a () boundary.",
    "choices":[
      "convergent",
      "divergent",
      "transform"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Read the passage and look at the picture.\nThe Peru-Chile Trench is a deep-sea trench that extends along the western coast of South America. Here, the Nazca Plate is moving toward the South American Plate at a rate of about 7.9 centimeters per year. As these plates collide, the oceanic crust of the Nazca Plate subducts, or sinks, below the continental crust of the South American Plate, forming the Peru-Chile Trench.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Plate tectonics",
    "skill":"Describe tectonic plate boundaries around the world",
    "lecture":"The outer layer of Earth is broken up into many pieces called tectonic plates, or simply plates. The breaks between plates are called plate boundaries. Plate boundaries are classified by the way the plates are moving relative to each other: At a divergent boundary, two plates are moving away from each other. At a transform boundary, two plates are sliding past each other. At a convergent boundary, two plates are moving toward each other. ocean-continent subduction zone One type of convergent boundary is an ocean-continent subduction zone, which forms when a plate with oceanic crust and a plate with continental crust move toward each other. The oceanic crust subducts, or sinks, below the continental crust. As the oceanic crust subducts, a deep-sea trench forms at the plate boundary. Some rock in the subducting plate melts into magma and rises toward the surface. The magma cools and hardens to create a string of volcanoes called a volcanic arc.",
    "solution":"To figure out what type of plate boundary formed the Peru-Chile Trench, you need to know how the tectonic plates interacted. To find this out, read the passage carefully.\nThe Peru-Chile Trench is a deep-sea trench that extends along the western coast of South America. Here, the Nazca Plate is moving toward the South American Plate at a rate of about 7.9 centimeters per year. As these plates collide, the oceanic crust of the Nazca Plate subducts, or sinks, below the continental crust of the South American Plate, forming the Peru-Chile Trench.\nThe underlined part of the passage explains that the Peru-Chile Trench formed as the two plates moved toward each other. So, the Peru-Chile Trench formed at a convergent boundary.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14052\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?",
    "choices":[
      "Zach, did you ask the nurses if the flu vaccination is available yet?",
      "Zach, did you ask them if the flu vaccination is available yet?"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Pronouns and antecedents",
    "skill":"Identify vague pronoun references",
    "lecture":"When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.",
    "solution":"The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them is used without its antecedent.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Them has been replaced with the nurses.\nZach, did you ask the nurses if the flu vaccination is available yet?",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is a chair a solid, a liquid, or a gas?",
    "choices":[
      "a liquid",
      "a gas",
      "a solid"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"States of matter",
    "skill":"Classify matter as solid, liquid, or gas",
    "lecture":"Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own. Some solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break. A glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid. When matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container. Think about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space. Juice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid. When matter is a gas, it spreads out to fill a space. Many gases are invisible. So, you can\u2019t see them. Air is a gas.",
    "solution":"A chair is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.\nWhen you sit on a chair, it keeps its shape.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14061\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is siltstone a mineral?",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Siltstone has the following properties:\nno fixed crystal structure\nnot a pure substance\nnot made by organisms\nsolid\nfound in nature",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Rocks and minerals",
    "skill":"Identify rocks and minerals",
    "lecture":"Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties: It is a solid. It is formed in nature. It is not made by organisms. It is a pure substance. It has a fixed crystal structure. If a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral. Look closely at the last three properties: A mineral is not made by organisms. Organisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals. Humans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals. A mineral is a pure substance. A pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances. A mineral has a fixed crystal structure. The crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.",
    "solution":"Siltstone does not have all the properties of a mineral. So, siltstone is not a mineral.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14062\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of New Mexico?",
    "choices":[
      "Denver",
      "Albuquerque",
      "Santa Fe",
      "Richmond"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Santa Fe is the capital of New Mexico.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14063\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is softer?",
    "choices":[
      "silk necktie",
      "wood ruler"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of materials",
    "lecture":"Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. A material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy. For example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.",
    "solution":"Soft is a property. A soft material changes shape when pressed or squeezed.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the silk necktie is softer. If you press on silk fabric, it will change shape.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nstalk - swarm",
    "choices":[
      "sprang",
      "sure"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince sure is between the guide words stalk - swarm, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the mass of a dinner fork?",
    "choices":[
      "65 kilograms",
      "65 grams"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of mass",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Mass is a measurement of how much matter something contains. There are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms. There are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram. A paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the mass of a dinner fork is 65 grams.\n65 kilograms is too heavy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is there a sentence fragment?\nOn November 18, 1903, the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty was signed. Which gave the United States possession of the Panama Canal Zone.",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Identify sentence fragments",
    "lecture":"A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. The band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks. A sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. Rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks. This fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing. The band I'm in. This fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing. Because we have a concert in two weeks. This fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert.",
    "solution":"There is a sentence fragment that does not express a complete thought.\nOn November 18, 1903, the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty was signed. Which gave the United States possession of the Panama Canal Zone.\nHere is one way to fix the sentence fragment:\nOn November 18, 1903, the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty was signed, giving the United States possession of the Panama Canal Zone.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal is also adapted for climbing trees?",
    "choices":[
      "common marmoset",
      "Grevy's zebra"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Vervet monkeys live in the grasslands and forests of Africa. They climb trees to find food and shelter. The 's hands and feet are adapted for climbing trees.\nFigure: vervet monkey.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: feet and limbs",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the vervet monkey.\nThe vervet monkey has long fingers and toes. It is adapted for climbing trees. The vervet monkey uses its long fingers and toes to hold on to branches while climbing.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe common marmoset has long fingers and toes. It is adapted for climbing trees.\nThe Grevy's zebra has four hoofed feet. It is not adapted for climbing trees. The Grevy's zebra uses its feet to walk and run.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14078\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Moxie's genotype for the wool color gene?",
    "choices":[
      "black wool",
      "ll"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"In a group of sheep, some individuals have white wool and others have black wool. In this group, the gene for the wool color trait has two alleles. The allele L is for white wool, and the allele l is for black wool.\nMoxie, a sheep from this group, has black wool. Moxie has two alleles for black wool.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.",
    "solution":"An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Moxie has two alleles for black wool (l). So, Moxie's genotype for the wool color gene is ll.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which trait did Meiolania have? Select the trait you can observe on the fossil.",
    "choices":[
      "long, thin antennae",
      "a shell on its back"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This picture shows a fossil of an ancient animal called Meiolania. An adult Meiolania was about eight feet long.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Fossils",
    "skill":"Compare fossils to modern organisms",
    "lecture":"The way an organism looks or acts is called a trait. Scientists use fossils to learn more about the traits of ancient organisms. Fossils can preserve the remains of body parts and activities. A fossil of a body part, such as a tail or a wing, can tell you what an organism looked like. A fossil of an organism's activities, such as a burrow or a footprint, can tell you about the organism's behavior. Here are three examples of fossils and the traits that you can observe from them: This is a fossil of an animal. This fossil tells you that the animal had a spiral-shaped shell. This is a fossil of a plant. This fossil tells you that the plant had small leaves arranged in a branched pattern. This is a fossil of an animal's footprint. This fossil tells you that the animal could walk on land. An organism's fossil may not show all of the organism's traits. This is because most body parts are destroyed during fossil formation. When an organism's body turns into a fossil, only a few body parts are usually preserved.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14083\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which continent is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Africa",
      "South America",
      "Asia",
      "Europe"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Identify oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"A continent is one of the seven largest areas of land on earth.",
    "solution":"This continent is Europe.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14085\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these two objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "blue",
      "bouncy"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the better answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Different objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. Neither of the objects are bouncy.\nBlue is a color.\nThis color is blue. Both objects are blue.\nThe property that both objects have in common is blue.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14097\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is a chair a solid or a liquid?",
    "choices":[
      "a solid",
      "a liquid"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"States of matter",
    "skill":"Classify matter as solid or liquid",
    "lecture":"Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own. Some solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break. A glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid. When matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container. Think about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space. Juice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid.",
    "solution":"A chair is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.\nWhen you sit on a chair, it keeps its shape.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14109\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which bird's beak is also adapted to get nectar out of long flowers?",
    "choices":[
      "green violetear",
      "northern mockingbird"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Bronzy sunbirds live in the coastal and hilly areas of Southern Africa. The shape of the 's beak is adapted to get nectar out of long flowers.\nFigure: bronzy sunbird.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: beaks, mouths, and necks",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the bronzy sunbird.\nThe bronzy sunbird has a long, thin beak. Its beak is adapted to get nectar out of long flowers. The bronzy sunbird's long, thin beak can reach deep into the flowers.\nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.\nThe green violetear has a long, thin beak. Its beak is adapted to get nectar out of long flowers.\nThe northern mockingbird has a short, thin beak. Its beak is not adapted to get nectar out of long flowers. The northern mockingbird uses its beak to eat insects and earthworms.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14111\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following trait inherited or acquired?\nJenna has a scar on her right leg.",
    "choices":[
      "acquired",
      "inherited"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Hint: Most scars are caused by accidents during a person's life.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Identify inherited and acquired traits",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.",
    "solution":"Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Quincy inherited this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Quincy's parents were born with straight hair. They passed down this trait to Quincy.",
      "Quincy and his father both have short hair."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nQuincy has straight hair.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Oregon?",
    "choices":[
      "Concord",
      "Frankfort",
      "Juneau",
      "Salem"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Salem is the capital of Oregon.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14127\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which better describes the Jardines de la Reina National Park ecosystem?",
    "choices":[
      "It has salty water. It also has many different types of organisms.",
      "It has water with not much salt. It also has many different types of organisms."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Figure: Jardines de la Reina National Park.\nJardines de la Reina National Park is a tropical coral reef ecosystem near the southern coast of Cuba.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Describe ecosystems",
    "lecture":"An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other: the pattern of weather, or climate the type of soil or water the organisms that live there",
    "solution":"A tropical coral reef is a type of ecosystem. Tropical coral reefs have the following features: shallow, salty water, bright sunlight, and many different types of organisms. So, Jardines de la Reina National Park has salty water. It also has many different types of organisms.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14128\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is there a sentence fragment?\nLava from the Hawaiian volcano Kilauea usually flows southward into the ocean. In June of 2014, though, northward.",
    "choices":[
      "no",
      "yes"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Identify sentence fragments",
    "lecture":"A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. The band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks. A sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. Rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks. This fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing. The band I'm in. This fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing. Because we have a concert in two weeks. This fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert.",
    "solution":"There is a sentence fragment that does not express a complete thought.\nLava from the Hawaiian volcano Kilauea usually flows southward into the ocean. In June of 2014, though, northward.\nHere is one way to fix the sentence fragment:\nLava from the Hawaiian volcano Kilauea usually flows southward into the ocean. In June of 2014, though, lava from the Puu Oo crater flowed northward.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"During this time, thermal energy was transferred from () to ().",
    "choices":[
      "each refrigerator . . . the surroundings",
      "the surroundings . . . each refrigerator"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Two identical refrigerators in a restaurant kitchen lost power. The door of one fridge was slightly open, and the door of the other fridge was closed. This table shows how the temperature of each refrigerator changed over 10minutes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Thermal energy",
    "skill":"Compare thermal energy transfers",
    "lecture":"A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy: An increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings. A decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings.",
    "solution":"The temperature of each refrigerator increased, which means that the thermal energy of each refrigerator increased. So, thermal energy was transferred from the surroundings to each refrigerator.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14157\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Would you find the word postage on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\npennies - praise",
    "choices":[
      "no",
      "yes"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince postage is between the guide words pennies - praise, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which object has more thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "a 100-gram mug of cider at a temperature of 60\u00b0C",
      "a 100-gram mug of cider at a temperature of 75\u00b0C"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The objects are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Heat and thermal energy",
    "skill":"How is temperature related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.",
    "solution":"The two mugs of cider have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 75\u00b0C mug of cider is hotter than the 60\u00b0C mug of cider, it has more thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ntap - than",
    "choices":[
      "temper",
      "trouble"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince temper is between the guide words tap - than, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the volume of a can of soda pop?",
    "choices":[
      "315 liters",
      "315 milliliters"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Volume is a measurement of how much space something takes up. There are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters. There are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter. A raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the volume of a can of soda pop is 315 milliliters.\n315 liters is too much.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which month has the lowest average precipitation in London?",
    "choices":[
      "November",
      "July",
      "February"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Use the graph to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Use climate data to make predictions",
    "lecture":"Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average precipitation for each month. The average precipitation can be used to describe the climate of a location. A bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average.",
    "solution":"To describe the average precipitation trends in London, look at the graph.\nChoice \"Feb\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Nov\" is incorrect.\nJuly has an average monthly precipitation of about 45 millimeters. This is lower than in any other month. So, July has the lowest average precipitation.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14209\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a compound sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "Despite their large size, grizzly bears can run at speeds of up to thirty miles per hour.",
      "Eduardo will read the script on his own, and then we'll practice our lines together."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple, compound, or complex?",
    "lecture":"A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence. the oranges on our tree are ripe The clause can stand alone. It is independent. after we pick up Kevin from work The clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent. A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause. Ben and I spent all day relaxing by the pool. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat. Ben usually wears his heavy coat in the winter. A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. We saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while. If she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.",
    "solution":"The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.\nEduardo will read the script on his own, and then we'll practice our lines together.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Wyoming?",
    "choices":[
      "Denver",
      "Laramie",
      "Cheyenne",
      "Phoenix"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14216\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the living thing.",
    "choices":[
      "kite",
      "sponge",
      "cave",
      "the Great Sphinx of Giza"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify living and nonliving things",
    "lecture":"All living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell. All living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change. All living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense.",
    "solution":"The Great Sphinx of Giza is not a living thing.\nThe Great Sphinx of Giza is a statue of a mythical sphinx, a creature with a lion's body and a human head. The Great Sphinx does not have all of the traits of a living thing. It does not grow or respond to the world around it. It does not need food or water.\nA cave is not a living thing.\nA cave may have animals or plants living inside. But a cave does not have all the traits of a living thing. A cave does not need food or water.\nA sponge is a living thing.\nSponges grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water. Sponges are made up of many cells.\nSponges are animals. They eat tiny organisms that float in the water.\nA kite is not a living thing.\nA kite does not have all the traits of a living thing. It moves fast in the wind, but it does not grow. It does not need food or water.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Honey's phenotype for the whisker type trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Hh",
      "straight whiskers"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"In a group of Syrian hamsters, some individuals have straight whiskers and others have curved whiskers. In this group, the gene for the whisker type trait has two alleles. The allele H is for straight whiskers, and the allele h is for curved whiskers.\nHoney, a Syrian hamster from this group, has straight whiskers. Honey has one allele for straight whiskers and one allele for curved whiskers.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.",
    "solution":"An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Honey's observable version of the whisker type trait is straight whiskers. So, Honey's phenotype for the whisker type trait is straight whiskers.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal's skin is better adapted for protection against a predator with sharp teeth?",
    "choices":[
      "hyrax",
      "giant pangolin"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Nine-banded armadillos are adapted to defend their bodies against a predator with sharp teeth. They have hard scales covering much of their skin. When frightened, the  can roll into a ball to protect the soft parts of its body.\nFigure: nine-banded armadillo.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: skins and body coverings",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the nine-banded armadillo.\nThe nine-banded armadillo has hard scales on its skin. Its skin is adapted for protection against a predator with sharp teeth. The scales make it difficult for predators to hurt or kill the nine-banded armadillo.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe giant pangolin has hard scales on its skin. Its skin is adapted for protection against a predator with sharp teeth.\nThe hyrax has thin fur covering its skin. Its skin is not adapted for protection against predators with sharp teeth.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14225\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?",
    "choices":[
      "climate",
      "weather"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Figure: Death Valley.\nDeath Valley is a desert in eastern California. A record high temperature of 134\u00b0F was recorded there on July 10, 1913!\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Weather and climate around the world",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the passage carefully.\nDeath Valley is a desert in eastern California. A record high temperature of 134\u00b0F was recorded there on July 10, 1913!\nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the temperature in Death Valley on a certain day in 1913. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14228\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which continent is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Antarctica",
      "Africa",
      "Europe",
      "Asia"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Physical Geography",
    "skill":"Oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents.",
    "solution":"This continent is Europe.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14231\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which change best matches the sentence?\nA river dries up after a few years of no rain.",
    "choices":[
      "deposition",
      "drought",
      "meteorite crash"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Earth events",
    "skill":"Classify changes to Earth's surface II",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest south?",
    "choices":[
      "Virginia",
      "New Hampshire",
      "Mississippi",
      "Montana"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Maps",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Mississippi is farthest south.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14238\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following organisms is the producer in this food web?",
    "choices":[
      "bear sedge",
      "brown lemming",
      "mushroom"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Below is a food web from a tundra ecosystem in Nunavut, a territory in Northern Canada.\nA food web models how the matter eaten by organisms moves through an ecosystem. The arrows in a food web represent how matter moves between organisms in an ecosystem.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecological interactions",
    "skill":"Interpret food webs I",
    "lecture":"A food web is a model. A food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food. Arrows show how matter moves. A food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating. An organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web. An organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web.",
    "solution":"Producers do not eat other organisms. So, in a food web, producers do not have arrows pointing to them from other organisms.\nThe brown lemming has arrows pointing to it, so it is not a producer.\nThe mushroom has arrows pointing to it, so it is not a producer.\nThe bear sedge does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the bear sedge is a producer.\nThe lichen does not have an arrow pointing to it. So, the lichen is a producer.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14243\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\nstretching a rubber band\nan iceberg melting slowly",
    "choices":[
      "Both are only physical changes.",
      "Both are chemical changes.",
      "Both are caused by heating.",
      "Both are caused by cooling."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nStretching a rubber band is a physical change. The rubber band gets longer. But it is still made of the same type of matter as before.\nAn iceberg melting is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. An iceberg is made of frozen water. As it melts, the water changes from a solid to a liquid. But a different type of matter is not formed.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nAn iceberg melting is caused by heating. But stretching a rubber band is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nbattle - bounty",
    "choices":[
      "business",
      "blouse"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince blouse is between the guide words battle - bounty, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nStanley's research on nineteenth-century philosophers led him down the rabbit hole.",
    "choices":[
      "literature",
      "Greek mythology"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. Here, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion down the rabbit hole is literature.\nLewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland tells the story of a young girl who follows a white rabbit down a rabbit hole and finds herself in a series of adventures in a surreal world.\nThe allusion down the rabbit hole means on a strange or difficult exploration.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nJen's phone slipped out of her pocket, landing in the toilet with a plop.",
    "choices":[
      "verbal irony",
      "onomatopoeia"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify figures of speech: review",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Alliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words. What a lucky little lady you are! An allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. An idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned. The assignment was a piece of cake. A simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike. The cat's fur was as dark as the night. A metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as. The snow formed a blanket over the town. Onomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound. The scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat. Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. The trees danced in the wind. A pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning. A great new broom is sweeping the nation. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.",
    "solution":"The text uses onomatopoeia, a word that expresses a sound.\nPlop represents the sound of the phone landing in the toilet.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest east?",
    "choices":[
      "Florida",
      "Montana",
      "Arizona",
      "Oregon"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Florida is farthest east.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14259\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Hawaii?",
    "choices":[
      "Hilo",
      "Honolulu",
      "Carson City",
      "Lincoln"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14260\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which continent is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Europe",
      "North America",
      "Antarctica",
      "Africa"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Oceans and continents",
    "skill":"Identify oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents.",
    "solution":"This continent is Europe.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14261\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following could Darnel's test show?",
    "choices":[
      "how well the weather station would work when it was windy",
      "if the weather station would work when the temperature was 50\u00b0C"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design.\nThe passage below describes how the engineering-design process was used to test a solution to a problem. Read the passage. Then answer the question below.\n\nDarnel was a mechanical engineer who was designing  to record temperature, precipitation, and wind speed. The weather station would be used in a town where the highest recorded temperature was 40\u00b0C. Darnel wanted to make sure the weather station would work even in unusually warm weather.\nSo, he set an indoor test chamber to 50\u00b0C with low moisture and no wind. He left the weather station in the chamber overnight. The next day, he checked to see if the weather station displayed accurate measurements after 24 hours at 50\u00b0C.\nFigure: a weather station.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Engineering practices",
    "skill":"Evaluate tests of engineering-design solutions",
    "lecture":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured. Imagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves. First, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind. Then, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved. Tests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14264\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Rosa inherited this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Some people use a hair dryer to straighten their hair. But Rosa and her brothers have naturally straight hair.",
      "Both of Rosa's biological parents have naturally black hair.",
      "When she was younger, Rosa wore ribbons in her naturally black hair."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nRosa has naturally black hair.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nidea - impress",
    "choices":[
      "interpret",
      "ignorant"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince ignorant is between the guide words idea - impress, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Assume all other forces on Kinsley are balanced. Which statement describes the forces on Kinsley?",
    "choices":[
      "The forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Kinsley.",
      "The forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Kinsley."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Kinsley is sitting on a roller coaster cart as it reaches the bottom of a big loop. Earth's gravity is pulling down on Kinsley with a force of 600N. The seat of the cart is pushing up on Kinsley with a force of 1,200N.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Balanced and unbalanced forces",
    "lecture":"A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces. When opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object. When opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object.",
    "solution":"To determine if there is a net force on Kinsley, look at the forces:\nEarth's gravity is pulling Kinsley down with a force of 600 N.\nThe seat of the cart is pushing Kinsley up with a force of 1,200 N.\nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have different magnitudes: 600 N and 1,200 N. This means that the forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Kinsley.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nMr. McClure's class is so boring! Why are all literature classes so dull?",
    "choices":[
      "circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself",
      "hasty generalization: a broad claim based on too few observations",
      "ad hominem: an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations<br\/> slippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that a single boring class indicates that all classes on the same topic are dull. However, this isn't necessarily true. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a hasty generalization.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles?",
    "choices":[
      "Solution A",
      "Solution B",
      "neither; their concentrations are the same"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each purple ball represents one particle of solute.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Compare concentrations of solutions",
    "lecture":"A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent. concentration = particles of solute \/ volume of solvent",
    "solution":"In Solution A and Solution B, the purple particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles, look at both the number of purple particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of purple particles per milliliter.\nSolution A has more purple particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of purple particles.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14282\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the amphibian below.",
    "choices":[
      "European green toad",
      "woodpecker"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Amphibians have moist skin and begin their lives in water. A gray tree frog is an example of an amphibian.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common. Scientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.",
    "solution":"A European green toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.\nA woodpecker is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nWoodpeckers have strong beaks. They use their beaks to drill into wood to hunt for food.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14285\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence.\nAn old sandwich rotting in a trashcan is a ().",
    "choices":[
      "chemical change",
      "physical change"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Identify physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. Burning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. Cutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper. Ice melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state.",
    "solution":"A sandwich rotting is a chemical change. The matter in the sandwich breaks down and slowly turns into a different type of matter.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same genus as the European hedgehog.",
    "choices":[
      "Erinaceus europaeus",
      "Sciurus vulgaris",
      "Lepus americanus"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This organism is a European hedgehog. Its scientific name is Erinaceus europaeus.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"A European hedgehog's scientific name is Erinaceus europaeus. The first word of its scientific name is Erinaceus.\nThis organism and the European hedgehog are in the same genus and the same species! Both organisms have the same scientific name, Erinaceus europaeus.\nSciurus vulgaris is in the genus Sciurus. The first word of its scientific name is Sciurus. So, Sciurus vulgaris and Erinaceus europaeus are not in the same genus.\nLepus americanus is in the genus Lepus. The first word of its scientific name is Lepus. So, Lepus americanus and Erinaceus europaeus are not in the same genus.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14302\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which correctly shows the title of a book?",
    "choices":[
      "A Black Hole Is Not a Hole",
      "A black Hole Is Not a hole"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"capitalization",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Capitalizing titles",
    "lecture":"In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach These words are not important in titles: Articles, a, an, the Short prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up Coordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or",
    "solution":"Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word a is not important, so it should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is A Black Hole Is Not a Hole.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nMr. Hoffman argues that we need to do more to prevent workplace injuries and fatalities. I doubt that someone so socially awkward would know a thing about office safety.",
    "choices":[
      "ad hominem: a personal attack against one's opponent",
      "false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> red herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that being socially awkward determines knowledge of workplace safety. This is a personal attack that isn't relevant to Mr. Hoffman's desire to prevent workplace injuries. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which specific humidity level was measured within the outlined area shown?",
    "choices":[
      "10 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air",
      "1 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air",
      "12 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The map below shows humidity in the lower atmosphere on March 19, 2017. The map shows specific humidity, a measurement of the amount of water vapor in the air. The outlined area shows an air mass that influenced weather in Asia on that day.\nLook at the map. Then, answer the question below.\nData source: United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\/Earth System Research Laboratory, Physical Sciences Division",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Identify and compare air masses",
    "lecture":"To study air masses, scientists can use maps that show conditions within Earth's atmosphere. For example, the map below uses color to show specific humidity, a measurement of the amount of water vapor in the air. The map's legend tells you the specific humidity level that each color represents. Colors on the left in the legend represent lower specific humidity levels than colors on the right. For example, areas on the map that are the darkest shade of purple have a specific humidity from zero grams per kilogram (g\/kg) up to two g\/kg. Areas that are the next darkest shade of purple have a specific humidity from two g\/kg up to four g\/kg.",
    "solution":"Look at the colors shown within the outlined area. Then, use the legend to determine which specific humidity levels those colors represent.\nThe legend tells you that this air mass contained air with specific humidity levels between 0 and 4 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air.\n1 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air is within this range.\n10 and 12 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air are outside of this range.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14313\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Using only these supplies, which question can Victoria investigate with an experiment?",
    "choices":[
      "Do the deer eat fewer leaves from bean plants sprayed with coffee spray than from unsprayed bean plants?",
      "Do the deer eat more leaves from tomato plants or from squash plants?",
      "Do the deer eat fewer leaves from bean plants sprayed with garlic spray than from unsprayed bean plants?"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Victoria has a garden that is sometimes visited by deer. She notices that the deer eat some plants in her garden more than others. She wonders what factors affect which plants the deer eat. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\na garlic spray used to keep garden pests away\nfour tomato plants\nfour bean plants",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Solomon Islands",
      "Fiji",
      "Nauru",
      "New Zealand"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Oceania: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of Oceania",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is Fiji.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14321\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is this tomato plant's genotype for the leaf type gene?",
    "choices":[
      "potato leaves",
      "ll"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This passage describes the leaf type trait in tomato plants:\n\nIn a group of tomato plants, some individuals have regular leaves and others have potato leaves. In this group, the gene for the leaf type trait has two alleles. The allele L is for regular leaves, and the allele l is for potato leaves.\nA certain tomato plant from this group has potato leaves. This plant has two alleles for potato leaves.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.",
    "solution":"An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The tomato plant has two alleles for potato leaves (l). So, the plant's genotype for the leaf type gene is ll.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which statement describes the Tibetan Plateau ecosystem?",
    "choices":[
      "It has mostly small plants.",
      "It has warm summers and cool winters."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Figure: Tibetan Plateau.\nThe Tibetan Plateau is a tundra ecosystem located in Tibet, western China, and northern India. The plateau is over 14,800 feet high and is surrounded by many mountain ranges.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Describe ecosystems",
    "lecture":"An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment. There are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other: the pattern of weather, or climate the type of soil the organisms that live there",
    "solution":"A tundra is a type of ecosystem. Tundras have the following features: long, cold winters and short, cold summers, soil that is frozen year-round, and mostly small plants. So, the following statements describe the Tibetan Plateau ecosystem: long, cold winters and short, cold summers, soil that is frozen year-round, and mostly small plants. It has mostly small plants. It has soil that is frozen year-round. The following statement does not describe the Tibetan Plateau: long, cold winters and short, cold summers, soil that is frozen year-round, and mostly small plants. It has warm summers and cool winters.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14333\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is this a sentence fragment?\nAs odd as it might seem, the Guadalupe Mountains National Park in Texas offers one of the finest examples of an ancient marine reef.",
    "choices":[
      "no",
      "yes"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Identify sentence fragments",
    "lecture":"A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. The band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks. A sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. Rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks. This fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing. The band I'm in. This fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing. Because we have a concert in two weeks. This fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert.",
    "solution":"This is not a sentence fragment. It is a complete sentence because it expresses a complete thought.\nAs odd as it might seem, the Guadalupe Mountains National Park in Texas offers one of the finest examples of an ancient marine reef.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Using only these supplies, which question can Lauren investigate with an experiment?",
    "choices":[
      "Does milk chocolate or dark chocolate melt faster when heated on the stove?",
      "Does dark chocolate or white chocolate melt faster when heated on the stove?",
      "Does milk chocolate melt faster when heated in a microwave or on a stove?"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Lauren leaves some chocolates in her jacket pocket. When she finds the chocolates later, she notices that some of them have melted. She wonders what factors affect how quickly chocolate melts. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\none bar of milk chocolate\none bar of dark chocolate\na stove\na pot",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles?",
    "choices":[
      "Solution A",
      "neither; their concentrations are the same",
      "Solution B"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each purple ball represents one particle of solute.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Compare concentrations of solutions",
    "lecture":"A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent. concentration = particles of solute \/ volume of solvent",
    "solution":"In Solution A and Solution B, the purple particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles, look at both the number of purple particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of purple particles per milliliter.\nSolution A has more purple particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of purple particles.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14339\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Identify the question that Juan's experiment can best answer.",
    "choices":[
      "Do cardinals visit feeders containing sunflower seeds more often than feeders containing flax seeds?",
      "Do cardinals eat more seeds per visit from feeders containing sunflower seeds compared to feeders containing flax seeds?"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below.\n\nJuan set up five pairs of platform bird feeders around his yard. He filled one feeder in each pair with sunflower seeds and the other feeder with flax seeds. For one week, Juan watched cardinals visiting the feeders during the same hour each morning. During his observations, Juan counted the number of visits by cardinals to feeders with sunflower seeds and the number of visits by cardinals to feeders with flax seeds.\nFigure: a cardinal visiting a platform feeder with sunflower seeds.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify the experimental question",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment. Imagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured. First, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested. Then, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured. Experiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height. Examples of questions that this experiment can answer include: Does soil type affect the height of daffodil plants? Do daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil? Are daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14350\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nWhere Cole lives, winter is the rainiest season of the year.",
    "choices":[
      "weather",
      "climate"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Hint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"What's the difference between weather and climate?",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the text carefully.\nWhere Cole lives, winter is the rainiest season of the year.\nThis passage tells you about the usual precipitation where Cole lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles?",
    "choices":[
      "Solution A",
      "Solution B",
      "neither; their concentrations are the same"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each purple ball represents one particle of solute.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Compare concentrations of solutions",
    "lecture":"A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent. concentration = particles of solute \/ volume of solvent",
    "solution":"In Solution A and Solution B, the purple particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles, look at both the number of purple particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of purple particles per milliliter.\nSolution A and Solution B have the same number of purple particles per milliliter. So, their concentrations are the same.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14363\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"In this food chain, the cotton bush is a producer. Why?",
    "choices":[
      "It makes its own food.",
      "It eats another living thing."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This diagram shows a food chain from a forest ecosystem in Virginia.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Identify roles in food chains",
    "lecture":"Every living thing needs food to stay alive. Living things get their food in different ways. A food chain shows how living things in an ecosystem get their food. Producers make their own food. Many producers use carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make sugar. This sugar is food for the producer. Consumers eat other living things. Consumers cannot make their own food.",
    "solution":"In this food chain, the cotton bush is a producer because it makes its own food. The cotton bush uses carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make its own food.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14366\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "Pennsylvania",
      "Kentucky",
      "Connecticut",
      "Delaware"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"Colonial America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is Connecticut.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14367\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1.",
      "The magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Compare strengths of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together.",
    "solution":"Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.\nThe magnets in Pair 2 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14379\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Missouri?",
    "choices":[
      "Columbia",
      "Lincoln",
      "Jefferson City",
      "Kansas City"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Jefferson City is the capital of Missouri.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14380\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Look at the models of molecules below. Select the elementary substance.",
    "choices":[
      "cyclooctasulfur",
      "chloroform",
      "fluoromethane"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"Identify elementary substances and compounds using models",
    "lecture":"There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you. A substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl. Scientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride. In a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14381\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nTyrone spoke at the city council meeting, claiming the new recycling regulations were draconian.",
    "choices":[
      "Greek history",
      "a fairy tale"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. Here, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion draconian is Greek history.\nDraco, a government official in seventh-century Athens, Greece, wrote a code of laws that called for severe punishments for even minor offenses.\nThe allusion draconian means harsh.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the amphibian below.",
    "choices":[
      "flamingo",
      "European green toad"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Amphibians have moist skin and begin their lives in water. A barking tree frog is an example of an amphibian.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common. Scientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.",
    "solution":"A flamingo is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nA European green toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14393\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Illinois?",
    "choices":[
      "Kansas City",
      "Springfield",
      "Lansing",
      "Chicago"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Springfield is the capital of Illinois.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14395\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Jamaica",
      "Dominica",
      "the Dominican Republic",
      "Haiti"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"The Americas: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of the Caribbean",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is the Dominican Republic.\nWhy does the Dominican Republic share its island with another country?\nThe Dominican Republic and Haiti share the island of Hispaniola. It is home to the earliest European settlements in the Americas. Christopher Columbus founded the first European settlement on the island in 1492 during his first voyage across the Atlantic.\nThough many people lived on the island before Columbus's arrival, European countries quickly began to colonize the island. Eventually France and Spain both established colonies. The Spanish colony eventually became the country of the Dominican Republic, and the French colony eventually became the country of Haiti. Today, people in the two countries speak different languages and have many cultural differences.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14410\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Using only these supplies, which question can Jonah investigate with an experiment?",
    "choices":[
      "Do rubber balloons stick to a wooden door or a metal door longer after being rubbed on his hair?",
      "Do rubber balloons or foil balloons stick to the wooden door longer after being rubbed on his hair?",
      "Do rubber balloons stick to a cotton blanket or a wooden door longer after being rubbed on his hair?"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Jonah went to a magic show. The magician rubbed a balloon on her hair and then held the balloon against a wall. When the magician released the balloon, Jonah was amazed to see that it stuck to the wall! He wonders what factors affect how well balloons stick to different surfaces. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\nthe hair on his own head\na cotton blanket\na wooden door\nfive rubber balloons",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these colonies was Southern Colonies?",
    "choices":[
      "Pennsylvania",
      "South Carolina"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"In the following questions, you will learn about the origin of the Southern Colonies. The Southern Colonies made up the southern part of the Thirteen Colonies, which were ruled by Great Britain in the 1600s and 1700s. The population of the Southern Colonies included enslaved and free people of African descent, Native American groups, and European settlers. The map below shows the Thirteen Colonies in 1750. Look at the map. Then answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"Colonial America",
    "skill":"Southern Colonies: founding and government",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the legend on the map.\nAll of the colonies are shaded by region. The Southern Colonies included five colonies:\nThe rest of the Thirteen Colonies were part of the Middle Colonies or New England.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14415\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a compound sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "The audition for the part of Dracula will begin in just a few minutes.",
      "Isaac couldn't find the definition for flax in the book's glossary, so he looked it up online."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple, compound, or complex?",
    "lecture":"A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence. the oranges on our tree are ripe The clause can stand alone. It is independent. after we pick up Kevin from work The clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent. A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause. Ben and I spent all day relaxing by the pool. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat. Ben usually wears his heavy coat in the winter. A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. We saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while. If she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.",
    "solution":"The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction so.\nIsaac couldn't find the definition for flax in the book's glossary, so he looked it up online.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a run-on sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "Coach Huber talked to her team before the game.",
      "Maria's bedroom is neat she puts everything away."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is it a complete sentence or a run-on?",
    "lecture":"A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb. My friends walk along the path. A run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma. I knocked on the door it opened. It started raining, we ran inside. To fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence. I knocked on the door. It opened. It started raining. We ran inside. You can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. I knocked on the door, and it opened. It started raining, so we ran inside.",
    "solution":"Maria's bedroom is neat she puts everything away is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without end punctuation: Maria's bedroom is neat and She puts everything away.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Idaho?",
    "choices":[
      "Santa Fe",
      "Boise",
      "Minneapolis",
      "Nampa"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify the 50 state capitals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Boise is the capital of Idaho.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14441\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which sentence states a fact?",
    "choices":[
      "Americans eat far too much food made from wheat.",
      "Wheat is a kind of grass that is used to make food."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Opinion writing",
    "skill":"Distinguish facts from opinions",
    "lecture":"A fact is something that can be proved to be true. The month of July has more days than the month of June. This is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month. An opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true. July is a better month than June for camping. This is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping.",
    "solution":"The second sentence states a fact.\nWheat is a kind of grass that is used to make food.\nIt can be proved by looking up information about wheat.\nThe first sentence states an opinion.\nAmericans eat far too much food made from wheat.\nFar too much shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about how much is too much.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "sample B",
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature",
      "sample A"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. The particles in sample A also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.\nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14451\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these three objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "smooth",
      "fuzzy",
      "blue"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the best answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA fuzzy object is covered in soft hair. None of the objects are fuzzy.\nA smooth object is not scratchy or rough. All three objects are smooth.\nBlue is a color.\nThis color is blue. The rubber ball and the green apple are not blue.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is smooth.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14455\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nMonica has no school spirit\u2014she never comes to any of our football games.",
    "choices":[
      "bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct",
      "false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> red herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that Monica doesn't have school spirit, because she doesn't go to football games. However, there may be a number of reasons why Monica doesn't go to football games. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the one true statement.",
    "choices":[
      "In an animal cell, the endoplasmic reticulum helps ribosomes build proteins.",
      "The vacuoles of an animal cell use sunlight to make sugar.",
      "Plant cells can have a nucleus but do not have chloroplasts."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Cells",
    "skill":"Compare cells and cell parts",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Identify the question that Rosa's experiment can best answer.",
    "choices":[
      "Does the amount of water in a glass affect whether eggs sink or float in the water?",
      "Are eggs more likely to float in fresh water or salty water?"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below.\n\nRosa poured four ounces of water into each of six glasses. Rosa dissolved one tablespoon of salt in each of three glasses, and did not add salt to the other three. Then, Rosa placed an egg in one glass and observed if the egg floated. She removed the egg and dried it. She repeated the process with the other five glasses, recording each time if the egg floated. Rosa repeated this test with two more eggs and counted the number of times the eggs floated in fresh water compared to salty water.\nFigure: an egg floating in a glass of salty water.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify the experimental question",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment. Imagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured. First, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested. Then, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured. Experiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height. Examples of questions that this experiment can answer include: Does soil type affect the height of daffodil plants? Do daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil? Are daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14461\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Suppose Sasha decides to see the baboons. Which result would be a cost?",
    "choices":[
      "Sasha will save some time. The baboons are close by, but she would have had to walk to the the other side of the zoo to see the zebras.",
      "Sasha will give up the chance to see the zebras. She would have enjoyed seeing them more than the baboons."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Sasha is deciding whether to see the zebras or the baboons at the zoo. She wants to see lots of animals, but the zoo is closing soon.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Costs and benefits",
    "lecture":"Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits. Costs are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need. Benefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.",
    "solution":"This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Sasha wants or needs:\nSasha will give up the chance to see the zebras. She would have enjoyed seeing them more than the baboons.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which letter opening is more formal?",
    "choices":[
      "Dear Ed,",
      "Dear Mr. Novak,"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Audience, purpose, and tone",
    "skill":"Which text is most formal?",
    "lecture":"Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions. Formal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language. Compare the following sentences. Informal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome. More formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners. Most formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners.",
    "solution":"The first letter opening is more formal. It uses the recipient's personal title and last name. The other opening uses the recipient's first name, suggesting a more familiar relationship.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which tense does the sentence use?\nThat child chews his food too loudly!",
    "choices":[
      "past tense",
      "present tense",
      "future tense"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"verbs",
    "category":"Verb tense",
    "skill":"Is the sentence in the past, present, or future tense?",
    "lecture":"Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now. Most present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es. Two verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms. Past tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened. Most past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed. Some verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms. Future tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen. All future-tense verbs use the word will. <br\/><br\/> Present | Past | Future<br\/> walk, walks | walked | will walk<br\/> go, goes | went | will go<br\/>",
    "solution":"The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, chews. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is the hardest?",
    "choices":[
      "glass jar",
      "cotton head band",
      "burlap sack"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of materials",
    "lecture":"Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. A material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy. For example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.",
    "solution":"Hard is a property. A hard material keeps its shape when you press on it with your finger.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pushing on the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the glass jar is the hardest. If you gently squeeze glass, it will not change shape.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is granodiorite a mineral or a rock?",
    "choices":[
      "mineral",
      "rock"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Granodiorite has the following properties:\nnaturally occurring\nnot made by living things\ncoarse-grained texture\nno fixed crystal structure\nsolid\nnot a pure substance",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Rocks and minerals",
    "skill":"Identify rocks and minerals",
    "lecture":"Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals. Minerals and rocks have the following properties: <br\/><br\/> Property | Mineral | Rock<br\/> It is a solid. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is a pure substance. | Yes | No<br\/> It has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No<br\/> <br\/> You can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither. Look closely at the last three properties: Minerals and rocks are not made by organisms. Organisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be  minerals or rocks. Humans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks. A mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not. A pure substance is made of only one type of matter.  Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures. A mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not. The crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way. However, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different!",
    "solution":"The properties of granodiorite match the properties of a rock. So, granodiorite is a rock.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14510\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is fixing a car a good or a service?",
    "choices":[
      "a service",
      "a good"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Economics",
    "skill":"Goods and services",
    "lecture":"Everything you can buy is either a good or a service. A good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good. A service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service.",
    "solution":"To decide whether fixing a car is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs fixing a car something you can touch? No.\nIs fixing a car a job you might pay someone else to do? Yes.\nSo, fixing a car is a service.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which material is this bracelet made of?",
    "choices":[
      "metal",
      "nylon"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Identify materials in objects",
    "lecture":"A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the bracelet.\nThe bracelet is made of metal.\nThis is a gold bracelet. Jewelry makers usually mix gold with other metals. Mixing the metals makes the jewelry stronger.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14517\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Using only these supplies, which question can Patrick investigate with an experiment?",
    "choices":[
      "When hung in the laundry room, do black cloth towels or white cloth towels dry more quickly?",
      "Does a small cloth towel or a large cloth towel dry faster when hung in the backyard?",
      "Do cloth towels dry faster if they are hung in the laundry room or in the backyard?"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"After Patrick cleans up a spill, he hangs a wet cloth towel in the laundry room. Two hours later, he notices that the towel has partially dried. He wonders what factors affect how cloth dries. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\ntwo identical white cloth towels\nwater\na clothesline in the laundry room\na clothesline in the backyard",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nseat - sped",
    "choices":[
      "screech",
      "solution"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince solution is between the guide words seat - sped, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the allusion in this text suggest?\nLatrell seems to have the Midas touch. Without any special experience or training, he launched a thriving business and then established a well-respected charity.",
    "choices":[
      "Latrell is successful at all that he does.",
      "Latrell is lazy and uninformed."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. An allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.",
    "solution":"The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nThe allusion the Midas touch suggests that Latrell is successful at all that he does. In Greek mythology, King Midas has the power to turn anything he touches into gold, easily creating value from nothing.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the direction of this pull?",
    "choices":[
      "toward the boy",
      "away from the boy"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"A boy brings groceries into the house. He uses a force to  pull the groceries out of the trunk.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Identify directions of forces",
    "lecture":"A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to another. Every force has a direction. The direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing. The direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling.",
    "solution":"The boy pulls the groceries out of the trunk. The direction of the pull is toward the boy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14528\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\npouring milk on oatmeal\nerosion caused by wind",
    "choices":[
      "Both are caused by heating.",
      "Both are only physical changes.",
      "Both are caused by cooling.",
      "Both are chemical changes."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nPouring milk on oatmeal is a physical change. The oatmeal and milk form a creamy mixture. But making this mixture does not form a different type of matter.\nErosion caused by wind is a physical change. The wind carries away tiny pieces of rock. But the pieces of rock do not become a different type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nHelen told her friends that Eli was a typical Peter Pan type.",
    "choices":[
      "a song",
      "literature"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. Here, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion Peter Pan is literature.\nIn a J. M. Barrie novel, the character Peter Pan retreats to Neverland and refuses to grow up.\nThe allusion Peter Pan means a person who won't take on adult responsibilities.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1.",
      "The magnetic force is weaker in Pair 2."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Compare strengths of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart.",
    "solution":"Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.\nThe magnets in Pair 2 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 2 than in Pair 1.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14569\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Would you find the word lest on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nliner - local",
    "choices":[
      "no",
      "yes"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince lest is not between the guide words liner - local, it would not be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the hyperbole in this text suggest?\nAfter he finished the marathon, Edgar collapsed into a chair and declared that he could no longer move a single muscle.",
    "choices":[
      "Edgar was very tired and sore.",
      "Edgar became paralyzed."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode!",
    "solution":"The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nThe hyperbole could no longer move a single muscle suggests that Edgar was very tired and sore. His muscles were not literally incapable of moving.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "sample A",
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature",
      "sample B"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.\nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14583\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence so that it uses personification.\n\"You might think you'll always be young,\" Mrs. Ballard counseled, \"but time ()\".",
    "choices":[
      "creeps up on you",
      "affects everyone"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Creative techniques",
    "skill":"Use personification",
    "lecture":"Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point. The trees danced in the wind. The word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.",
    "solution":"Complete the sentence with the phrase creeps up on you. It describes time as if it were a sneaky person.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Washington?",
    "choices":[
      "Seattle",
      "Olympia",
      "Spokane",
      "Boston"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify the 50 state capitals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Olympia is the capital of Washington.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14600\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material, but some of them are different sizes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller.",
    "solution":"The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.\nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14603\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Tuvalu",
      "Papua New Guinea",
      "New Zealand",
      "Australia"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Oceania: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of Oceania",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is Australia.\nIs Australia a country or a continent?\nBoth! Australia is a country in Oceania, a region made up of many lands and islands in the Pacific Ocean. Many people say that Australia is the world's smallest continent. But some people call Oceania a continent instead.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14612\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of New Mexico?",
    "choices":[
      "Santa Fe",
      "Atlanta",
      "Albuquerque",
      "Denver"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify the 50 state capitals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Santa Fe is the capital of New Mexico.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14615\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which sentence states a fact?",
    "choices":[
      "The natives of Greenland used kayaks for hunting and fishing.",
      "Paddling a kayak down a river is an unforgettable experience."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Distinguish facts from opinions",
    "lecture":"A fact is something that can be proved to be true. The month of July has more days than the month of June. This is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month. An opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true. July is a better month than June for camping. This is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping.",
    "solution":"The first sentence states a fact.\nThe natives of Greenland used kayaks for hunting and fishing.\nIt can be proved by reading a book about Greenland history.\nThe second sentence states an opinion.\nPaddling a kayak down a river is an unforgettable experience.\nUnforgettable shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what the experience is like.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same species as the pink skunk clownfish.",
    "choices":[
      "Diodon nicthemerus",
      "Procambarus clarkii",
      "Amphiprion perideraion"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"This organism is a pink skunk clownfish. Its scientific name is Amphiprion perideraion.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification and scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"A pink skunk clownfish's scientific name is Amphiprion perideraion.\nAmphiprion perideraion has the same scientific name as a pink skunk clownfish. So, these organisms are in the same species.\nDiodon nicthemerus does not have the same scientific name as a pink skunk clownfish. So, Amphiprion perideraion and Diodon nicthemerus are not in the same species.\nProcambarus clarkii does not have the same scientific name as a pink skunk clownfish. So, Amphiprion perideraion and Procambarus clarkii are not in the same species.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14619\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest east?",
    "choices":[
      "Oklahoma",
      "Oregon",
      "Nebraska",
      "Wisconsin"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Wisconsin is farthest east.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14632\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is stickier?",
    "choices":[
      "syrup",
      "silk necktie"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of materials",
    "lecture":"Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. A material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.",
    "solution":"Sticky is a property. A sticky material can stick to other things.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the syrup is stickier. If you touch syrup, it will stick to you.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Oregon?",
    "choices":[
      "Spokane",
      "Frankfort",
      "Salem",
      "Omaha"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify the 50 state capitals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Salem is the capital of Oregon.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14640\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which correctly shows the title of a TV show?",
    "choices":[
      "***Wheel of Fortune***",
      "\"Wheel of Fortune\""
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Formatting titles",
    "lecture":"The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead. A Midsummer Night's Dream The title of a poem, song, or article should be in quotation marks. \"You Are My Sunshine\"",
    "solution":"A TV show should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **Wheel of Fortune**.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Using only these supplies, which question can Billy investigate with an experiment?",
    "choices":[
      "Do rubber balloons stick to a wooden door or a metal door longer after being rubbed on his hair?",
      "Do rubber balloons stick to a cotton blanket or a wooden door longer after being rubbed on his hair?",
      "Do rubber balloons or foil balloons stick to the wooden door longer after being rubbed on his hair?"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Billy went to a magic show. The magician rubbed a balloon on her hair and then held the balloon against a wall. When the magician released the balloon, Billy was amazed to see that it stuck to the wall! He wonders what factors affect how well balloons stick to different surfaces. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\nthe hair on his own head\na cotton blanket\na wooden door\nfive rubber balloons",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word does not rhyme?",
    "choices":[
      "skirt",
      "sport",
      "dirt"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"phonological-awareness",
    "category":"Rhyming",
    "skill":"Which word does not rhyme?",
    "lecture":"Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound. The words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound. The words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings. The words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.",
    "solution":"The words skirt and dirt rhyme. They both end with the irt sound.\nThe word sport does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Suppose Christine decides to borrow the book from the library. Which result would be a cost?",
    "choices":[
      "Christine will save some money by not buying the book.",
      "Christine will give up the chance to keep the book as long as she wants."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Christine is deciding whether to buy a copy of a book or borrow it from the library. She would like to be able to keep the book as long as she wants, but buying the book would cost money. She could borrow the book for free, but she would have to return it in a few weeks.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Costs and benefits",
    "lecture":"Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits. Costs are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need. Benefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.",
    "solution":"This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Christine wants or needs:\nChristine will give up the chance to keep the book as long as she wants.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same genus as the Grevy's zebra.",
    "choices":[
      "Camelus bactrianus",
      "Equus grevyi",
      "Macropus giganteus"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This organism is a Grevy's zebra. Its scientific name is Equus grevyi.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"A Grevy's zebra's scientific name is Equus grevyi. The first word of its scientific name is Equus.\nThis organism and the Grevy's zebra are in the same genus and the same species! Both organisms have the same scientific name, Equus grevyi.\nMacropus giganteus is in the genus Macropus. The first word of its scientific name is Macropus. So, Macropus giganteus and Equus grevyi are not in the same genus.\nCamelus bactrianus is in the genus Camelus. The first word of its scientific name is Camelus. So, Camelus bactrianus and Equus grevyi are not in the same genus.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14660\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following could Logan's test show?",
    "choices":[
      "if the weather station would work when the temperature was 50\u00b0C",
      "how well the weather station would work when it was windy"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design.\nThe passage below describes how the engineering-design process was used to test a solution to a problem. Read the passage. Then answer the question below.\n\nLogan was a mechanical engineer who was designing  to record temperature, precipitation, and wind speed. The weather station would be used in a town where the highest recorded temperature was 40\u00b0C. Logan wanted to make sure the weather station would work even in unusually warm weather.\nSo, he set an indoor test chamber to 50\u00b0C with low moisture and no wind. He left the weather station in the chamber overnight. The next day, he checked to see if the weather station displayed accurate measurements after 24 hours at 50\u00b0C.\nFigure: a weather station.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Engineering practices",
    "skill":"Evaluate tests of engineering-design solutions",
    "lecture":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured. Imagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves. First, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind. Then, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved. Tests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14668\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Kansas?",
    "choices":[
      "Kansas City",
      "Pierre",
      "Atlanta",
      "Topeka"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Topeka is the capital of Kansas.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14672\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of New Mexico?",
    "choices":[
      "Albuquerque",
      "Santa Fe",
      "Carson City",
      "Olympia"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify the 50 state capitals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Santa Fe is the capital of New Mexico.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14674\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"The city of Castroville has been one of the world's biggest makers of cough drops for many years. But last month, Castroville's cough drop factories were destroyed by floods. What will probably happen to the overall supply of cough drops?",
    "choices":[
      "The supply will probably go down.",
      "The supply will probably go up."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Supply and demand",
    "skill":"Understand overall supply and demand",
    "lecture":"Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply. <br\/><br\/>  | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand<br\/> Supply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up<br\/> Supply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down<br\/> <br\/> Producers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up.",
    "solution":"Floods destroyed the cough drop factories in Castroville. The number of producers of cough drops went down. So, the supply of cough drops will probably go down.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which correctly shows the title of a short story?",
    "choices":[
      "\"a Horseman in the Sky\"",
      "\"A Horseman in the Sky\""
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"capitalization",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Capitalizing titles",
    "lecture":"In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach These words are not important in titles: Articles, a, an, the Short prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up Coordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or",
    "solution":"Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The words in and the are not important, so they should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is \"A Horseman in the Sky.\"",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What can Bridgette and Maggie trade to each get what they want?",
    "choices":[
      "Bridgette can trade her tomatoes for Maggie's broccoli.",
      "Bridgette can trade her tomatoes for Maggie's carrots.",
      "Maggie can trade her almonds for Bridgette's tomatoes.",
      "Maggie can trade her broccoli for Bridgette's oranges."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.\nBridgette and Maggie open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Neither Bridgette nor Maggie got everything that they wanted. The table below shows which items they each wanted:\n\nLook at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.\nBridgette's lunch Maggie's lunch",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Trade and specialization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the table and images.\nBridgette wants broccoli. Maggie wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14682\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is this a run-on sentence?\nThe Twenty-Third Amendment gave citizens of Washington, D.C., the right to cast ballots for the nation's president and vice president, residents voted in a presidential election for the first time in 1964.",
    "choices":[
      "no",
      "yes"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Identify run-on sentences",
    "lecture":"A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. The band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks. A run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice. The band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks. The band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks. There are several ways to fix a run-on sentence: Use stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon. The band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks. The band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks. Use a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so. The band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks. Use a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose. The band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks.",
    "solution":"This is a run-on sentence. It is a comma splice formed from two sentences run together, joined by just a comma.\nThe Twenty-Third Amendment gave citizens of Washington, D.C., the right to cast ballots for the nation's president and vice president, residents voted in a presidential election for the first time in 1964.\nHere is one way to fix the run-on sentence:\nThe Twenty-Third Amendment gave citizens of Washington, D.C., the right to cast ballots for the nation's president and vice president; residents voted in a presidential election for the first time in 1964.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a compound sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "The dancer practices after work, or she dances on weekends.",
      "Tomorrow the price of gas may go up."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple or compound?",
    "lecture":"A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate. The pitcher threw the ball to first base. A compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. The pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it. Some simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences. Anna and James will watch the fireworks tonight. This simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James. The singers bowed and walked off the stage. This simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat. This is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.",
    "solution":"The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction or.\nThe dancer practices after work, or she dances on weekends.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nAll of my friends are coming to my birthday party. If Shawna doesn't, she might as well tell me that she doesn't like me.",
    "choices":[
      "ad hominem: a personal attack against one's opponent",
      "false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> red herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that if Shawna doesn't go to the speaker's birthday party, it means that she hates the speaker. However, there may be a number of reasons why Shawna wouldn't go to the party. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Using only these supplies, which question can Nick investigate with an experiment?",
    "choices":[
      "Do watercolor paintings dry faster when they are placed inside or outside?",
      "Do watercolor paintings dry faster when placed next to a fan?",
      "Does a large watercolor painting or a small watercolor painting dry faster?"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Nick is painting watercolor pictures with his friend. An hour after they have finished, Nick notices one painting is dry but the other is not. He wonders what factors affect how quickly watercolor paintings dry. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\ntwo freshly painted watercolor pictures of the same size\nhis dining room table\na picnic table in his backyard\na heater",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following statement about our solar system true or false?\nThe volume of Mars is more than three times as large as Mercury's.",
    "choices":[
      "false",
      "true"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Use the data to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"true-or-false",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Astronomy",
    "skill":"Analyze data to compare properties of planets",
    "lecture":"A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet. The primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.",
    "solution":"To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of three times the volume of Mercury.\nThen compare the result to the volume of Mars. The volume of Mars is 160 billion km^3, which is less than 180 billion km^3. So, the volume of Mars is less than three times as large as Mercury's.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14691\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a compound sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "Elijah had a growth spurt, and now most of his pants are too short.",
      "During last night's game, the tall, lanky girl easily spiked the volleyball over the net and blocked all the other team's hits."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple, compound, or complex?",
    "lecture":"A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence. the oranges on our tree are ripe The clause can stand alone. It is independent. after we pick up Kevin from work The clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent. A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause. Ben and I spent all day relaxing by the pool. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat. Ben usually wears his heavy coat in the winter. A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. We saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while. If she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.",
    "solution":"The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.\nElijah had a growth spurt, and now most of his pants are too short.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nBrett argues that American schools should offer foreign language classes at every level. I disagree. How could Brett not see the value of learning English?",
    "choices":[
      "false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other",
      "appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good",
      "straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations<br\/> slippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that Brett claims that Americans should stop learning English and only study foreign languages. However, this misrepresents Brett's argument. Brett only wants more foreign language instruction. He says nothing about eliminating English instruction. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a straw man.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following could Wesley's test show?",
    "choices":[
      "how well the weather station would work when it was windy",
      "if the weather station would work when the temperature was 50\u00b0C"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design.\nThe passage below describes how the engineering-design process was used to test a solution to a problem. Read the passage. Then answer the question below.\n\nWesley was a mechanical engineer who was designing  to record temperature, precipitation, and wind speed. The weather station would be used in a town where the highest recorded temperature was 40\u00b0C. Wesley wanted to make sure the weather station would work even in unusually warm weather.\nSo, he set an indoor test chamber to 50\u00b0C with low moisture and no wind. He left the weather station in the chamber overnight. The next day, he checked to see if the weather station displayed accurate measurements after 24 hours at 50\u00b0C.\nFigure: a weather station.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Engineering practices",
    "skill":"Evaluate tests of engineering-design solutions",
    "lecture":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured. Imagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves. First, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind. Then, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved. Tests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14702\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same species as the black-footed cat.",
    "choices":[
      "Felis nigripes",
      "Phoebastria nigripes",
      "Macropus giganteus"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This organism is a black-footed cat. Its scientific name is Felis nigripes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification and scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"A black-footed cat's scientific name is Felis nigripes.\nPhoebastria nigripes does have the same species within its genus as a black-footed cat, but they are not in the same genus! They do not have the same scientific name as each other. So, these organisms are not in the same species.\nMacropus giganteus does not have the same scientific name as a black-footed cat. So, Felis nigripes and Macropus giganteus are not in the same species.\nFelis nigripes has the same scientific name as a black-footed cat. So, these organisms are in the same species.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14703\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the temperature shown by this thermometer.",
    "choices":[
      "45\u00b0F",
      "65\u00b0F",
      "35\u00b0F"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Read a thermometer",
    "lecture":"A thermometer is a tool that measures temperature. Temperature can be measured in degrees. The symbol for degrees is \u00b0. Some thermometers measure temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F). Fahrenheit is one scale used to measure temperature. This is a tube thermometer. It has a tube filled with a red liquid. There is a Fahrenheit scale along the right side of the tube. The top of the red liquid lines up with the number 80 on the scale. So, the temperature shown by this thermometer is 80\u00b0F.",
    "solution":"Find the top of the red liquid.\nNow look at the scale to the right. The top of the red liquid is halfway between 30 and 40. So, the temperature is 35\u00b0F.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence so that it uses personification.\nThe path was steep and rocky, and the bus () hard as it made a slow ascent.",
    "choices":[
      "worked",
      "breathed"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Creative techniques",
    "skill":"Use personification",
    "lecture":"Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point. The trees danced in the wind. The word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.",
    "solution":"Complete the sentence with the word breathed. It describes the car as if it were a person who was exercising.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a complex sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "Ethan's ears were ringing after he stood near the stage for the entire concert.",
      "Henry Bacon's design of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C., won him a gold medal from the American Institute of Architects."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple, compound, or complex?",
    "lecture":"A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence. the oranges on our tree are ripe The clause can stand alone. It is independent. after we pick up Kevin from work The clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent. A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause. Ben and I spent all day relaxing by the pool. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat. Ben usually wears his heavy coat in the winter. A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. We saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while. If she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.",
    "solution":"The first sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction after.\nEthan's ears were ringing after he stood near the stage for the entire concert.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nCompanies that make huge profits must be exploiting their customers because the only way a company could make large profits is by taking advantage of their customers.",
    "choices":[
      "false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other",
      "circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself",
      "bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations<br\/> slippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that companies that make huge profits must be engaging in exploitation because the only way a company can make huge profits is by exploiting their customers. However, the \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the temperature of the air inside of a refrigerator?",
    "choices":[
      "4\u00b0F",
      "4\u00b0C"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Estimate temperatures",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Temperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units. <br\/><br\/> 212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0C<br\/> 98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0C<br\/> 68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0C<br\/> 32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0C<br\/>",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the temperature of the air inside of a refrigerator is 4\u00b0C.\n4\u00b0F is too cold.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nWhere Heather lives, winter is the rainiest season of the year.",
    "choices":[
      "weather",
      "climate"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"What's the difference between weather and climate?",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the text carefully.\nWhere Heather lives, winter is the rainiest season of the year.\nThis passage tells you about the usual precipitation where Heather lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature",
      "sample A",
      "sample B"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"Each particle in the two samples has the same mass, and the particles in both samples have the same average speed. So, the particles in both samples have the same average kinetic energy.\nBecause the particles in both samples have the same average kinetic energy, the samples must have the same temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14730\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Washington?",
    "choices":[
      "Olympia",
      "Seattle",
      "Sacramento",
      "Spokane"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify the 50 state capitals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Olympia is the capital of Washington.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14732\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is the main persuasive appeal used in this ad?",
    "choices":[
      "pathos (emotion)",
      "logos (reason)",
      "ethos (character)"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Persuasive strategies",
    "skill":"Identify appeals to ethos, pathos, and logos in advertisements",
    "lecture":"The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals: Appeals to ethos, or character, show that the writer or speaker is trustworthy or is an authority on a subject. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following: say that a brand has been trusted for many years note that a brand is recommended by a respected organization or celebrity include a quote from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's values Appeals to logos, or reason, use logic and specific evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following: use graphs or charts to display information mention the results of scientific studies explain the science behind a product or service Appeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following: trigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassment appeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractive link the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury",
    "solution":"The ad appeals to logos, or reason. It uses a specific figure (an average of $300 a year).",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14733\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which closing is correct for a letter?",
    "choices":[
      "Best Wishes,\nAmanda",
      "Best wishes,\nAmanda"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Greetings and closings of letters",
    "lecture":"A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue. Dear Aunt Sue, I'm glad you could come to my party, and thank you for the birthday gift. I could not have asked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think of you. With love, Rory",
    "solution":"The second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Pamela inherited this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "When she was younger, Pamela wore ribbons in her naturally black hair.",
      "Both of Pamela's biological parents have naturally black hair.",
      "Some people use a hair dryer to straighten their hair. But Pamela and her brothers have naturally straight hair."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nPamela has naturally black hair.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material, but some of them are different shapes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets.",
    "solution":"Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.\nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14744\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which sentence states a fact?",
    "choices":[
      "In general, newborn babies cry far too often.",
      "Babies don't shed tears until they are about a month old."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Distinguish facts from opinions",
    "lecture":"A fact is something that can be proved to be true. The month of July has more days than the month of June. This is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month. An opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true. July is a better month than June for camping. This is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping.",
    "solution":"The second sentence states a fact.\nBabies don't shed tears until they are about a month old.\nIt can be proved by checking a website about newborn babies.\nThe first sentence states an opinion.\nIn general, newborn babies cry far too often.\nFar too often shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about how often is too often.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "Georgia",
      "South Carolina",
      "Michigan",
      "Wisconsin"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"Colonial America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is South Carolina.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14752\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which closing is correct for a letter?",
    "choices":[
      "sincerely,\nMartin",
      "Sincerely,\nMartin"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"capitalization",
    "category":"Capitalization",
    "skill":"Greetings and closings of letters",
    "lecture":"A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue. Dear Aunt Sue, I'm glad you could come to my party, and thank you for the birthday gift. I could not have asked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think of you. With love, Rory",
    "solution":"The second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Two blocks of iron have the same temperature but different masses. Which block has less thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "the block of iron with less mass",
      "the block of iron with more mass"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The objects are made of the same type of matter.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Thermal energy",
    "skill":"How are temperature and mass related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving. The energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. What happens if the amount of matter changes? A 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has half as much thermal energy as a 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the smaller brick has half as many atoms. So, it has half as much thermal energy.",
    "solution":"The two blocks of iron have the same temperature and are made of the same type of matter. So, the block of iron with less mass has less thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence so that it uses personification.\nEven a week after the eruption, the volcano was still () clouds of smoke.",
    "choices":[
      "belching",
      "releasing"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Creative techniques",
    "skill":"Use personification",
    "lecture":"Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point. The trees danced in the wind. The word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.",
    "solution":"Complete the sentence with the word belching. It describes the volcano as if it were a person who is burping.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Roger inherited this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Roger's mother has blue eyes. She passed this trait down to Roger.",
      "Roger likes to wear a blue sweater to match his blue eyes."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nRoger has blue eyes.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a compound sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "Every morning my alarm clock wakes me at six o'clock.",
      "Mom can sew buttons, and Sasha wants to learn how."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple or compound?",
    "lecture":"A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate. The pitcher threw the ball to first base. A compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. The pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it. Some simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences. Anna and James will watch the fireworks tonight. This simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James. The singers bowed and walked off the stage. This simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat. This is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.",
    "solution":"The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction and.\nMom can sew buttons, and Sasha wants to learn how.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Would you find the word lose on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nlit - lung",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince lose is between the guide words lit - lung, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nColleen lives in a town with hot summers and freezing cold winters.",
    "choices":[
      "climate",
      "weather"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Hint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"What's the difference between weather and climate?",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the text carefully.\nColleen lives in a town with hot summers and freezing cold winters.\nThis passage tells you about the usual temperatures where Colleen lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Look at the models of molecules below. Select the elementary substance.",
    "choices":[
      "bromomethane",
      "tetraphosphorus",
      "chloromethanol"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"Identify elementary substances and compounds using models",
    "lecture":"There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you. A substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl. Scientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride. In a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14791\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the statement.\nSilicon carbide is ().",
    "choices":[
      "an elementary substance",
      "a compound"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Silicon carbide is a hard substance used in car brakes and in bulletproof vests. The chemical formula for silicon carbide is SiC.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"Classify elementary substances and compounds using chemical formulas",
    "lecture":"There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you. A substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be. The atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula. An elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol. The atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule. For example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms. A compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols. The chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula. For example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two atoms.",
    "solution":"You can tell whether silicon carbide is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of atomic symbols in its chemical formula. An atomic symbol consists of either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for silicon carbide, SiC, contains two atomic symbols: Si for silicon and C for carbon. So, the formula tells you that silicon carbide is composed of two chemical elements bonded together.\nSince silicon carbide is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, silicon carbide is a compound.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which closing is correct for a letter?",
    "choices":[
      "Love,\nColleen",
      "love,\nColleen"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Greetings and closings of letters",
    "lecture":"A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue. Dear Aunt Sue, I'm glad you could come to my party, and thank you for the birthday gift. I could not have asked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think of you. With love, Rory",
    "solution":"The first closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Would you find the word grain on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ngallop - generous",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince grain is not between the guide words gallop - generous, it would not be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the motion of three cars. Which car was moving at the highest speed?",
    "choices":[
      "a car that moved 115kilometers north in 5hours",
      "a car that moved 510kilometers north in 5hours",
      "a car that moved 435kilometers west in 5hours"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Compare the speeds of moving objects",
    "lecture":"An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time. Distance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer. Time tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour. Think about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed.",
    "solution":"Look at the distance each car moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each car moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each car moved for 5 hours. The car that moved 510 kilometers moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that car must have moved at the highest speed.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"During this time, thermal energy was transferred from () to ().",
    "choices":[
      "each bottle . . . the surroundings",
      "the surroundings . . . each bottle"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Two bottles of soda were sitting on a porch on a hot day. The two bottles were identical, except that one bottle was made of brown glass and one bottle was made of clear glass. This table shows how the temperature of each bottle changed over 25minutes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Thermal energy",
    "skill":"Compare thermal energy transfers",
    "lecture":"A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy: An increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings. A decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings.",
    "solution":"The temperature of each bottle increased, which means that the thermal energy of each bottle increased. So, thermal energy was transferred from the surroundings to each bottle.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14821\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which statement describes the Sonoran Desert ecosystem?",
    "choices":[
      "It has only a few types of organisms.",
      "It has dry, thin soil."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Figure: Sonoran Desert.\nThe Sonoran Desert is a hot desert ecosystem in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. This desert is home to wild saguaro cactus, which can grow over 70 feet tall.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Describe ecosystems",
    "lecture":"An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment. There are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other: the pattern of weather, or climate the type of soil the organisms that live there",
    "solution":"A hot desert is a type of ecosystem. Hot deserts have the following features: a small amount of rain, dry, thin soil, and many different types of organisms. So, the following statements describe the Sonoran Desert ecosystem: a small amount of rain, dry, thin soil, and many different types of organisms. It has dry, thin soil. It has many different types of organisms. The following statement does not describe the Sonoran Desert: a small amount of rain, dry, thin soil, and many different types of organisms. It has only a few types of organisms.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14837\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Identify the question that Edwin and Porter's experiment can best answer.",
    "choices":[
      "Do ping pong balls stop rolling along the ground sooner after being launched from a 30\u00b0 angle or a 45\u00b0 angle?",
      "Do ping pong balls travel farther when launched from a 30\u00b0 angle compared to a 45\u00b0 angle?"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below.\n\nEdwin placed a ping pong ball in a catapult, pulled the catapult's arm back to a 45\u00b0 angle, and launched the ball. Then, Edwin launched another ping pong ball, this time pulling the catapult's arm back to a 30\u00b0 angle. With each launch, his friend Porter measured the distance between the catapult and the place where the ball hit the ground. Edwin and Porter repeated the launches with ping pong balls in four more identical catapults. They compared the distances the balls traveled when launched from a 45\u00b0 angle to the distances the balls traveled when launched from a 30\u00b0 angle.\nFigure: a catapult for launching ping pong balls.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify the experimental question",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment. Imagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured. First, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested. Then, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured. Experiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height. Examples of questions that this experiment can answer include: Does soil type affect the height of daffodil plants? Do daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil? Are daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14842\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nLogan, you didn't vote in the last election, so you clearly have no regard for the democracy in which we live.",
    "choices":[
      "appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good",
      "false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> red herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that Logan must not care about democracy, because he didn't vote in the election. However, there may be a number of reasons why Logan didn't vote in the election. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same species as the sand cat.",
    "choices":[
      "Felis chaus",
      "Bufo bufo",
      "Felis margarita"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"This organism is a sand cat. Its scientific name is Felis margarita.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification and scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"A sand cat's scientific name is Felis margarita.\nBufo bufo does not have the same scientific name as a sand cat. So, Felis margarita and Bufo bufo are not in the same species.\nFelis margarita is in the same genus as Felis chaus, but they are not in the same species.\nOrganisms in the same species have the same scientific names. Felis margarita and Felis chaus are different species within the same genus.\nFelis margarita has the same scientific name as a sand cat. So, these organisms are in the same species.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14847\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Maine?",
    "choices":[
      "Newport",
      "Trenton",
      "Augusta",
      "Salem"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Northeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Augusta is the capital of Maine.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14848\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these two objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "bouncy",
      "bendable"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Different objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA bendable object can be bent without breaking. Both objects are bendable.\nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The eraser is bouncy, but the stuffed rabbit is not.\nThe property that both objects have in common is bendable.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14851\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following trait inherited or acquired?\nChristina has a scar on her right hand.",
    "choices":[
      "inherited",
      "acquired"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Hint: Most scars are caused by accidents during a person's life.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Identify inherited and acquired traits",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.",
    "solution":"Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is this a run-on sentence?\nLasagna is a delicious comfort food, it can be made healthier with the addition of vegetables such as mushrooms and kale.",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Identify run-on sentences",
    "lecture":"A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. The band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks. A run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice. The band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks. The band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks. There are several ways to fix a run-on sentence: Use stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon. The band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks. The band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks. Use a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so. The band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks. Use a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose. The band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks.",
    "solution":"This is a run-on sentence. It is a comma splice formed from two sentences run together, joined by just a comma.\nLasagna is a delicious comfort food, it can be made healthier with the addition of vegetables such as mushrooms and kale.\nHere is one way to fix the run-on sentence:\nLasagna is a delicious comfort food, but it can be made healthier with the addition of vegetables such as mushrooms and kale.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\nroasting a marshmallow over a campfire\na copper statue turning green",
    "choices":[
      "Both are caused by heating.",
      "Both are caused by cooling.",
      "Both are only physical changes.",
      "Both are chemical changes."
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nRoasting a marshmallow is a chemical change. The type of matter on the outside of the marshmallow changes. As a marshmallow is roasted, it turns brown and crispy.\nA copper statue turning green is a chemical change. The copper reacts with oxygen in the air. This reaction forms a different type of matter called copper oxide. The copper oxide is green.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nRoasting is caused by heating. But a copper statue turning green is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following statement true or false?\nThe cell membrane is the outermost layer in an animal cell.",
    "choices":[
      "true",
      "false"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"true-or-false",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Cells",
    "skill":"Cell part functions: true or false",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The cell membrane is the outermost layer in an animal cell.\nThis statement is true. An animal cell does not have a cell wall. The cell membrane is the outermost layer in an animal cell.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which text uses the word nauseous in its traditional sense?",
    "choices":[
      "Everyone seemed to enjoy the magnolia-scented candle, but it made Kurt feel rather nauseous.",
      "Everyone seemed to enjoy the magnolia-scented candle, but Kurt found the smell rather nauseous."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Word usage and nuance",
    "skill":"Explore words with new or contested usages",
    "lecture":"Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner. When a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences. Britney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam. The traditional usage above is considered more standard. David perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages. The nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.",
    "solution":"The first text uses nauseous in its traditional sense: causing disgust or nausea.\nEveryone seemed to enjoy the magnolia-scented candle, but Kurt found the smell rather nauseous.\nThe second text uses nauseous in its nontraditional sense: feeling disgusted or nauseated.\nEveryone seemed to enjoy the magnolia-scented candle, but it made Kurt feel rather nauseous.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word nauseous because it is considered more standard.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the motion of two mountain bikers. Which mountain biker was moving at a lower speed?",
    "choices":[
      "a mountain biker who moved 120kilometers in 5hours",
      "a mountain biker who moved 155kilometers in 5hours"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Compare the speeds of moving objects",
    "lecture":"An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time. Distance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer. Time tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour. Think about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed.",
    "solution":"Look at the distance each mountain biker moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne mountain biker moved 120 kilometers in 5 hours.\nThe other mountain biker moved 155 kilometers in 5 hours.\nNotice that each mountain biker spent the same amount of time moving. The mountain biker who moved 120 kilometers moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that mountain biker must have moved at a lower speed.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "Michigan",
      "New Jersey",
      "Ohio",
      "Pennsylvania"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"Colonial America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is New Jersey.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14917\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal's mouth is also adapted to get insects out of burrows?",
    "choices":[
      "gelada baboon",
      "long-beaked echidna"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Aardvarks eat insects such as ants and termites. These insects often live in holes called burrows. The 's mouth is adapted to get insects out of burrows.\nFigure: aardvark.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: beaks, mouths, and necks",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the aardvark.\nA tube-shaped snout helps the aardvark reach into a burrow. A long, sticky tongue helps it catch the insects.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe long-beaked echidna has a tube-shaped snout and a long, sticky tongue. Its mouth is adapted to eat insects that live inside burrows.\nThe gelada baboon has a wide snout. Its mouth is not adapted to get insects out of burrows. The gelada baboon uses its mouth to eat mostly grass.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14922\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which part of the carrot plant do we usually eat?",
    "choices":[
      "the fruit",
      "the stem",
      "the root"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"People use carrot plants for food. We usually eat the part of this plant that takes in water and nutrients. It holds the plant in place in the soil.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Plants",
    "skill":"Classify fruits and vegetables as plant parts",
    "lecture":"The fruits and vegetables we eat are parts of plants! Plants are made up of different structures. The different structures carry out important functions. The roots take in water and nutrients from the soil. They also hold the plant in place in the soil. The stem supports the plant. It carries food, water, and nutrients through the plant. The leaves are where most of the plant's photosynthesis happens. Photosynthesis is the process plants use to turn water, sunlight, and carbon dioxide into food. After they are pollinated, the flowers make seeds and fruit. The fruit contain the seeds. Each fruit grows from a pollinated flower. The seeds can grow into a new plant. Germination is when a seed begins to grow.",
    "solution":"The part of the carrot plant we usually eat is the root. It takes in water and nutrients. It also holds the plant in place in the soil.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14925\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "sample A",
      "sample B",
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"Each particle in the two samples has the same mass, but the particles in sample A have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.\nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14936\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the chemical formula for this molecule.",
    "choices":[
      "CHI",
      "C2I5",
      "CI4",
      "I4"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"Match chemical formulas to ball-and-stick models",
    "lecture":"Every substance around you is made up of atoms. Atoms can link together to form molecules. The links between atoms in a molecule are called chemical bonds. Different molecules are made up of different chemical elements, or types of atoms, bonded together. Scientists use both ball-and-stick models and chemical formulas to represent molecules. A ball-and-stick model of a molecule is shown below. The balls represent atoms. The sticks represent the chemical bonds between the atoms. Notice how each ball is labeled with a symbol made of one or more letters. The symbol is an abbreviation for a chemical element. The ball represents one atom of that element. Every chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, that symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, it is one capital letter followed by one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element boron is B and the symbol for the element chlorine is Cl. The molecule shown above has one boron atom and three chlorine atoms. A chemical bond links each chlorine atom to the boron atom. The chemical formula for a molecule contains the symbol for each chemical element in the molecule. Many chemical formulas use subscripts. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. In chemical formulas, the subscripts are numbers. The subscript is always written after the symbol for an element. The subscript tells you how many atoms that symbol represents. If the symbol represents just one atom, then no subscript is included. The symbols in the chemical formula for a molecule match the symbols in the ball-and-stick model for that molecule. The ball-and-stick model shown before and the chemical formula shown above represent the same substance.",
    "solution":"C is the symbol for carbon. I is the symbol for iodine. This ball-and-stick model shows a molecule with one carbon atom and four iodine atoms.\nThe chemical formula will contain the symbols C and I. There is one carbon atom, so C will not have a subscript. There are four iodine atoms, so I will have a subscript of 4.\nThe correct formula is CI4.\nThe diagram below shows how each part of the chemical formula matches with each part of the model above.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14938\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"During this time, thermal energy was transferred from () to ().",
    "choices":[
      "the surroundings . . . each greenhouse",
      "each greenhouse . . . the surroundings"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two identical greenhouses were next to each other. There were solar panels on the roof of one greenhouse but not on the roof of the other greenhouse. This table shows how the temperature of each greenhouse changed over 2hours.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Thermal energy",
    "skill":"Compare thermal energy transfers",
    "lecture":"A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy: An increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings. A decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings.",
    "solution":"The temperature of each greenhouse increased, which means that the thermal energy of each greenhouse increased. So, thermal energy was transferred from the surroundings to each greenhouse.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14940\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nIt's an open secret that Colin is writing a book based on his experiences living in Singapore. He never talks about it, but almost all his friends know.",
    "choices":[
      "euphemism",
      "oxymoron"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify the figure of speech: euphemism, hyperbole, oxymoron, paradox",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! An oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Some reviewers are calling this book a new classic. A paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Always expect the unexpected.",
    "solution":"The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nOpen secret is a contradiction, because open describes something that is freely or publicly known, and a secret is hidden.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Can Loxodonta africana cells make their own food?",
    "choices":[
      "no",
      "yes"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This organism is Loxodonta africana. It is a member of the animal kingdom.\nLoxodonta africana is commonly called an African elephant. Elephants often live in matriarchal groups. This means that a mother elephant, her daughter, and her grandchildren live together.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Describe, classify, and compare kingdoms",
    "lecture":"In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms. Organisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom. <br\/><br\/>  | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | Plants<br\/> How many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | many<br\/> Do their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yes<br\/> Can their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes<br\/>",
    "solution":"Loxodonta africana is an animal. Animal cells cannot make their own food. Animals get their food by digesting other organisms.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14948\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Wisconsin?",
    "choices":[
      "Milwaukee",
      "Madison",
      "Biloxi",
      "Green Bay"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Madison is the capital of Wisconsin.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14955\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is a flip-flop a solid, a liquid, or a gas?",
    "choices":[
      "a gas",
      "a liquid",
      "a solid"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"States of matter",
    "skill":"Identify and sort solids, liquids, and gases",
    "lecture":"Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own. Some solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid. When matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle. Some liquids are thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk. When matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space. Many gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas.",
    "solution":"A flip-flop is a solid. You can bend or fold a flip-flop. But it will still have a size and shape of its own.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14959\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material, but some of them are different sizes and shapes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger.",
    "solution":"Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.\nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14960\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles?",
    "choices":[
      "Solution A",
      "Solution B",
      "neither; their concentrations are the same"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each pink ball represents one particle of solute.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Compare concentrations of solutions",
    "lecture":"A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent. concentration = particles of solute \/ volume of solvent",
    "solution":"In Solution A and Solution B, the pink particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles, look at both the number of pink particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of pink particles per milliliter.\nSolution A has more pink particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of pink particles.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14963\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which tense does the sentence use?\nHansen folded the wool blanket on his bed.",
    "choices":[
      "past tense",
      "present tense",
      "future tense"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"verbs",
    "category":"Verb tense",
    "skill":"Is the sentence in the past, present, or future tense?",
    "lecture":"Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now. Most present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es. Two verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms. Past tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened. Most past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed. Some verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms. Future tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen. All future-tense verbs use the word will. <br\/><br\/> Present | Past | Future<br\/> walk, walks | walked | will walk<br\/> go, goes | went | will go<br\/>",
    "solution":"The sentence is in past tense. You can tell because it uses a past-tense verb, folded. The verb ends in -ed and tells you about something that has already happened.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these four objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "opaque",
      "sweet",
      "translucent"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Select the best answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA translucent object lets light through. But you cannot see clearly through a translucent object. All four objects are translucent.\nSugar has a sweet taste. The honey is sweet, but the icicle, the marbles, and the ocean water are not.\nAn opaque object does not let light through. None of the objects are opaque.\nThe property that all four objects have in common is translucent.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14980\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles?",
    "choices":[
      "Solution B",
      "Solution A",
      "neither; their concentrations are the same"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each purple ball represents one particle of solute.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Compare concentrations of solutions",
    "lecture":"A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent. concentration = particles of solute \/ volume of solvent",
    "solution":"In Solution A and Solution B, the purple particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles, look at both the number of purple particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of purple particles per milliliter.\nSolution A has more purple particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of purple particles.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14984\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the probability that a rose plant produced by this cross will not have thorns?",
    "choices":[
      "4\/4",
      "2\/4",
      "3\/4",
      "0\/4",
      "1\/4"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":"In a group of rose plants, some individuals have thorns and others do not. In this group, the gene for the thorns trait has two alleles. The allele for not having thorns (r) is recessive to the allele for having thorns (R).\nThis Punnett square shows a cross between two rose plants.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Use Punnett squares to calculate probabilities of offspring types",
    "lecture":"Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive? How do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. If an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait. If an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait. In a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes. An event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction: probability of an event = number of ways the event can happen \/ number of equally likely outcomes You can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff. <br\/><br\/>  | F | f<br\/> F | FF | Ff<br\/> f | Ff | ff<br\/> <br\/> Consider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction: number of ways the event can happen \/ number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff \/ total number of boxes = 1 \/ 4.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14987\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Iowa?",
    "choices":[
      "Cleveland",
      "Des Moines",
      "Grand Rapids",
      "Cedar Rapids"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Des Moines is the capital of Iowa.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/14991\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a parking space?",
    "choices":[
      "25 feet",
      "25 miles",
      "25 inches",
      "25 yards"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of distance, mass, and volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles. There are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile. A football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the length of a parking space is 25 feet.\n25 inches is too short. 25 yards and 25 miles are too long.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\nacid rain weathering a marble statue\nbaking a loaf of bread",
    "choices":[
      "Both are only physical changes.",
      "Both are caused by cooling.",
      "Both are caused by heating.",
      "Both are chemical changes."
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Chemical reactions",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule. In a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns. In a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nAcid rain weathering a marble statue is a chemical change. The acid rain reacts with the outside of the statue and breaks it down into a different type of matter. This new matter is then washed away by the rain. Acid rain is a type of pollution. It forms when smoke from automobiles and factories mixes with water in clouds.\nAcid rain is a type of pollution. It forms when automobiles and factories release smoke containing sulfur or nitrogen. Some of these chemicals react with water in the atmosphere. The reaction forms droplets of water that can fall back to the ground as acid rain.\nBaking a loaf of bread is a chemical change. The type of matter in the dough changes when it is baked. The dough turns into bread!\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBaking is caused by heating. But acid rain weathering a marble statue is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Using only these supplies, which question can Kurt investigate with an experiment?",
    "choices":[
      "Do the squirrels select sunflower seeds or walnuts more often?",
      "Do the squirrels eat walnuts from large feeders more often than from small feeders?",
      "Which type of tree do the squirrels feed from most often?"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Kurt enjoys feeding the squirrels in his backyard. He notices that they spend a lot of time collecting seeds and nuts. He wonders about what factors affect which foods squirrels choose to collect. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\ntwo identical squirrel feeders\na bag of sunflower seeds\na bag of walnuts\na tree to hang the feeders from",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which object has the least thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "a cherry pie at a temperature of 43\u00b0C",
      "a cherry pie at a temperature of 24\u00b0C",
      "a cherry pie at a temperature of 35\u00b0C"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The objects are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Heat and thermal energy",
    "skill":"How is temperature related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.",
    "solution":"All three cherry pies have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 24\u00b0C pie is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these continents does the prime meridian intersect?",
    "choices":[
      "North America",
      "Australia",
      "Europe"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Maps",
    "skill":"Use lines of latitude and longitude",
    "lecture":"Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps. Lines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there. Lines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator. Lines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles. The equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W. Together, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place.",
    "solution":"The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects Europe. It does not intersect North America or Australia.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15019\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "sample A",
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature",
      "sample B"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"Each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. The particles in sample B also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.\nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15030\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nMost of the people who knew Deion considered him to be an unrepentant Casanova.",
    "choices":[
      "history",
      "Shakespeare"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. The protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose. The word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion Casanova is history.\nThe autobiography of Giovanni Giacomo Casanova, an eighteenth-century Italian adventurer, details and perhaps exaggerates his amorous adventures and success with women.\nThe allusion Casanova means a womanizer.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Choose the poem that uses anaphora.",
    "choices":[
      "So much have I forgotten in ten years,\nSo much in ten brief years; I have forgot\nWhat time the purple apples come to juice\nAnd what month brings the shy forget-me-not.",
      "My vigor is a new-minted penny,\nWhich I cast at your feet.\nGather it up from the dust,\nThat its sparkle may amuse you."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"From Claude McKay, \"Flame-Heart\" and from Amy Lowell, \"A Lady\"",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reading-comprehension",
    "category":"Analyzing literature",
    "skill":"Identify elements of poetry",
    "lecture":"Poets often use the sounds of words to create interesting effects and to express moods and emotions. Understanding these elements of poetry can help you better interpret and appreciate poetic forms. Anaphora is the repetition of words or sequences of words at the beginning of multiple phrases, sentences, or lines. Out of the cradle endlessly rocking, Out of the mocking-bird's throat, the musical shuttle, Out of the Ninth-month midnight \u2014From Walt Whitman, \"Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking\" Onomatopoeia is when language sounds like what it talks about. Sometimes the onomatopoeia uses made-up words: Tlot-tlot! tlot-tlot! Had they heard it? The horse hoofs ringing clear. \u2014From Alfred Noyes, \"The Highwayman\" Sometimes the onomatopoeia uses real words: Hark! the honey bee is humming. \u2014From Mary Howitt, \"The Voice of Spring\" Alliteration is when beginning consonant sounds are repeated in words that are close together. Where the wild men watched and waited Wolves in the forest, and bears in the bush. \u2014From Bayard Taylor, \"A Night with a Wolf\" Assonance is the repetition of vowel sounds. Often, assonance can create rhymes or near-rhymes within lines. I wandered lonely as a Cloud That floats on high o'er Vales and Hills, When all at once I saw a crowd, A host of golden Daffodils. \u2014From William Wordsworth, \"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud\" Meter is a poem's rhythm, or the pattern of strong and weak syllables. Strong syllables are stressed, while weak syllables are unstressed. A poem has an iambic meter when the beat sounds like da-DUM. A weak syllable is followed by a strong syllable. Occasionally, a line may begin with a strong syllable. He watches from his mountain walls, And like a thunderbolt he falls. \u2014From Alfred, Lord Tennyson, \"The Eagle\" A poem has a trochaic meter when the beat sounds like DUM-da. A strong syllable is followed by a weak syllable. Occasionally, a line may end in a strong syllable. Back into the chamber turning, all my soul within me burning, Soon again I heard a tapping somewhat louder than before. \u2014From Edgar Allen Poe, \"The Raven\" Free verse is when a poem has neither a regular rhythm nor a rhyme pattern. The old bridge has a wrinkled face. He bends his back For us to go over. \u2014From Hilda Conkling, \"The Old Bridge\" The syllables in bold are strong. You can see this poem does not have a regular rhythm. It also doesn't have a rhyme pattern.",
    "solution":"This poem uses anaphora. It repeats the same word or words at the beginning of multiple lines or phrases.\nAnd what month brings the shy forget-me-not.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Clayton inherited this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Clayton's parents have blond hair. They passed down this trait to Clayton.",
      "Clayton's mother cuts his hair every month."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nClayton has blond hair.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the statement.\nGlucose is ().",
    "choices":[
      "an elementary substance",
      "a compound"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Glucose is a type of sugar and an energy source for organisms. The chemical formula for glucose is C6H12O6.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"Classify elementary substances and compounds using chemical formulas",
    "lecture":"Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be. The symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula. An elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol. The symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule. For example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula. The chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms. A compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols. For example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms.",
    "solution":"You can tell whether glucose is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for glucose is C6 H12 O6. This formula contains three symbols: C for carbon, H for hydrogen, and O for oxygen. So, the formula tells you that glucose is made of three chemical elements bonded together.\nSubstances made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, glucose is a compound.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nShe was not surprised by his reaction to the film, for she had long considered him somewhat of a philistine.",
    "choices":[
      "Greek mythology",
      "the Bible"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. The protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose. The word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion philistine is the Bible.\nThe Philistines were a group of people who lived in Palestine during Biblical times. They are described in the Bible as superstitious people who indulged excessively in alcohol and had no relationship with God.\nThe allusion philistine means a person hostile or indifferent to culture and the arts.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest west?",
    "choices":[
      "Massachusetts",
      "South Carolina",
      "Colorado",
      "Alabama"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Maps",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Colorado is farthest west.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15051\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the allusion in this text suggest?\nWhen Elizabeth claimed she had loaded the dishwasher before turning on Dancing with the Stars, her mother replied, \"Your nose is growing!\"",
    "choices":[
      "Elizabeth was lying.",
      "Elizabeth was goofy."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. An allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.",
    "solution":"The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nThe allusion nose is growing suggests that Elizabeth was lying. In the story of Pinocchio, when Pinocchio lies, his nose grows longer.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "attract",
      "repel"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces. Magnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S). Here are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles. If opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15072\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence.\nAn antacid tablet reacting with water is a ().",
    "choices":[
      "physical change",
      "chemical change"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Identify physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Burning a piece of paper is a chemical change. When paper gets hot enough, it reacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same. Cutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper. A change of state is a type of physical change. For example, ice melting is a physical change. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.",
    "solution":"An antacid tablet reacting with water is a chemical change. When the tablet touches water, the type of matter in the tablet changes and carbon dioxide gas is released. This gas makes the water fizz.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same genus as the mantled howler.",
    "choices":[
      "Alouatta caraya",
      "Ovis aries",
      "Ovis orientalis"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This organism is a mantled howler. Its scientific name is Alouatta palliata.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"A mantled howler's scientific name is Alouatta palliata. The first word of its scientific name is Alouatta.\nAlouatta caraya is in the genus Alouatta. The first word of its scientific name is Alouatta. So, Alouatta caraya and Alouatta palliata are in the same genus.\nOvis orientalis is in the genus Ovis. The first word of its scientific name is Ovis. So, Ovis orientalis and Alouatta palliata are not in the same genus.\nOvis aries is in the genus Ovis. The first word of its scientific name is Ovis. So, Ovis aries and Alouatta palliata are not in the same genus.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15078\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which bird's beak is also adapted to catch insects?",
    "choices":[
      "European robin",
      "military macaw"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Barn swallows eat insects and other small invertebrates. The shape of the 's beak is adapted to catch insects.\nFigure: barn swallow.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: beaks, mouths, and necks",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the barn swallow.\nA short, thin beak is light and easy to move. The barn swallow uses its beak to grab fast-moving insects while flying.\nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.\nThe European robin has a short, thin beak. Its beak is adapted to catch insects.\nThe military macaw has a thick hooked beak. Its beak is not adapted to catch insects. The military macaw uses its beak to crack open large, hard nuts.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15089\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Wyoming?",
    "choices":[
      "Laramie",
      "Cheyenne",
      "Charleston",
      "Sacramento"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify the 50 state capitals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15090\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material, but some of them are different sizes and shapes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller.",
    "solution":"Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.\nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15092\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a sentence fragment?",
    "choices":[
      "Her comfortable clothing and her warm coat.",
      "The city manager will run the meeting she will explain the budget."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is it a complete sentence, a fragment, or a run-on?",
    "lecture":"A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb. My friends walk along the path. A sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb. Knows the answer. This is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject. Who knows the answer? She knows the answer. The bright red car. This is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb. What did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped. A run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma. I knocked on the door it opened. It started raining, we ran inside. To fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence. I knocked on the door. It opened. It started raining. We ran inside. You can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. I knocked on the door, and it opened. It started raining, so we ran inside.",
    "solution":"Her comfortable clothing and her warm coat is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which statement is supported by the map?",
    "choices":[
      "The Silk Road connected only Asia and Europe.",
      "The Silk Road allowed merchants to travel from Asia to the Americas.",
      "The Silk Road allowed merchants to travel between Asia, Europe, and Africa."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The map below shows a network of trade routes known as the Silk Road. Between 200 BCE and 1350 CE, merchants, or traders, traveled along many parts of these routes.\nLook at the map showing the Silk Road around 100 CE. Then answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"world-history",
    "category":"The Silk Road",
    "skill":"The ancient Silk Road: geography and transportation",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15102\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnetic force is weaker in Pair 2.",
      "The magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Compare strengths of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart.",
    "solution":"Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.\nThe magnets in Pair 2 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 2 than in Pair 1.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15113\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "repel",
      "attract"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.\n\nHint: Magnets that attract pull together. Magnets that repel push apart.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south. Here are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S. If different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15118\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Choose the poem that uses alliteration.",
    "choices":[
      "She knows a cheap release\nFrom worry and from pain\u2014\nThe cowboys spur their horses\nOver the unending plain.",
      "So I gazed on this unhappy thing\nWith wonder and surprise,\nWhile sadly with his waving wing\nHe wiped his weeping eyes."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"From Charlotte Perkins Gilman, \"A Conservative\" and from Florence Kiper Frank, \"The Movies\"",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reading-comprehension",
    "category":"Analyzing literature",
    "skill":"Identify elements of poetry",
    "lecture":"Poets often use the sounds of words to create interesting effects and to express moods and emotions. Understanding these elements of poetry can help you better interpret and appreciate poetic forms. Anaphora is the repetition of words or sequences of words at the beginning of multiple phrases, sentences, or lines. Out of the cradle endlessly rocking, Out of the mocking-bird's throat, the musical shuttle, Out of the Ninth-month midnight \u2014From Walt Whitman, \"Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking\" Onomatopoeia is when language sounds like what it talks about. Sometimes the onomatopoeia uses made-up words: Tlot-tlot! tlot-tlot! Had they heard it? The horse hoofs ringing clear. \u2014From Alfred Noyes, \"The Highwayman\" Sometimes the onomatopoeia uses real words: Hark! the honey bee is humming. \u2014From Mary Howitt, \"The Voice of Spring\" Alliteration is when beginning consonant sounds are repeated in words that are close together. Where the wild men watched and waited Wolves in the forest, and bears in the bush. \u2014From Bayard Taylor, \"A Night with a Wolf\" Assonance is the repetition of vowel sounds. Often, assonance can create rhymes or near-rhymes within lines. I wandered lonely as a Cloud That floats on high o'er Vales and Hills, When all at once I saw a crowd, A host of golden Daffodils. \u2014From William Wordsworth, \"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud\" Meter is a poem's rhythm, or the pattern of strong and weak syllables. Strong syllables are stressed, while weak syllables are unstressed. A poem has an iambic meter when the beat sounds like da-DUM. A weak syllable is followed by a strong syllable. Occasionally, a line may begin with a strong syllable. He watches from his mountain walls, And like a thunderbolt he falls. \u2014From Alfred, Lord Tennyson, \"The Eagle\" A poem has a trochaic meter when the beat sounds like DUM-da. A strong syllable is followed by a weak syllable. Occasionally, a line may end in a strong syllable. Back into the chamber turning, all my soul within me burning, Soon again I heard a tapping somewhat louder than before. \u2014From Edgar Allen Poe, \"The Raven\" Free verse is when a poem has neither a regular rhythm nor a rhyme pattern. The old bridge has a wrinkled face. He bends his back For us to go over. \u2014From Hilda Conkling, \"The Old Bridge\" The syllables in bold are strong. You can see this poem does not have a regular rhythm. It also doesn't have a rhyme pattern.",
    "solution":"This poem uses alliteration. It repeats beginning consonant sounds.\nHe wiped his weeping eyes.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles?",
    "choices":[
      "neither; their concentrations are the same",
      "Solution B",
      "Solution A"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each blue ball represents one particle of solute.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Compare concentrations of solutions",
    "lecture":"A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent. concentration = particles of solute \/ volume of solvent",
    "solution":"In Solution A and Solution B, the blue particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles, look at both the number of blue particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of blue particles per milliliter.\nSolution B has more blue particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of blue particles.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15124\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a long-distance running race?",
    "choices":[
      "13 yards",
      "13 inches",
      "13 feet",
      "13 miles"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of distance, mass, and volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles. There are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile. A football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the length of a long-distance running race is 13 miles.\n13 inches, 13 feet, and 13 yards are all too short.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence.\nNewly poured concrete becoming hard is a ().",
    "choices":[
      "chemical change",
      "physical change"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Chemical reactions",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule. In a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Burning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns. In a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.",
    "solution":"Concrete hardening is a chemical change. The chemicals in the concrete react with each other to form a different type of matter. The new matter is hard and strong.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which type of relationship is formed when an epiphytic orchid grows on a tree branch in the canopy?",
    "choices":[
      "parasitic",
      "mutualistic",
      "commensal"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Read the passage. Then answer the question.\n\nEpiphytic orchids are flowering plants that can grow in tropical forests. An orchid can grow on tree branches in the canopy, or upper layer of the forest.\nIn the canopy, the orchid gets more sunlight than it would in the shadowy lower parts of the forest. The additional sunlight allows the orchid to perform more photosynthesis. There is also more wind in the canopy, which helps the orchid spread its seeds to other branches.\nThe orchid does not damage the tree it grows on, but it also does not provide resources to the tree.\nFigure: epiphytic orchids growing on trees in a tropical forest.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecological interactions",
    "skill":"Classify symbiotic relationships",
    "lecture":"When two organisms of different species interact in a way that affects one or both organisms, they form a symbiotic relationship. The word symbiosis comes from a Greek word that means living together. Scientists define types of symbiotic relationships based on how each organism is affected. This table lists three common types of symbiotic relationships. It shows how each organism is affected in each type of symbiotic relationship. <br\/><br\/> Type of symbiotic relationship | Organism of one species... | Organism of the other species...<br\/> Commensal | benefits | is not significantly affected<br\/> Mutualistic | benefits | benefits<br\/> Parasitic | benefits | is harmed (but not usually killed)<br\/>",
    "solution":"When an epiphytic orchid grows on a tree branch in the canopy, the orchid gets more sunlight and wind than it would if it grew on the forest floor. So, the orchid benefits from its relationship with the tree.\nThe tree is not damaged by the orchid, but the tree is not helped, either. So, the tree is not significantly affected by its relationship with the orchid.\nSince the orchid benefits and the tree is not significantly affected, a commensal relationship is formed when an epiphytic orchid grows on a tree branch in the canopy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15141\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence.\nThe word \"antebellum\" means ().",
    "choices":[
      "after the long peace",
      "after the election",
      "before the war",
      "before the feast"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The time period in United States history between 1820 and 1861 is often called the antebellum period. During the antebellum period, the North and South became more divided. In the following questions, you learn more about the changes that happened during the antebellum period.\nThe following table shows other words that use the Latin root words ante and bellum. Look at the table. Then complete the text below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"The Antebellum period",
    "skill":"Causes of the Civil War: Missouri Compromise to Bleeding Kansas",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the underlined parts of the table.\nAll the words that use the root \"ante\" mean to come before something else. So, the root ante means \"before.\"\nAll the words that use the root \"bellum\" mean to fight or cause war.So, the root bellum means \"war.\"\nSo, the word \"antebellum\" means \"before the war.\" The antebellum period is named for the war that followed it: the Civil War.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15148\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following could Albert's test show?",
    "choices":[
      "whether a parachute with a 1 m vent would swing too much at 400 km per hour",
      "how steady a parachute with a 1 m vent was at 200 km per hour",
      "if the spacecraft was damaged when using a parachute with a 1 m vent going 200 km per hour"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design.\nThe passage below describes how the engineering-design process was used to test a solution to a problem. Read the passage. Then answer the question below.\n\nAlbert was an aerospace engineer who was developing a parachute for a spacecraft that would land on Mars. He needed to add a vent at the center of the parachute so the spacecraft would land smoothly. However, the spacecraft would have to travel at a high speed before landing. If the vent was too big or too small, the parachute might swing wildly at this speed. The movement could damage the spacecraft.\nSo, to help decide how big the vent should be, Albert put a parachute with a 1 m vent in a wind tunnel. The wind tunnel made it seem like the parachute was moving at 200 km per hour. He observed the parachute to see how much it swung.\nFigure: a spacecraft's parachute in a wind tunnel.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Engineering practices",
    "skill":"Evaluate tests of engineering-design solutions",
    "lecture":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured. Imagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves. First, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind. Then, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved. Tests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15151\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Would you find the word fence on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nforecast - furnish",
    "choices":[
      "no",
      "yes"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince fence is not between the guide words forecast - furnish, it would not be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Would you find the word teeth on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ntalk - thy",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince teeth is between the guide words talk - thy, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the motion of two speed walkers. Which speed walker was moving at a lower speed?",
    "choices":[
      "a speed walker who moved 40kilometers in 5hours",
      "a speed walker who moved 45kilometers in 5hours"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Compare the speeds of moving objects",
    "lecture":"An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time. Distance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer. Time tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour. Think about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed.",
    "solution":"Look at the distance each speed walker moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne speed walker moved 40 kilometers in 5 hours.\nThe other speed walker moved 45 kilometers in 5 hours.\nNotice that each speed walker spent the same amount of time moving. The speed walker who moved 40 kilometers moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that speed walker must have moved at a lower speed.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Identify the question that David's experiment can best answer.",
    "choices":[
      "Can pennies hold more drops of water mixed with dish soap or water mixed with hand soap?",
      "Can pennies hold more drops of pure water or water mixed with hand soap?"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below.\n\nDavid used a dropper to put equal-sized drops of pure water, one at a time, onto a penny. The drops stayed together and formed a dome on the penny's surface. David recorded the number of drops he could add before the water spilled over the edge of the penny. Then, he rinsed and dried the penny, and repeated the test using water mixed with hand soap. He repeated these trials on nine additional pennies. David compared the average number of pure water drops to the average number of water drops mixed with hand soap that he could add to a penny before the water spilled over.\nFigure: a dome of water on the surface of a penny.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify the experimental question",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment. Imagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured. First, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested. Then, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured. Experiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height. Examples of questions that this experiment can answer include: Does soil type affect the height of daffodil plants? Do daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil? Are daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15174\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Would you find the word mill on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nmarry - moment",
    "choices":[
      "no",
      "yes"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince mill is between the guide words marry - moment, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these three objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "translucent",
      "hard",
      "rough"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the best answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA translucent object lets light through. But you cannot see clearly through a translucent object. All three objects are translucent.\nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. None of the objects are rough.\nA hard object does not change shape when pressed or squeezed. None of the objects are hard.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is translucent.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15178\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which continent is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Antarctica",
      "Europe",
      "Australia",
      "North America"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Oceans and continents",
    "skill":"Identify oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents.",
    "solution":"This continent is Antarctica.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15179\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What can Greg and Josie trade to each get what they want?",
    "choices":[
      "Greg can trade his tomatoes for Josie's broccoli.",
      "Josie can trade her broccoli for Greg's oranges.",
      "Josie can trade her almonds for Greg's tomatoes.",
      "Greg can trade his tomatoes for Josie's carrots."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.\nGreg and Josie open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Neither Greg nor Josie got everything that they wanted. The table below shows which items they each wanted:\n\nLook at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.\nGreg's lunch Josie's lunch",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Trade and specialization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the table and images.\nGreg wants broccoli. Josie wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15184\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the bird.",
    "choices":[
      "Surinam horned frog",
      "cassowary",
      "western toad",
      "poison dart frog"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Birds have feathers, two wings, and a beak.",
    "solution":"A poison dart frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nPoison dart frogs come in many bright colors. Their bright color warns other animals that these frogs are poisonous.\nA western toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.\nA Surinam horned frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nFrogs live near water or in damp places. Most frogs lay their eggs in water.\nA cassowary is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nCassowaries have wings, but they cannot fly! They can run very fast.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "sample B",
      "sample A",
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.\nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15192\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these three objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "scratchy",
      "fragile",
      "fuzzy"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the best answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. All three objects are fragile.\nA scratchy object is rough and itchy against your skin. None of the objects are scratchy.\nA fuzzy object is covered in soft hair. None of the objects are fuzzy.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is fragile.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15197\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these three objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "flexible",
      "shiny",
      "sticky"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the best answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA sticky object can attach or stick to other things. None of the objects are sticky.\nA flexible object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. The hair clip is flexible, but the gold ring and the metal bar are not.\nA shiny object reflects a lot of light. You can usually see your reflection in a shiny object. All three objects are shiny.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is shiny.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15204\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these two objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "rough",
      "smooth"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the better answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Different objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. Both objects are rough.\nA smooth object is not scratchy or rough. Neither of the objects are smooth.\nThe property that both objects have in common is rough.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15207\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which change better matches the sentence?\nMelted rock comes out from below Earth's surface.",
    "choices":[
      "wildfire",
      "volcanic eruption"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Earth events",
    "skill":"Classify changes to Earth's surface",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the one true statement.",
    "choices":[
      "The cytoplasm fills and maintains the space inside a plant cell.",
      "The chromosomes of a plant cell use sunlight to make sugar.",
      "The Golgi directs cell activities by sending instructions to different parts of an animal cell."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Cells",
    "skill":"Compare cells and cell parts",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nEspecially in summer, the upper deck of the health club offered a sybaritic escape.",
    "choices":[
      "British history",
      "Greek history"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. The protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose. The word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion sybaritic is Greek history.\nLocated in a fertile coastal area of southern Italy, Sybaris was a prosperous Greek city known for its citizens' lavish lifestyles.\nThe allusion sybaritic means luxurious.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nAfter Brenna cooked and served a scrumptious dinner, Dad boasted that she is the Julia Child of our family.",
    "choices":[
      "allusion",
      "pun"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify figures of speech: review",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Alliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words. What a lucky little lady you are! An allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. An idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned. The assignment was a piece of cake. A simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike. The cat's fur was as dark as the night. A metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as. The snow formed a blanket over the town. Onomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound. The scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat. Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. The trees danced in the wind. A pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning. A great new broom is sweeping the nation. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.",
    "solution":"The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nJulia Child alludes to the famous chef who is known for popularizing French cuisine in the United States.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is the main persuasive appeal used in this ad?",
    "choices":[
      "logos (reason)",
      "pathos (emotion)",
      "ethos (character)"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Persuasive strategies",
    "skill":"Identify appeals to ethos, pathos, and logos in advertisements",
    "lecture":"The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals: Appeals to ethos, or character, show that the writer or speaker is trustworthy or is an authority on a subject. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following: say that a brand has been trusted for many years note that a brand is recommended by a respected organization or celebrity include a quote from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's values Appeals to logos, or reason, use logic and specific evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following: use graphs or charts to display information mention the results of scientific studies explain the science behind a product or service Appeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following: trigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassment appeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractive link the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury",
    "solution":"The ad appeals to pathos, or emotion. It triggers a fear of illness.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15237\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nbabies - blew",
    "choices":[
      "bite",
      "brass"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince bite is between the guide words babies - blew, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which sentence uses a metaphor?",
    "choices":[
      "His voice is as deep as a foghorn.",
      "His deep voice is a foghorn."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Identify similes and metaphors",
    "lecture":"Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike. A simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as. My sister runs like a cheetah. The sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like. A cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast. The cat's fur was as dark as the night. The cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as. The night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark. A metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as. The snow formed a blanket over the town. The snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as. A blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely. Using similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader.",
    "solution":"This sentence uses a metaphor:\nHis deep voice is a foghorn.\nThe words voice and foghorn are compared without the word like or as.\nThis sentence uses a simile:\nHis voice is as deep as a foghorn.\nThe words voice and foghorn are compared using the word as.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What type of rock is dolostone?",
    "choices":[
      "metamorphic",
      "sedimentary",
      "igneous"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Dolostone is a rock that forms from ocean sediment. Dolostone is made mostly of the mineral dolomite. This piece of dolostone also contains yellow grains of the mineral sulphur.\nOcean sediment can contain the shells of marine organisms. As many layers of ocean sediment build up, the shells can go through a chemical reaction that forms new minerals, such as dolomite. Dolostone forms when these chemically changed sediments are pressed together to form rock.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Rocks and minerals",
    "skill":"Classify rocks as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic",
    "lecture":"Igneous rock is formed when melted rock cools and hardens into solid rock. This type of change can occur at Earth's surface or below it. Sedimentary rock is formed when layers of sediment are pressed together, or compacted, to make rock. This type of change occurs below Earth's surface. Metamorphic rock is formed when a rock is changed by very high temperature and pressure. This type of change often occurs deep below Earth's surface. Over time, the old rock becomes a new rock with different properties.",
    "solution":"Dolostone is a sedimentary rock. Like other sedimentary rocks, it forms from layers of sediment.\nOcean sediment builds up in layers. Over time, the sediment can go through a chemical reaction with the water around it. As many layers of the sediment build up, the top layers press down on the bottom layers. Dolostone forms when the bottom layers of the chemically changed sediment are pressed together to form rock.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15244\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which ocean is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "the Pacific Ocean",
      "the Indian Ocean",
      "the Southern Ocean",
      "the Atlantic Ocean"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Physical Geography",
    "skill":"Oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean.",
    "solution":"This is the Pacific Ocean.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15247\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which tense does the sentence use?\nMr. Benton will repeat the numbers to the class.",
    "choices":[
      "present tense",
      "past tense",
      "future tense"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"verbs",
    "category":"Verb tense",
    "skill":"Is the sentence in the past, present, or future tense?",
    "lecture":"Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now. Most present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es. Two verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms. Past tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened. Most past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed. Some verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms. Future tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen. All future-tense verbs use the word will. <br\/><br\/> Present | Past | Future<br\/> walk, walks | walked | will walk<br\/> go, goes | went | will go<br\/>",
    "solution":"The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, repeat. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the volume of a watering can?",
    "choices":[
      "23 fluid ounces",
      "23 gallons",
      "23 cups"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Volume is a measurement of how much space something takes up. There are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons. As the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon. A glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the volume of a watering can is 23 cups.\n23 fluid ounces is too little and 23 gallons is too much.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?",
    "choices":[
      "weather",
      "climate"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Figure: Iguazu Falls.\nIguazu Falls is one of the largest waterfalls in the world. It is located in South America. The region surrounding the falls normally receives over 1,000 millimeters of rainfall each year.\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Weather and climate around the world",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the passage carefully.\nIguazu Falls is one of the largest waterfalls in the world. It is located in South America. The region surrounding the falls normally receives over 1,000 millimeters of rainfall each year.\nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual pattern of precipitation near Iguazu Falls. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15268\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material, but some of them are different sizes and shapes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger.",
    "solution":"Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.\nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15285\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal's neck is also adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still?",
    "choices":[
      "black-headed heron",
      "mallard"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Great egrets live near wetlands and lakes. They eat mostly fish.\nThe 's neck helps it grab fish while keeping the rest of its body still. If the egret had to move its body, it might scare the fish away.\nFigure: great egret.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: beaks, mouths, and necks",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The shape of an animal's neck is one example of an adaptation. Animals' necks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large frilled neck might help an animal appear dangerous to its predators. A long neck might help an animal get food from tall trees.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the great egret.\nThe great egret has a long neck. Its neck is adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still. This allows the great egret to grab the prey without scaring it away.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe black-headed heron has a long neck. Its neck is adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still.\nThe mallard has a short neck. Its neck is not adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15295\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Nabi's phenotype for the body hair trait?",
    "choices":[
      "a hairless body",
      "a hairy body"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"In a group of cats, some individuals have a hairy body and others have a hairless body. In this group, the gene for the body hair trait has two alleles. The allele for a hairy body (B) is dominant over the allele for a hairless body (b).\nNabi is a cat from this group. Nabi has the homozygous genotype bb for the body hair gene.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: dominant and recessive",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Nabi's genotype for the body hair gene is bb. Nabi's genotype of bb has only b alleles. The b allele is for a hairless body. So, Nabi's phenotype for the body hair trait must be a hairless body.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Nabi's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for a hairy body (B) is dominant over the allele for a hairless body (b). This means B is a dominant allele, and b is a recessive allele.\nNabi's genotype of bb has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Nabi's phenotype for the body hair trait must be a hairless body.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What can Jeffrey and David trade to each get what they want?",
    "choices":[
      "David can trade his broccoli for Jeffrey's oranges.",
      "Jeffrey can trade his tomatoes for David's carrots.",
      "Jeffrey can trade his tomatoes for David's broccoli.",
      "David can trade his almonds for Jeffrey's tomatoes."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.\nJeffrey and David open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Neither Jeffrey nor David got everything that they wanted. The table below shows which items they each wanted:\n\nLook at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.\nJeffrey's lunch David's lunch",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Trade and specialization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the table and images.\nJeffrey wants broccoli. David wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15310\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following could Raymond's test show?",
    "choices":[
      "if the spacecraft was damaged when using a parachute with a 1 m vent going 200 km per hour",
      "how steady a parachute with a 1 m vent was at 200 km per hour",
      "whether a parachute with a 1 m vent would swing too much at 400 km per hour"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design.\nThe passage below describes how the engineering-design process was used to test a solution to a problem. Read the passage. Then answer the question below.\n\nRaymond was an aerospace engineer who was developing a parachute for a spacecraft that would land on Mars. He needed to add a vent at the center of the parachute so the spacecraft would land smoothly. However, the spacecraft would have to travel at a high speed before landing. If the vent was too big or too small, the parachute might swing wildly at this speed. The movement could damage the spacecraft.\nSo, to help decide how big the vent should be, Raymond put a parachute with a 1 m vent in a wind tunnel. The wind tunnel made it seem like the parachute was moving at 200 km per hour. He observed the parachute to see how much it swung.\nFigure: a spacecraft's parachute in a wind tunnel.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Engineering practices",
    "skill":"Evaluate tests of engineering-design solutions",
    "lecture":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured. Imagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves. First, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind. Then, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved. Tests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15315\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"How long does it take to make a paper airplane?",
    "choices":[
      "45 seconds",
      "45 hours"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose units of time",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Imagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds? The number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing. Time is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven. There are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute. There are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for how long it takes to make a paper airplane is 45 seconds.\n45 hours is too slow.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Indiana?",
    "choices":[
      "Fort Wayne",
      "Indianapolis",
      "Knoxville",
      "Little Rock"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Indianapolis is the capital of Indiana.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15328\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Using only these supplies, which question can Valentina investigate with an experiment?",
    "choices":[
      "Do large candles or small candles produce more smoke?",
      "Do candles with thick wicks or with thin wicks produce more smoke?",
      "Do scented candles or unscented candles produce more smoke?"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Valentina is burning some new candles. She notices that they produce different amounts of smoke. She wonders what factors affect how much smoke a candle produces. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\ntwo large unscented candles with thick wicks\ntwo large unscented candles with thin wicks\na box of matches",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which solution has a higher concentration of green particles?",
    "choices":[
      "neither; their concentrations are the same",
      "Solution A",
      "Solution B"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each green ball represents one particle of solute.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Compare concentrations of solutions",
    "lecture":"A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent. concentration = particles of solute \/ volume of solvent",
    "solution":"In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.\nSolution A has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of green particles.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15338\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Would you find the word general on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ngloomy - grew",
    "choices":[
      "no",
      "yes"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince general is not between the guide words gloomy - grew, it would not be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the probability that a pea plant produced by this cross will have green pods?",
    "choices":[
      "2\/4",
      "4\/4",
      "1\/4",
      "3\/4",
      "0\/4"
    ],
    "answer":4,
    "hint":"In a group of pea plants, some individuals have green pods and others have yellow pods. In this group, the gene for the pod color trait has two alleles. The allele for yellow pods (d) is recessive to the allele for green pods (D).\nThis Punnett square shows a cross between two pea plants.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Use Punnett squares to calculate probabilities of offspring types",
    "lecture":"Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive? How do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. If an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait. If an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait. In a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes. An event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction: probability of an event = number of ways the event can happen \/ number of equally likely outcomes You can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff. <br\/><br\/>  | F | f<br\/> F | FF | Ff<br\/> f | Ff | ff<br\/> <br\/> Consider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction: number of ways the event can happen \/ number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff \/ total number of boxes = 1 \/ 4.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15344\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Jamaica",
      "the Dominican Republic",
      "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines",
      "Haiti"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"The Americas: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of the Caribbean",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is Haiti.\nDoes Haiti have any territorial disputes?\nHaiti claims to own Navassa Island, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.\nNavassa Island is also claimed by the United States. The United States claimed the island in 1857 and has controlled it since then. But Haiti considers the island part of its territory and has protested the United States' claim since this time. No one lives on the island. Today, it is a nature preserve.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15346\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a complete sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "Haru is from Japan, I am from China.",
      "Coach Johnson talked to her team before the game."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is it a complete sentence or a run-on?",
    "lecture":"A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb. My friends walk along the path. A run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma. I knocked on the door it opened. It started raining, we ran inside. To fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence. I knocked on the door. It opened. It started raining. We ran inside. You can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. I knocked on the door, and it opened. It started raining, so we ran inside.",
    "solution":"Coach Johnson talked to her team before the game is a complete sentence. The subject is Coach Johnson, and the verb is talked.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nJayden's definitely voting for the Conservative Party in the next election because he said there was no way he was voting for the Labour Party.",
    "choices":[
      "appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good",
      "slippery slope fallacy: the false assumption that a small first step will lead to extreme consequences",
      "false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations<br\/> slippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that Jayden is voting either for the candidate from the Conservative Party or the Labour Party. However, Jayden might be voting for a third party\u2014or he might not be voting at all. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a run-on sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "Our school has rules, we always follow them.",
      "Our cabin has bunk beds for the kids."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is it a complete sentence or a run-on?",
    "lecture":"A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb. My friends walk along the path. A run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma. I knocked on the door it opened. It started raining, we ran inside. To fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence. I knocked on the door. It opened. It started raining. We ran inside. You can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. I knocked on the door, and it opened. It started raining, so we ran inside.",
    "solution":"Our school has rules, we always follow them is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined by just a comma: Our school has rules and We always follow them.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following could Ann's test show?",
    "choices":[
      "if the blade guards would break in a crash",
      "how much the drone weighed with the blade guards",
      "if adding the blade guards made the drone fly poorly"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design.\nThe passage below describes how the engineering-design process was used to test a solution to a problem. Read the passage. Then answer the question below.\n\nAnn was designing small aircraft called drones to pick up items from warehouse shelves. She knew that the drones' propeller blades would get damaged if they bumped into anything while flying through the warehouse. So, Ann wanted to add blade guards to protect the propeller blades. The guards had to be sturdy so they would not break in a crash. But she thought that if the guards weighed too much, the drones would not fly well.\nSo, Ann put guards made of lightweight metal on one drone. Then she observed how well the drone flew with the guards.\nFigure: a drone without blade guards.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Engineering practices",
    "skill":"Evaluate tests of engineering-design solutions",
    "lecture":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured. Imagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves. First, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind. Then, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved. Tests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15371\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Wisconsin?",
    "choices":[
      "Minneapolis",
      "Madison",
      "Saint Paul",
      "Green Bay"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Madison is the capital of Wisconsin.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15373\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which bowl of oatmeal has less thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "the colder bowl of oatmeal",
      "the hotter bowl of oatmeal"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two bowls of oatmeal are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Thermal energy",
    "skill":"How are temperature and mass related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving. The energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. What happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.",
    "solution":"The two bowls of oatmeal are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the colder bowl of oatmeal has less thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nwares - wise",
    "choices":[
      "which",
      "wore"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince which is between the guide words wares - wise, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same species as the barn owl.",
    "choices":[
      "Tyto alba",
      "Ardea cinerea",
      "Falco sparverius"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This organism is a barn owl. Its scientific name is Tyto alba.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"A barn owl's scientific name is Tyto alba.\nTyto alba has the same scientific name as a barn owl. So, these organisms are in the same species.\nArdea cinerea does not have the same scientific name as a barn owl. So, Tyto alba and Ardea cinerea are not in the same species.\nFalco sparverius does not have the same scientific name as a barn owl. So, Tyto alba and Falco sparverius are not in the same species.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15392\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which colony was Middle Colonies?",
    "choices":[
      "Delaware",
      "South Carolina",
      "Virginia"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The map below shows the Thirteen Colonies in 1750.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"English colonies in North America",
    "skill":"Middle colonies: founding and government",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The four Middle Colonies are dark blue on the map:\nDuring colonial times, Delaware was usually called the Three Lower Counties on the Delaware, or the Lower Counties for short.\nNew York claimed part of the land that would later become the state of Vermont. But New Hampshire, a New England colony, also claimed this area.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15397\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following could Hugo's test show?",
    "choices":[
      "if the weather station would work when the temperature was 50\u00b0C",
      "how well the weather station would work when it was windy"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design.\nThe passage below describes how the engineering-design process was used to test a solution to a problem. Read the passage. Then answer the question below.\n\nHugo was a mechanical engineer who was designing  to record temperature, precipitation, and wind speed. The weather station would be used in a town where the highest recorded temperature was 40\u00b0C. Hugo wanted to make sure the weather station would work even in unusually warm weather.\nSo, he set an indoor test chamber to 50\u00b0C with low moisture and no wind. He left the weather station in the chamber overnight. The next day, he checked to see if the weather station displayed accurate measurements after 24 hours at 50\u00b0C.\nFigure: a weather station.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Engineering practices",
    "skill":"Evaluate tests of engineering-design solutions",
    "lecture":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured. Imagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves. First, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind. Then, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved. Tests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15401\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal's skin is also adapted for survival in cold places?",
    "choices":[
      "Eurasian lynx",
      "fire salamander"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"es live in the cold Arctic tundra. The 's skin is adapted to help the animal survive in cold places.\nFigure: Arctic fox.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: skins and body coverings",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the Arctic fox.\nThe Arctic fox has thick fur covering its skin. Its skin is adapted for survival in cold places. The Arctic fox uses its fur to keep warm in cold weather.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nDuring the winter, the Eurasian lynx has thick fur covering its skin. Its skin is adapted for survival in cold places.\nThe fire salamander has thin, moist skin. Its skin is not adapted for survival in cold places.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15405\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What kind of sentence is this?\nLeah considers Paris the most romantic city in the world.",
    "choices":[
      "interrogative",
      "declarative",
      "exclamatory"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory?",
    "lecture":"There are four kinds of sentences. A declarative sentence is a statement and always ends with a period. The nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure. An imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point. For this assignment, use references to support your claims. Don't drive so quickly in the construction zone! An interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark. Given the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction? An exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point. I can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!",
    "solution":"The sentence is a statement and ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the probability that a rose plant produced by this cross will have light yellow flowers?",
    "choices":[
      "1\/4",
      "2\/4",
      "4\/4",
      "0\/4",
      "3\/4"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"In a group of rose plants, some individuals have light yellow flowers and others have dark yellow flowers. In this group, the gene for the flower color trait has two alleles. The allele for dark yellow flowers (f) is recessive to the allele for light yellow flowers (F).\nThis Punnett square shows a cross between two rose plants.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Use Punnett squares to calculate probabilities of offspring types",
    "lecture":"Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive? How do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. If an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait. If an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait. In a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes. An event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction: probability of an event = number of ways the event can happen \/ number of equally likely outcomes You can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff. <br\/><br\/>  | F | f<br\/> F | FF | Ff<br\/> f | Ff | ff<br\/> <br\/> Consider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction: number of ways the event can happen \/ number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff \/ total number of boxes = 1 \/ 4.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15414\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which continent is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Europe",
      "South America",
      "North America",
      "Asia"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Physical Geography",
    "skill":"Oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents.",
    "solution":"This continent is Asia.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15416\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Louisiana?",
    "choices":[
      "Salt Lake City",
      "Springfield",
      "Baton Rouge",
      "Boise"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Southeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Baton Rouge is the capital of Louisiana.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15419\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Arizona?",
    "choices":[
      "Boise",
      "Tucson",
      "Phoenix",
      "Salem"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Phoenix is the capital of Arizona.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15420\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.",
    "solution":"The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nBoth magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.\nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15430\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the vertebrate.",
    "choices":[
      "grasshopper",
      "ladybug",
      "Asian elephant",
      "nautilus"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Hint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are vertebrates.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify vertebrates and invertebrates",
    "lecture":"Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals. A vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange. An invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body.",
    "solution":"A nautilus is a mollusk. Like other mollusks, a nautilus is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone.\nA ladybug is an insect. Like other insects, a ladybug is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nAn Asian elephant is a mammal. Like other mammals, an Asian elephant is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA grasshopper is an insect. Like other insects, a grasshopper is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\npicking up a paper clip with a magnet\nwater evaporating from a lake",
    "choices":[
      "Both are only physical changes.",
      "Both are caused by heating.",
      "Both are chemical changes.",
      "Both are caused by cooling."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Chemical reactions",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule. In a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns. In a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nPicking up a paper clip with a magnet is a physical change. The paper clip sticks to the magnet, but it is still made of the same type of matter.\nWater evaporating from a lake is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The liquid changes into a gas, but a different type of matter is not formed.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nWater evaporating is caused by heating. But picking up a paper clip with a magnet is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Kiera's phenotype for the sickle-cell disease trait?",
    "choices":[
      "having sickle-cell disease",
      "not having sickle-cell disease"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This passage describes the sickle-cell disease trait in humans:\n\nIn a group of humans, some individuals have sickle-cell disease and others do not. In this group, the gene for the sickle-cell disease trait has two alleles. The allele for not having sickle-cell disease (A) is dominant over the allele for having sickle-cell disease (a).\nKiera is a human from this group. Kiera has the homozygous genotype AA for the sickle-cell disease gene.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: dominant and recessive",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Kiera's genotype for the sickle-cell disease gene is AA. Kiera's genotype of AA has only A allelles. The A allele is for not having sickle-cell disease. So, Kiera's phenotype for the sickle-cell disease trait must be not having sickle-cell disease.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Kiera's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for not having sickle-cell disease (A) is dominant over the allele for having sickle-cell disease (a). This means A is a dominant allele, and a is a recessive allele.\nKiera's genotype of AA has two dominant alleles. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Kiera's phenotype for the sickle-cell disease trait must be not having sickle-cell disease.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What can Quinn and Ling trade to each get what they want?",
    "choices":[
      "Quinn can trade his tomatoes for Ling's carrots.",
      "Ling can trade her almonds for Quinn's tomatoes.",
      "Quinn can trade his tomatoes for Ling's broccoli.",
      "Ling can trade her broccoli for Quinn's oranges."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.\nQuinn and Ling open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Neither Quinn nor Ling got everything that they wanted. The table below shows which items they each wanted:\n\nLook at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.\nQuinn's lunch Ling's lunch",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Trade and specialization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the table and images.\nQuinn wants broccoli. Ling wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15448\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nI meant what I said\nAnd I said what I meant. . .\nAn elephant's faithful\nOne hundred per cent!\n\u2014Dr. Seuss, Horton Hatches the Egg",
    "choices":[
      "chiasmus",
      "apostrophe"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify the figure of speech: anaphora, antithesis, apostrophe, assonance, chiasmus, understatement",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Anaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses. We are united. We are powerful. We are winners. Antithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure. I want to help, not to hurt. Apostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity. Oh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully? Assonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words. Try to light the fire. Chiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words. Never let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you. Understatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is. As you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.",
    "solution":"The text uses chiasmus, an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nThe second line reverses the order of the words meant and said relative to the first line.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of North Dakota?",
    "choices":[
      "Harrisburg",
      "Bismarck",
      "Fargo",
      "Topeka"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Bismarck is the capital of North Dakota.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15454\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same genus as the great egret.",
    "choices":[
      "Hystrix cristata",
      "Ardea cinerea",
      "Tyto alba"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This organism is a great egret. Its scientific name is Ardea alba.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"A great egret's scientific name is Ardea alba. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea.\nArdea cinerea is in the genus Ardea. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea. So, Ardea cinerea and Ardea alba are in the same genus.\nTyto alba and Ardea alba are not in the same genus.\nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Tyto alba and Ardea alba have the same species name within their genus, alba. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Tyto alba is in the genus Tyto, and Ardea alba is in the genus Ardea.\nHystrix cristata is in the genus Hystrix. The first word of its scientific name is Hystrix. So, Hystrix cristata and Ardea alba are not in the same genus.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15455\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same genus as the California newt.",
    "choices":[
      "Ambystoma texanum",
      "Taricha granulosa",
      "Ambystoma opacum"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This organism is a California newt. Its scientific name is Taricha torosa.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"A California newt's scientific name is Taricha torosa. The first word of its scientific name is Taricha.\nTaricha granulosa is in the genus Taricha. The first word of its scientific name is Taricha. So, Taricha granulosa and Taricha torosa are in the same genus.\nAmbystoma texanum is in the genus Ambystoma. The first word of its scientific name is Ambystoma. So, Ambystoma texanum and Taricha torosa are not in the same genus.\nAmbystoma opacum is in the genus Ambystoma. The first word of its scientific name is Ambystoma. So, Ambystoma opacum and Taricha torosa are not in the same genus.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15459\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"During this time, thermal energy was transferred from () to ().",
    "choices":[
      "each aquarium . . . the surroundings",
      "the surroundings . . . each aquarium"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two identical aquariums were next to an open window. One aquarium had a plastic cover on it, and the other was uncovered. This table shows how the temperature of each aquarium changed over 1.5hours.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Thermal energy",
    "skill":"Compare thermal energy transfers",
    "lecture":"A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy: An increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings. A decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings.",
    "solution":"The temperature of each aquarium decreased, which means that the thermal energy of each aquarium decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred from each aquarium to the surroundings.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15460\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Tammy's genotype for the Thomsen disease gene?",
    "choices":[
      "having Thomsen disease",
      "Mm"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This passage describes the Thomsen disease trait in humans:\n\nIn a group of humans, some individuals have Thomsen disease and others do not. In this group, the gene for the Thomsen disease trait has two alleles. The allele M is for having Thomsen disease, and the allele m is for not having Thomsen disease.\nTammy, a human from this group, has Thomsen disease. Tammy has one allele for having Thomsen disease and one allele for not having Thomsen disease.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.",
    "solution":"An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Tammy has one allele for having Thomsen disease (M) and one allele for not having Thomsen disease (m). So, Tammy's genotype for the Thomsen disease gene is Mm.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Indiana?",
    "choices":[
      "Indianapolis",
      "Frankfort",
      "Minneapolis",
      "Lansing"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Indianapolis is the capital of Indiana.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15468\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nJulie noticed that the sky was filled with cumulus clouds every day last week.",
    "choices":[
      "weather",
      "climate"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"What's the difference between weather and climate?",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the text carefully.\nJulie noticed that the sky was filled with cumulus clouds every day last week.\nThis passage tells you about the clouds Julie saw last week. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is this muskmelon plant's phenotype for the fruit taste trait?",
    "choices":[
      "ff",
      "sweet fruit"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"In a group of muskmelon plants, some individuals have sour fruit and others have sweet fruit. In this group, the gene for the fruit taste trait has two alleles. The allele F is for sour fruit, and the allele f is for sweet fruit.\nA certain muskmelon plant from this group has sweet fruit. This plant has two alleles for sweet fruit.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.",
    "solution":"An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. The muskmelon plant's observable version of the fruit taste trait is sweet fruit. So, the plant's phenotype for the fruit taste trait is sweet fruit.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\n\"Baldwin's personality is very Jekyll and Hyde,\" Krysta told her brother.",
    "choices":[
      "U.S. history",
      "literature"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. Here, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion Jekyll and Hyde is literature.\nRobert Louis Stevenson's popular Victorian novella Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde tells the story of a man with two distinct personalities. Known to the world as a kind and highly respected doctor, at night he transforms into a monstrous person.\nThe allusion Jekyll and Hyde means kind then cruel.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a pen?",
    "choices":[
      "7 yards",
      "7 miles",
      "7 inches",
      "7 feet"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of distance, mass, and volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles. There are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile. A football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the length of a pen is 7 inches.\n7 feet, 7 yards, and 7 miles are all too long.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Would you find the word pad on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\npolar - private",
    "choices":[
      "no",
      "yes"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince pad is not between the guide words polar - private, it would not be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "repel",
      "attract"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south. Here are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S. If opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nBoth poles of each magnet line up with both poles of the other magnet. The north pole of each magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15518\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nOn my walk to work this morning, a woman on her bike nearly ran me off the sidewalk. I hadn't realized that cyclists were so aggressive and rude!",
    "choices":[
      "hasty generalization: a very broad claim based on very little evidence",
      "guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> red herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that all cyclists are rude and aggressive. However, even though one cyclist was rude, that doesn't necessarily mean that all cyclists are rude. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a hasty generalization.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which phrase has a more negative connotation?",
    "choices":[
      "a proud person",
      "a snooty person"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"vocabulary",
    "category":"Shades of meaning",
    "skill":"Positive and negative connotation",
    "lecture":"Connotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations. For example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations. Eager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited. Impatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding.",
    "solution":"A snooty person has a more negative connotation. A snooty person is proud but also treats people rudely.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal's legs are also adapted for wading?",
    "choices":[
      "hammerkop",
      "white tern"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Great egrets live near marshes, rivers, and lakes. They eat fish, frogs, insects, and small reptiles that live in shallow water. Great egrets hunt their prey by walking through water, or wading.\nThe 's legs are adapted for wading. They are lightweight and keep the bird's body above the water.\nFigure: great egret.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: feet and limbs",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. Arms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the great egret.\nLong legs help the great egret keep its body above the surface of the water while wading. Thin legs are easier to move through the water.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe hammerkop has long, thin legs. Its legs are adapted for wading.\nThe white tern has short legs. Its legs are not adapted for wading. The white tern uses its legs to walk, perch, and swim.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15526\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Using only these supplies, which question can Mackenzie investigate with an experiment?",
    "choices":[
      "Does milk chocolate melt faster when heated in a microwave or on a stove?",
      "Does dark chocolate or white chocolate melt faster when heated on the stove?",
      "Does milk chocolate or dark chocolate melt faster when heated on the stove?"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Mackenzie leaves some chocolates in her jacket pocket. When she finds the chocolates later, she notices that some of them have melted. She wonders what factors affect how quickly chocolate melts. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\none bar of milk chocolate\none bar of dark chocolate\na stove\na pot",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word does not rhyme?",
    "choices":[
      "bead",
      "reach",
      "beach"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"phonological-awareness",
    "category":"Rhyming",
    "skill":"Which word does not rhyme?",
    "lecture":"Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound. The words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound. The words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings. The words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.",
    "solution":"The words beach and reach rhyme. They both end with the each sound.\nThe word bead does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which closing is correct for a letter?",
    "choices":[
      "Many thanks,\nSarah",
      "Many Thanks,\nSarah"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"capitalization",
    "category":"Capitalization",
    "skill":"Greetings and closings of letters",
    "lecture":"A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue. Dear Aunt Sue, I'm glad you could come to my party, and thank you for the birthday gift. I could not have asked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think of you. With love, Rory",
    "solution":"The second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "attract",
      "repel"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.\n\nHint: Magnets that attract pull together. Magnets that repel push apart.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south. Here are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S. If different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15543\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is this a run-on sentence?\nLocated just south of Seaside, Gabriel's Restaurant offers an eclectic menu in a scenic country setting.",
    "choices":[
      "no",
      "yes"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Identify run-on sentences",
    "lecture":"A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. The band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks. A run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice. The band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks. The band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks. There are several ways to fix a run-on sentence: Use stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon. The band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks. The band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks. Use a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so. The band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks. Use a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose. The band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks.",
    "solution":"This is not a run-on sentence. It is not formed from two sentences that have been run together without appropriate punctuation.\nLocated just south of Seaside, Gabriel's Restaurant offers an eclectic menu in a scenic country setting.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?",
    "choices":[
      "weather",
      "climate"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Figure: Lhasa.\nLhasa is a city in the high mountains of Tibet. It is often windy in Lhasa.\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Weather and climate around the world",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the passage carefully.\nLhasa is a city in the high mountains of Tibet. It is often windy in Lhasa.\nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual wind patterns in Lhasa. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15551\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same species as the small-mouth salamander.",
    "choices":[
      "Taricha granulosa",
      "Ambystoma texanum",
      "Lissotriton vulgaris"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This organism is a small-mouth salamander. Its scientific name is Ambystoma texanum.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification and scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"A small-mouth salamander's scientific name is Ambystoma texanum.\nTaricha granulosa does not have the same scientific name as a small-mouth salamander. So, Ambystoma texanum and Taricha granulosa are not in the same species.\nLissotriton vulgaris does not have the same scientific name as a small-mouth salamander. So, Ambystoma texanum and Lissotriton vulgaris are not in the same species.\nAmbystoma texanum has the same scientific name as a small-mouth salamander. So, these organisms are in the same species.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15553\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following trait inherited or acquired?\nZeke can drive a car.",
    "choices":[
      "inherited",
      "acquired"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Identify inherited and acquired traits",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.",
    "solution":"Humans are not born knowing how to drive a car. Instead, many people learn how to drive when they are older. So, driving is an acquired trait.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the one animal that has all of the bony fish traits listed above.",
    "choices":[
      "Hippopotamuses have small hairs near their mouths and ears, but most of their skin is hairless. Their skin makes a reddish-brown substance that acts like sunscreen! Hippopotamuses give birth to live offspring.",
      "Anchovies hatch from small eggs with no shells. Their eggs are carried through the ocean by moving water. Anchovies live in groups called schools. Each anchovy has fins, a silvery body, and a skeleton made of bone."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Bony fish are a group of animals with similar traits. The following traits can be used to identify bony fish:\nThey have fins, not limbs.\nThey live underwater.\nThey have a skeleton made of bone.\nThey make eggs with no shells. Observe the animals and read the descriptions.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Use evidence to classify animals",
    "lecture":"Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live. How do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group.",
    "solution":"To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nBony fish have the following traits:\nThey have fins, not limbs.\nThey live underwater.\nThey have a skeleton made of bone.\nThey make eggs with no shells.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA hippopotamus has the following traits:\nIt gives birth to live offspring.\nA hippopotamus does not have all of the traits of a bony fish. A hippopotamus is a placental mammal.\nAn anchovy has the following traits:\nIt has fins, not limbs.\nIt lives underwater.\nIt has a skeleton made of bone.\nIt makes eggs with no shells.\nAn anchovy has the traits of a bony fish. An anchovy is a bony fish.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Utah?",
    "choices":[
      "Harrisburg",
      "Salem",
      "Salt Lake City",
      "Provo"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Salt Lake City is the capital of Utah.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15561\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2.",
      "The magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1.",
      "The strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Compare strengths of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together.",
    "solution":"Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.\nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15583\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is the smoothest?",
    "choices":[
      "metal trombone",
      "burlap sack",
      "asphalt road"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of materials",
    "lecture":"Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. A material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy. For example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.",
    "solution":"Smooth is a property. A smooth material is not rough or bumpy.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the metal trombone is the smoothest. If you touch a metal trombone, it will not feel rough.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the mammal below.",
    "choices":[
      "cane toad",
      "sea otter"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Mammals have hair or fur and feed their young milk. A rabbit is an example of a mammal.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common. Scientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.",
    "solution":"A cane toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.\nA sea otter is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.\nSea otters have very thick fur. Their fur keeps them warm in cold water.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15586\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Look at the models of molecules below. Select the elementary substance.",
    "choices":[
      "fluoromethanol",
      "chlorine",
      "chloromethanol"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"Identify elementary substances and compounds using models",
    "lecture":"There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you. A substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl. Scientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride. In a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15592\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\n\"This box weighs a ton!\" Aaron panted. \"Cara, do you mind helping me carry it up the stairs?\"",
    "choices":[
      "paradox",
      "hyperbole"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify the figure of speech: euphemism, hyperbole, oxymoron, paradox",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! An oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Some reviewers are calling this book a new classic. A paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Always expect the unexpected.",
    "solution":"The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nA ton is an exaggeration, since it would be impossible for one or two people to carry a box that weighed a ton, which is 2000 pounds.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest south?",
    "choices":[
      "Maryland",
      "Arizona",
      "Kentucky",
      "Oregon"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Maps",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Arizona is farthest south.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15603\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word does not rhyme?",
    "choices":[
      "main",
      "bean",
      "rain"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"phonological-awareness",
    "category":"Rhyming",
    "skill":"Which word does not rhyme?",
    "lecture":"Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound. The words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound. The words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings. The words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.",
    "solution":"The words main and rain rhyme. They both end with the ain sound.\nThe word bean does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Christina inherited this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Christina and her mother both wear their hair in braids.",
      "Christina's parents have red hair. They passed down this trait to Christina."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nChristina has red hair.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the volume of a car's gas tank?",
    "choices":[
      "11 gallons",
      "11 fluid ounces",
      "11 cups"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Volume is a measurement of how much space something takes up. There are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons. As the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon. A glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the volume of a car's gas tank is 11 gallons.\n11 fluid ounces and 11 cups are both too little.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature",
      "sample A",
      "sample B"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.\nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15622\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the euphemism in this text suggest?\nMr. Lambert is enjoying his golden years in a luxurious beachside community just down the street from his grandchildren.",
    "choices":[
      "Mr. Lambert is rich.",
      "Mr. Lambert is old."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.",
    "solution":"The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe euphemism golden years indicates that Mr. Lambert is old. Golden years is a nicer way of referring to old age.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Arizona?",
    "choices":[
      "Phoenix",
      "Tucson",
      "Providence",
      "Portland"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify the 50 state capitals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Phoenix is the capital of Arizona.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15629\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Alabama?",
    "choices":[
      "Birmingham",
      "Jackson",
      "Montgomery",
      "Raleigh"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Southeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Montgomery is the capital of Alabama.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15641\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"During this time, thermal energy was transferred from () to ().",
    "choices":[
      "the surroundings . . . each cake",
      "each cake . . . the surroundings"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Austin baked two identical cakes. When he took them out of the oven, he left one cake in its pan and took the other cake out of its pan to put it on a plate. This table shows how the temperature of each cake changed over 5minutes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Thermal energy",
    "skill":"Compare thermal energy transfers",
    "lecture":"A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy: An increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings. A decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings.",
    "solution":"The temperature of each cake decreased, which means that the thermal energy of each cake decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred from each cake to the surroundings.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15647\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material, but some of them are different sizes and shapes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger.",
    "solution":"The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.\nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15650\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest south?",
    "choices":[
      "Michigan",
      "Tennessee",
      "New Jersey",
      "Massachusetts"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Tennessee is farthest south.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15653\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "Pennsylvania",
      "Rhode Island",
      "Massachusetts",
      "Kentucky"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"Colonial America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is Pennsylvania.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15655\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nThere was a group of yahoos sitting at the table next to ours.",
    "choices":[
      "Greek mythology",
      "literature"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. Here, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion yahoos is literature.\nIn Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels, Gulliver encounters the Yahoos, creatures who resemble humans but exhibit humans' most brutish and impolite behaviors.\nThe allusion yahoos means rude people.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nDanny's room is as tidy as an overgrown garden.",
    "choices":[
      "verbal irony",
      "pun"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify figures of speech: review",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Alliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words. What a lucky little lady you are! An allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. An idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned. The assignment was a piece of cake. A simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike. The cat's fur was as dark as the night. A metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as. The snow formed a blanket over the town. Onomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound. The scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat. Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. The trees danced in the wind. A pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning. A great new broom is sweeping the nation. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.",
    "solution":"The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nAs tidy as an overgrown garden shows verbal irony because an overgrown garden is not tidy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the idiom in this text suggest?\n\"Speak of the devil!\" Becky declared when Dirk strolled into the room.",
    "choices":[
      "Becky didn't trust Dirk.",
      "Becky had just been speaking about Dirk."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret the figure of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. An idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned. The assignment was a piece of cake.",
    "solution":"The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.\nThe idiom speak of the devil suggests that Becky had just been speaking about Dirk. People say this when the person they've just been speaking about coincidentally arrives, as if summoned.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same genus as the smooth newt.",
    "choices":[
      "Lissotriton helveticus",
      "Taricha torosa",
      "Ambystoma opacum"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This organism is a smooth newt. Its scientific name is Lissotriton vulgaris.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"A smooth newt's scientific name is Lissotriton vulgaris. The first word of its scientific name is Lissotriton.\nTaricha torosa is in the genus Taricha. The first word of its scientific name is Taricha. So, Taricha torosa and Lissotriton vulgaris are not in the same genus.\nLissotriton helveticus is in the genus Lissotriton. The first word of its scientific name is Lissotriton. So, Lissotriton helveticus and Lissotriton vulgaris are in the same genus.\nAmbystoma opacum is in the genus Ambystoma. The first word of its scientific name is Ambystoma. So, Ambystoma opacum and Lissotriton vulgaris are not in the same genus.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15688\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Would you find the word moan on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nmask - meek",
    "choices":[
      "no",
      "yes"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince moan is not between the guide words mask - meek, it would not be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following statement about our solar system true or false?\nThe volume of Mercury is less than one-tenth of the volume of Earth.",
    "choices":[
      "false",
      "true"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Use the data to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"true-or-false",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Astronomy",
    "skill":"Analyze data to compare properties of planets",
    "lecture":"A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet. The primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.",
    "solution":"To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of one-tenth the volume of Earth.\nThen compare the result to the volume of Mercury. The volume of Mercury is 60 billion km^3, which is less than 109 billion km^3. So, the volume of Mercury is less than one-tenth of the volume of Earth.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15703\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the statement. Assume that the motorcycle's mass did not change.\nThe gravitational potential energy stored between the motorcycle and Earth () as Trent rode up the hill.",
    "choices":[
      "decreased",
      "stayed the same",
      "increased"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Read the text about an object in motion.\nTrent rode his motorcycle from the bottom of a hill to the top of the hill.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Kinetic and potential energy",
    "skill":"Identify changes in gravitational potential energy",
    "lecture":"Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth. The amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower. If the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen. <br\/><br\/> When an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...<br\/> increases | increases<br\/> decreases | decreases<br\/> stays the same | stays the same<br\/>",
    "solution":"Think about how the distance between the motorcycle and the center of Earth changed.\nThe top of the hill is higher than the bottom of the hill. As Trent rode toward the top of the hill, the distance between the motorcycle and the center of Earth increased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the motorcycle and Earth increased as Trent rode up the hill.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the text to describe the diagram.\nSolute particles moved in both directions across the permeable membrane. But more solute particles moved across the membrane (). When there was an equal concentration on both sides, the particles reached equilibrium.",
    "choices":[
      "to the left than to the right",
      "to the right than to the left"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The diagram below shows a solution with one solute. Each solute particle is represented by a purple ball. The solution fills a closed container that is divided in half by a membrane. The membrane, represented by a dotted line, is permeable to the solute particles.\nThe diagram shows how the solution can change over time during the process of diffusion.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Diffusion across membranes",
    "lecture":"In a solution, solute particles move and spread throughout the solvent. The diagram below shows how a solution can change over time. Solute particles move from the area where they are at a higher concentration to the area where they are at a lower concentration. This movement happens through the process of diffusion. As a result of diffusion, the concentration of solute particles becomes equal throughout the solution. When this happens, the solute particles reach equilibrium. At equilibrium, the solute particles do not stop moving. But their concentration throughout the solution stays the same. Membranes, or thin boundaries, can divide solutions into parts. A membrane is permeable to a solute when particles of the solute can pass through gaps in the membrane. In this case, solute particles can move freely across the membrane from one side to the other. So, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more particles will move across a permeable membrane from the side with a higher concentration of solute particles to the side with a lower concentration. At equilibrium, the concentration on both sides of the membrane is equal.",
    "solution":"Look at the diagram again. It shows you how the solution changed during the process of diffusion.\nBefore the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 8 solute particles on the left side of the membrane and 4 solute particles on the right side of the membrane.\nWhen the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 6 solute particles on each side of the membrane. There were 2 more solute particles on the right side of the membrane than before.\nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more solute particles must have moved across the membrane to the right than to the left.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15721\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nIt is 65\u00b0F in Colin's backyard.",
    "choices":[
      "weather",
      "climate"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Hint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"What's the difference between weather and climate?",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the text carefully.\nIt is 65\u00b0F in Colin's backyard.\nThis passage tells you about the temperature in Colin's backyard right now. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Look at the models of molecules below. Select the elementary substance.",
    "choices":[
      "oxygen",
      "silane",
      "trichlorofluoromethane"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"Identify elementary substances and compounds using models",
    "lecture":"There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you. A substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl. Scientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride. In a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15733\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following trait inherited or acquired?\nAlec can ride a motorcycle.",
    "choices":[
      "inherited",
      "acquired"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Identify inherited and acquired traits",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.",
    "solution":"People are not born knowing how to ride a motorcycle. Instead, many people learn how to ride. So, riding a motorcycle is an acquired trait.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the solid.",
    "choices":[
      "milk",
      "rain",
      "empty glass",
      "water in a waterfall"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"States of matter",
    "skill":"Identify solids, liquids, and gases",
    "lecture":"Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own. Some solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid. When matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle. Some liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk. When matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space. Many gases are invisible. Air is a gas.",
    "solution":"Milk is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour milk into a different container, the milk will take the shape of that container. But the milk will still take up the same amount of space.\nRain is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you put rainwater into a bucket, the rainwater will take the shape of the bucket. But the rainwater will still take up the same amount of space.\nThe water in a waterfall is a liquid. A liquid can change shape. But it still takes up the same amount of space. As water flows down a waterfall, the water changes shape.\nAn empty glass is a solid. If someone drops a glass, it may break into pieces. But each piece will still have a size and shape of its own.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the statement.\nFluoromethane is ().",
    "choices":[
      "an elementary substance",
      "a compound"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Fluoromethane can be used in the part of a refrigerator that keeps the temperature low. The chemical formula for fluoromethane is CH3F.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"Classify elementary substances and compounds using chemical formulas",
    "lecture":"Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be. The symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula. An elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol. The symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule. For example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula. The chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms. A compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols. For example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms.",
    "solution":"You can tell whether fluoromethane is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for fluoromethane is CH3 F. This formula contains three symbols: C for carbon, H for hydrogen, and F for fluorine. So, the formula tells you that fluoromethane is made of three chemical elements bonded together.\nSubstances made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, fluoromethane is a compound.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "sample B",
      "sample A",
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.\nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15751\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of California?",
    "choices":[
      "San Francisco",
      "Sacramento",
      "Los Angeles",
      "Olympia"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify the 50 state capitals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Sacramento is the capital of California.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15770\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which object has less thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "a tray of lasagna at a temperature of 20\u00b0C",
      "a tray of lasagna at a temperature of 10\u00b0C"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The objects are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Heat and thermal energy",
    "skill":"How is temperature related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.",
    "solution":"The two trays of lasagna have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 10\u00b0C tray of lasagna is colder than the 20\u00b0C tray of lasagna, it has less thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Fiji",
      "Solomon Islands",
      "Tuvalu",
      "Tonga"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Oceania: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of Oceania",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is Tuvalu.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15777\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which body part stores memories?",
    "choices":[
      "skeleton",
      "brain",
      "lungs"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Animals",
    "skill":"Body parts and their functions",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which cookie has a lower temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "the cookie with more thermal energy",
      "the cookie with less thermal energy"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Two cookies are identical except for their thermal energies.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Heat and thermal energy",
    "skill":"How are temperature and mass related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving. The energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. What happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.",
    "solution":"The two cookies are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the cookie with less thermal energy has a lower temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nSome people claim that William Shakespeare could have learned to write plays without formal schooling. I disagree. No one is born writing plays like that.",
    "choices":[
      "straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against",
      "appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good",
      "guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations<br\/> slippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that some people think Shakespeare was born being able to write his plays. However, this misrepresents their argument. They only claim that Shakespeare could have learned to write plays without formal schooling. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a straw man.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nright - ruby",
    "choices":[
      "radish",
      "root"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince root is between the guide words right - ruby, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnetic force is weaker in Pair 2.",
      "The strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Compare strengths of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart.",
    "solution":"Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.\nThe magnets in Pair 1 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1 than in Pair 2.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15816\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Choose the poem that uses alliteration.",
    "choices":[
      "The sky is low, the clouds are mean,\nA travelling flake of snow\nAcross a barn or through a rut\nDebates if it will go.",
      "Look back with longing eyes and know that I will follow,\nLift me up in your love as a light wing lifts a swallow,\nLet our flight be far in sun or windy rain\u2014\nBut what if I heard my first love calling me again?"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"From Emily Dickinson, \"Beclouded\" and from Sara Teasdale, \"The Flight\"",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reading-comprehension",
    "category":"Analyzing literature",
    "skill":"Identify elements of poetry",
    "lecture":"Poets often use the sounds of words to create interesting effects and to express moods and emotions. Understanding these elements of poetry can help you better interpret and appreciate poetic forms. Anaphora is the repetition of words or sequences of words at the beginning of multiple phrases, sentences, or lines. Out of the cradle endlessly rocking, Out of the mocking-bird's throat, the musical shuttle, Out of the Ninth-month midnight \u2014From Walt Whitman, \"Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking\" Onomatopoeia is when language sounds like what it talks about. Sometimes the onomatopoeia uses made-up words: Tlot-tlot! tlot-tlot! Had they heard it? The horse hoofs ringing clear. \u2014From Alfred Noyes, \"The Highwayman\" Sometimes the onomatopoeia uses real words: Hark! the honey bee is humming. \u2014From Mary Howitt, \"The Voice of Spring\" Alliteration is when beginning consonant sounds are repeated in words that are close together. Where the wild men watched and waited Wolves in the forest, and bears in the bush. \u2014From Bayard Taylor, \"A Night with a Wolf\" Assonance is the repetition of vowel sounds. Often, assonance can create rhymes or near-rhymes within lines. I wandered lonely as a Cloud That floats on high o'er Vales and Hills, When all at once I saw a crowd, A host of golden Daffodils. \u2014From William Wordsworth, \"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud\" Meter is a poem's rhythm, or the pattern of strong and weak syllables. Strong syllables are stressed, while weak syllables are unstressed. A poem has an iambic meter when the beat sounds like da-DUM. A weak syllable is followed by a strong syllable. Occasionally, a line may begin with a strong syllable. He watches from his mountain walls, And like a thunderbolt he falls. \u2014From Alfred, Lord Tennyson, \"The Eagle\" A poem has a trochaic meter when the beat sounds like DUM-da. A strong syllable is followed by a weak syllable. Occasionally, a line may end in a strong syllable. Back into the chamber turning, all my soul within me burning, Soon again I heard a tapping somewhat louder than before. \u2014From Edgar Allen Poe, \"The Raven\" Free verse is when a poem has neither a regular rhythm nor a rhyme pattern. The old bridge has a wrinkled face. He bends his back For us to go over. \u2014From Hilda Conkling, \"The Old Bridge\" The syllables in bold are strong. You can see this poem does not have a regular rhythm. It also doesn't have a rhyme pattern.",
    "solution":"This poem uses alliteration. It repeats beginning consonant sounds.\nBut what if I heard my first love calling me again?",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which greeting is correct for a letter?",
    "choices":[
      "dear Aunt Sarah,",
      "Dear Aunt Sarah,"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"capitalization",
    "category":"Capitalization",
    "skill":"Greetings and closings of letters",
    "lecture":"A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue. Dear Aunt Sue, I'm glad you could come to my party, and thank you for the birthday gift. I could not have asked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think of you. With love, Rory",
    "solution":"The second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Aunt Sarah is capitalized because it is a proper noun.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nIt has not rained in over a week at Patty's house.",
    "choices":[
      "climate",
      "weather"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"What's the difference between weather and climate?",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the text carefully.\nIt has not rained in over a week at Patty's house.\nThis passage tells you about the precipitation last week at Patty's house. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following could David's test show?",
    "choices":[
      "how many solar panels could fit on each side of the roof",
      "which side of the roof got more sun over one day",
      "the amount of sunlight the roof would get throughout the year"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design.\nThe passage below describes how the engineering-design process was used to test a solution to a problem. Read the passage. Then answer the question below.\n\nDavid was installing solar panels on the roof of a client's house. The panels had to provide enough electricity to power the house year-round. David needed to decide how many panels to install and which side of the roof to install them on. If he put the panels on the side that got the most sun, then he could use fewer panels, and the client would save money. David installed sunlight sensors on both sides of the roof. Then, he measured the amount of sunlight the sensors on each side of the roof recorded over one sunny summer day.\nFigure: installing solar panels on a roof.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Engineering practices",
    "skill":"Evaluate tests of engineering-design solutions",
    "lecture":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured. Imagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves. First, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind. Then, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved. Tests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15851\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles?",
    "choices":[
      "neither; their concentrations are the same",
      "Solution B",
      "Solution A"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each purple ball represents one particle of solute.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Compare concentrations of solutions",
    "lecture":"A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent. concentration = particles of solute \/ volume of solvent",
    "solution":"In Solution A and Solution B, the purple particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles, look at both the number of purple particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of purple particles per milliliter.\nSolution A and Solution B have the same number of purple particles per milliliter. So, their concentrations are the same.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15865\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the amphibian below.",
    "choices":[
      "giant moray",
      "whale shark",
      "golden frog",
      "Galapagos giant tortoise"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Amphibians have moist skin and begin their lives in water.\nAmphibians are cold-blooded. The body temperature of cold-blooded animals depends on their environment.\nA red-headed poison frog is an example of an amphibian.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals.",
    "solution":"A Galapagos giant tortoise is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nGalapagos tortoises live on the Galapagos Islands in the Pacific Ocean. They can live to be over 150 years old!\nA whale shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nWhale sharks are the largest fish in the world! Adult whale sharks can weigh over 21 tons\u2014as much as seven elephants!\nA golden frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nFrogs live near water or in damp places. Most frogs lay their eggs in water.\nA giant moray is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nEels are long and thin. They may have small fins. They look like snakes, but they are fish!",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15869\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Using only these supplies, which question can Tessa investigate with an experiment?",
    "choices":[
      "When placed in the sun, does a glass jar wrapped in a black cotton shirt heat up more than a glass jar wrapped in a white cotton shirt?",
      "When wrapped in a cotton shirt and placed in the sun, does a large jar or a small jar heat up more?",
      "When placed in the sun, does a glass jar wrapped in cotton heat up more than a glass jar wrapped in wool?"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Tessa is outside with her friend on a sunny day. Tessa is wearing a light-colored shirt, and she notices that she feels colder than her friend, who is wearing a dark shirt. She wonders what factors affect how fabric warms an object. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\na black cotton shirt\na white cotton shirt\ntwo identical empty glass jars\ntwo thermometers",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which specific humidity level was measured within the outlined area shown?",
    "choices":[
      "9 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air",
      "12 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air",
      "3 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The map below shows humidity in the lower atmosphere on March 19, 2017. The map shows specific humidity, a measurement of the amount of water vapor in the air. The outlined area shows an air mass that influenced weather in Asia on that day.\nLook at the map. Then, answer the question below.\nData source: United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\/Earth System Research Laboratory, Physical Sciences Division",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Identify and compare air masses",
    "lecture":"To study air masses, scientists can use maps that show conditions within Earth's atmosphere. For example, the map below uses color to show specific humidity, a measurement of the amount of water vapor in the air. The map's legend tells you the specific humidity level that each color represents. Colors on the left in the legend represent lower specific humidity levels than colors on the right. For example, areas on the map that are the darkest shade of purple have a specific humidity from zero grams per kilogram (g\/kg) up to two g\/kg. Areas that are the next darkest shade of purple have a specific humidity from two g\/kg up to four g\/kg.",
    "solution":"Look at the colors shown within the outlined area. Then, use the legend to determine which specific humidity levels those colors represent.\nThe legend tells you that this air mass contained air with specific humidity levels between 0 and 4 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air.\n3 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air is within this range.\n9 and 12 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air are outside of this range.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15873\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following trait inherited or acquired?\nRick has naturally straight hair.",
    "choices":[
      "acquired",
      "inherited"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Hint: Some humans are born with naturally straight hair. Others are born with naturally curly hair.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Heredity",
    "skill":"Identify inherited and acquired traits",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.",
    "solution":"Human hair can be naturally straight or naturally curly. Straight and curly are examples of hair texture.\nSome people use tools to change how their hair looks. But this doesn't affect the natural texture of their hair. So, having naturally straight hair is an inherited trait.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Joel inherited this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Joel wears glasses and so do his sisters.",
      "Joel's biological father wears contacts in his hazel eyes.",
      "Joel's friend also has hazel eyes."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nJoel has hazel eyes.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the volume of a can of soda pop?",
    "choices":[
      "325 liters",
      "325 milliliters"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Volume is a measurement of how much space something takes up. There are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters. There are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter. A raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the volume of a can of soda pop is 325 milliliters.\n325 liters is too much.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Oliver's phenotype for the ear type trait?",
    "choices":[
      "curled ears",
      "EE"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"In a group of American curl cats, some individuals have curled ears and others have straight ears. In this group, the gene for the ear type trait has two alleles. The allele E is for curled ears, and the allele e is for straight ears.\nOliver, an American curl cat from this group, has curled ears. Oliver has two alleles for curled ears.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.",
    "solution":"An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Oliver's observable version of the ear type trait is curled ears. So, Oliver's phenotype for the ear type trait is curled ears.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of South Carolina?",
    "choices":[
      "Reno",
      "Nashville",
      "Charleston",
      "Columbia"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Southeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Columbia is the capital of South Carolina.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15918\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Suppose Pablo decides to plant the morning glories. Which result would be a cost?",
    "choices":[
      "He will save some space. The morning glories will use up less space than the eucalyptus tree would have used up.",
      "Pablo will give up the chance to look at the eucalyptus tree. He thinks it would have looked more beautiful than the morning glories."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Pablo is deciding whether to plant morning glories or a eucalyptus tree in his backyard. He wants to make his backyard more beautiful. But he also wants to leave space for doing fun things.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Costs and benefits",
    "lecture":"Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits. Costs are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need. Benefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.",
    "solution":"This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Pablo wants or needs:\nPablo will give up the chance to look at the eucalyptus tree. He thinks it would have looked more beautiful than the morning glories.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which tense does the sentence use?\nThe carpenter will cut the wood for the table.",
    "choices":[
      "present tense",
      "past tense",
      "future tense"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"verbs",
    "category":"Verb tense",
    "skill":"Is the sentence in the past, present, or future tense?",
    "lecture":"Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now. Most present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es. Two verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms. Past tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened. Most past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed. Some verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms. Future tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen. All future-tense verbs use the word will. <br\/><br\/> Present | Past | Future<br\/> walk, walks | walked | will walk<br\/> go, goes | went | will go<br\/>",
    "solution":"The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, cut. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal is also adapted to be camouflaged among green leaves?",
    "choices":[
      "huntsman spider",
      "hoverfly"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Green mantises are insects found in tropical forests around the world. The  is adapted to be camouflaged among green leaves.\nFigure: green mantis.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: skins and body coverings",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the green mantis.\nThe green mantis has a green body. It is adapted to be camouflaged among green leaves. The word camouflage means to blend in.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThis huntsman spider has a green body. It is adapted to be camouflaged among green leaves.\nThe hoverfly has a yellow-and-black pattern on its body. It is not adapted to be camouflaged among green leaves.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15937\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which type of sentence is this?\nAs Jerry sat down on the rickety old chair, it abruptly collapsed beneath him.",
    "choices":[
      "simple",
      "complex",
      "compound",
      "compound-complex"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Phrases and clauses",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex?",
    "lecture":"A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence. the oranges on our tree are ripe The clause can stand alone. It is independent. after we pick up Kevin from work The clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent. A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause. Ben and I spent all day relaxing by the pool. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat. Ben usually wears his heavy coat in the winter. A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. We saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose. If she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. During his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome. A compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. After Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym. Sometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause. Orcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.",
    "solution":"The sentence is complex. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction as.\nAs Jerry sat down on the rickety old chair, it abruptly collapsed beneath him.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest south?",
    "choices":[
      "Utah",
      "South Dakota",
      "New York",
      "New Hampshire"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Utah is farthest south.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15954\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of New York?",
    "choices":[
      "New York City",
      "Buffalo",
      "Albany",
      "Augusta"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Northeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Albany is the capital of New York.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15963\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal is also adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert?",
    "choices":[
      "polar bear",
      "Namaqua chameleon"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Fennec foxes live in the Sahara Desert of Africa. The  is adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert.\nFigure: fennec fox.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: skins and body coverings",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the fennec fox.\nThe fennec fox has sand-colored fur covering its skin. It is adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert. The word camouflage means to blend in.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe Namaqua chameleon has sand-colored scales covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert.\nThe polar bear has white fur covering its body. It is not adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15970\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\nmixing sand and water\nmelting wax",
    "choices":[
      "Both are chemical changes.",
      "Both are only physical changes.",
      "Both are caused by cooling.",
      "Both are caused by heating."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nMixing sand and water is a physical change. Adding water makes the sand wet. But both the sand and water are still made of the same type of matter as before.\nMelting wax is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The wax changes from solid to liquid. But it is still made of the same type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nWax melting is caused by heating. But mixing sand and water is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Ben inherited this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Ben and his father both have short hair.",
      "Ben's parents were born with straight hair. They passed down this trait to Ben."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nBen has straight hair.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which ocean is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "the Southern Ocean",
      "the Indian Ocean",
      "the Atlantic Ocean",
      "the Arctic Ocean"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Physical Geography",
    "skill":"Oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean.",
    "solution":"This is the Atlantic Ocean.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15977\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which excerpt from a student essay is more formal?",
    "choices":[
      "The Ancient Greek civilization existed more than two thousand years ago, but its mythology continues to influence the world today.",
      "Ancient Greece was a really long time ago, but Greek myths are totally still around today."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Audience, purpose, and tone",
    "skill":"Which text is most formal?",
    "lecture":"Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions. Formal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language. Compare the following sentences. Informal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome. More formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners. Most formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners.",
    "solution":"The first excerpt from a student essay is more formal. It uses more elevated language (continues to influence the world). The other excerpt uses imprecise language (a really long time ago) and conversational language (totally).",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of New York?",
    "choices":[
      "Little Rock",
      "Albany",
      "Birmingham",
      "Buffalo"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Northeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Albany is the capital of New York.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15992\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following trait inherited or acquired?\nJosiah has naturally brown hair.",
    "choices":[
      "inherited",
      "acquired"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Identify inherited and acquired traits",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.",
    "solution":"Humans do not choose their natural hair color. Some people dye their hair. But this does not change their natural hair color.\nChildren get their natural hair color from their parents. So, Josiah's hair color is an inherited trait.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What can Mateo and Austin trade to each get what they want?",
    "choices":[
      "Mateo can trade his tomatoes for Austin's sandwich.",
      "Mateo can trade his tomatoes for Austin's broccoli.",
      "Austin can trade his almonds for Mateo's tomatoes.",
      "Austin can trade his broccoli for Mateo's oranges."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.\nMateo and Austin open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Both of them could be happier with their lunches. Mateo wanted broccoli in his lunch and Austin was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Trade and specialization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Mateo wanted broccoli in his lunch and Austin was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.\nMateo has tomatoes. Austin has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15996\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"During this time, thermal energy was transferred from () to ().",
    "choices":[
      "each vial . . . the surroundings",
      "the surroundings . . . each vial"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Scientists in a laboratory were working with insulin, a protein often used to treat diabetes. They left two identical vials of insulin in different places. This table shows how the temperature of each vial changed over 15minutes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Thermal energy",
    "skill":"Compare thermal energy transfers",
    "lecture":"A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy: An increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings. A decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings.",
    "solution":"The temperature of each vial increased, which means that the thermal energy of each vial increased. So, thermal energy was transferred from the surroundings to each vial.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15997\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following statement about our solar system true or false?\nThe smallest planet is made mainly of rock.",
    "choices":[
      "true",
      "false"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Use the data to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"true-or-false",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Astronomy",
    "skill":"Analyze data to compare properties of planets",
    "lecture":"A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet. The primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation. For example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km^3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 10^15 km^3. To compare two numbers written in scientific notation, compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example: 1.43 x 10^15 is larger than 1.43 x 10^12 If their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example: 1.43 x 10^15 is larger than 1.25 x 10^15",
    "solution":"To decide which planet is the smallest, look at the volumes shown in the table and compare the exponents. Mercury's volume has an exponent of 10, which is the smallest out of all the planets.\nMercury is made mainly of rock. So, the smallest planet is made mainly of rock.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/15998\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal is also adapted to use its neck to appear large and scary to a predator?",
    "choices":[
      "lace monitor",
      "frillneck lizard"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Bearded dragons are lizards. Their predators include owls, eagles, and snakes. The  uses its neck to appear large and scary to a predator.\nFigure: bearded dragon.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: beaks, mouths, and necks",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The shape of an animal's neck is one example of an adaptation. Animals' necks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large frilled neck might help an animal appear dangerous to its predators. A long neck might help an animal get food from tall trees.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the bearded dragon.\nWhen frightened, the bearded dragon can spread out its hood to appear larger and more dangerous. If a predator is nearby, the hood can help scare it away.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe frillneck lizard has a layer of skin, called a frill,  around its neck. It uses its neck to appear larger and more dangerous to a predator.\nThe lace monitor has a narrow neck. Its neck is not adapted to help it appear larger and more dangerous to a predator.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16007\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these two objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "soft",
      "salty"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Different objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nPotato chips have a salty taste. Both objects are salty.\nA soft object changes shape when you squeeze it. The fries are soft, but the cracker is not.\nThe property that both objects have in common is salty.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16013\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nLet the rain kiss you.\n\u2014Langston Hughes, \"April Rain Song\"",
    "choices":[
      "personification",
      "onomatopoeia"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify figures of speech: review",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Alliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words. What a lucky little lady you are! An allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. An idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned. The assignment was a piece of cake. A simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike. The cat's fur was as dark as the night. A metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as. The snow formed a blanket over the town. Onomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound. The scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat. Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. The trees danced in the wind. A pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning. A great new broom is sweeping the nation. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.",
    "solution":"The text uses personification, giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe rain kiss describes the rain as if it were human, creating an image of raindrops gently touching a person's face.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on the timeline, which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "Buddhism began more than 1,000 years before Islam.",
      "Buddhism began about 300 years after Judaism."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The following timeline shows the approximate dates when several world religions began. Look at the timeline. Then answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"world-history",
    "category":"World religions",
    "skill":"Origins of Buddhism",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16023\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1.",
      "The magnetic force is weaker in Pair 2.",
      "The strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Compare strengths of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart.",
    "solution":"Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.\nThe magnets in Pair 2 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 2 than in Pair 1.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16036\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Can Nembrotha megalocera cells make their own food?",
    "choices":[
      "no",
      "yes"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This organism is Nembrotha megalocera. It is a member of the animal kingdom.\nNembrotha megalocera is commonly called a nudibranch. Like other nudibranchs, N. megalocera has a soft underside that is made up of a muscular foot. N. megalocera has a blue foot.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Describe, classify, and compare kingdoms",
    "lecture":"In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms. Organisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom. <br\/><br\/>  | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | Plants<br\/> How many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | many<br\/> Do their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yes<br\/> Can their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes<br\/>",
    "solution":"Nembrotha megalocera is an animal. Animal cells cannot make their own food. Animals get their food by digesting other organisms.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16044\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?",
    "choices":[
      "Brad asked for a rematch after Daniel beat him in tennis.",
      "After Daniel beat Brad in tennis, he asked for a rematch."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Pronouns",
    "skill":"Identify vague pronoun references",
    "lecture":"When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.",
    "solution":"The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun he could refer to Daniel or Brad.\nAfter Daniel beat Brad in tennis, he asked for a rematch.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nBrad asked for a rematch after Daniel beat him in tennis.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word does not rhyme?",
    "choices":[
      "fell",
      "team",
      "sell"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade1",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"phonological-awareness",
    "category":"Rhyming",
    "skill":"Which word does not rhyme?",
    "lecture":"Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound. The words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound. The words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound. The words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.",
    "solution":"The words sell and fell rhyme. They both end with the ell sound.\nThe word team does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which object has more thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "a 120-gram bottle of water at a temperature of 20\u00b0C",
      "a 120-gram bottle of water at a temperature of 5\u00b0C"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The objects are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Heat and thermal energy",
    "skill":"How is temperature related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.",
    "solution":"The two bottles of water have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 20\u00b0C bottle of water is hotter than the 5\u00b0C bottle of water, it has more thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which state is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Kentucky",
      "Virginia",
      "Oklahoma",
      "Arkansas"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"States",
    "skill":"Identify states of the Southeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This state is Kentucky.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16076\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the plant.",
    "choices":[
      "Tarantulas walk and climb.",
      "Rose bushes can grow colorful flowers."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify plants and animals",
    "lecture":"Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms. Plants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can. Animals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food.",
    "solution":"A tarantula is an animal. It walks and climbs.\nTarantulas hunt their prey. Some tarantulas hunt on the ground. Other tarantulas hunt in trees!\nA rose bush is a plant. It can grow colorful flowers.\nMost rose bushes have sharp thorns. The thorns help protect the rose bush from being eaten by animals.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "Massachusetts",
      "Maryland",
      "Rhode Island",
      "Connecticut"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"English colonies in North America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is Rhode Island.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16082\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "attract",
      "repel"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces. Magnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S). Here are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles. If opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16085\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?",
    "choices":[
      "Ed's brother Bill wondered whether he ran fast enough to qualify for the Boston Marathon.",
      "Ed's brother Bill wondered whether Ed ran fast enough to qualify for the Boston Marathon."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Pronouns",
    "skill":"Identify vague pronoun references",
    "lecture":"When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.",
    "solution":"The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun he could refer to Ed or Bill.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. He has been replaced with Ed.\nEd's brother Bill wondered whether Ed ran fast enough to qualify for the Boston Marathon.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which statement best describes the average monthly precipitation in Boston?",
    "choices":[
      "About the same amount of precipitation falls each month between May and October.",
      "March is the month with the highest average precipitation.",
      "March is drier than January, February, and October."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Use the graph to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Use climate data to make predictions",
    "lecture":"Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average precipitation for each month. The average precipitation can be used to describe the climate of a location. A bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average.",
    "solution":"To describe the average precipitation trends in Boston, look at the graph.\nChoice \"Jan\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Feb\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Mar\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"May\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Oct\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"March is drier than January, February, and October.\" is incorrect.\nDrier months have a lower average precipitation than wetter months. October has a lower average precipitation than March. So, March is not drier than October.\nChoice \"March is the month with the highest average precipitation.\" is incorrect.\nJanuary, not March, has the highest average monthly precipitation.\nChoice \"About the same amount of precipitation falls each month between May and October.\" is incorrect.\nThe average precipitation each month between May and October is about 3 inches. So, about the same amount of precipitation falls during each of these months.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16094\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following trait inherited or acquired?\nFrank knows how to type.",
    "choices":[
      "acquired",
      "inherited"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Hint: Typing takes practice.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Heredity",
    "skill":"Identify inherited and acquired traits",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.",
    "solution":"People are not born knowing how to type. Instead, many people learn how to type. So, typing is an acquired trait.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Look at the models of molecules below. Select the elementary substance.",
    "choices":[
      "nitrogen",
      "methanol",
      "methane"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"Identify elementary substances and compounds using models",
    "lecture":"There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you. A substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl. Scientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride. In a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16098\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the statement.\nCobalt is ().",
    "choices":[
      "an elementary substance",
      "a compound"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Cobalt is a metal found in substances that make paint blue. The chemical formula for cobalt is Co.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"Classify elementary substances and compounds using chemical formulas",
    "lecture":"Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be. The symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula. An elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol. The symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule. For example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula. The chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms. A compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols. For example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms.",
    "solution":"You can tell whether cobalt is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for cobalt is Co. This formula contains one symbol: Co. So, the formula tells you that cobalt is made of one chemical element.\nSubstances made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. So, cobalt is an elementary substance.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which correctly shows the title of a movie?",
    "choices":[
      "\"Field of Dreams\"",
      "***Field of Dreams***"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Formatting titles",
    "lecture":"The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead. A Midsummer Night's Dream The title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks. \"You Are My Sunshine\"",
    "solution":"A movie should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **Field of Dreams**.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?",
    "choices":[
      "Ted went on to calculus after studying trigonometry, but he never fully comprehended it.",
      "Ted went on to calculus after studying trigonometry, but he never fully comprehended calculus."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Pronouns",
    "skill":"Identify vague pronoun references",
    "lecture":"When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.",
    "solution":"The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to calculus or trigonometry.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with calculus.\nTed went on to calculus after studying trigonometry, but he never fully comprehended calculus.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Delaware?",
    "choices":[
      "Dover",
      "Concord",
      "Annapolis",
      "Georgetown"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Northeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Dover is the capital of Delaware.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16120\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the gas.",
    "choices":[
      "air inside a bubble",
      "clothespin",
      "beans",
      "lemonade"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"States of matter",
    "skill":"Identify solids, liquids, and gases",
    "lecture":"Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own. Some solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid. When matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle. Some liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk. When matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space. Many gases are invisible. Air is a gas.",
    "solution":"A clothespin is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. You can open or close a clothespin. But it will still have a size and shape of its own.\nA bean is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. If you put many beans into a jar, the group of beans will take the shape of the jar, as a liquid would. But be careful! A bean is not a liquid. Each bean still has a size and shape of its own.\nThe air inside a bubble is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. The air inside a bubble fills all the space in the bubble. If the bubble pops, the air will expand to fill a much larger space.\nLemonade is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour lemonade into a cup, the lemonade will take the shape of the cup. But the lemonade will still take up the same amount of space.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?",
    "choices":[
      "\"This morning, it said that Alice Cheng won the mayoral election in Hillsboro,\" Kevin remarked to his sister.",
      "\"This morning, the newspaper said that Alice Cheng won the mayoral election in Hillsboro,\" Kevin remarked to his sister."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Pronouns",
    "skill":"Identify vague pronoun references",
    "lecture":"When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.",
    "solution":"The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it is used without its antecedent.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the newspaper.\n\"This morning, the newspaper said that Alice Cheng won the mayoral election in Hillsboro,\" Kevin remarked to his sister.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles?",
    "choices":[
      "neither; their concentrations are the same",
      "Solution B",
      "Solution A"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each pink ball represents one particle of solute.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Compare concentrations of solutions",
    "lecture":"A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent. concentration = particles of solute \/ volume of solvent",
    "solution":"In Solution A and Solution B, the pink particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles, look at both the number of pink particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of pink particles per milliliter.\nSolution A has more pink particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of pink particles.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16131\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nclean - crystal",
    "choices":[
      "caravan",
      "compass"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince compass is between the guide words clean - crystal, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What can Jackie and Gabby trade to each get what they want?",
    "choices":[
      "Gabby can trade her almonds for Jackie's tomatoes.",
      "Jackie can trade her tomatoes for Gabby's broccoli.",
      "Jackie can trade her tomatoes for Gabby's carrots.",
      "Gabby can trade her broccoli for Jackie's oranges."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.\nJackie and Gabby open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Neither Jackie nor Gabby got everything that they wanted. The table below shows which items they each wanted:\n\nLook at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.\nJackie's lunch Gabby's lunch",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Trade and specialization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the table and images.\nJackie wants broccoli. Gabby wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16150\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the probability that a tomato plant produced by this cross will have regular leaves?",
    "choices":[
      "2\/4",
      "4\/4",
      "1\/4",
      "3\/4",
      "0\/4"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":"This passage describes the leaf type trait in tomato plants:\nTomato leaves come in many types, including regular leaves and potato leaves. Regular leaves are small and have jagged edges. Potato leaves are large and have smooth edges.\nIn a group of tomato plants, some individuals have regular leaves and others have potato leaves. In this group, the gene for the leaf type trait has two alleles. The allele for potato leaves (l) is recessive to the allele for regular leaves (L).\nThis Punnett square shows a cross between two tomato plants.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Use Punnett squares to calculate probabilities of offspring types",
    "lecture":"Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive? How do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. If an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait. If an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait. In a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes. An event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction: probability of an event = number of ways the event can happen \/ number of equally likely outcomes You can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff. <br\/><br\/>  | F | f<br\/> F | FF | Ff<br\/> f | Ff | ff<br\/> <br\/> Consider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction: number of ways the event can happen \/ number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff \/ total number of boxes = 1 \/ 4.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16153\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following statement about our solar system true or false?\nNeptune's volume is more than 50 times as great as that of Earth.",
    "choices":[
      "false",
      "true"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Use the data to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"true-or-false",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Astronomy",
    "skill":"Analyze data to compare properties of planets",
    "lecture":"A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet. The primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.",
    "solution":"To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 50 times the volume of Earth.\nThen compare the result to the volume of Neptune. The volume of Neptune is 62,530 billion km^3, which is more than 54,500 billion km^3. So, Neptune's volume is more than 50 times as great as that of Earth.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16155\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Chase starts to pull the wagon across the yard. To move the wagon at the same speed each time, which friend does Chase need to pull with a larger force?",
    "choices":[
      "a friend who weighs 21 pounds",
      "a friend who weighs 23 pounds"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Chase gives two friends a ride in his wagon. One friend sits in the wagon at a time.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"How do mass and force affect motion?",
    "lecture":"A force is a push or a pull. A force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction. Forces can be different sizes. Think about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object.",
    "solution":"Look for the friend who is heavier.\nA friend who weighs 23 pounds is heavier than a friend who weighs 21 pounds. So, to move the wagon at the same speed each time, Chase needs to use a larger force to start moving the wagon with a friend who weighs 23 pounds.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these three objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "sticky",
      "smooth",
      "soft"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the best answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. None of the objects are soft.\nA smooth object is not scratchy or rough. All three objects are smooth.\nA sticky object can attach or stick to other things. The wooden ruler and the ice hockey rink are not sticky.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is smooth.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16174\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nThe wind speed in Patagonia, Argentina, reached 17 kilometers per hour yesterday.",
    "choices":[
      "climate",
      "weather"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Hint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"What's the difference between weather and climate?",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the text carefully.\nThe wind speed in Patagonia, Argentina, reached 17 kilometers per hour yesterday.\nThis passage tells you about the wind speed in Patagonia yesterday. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the mass of a vacuum cleaner?",
    "choices":[
      "9 grams",
      "9 kilograms"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of mass",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Mass is a measurement of how much matter something contains. There are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms. There are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram. A paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the mass of a vacuum cleaner is 9 kilograms.\n9 grams is too light.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\nbreaking a plate\nwater evaporating from a lake",
    "choices":[
      "Both are caused by heating.",
      "Both are only physical changes.",
      "Both are caused by cooling.",
      "Both are chemical changes."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nBreaking a plate is a physical change. The plate gets broken into pieces. But each piece is still made of the same type of matter.\nWater evaporating from a lake is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The liquid changes into a gas, but a different type of matter is not formed.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nWater evaporating is caused by heating. But breaking a plate is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which continent is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Asia",
      "Europe",
      "Africa",
      "North America"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Physical Geography",
    "skill":"Oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents.",
    "solution":"This continent is Africa.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16187\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these continents does the prime meridian intersect?",
    "choices":[
      "North America",
      "Europe",
      "Asia"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Maps",
    "skill":"Use lines of latitude and longitude",
    "lecture":"Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps. Lines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there. Lines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator. Lines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles. The equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W. Together, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place.",
    "solution":"The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects Europe. It does not intersect North America or Asia.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16188\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "sample A",
      "sample B",
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. The particles in sample A also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.\nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16189\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which type of force from the man who is walking rolls the wheelchair along?",
    "choices":[
      "pull",
      "push"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Two friends go for a walk in the park. One man applies a force to his friend's wheelchair as he walks. So, the wheelchair rolls along in front of the man who is walking.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Identify pushes and pulls",
    "lecture":"A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to a second object. The direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing. The direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling.",
    "solution":"The man who is walking applies a force to the wheelchair to roll it along. The direction of this force is away from the walking man. This force is a push.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16192\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which sentence is more formal?",
    "choices":[
      "Lucy Buckley is an ace reporter, so it was not surprising that she was nominated for an award.",
      "Lucy Buckley is an excellent reporter, so it came as no surprise when her work was nominated for an award."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Author's purpose and tone",
    "skill":"Which sentence is more formal?",
    "lecture":"Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing: <br\/><br\/> Type | Examples<br\/> slang | cool, awesome<br\/> idioms | knock your socks off<br\/> conversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah<br\/> abbreviated language | ASAP, FYI<br\/> overly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store<br\/> contractions | can't, won't<br\/> <br\/> Contractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing. Compare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal. Informal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners. Formal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.",
    "solution":"The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses slang (ace).\nThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the slang, so it is more formal overall.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nnickel - nurse",
    "choices":[
      "national",
      "nozzle"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince nozzle is between the guide words nickel - nurse, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Using only these supplies, which question can Aiden investigate with an experiment?",
    "choices":[
      "Do the squirrels eat walnuts from large feeders more often than from small feeders?",
      "Do the squirrels select sunflower seeds or walnuts more often?",
      "Which type of tree do the squirrels feed from most often?"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Aiden enjoys feeding the squirrels in his backyard. He notices that they spend a lot of time collecting seeds and nuts. He wonders about what factors affect which foods squirrels choose to collect. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\ntwo identical squirrel feeders\na bag of sunflower seeds\na bag of walnuts\na tree to hang the feeders from",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the reptile.",
    "choices":[
      "horned frog",
      "red-eyed tree frog",
      "leafy seadragon",
      "helmeted iguana"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Reptiles have scaly, waterproof skin. Most reptiles live on land.",
    "solution":"A horned frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nFrogs live near water or in damp places. Most frogs lay their eggs in water.\nA helmeted iguana is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nIguanas are a type of lizard. Iguanas eat plants and fruit.\nA red-eyed tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nA red-eyed tree frog has sticky pads on its toes. The sticky pads help the red-eyed tree frog hold on to leaves.\nA leafy seadragon is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nA seadragon's body looks like a clump of seaweed. This helps the seadragon hide from its predators.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Wyoming?",
    "choices":[
      "Laramie",
      "Carson City",
      "Knoxville",
      "Cheyenne"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16210\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following statement about our solar system true or false?\nThe four largest planets are made mainly of gas or ice.",
    "choices":[
      "true",
      "false"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Use the data to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"true-or-false",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Astronomy",
    "skill":"Analyze data to compare properties of planets",
    "lecture":"A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet. The primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation. For example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km^3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 10^15 km^3. To compare two numbers written in scientific notation, compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example: 1.43 x 10^15 is larger than 1.43 x 10^12 If their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example: 1.43 x 10^15 is larger than 1.25 x 10^15",
    "solution":"To decide which four planets are the largest, look at the volumes and compare the exponents. The volumes of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune have the largest exponents. So, these four planets are the largest.\nJupiter and Saturn are made mainly of gas. Uranus and Neptune are made mainly of ice. So, the four largest planets are made mainly of gas or ice.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16212\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Using only these supplies, which question can Rosa investigate with an experiment?",
    "choices":[
      "When placed in the sun, will eight ounces of water in a glass jar or eight ounces of water in a plastic cup get warmer?",
      "Will eight ounces of carbonated water or eight ounces of tap water get warmer when placed in a jar in the sun?",
      "When placed in the sun, will eight ounces of water in a closed jar or eight ounces of water in an open jar get warmer?"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Rosa leaves a glass jar of cold tea outside in full sunlight. When she goes to get it, she notices that the tea is warm. She wonders what factors affect how warm a liquid gets from sitting in the sunlight. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\ntwo identical glass jars\ntwo jar lids\ntap water\na measuring cup\ntwo thermometers",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nBeth had her fifteen minutes when her video of kayaking with dolphins went viral.",
    "choices":[
      "modern history",
      "Greek history"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. Here, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion fifteen minutes is modern history.\nIn a catalog that accompanied an exhibit of his work, pop artist Andy Warhol said, \"In the future, everybody will be world-famous for fifteen minutes,\" meaning that fame would be briefly available even to those who did nothing spectacular.\nThe allusion fifteen minutes means a temporary moment of celebrity status.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Henry inherited this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Henry's biological father wears contacts in his hazel eyes.",
      "Henry wears glasses and so do his sisters.",
      "Henry's friend also has hazel eyes."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nHenry has hazel eyes.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "attract",
      "repel"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south. Here are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S. If opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16228\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What can Jim and Sasha trade to each get what they want?",
    "choices":[
      "Jim can trade his tomatoes for Sasha's carrots.",
      "Sasha can trade her almonds for Jim's tomatoes.",
      "Sasha can trade her broccoli for Jim's oranges.",
      "Jim can trade his tomatoes for Sasha's broccoli."
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":"Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.\nJim and Sasha open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Neither Jim nor Sasha got everything that they wanted. The table below shows which items they each wanted:\n\nLook at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.\nJim's lunch Sasha's lunch",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Trade and specialization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the table and images.\nJim wants broccoli. Sasha wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16247\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the probability that a rock pocket mouse produced by this cross will be homozygous dominant for the fur color gene?",
    "choices":[
      "4\/4",
      "2\/4",
      "0\/4",
      "3\/4",
      "1\/4"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"In a group of rock pocket mice, some individuals have dark fur and others have light fur. In this group, the gene for the fur color trait has two alleles. The allele for dark fur (F) is dominant over the allele for light fur (f).\nThis Punnett square shows a cross between two rock pocket mice.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Use Punnett squares to calculate probabilities of offspring types",
    "lecture":"Offspring genotypes: homozygous or heterozygous? How do you determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for a gene? Look at the alleles in the organism's genotype for that gene. An organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. If both alleles are dominant, the organism is homozygous dominant for the gene. If both alleles are recessive, the organism is homozygous recessive for the gene. An organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. In a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype.  Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes. An event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction: probability of an event = number of ways the event can happen \/ number of equally likely outcomes You can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff. <br\/><br\/>  | F | f<br\/> F | FF | Ff<br\/> f | Ff | ff<br\/> <br\/> Consider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction: number of ways the event can happen \/ number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff \/ total number of boxes = 1 \/ 4",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16258\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the volume of a coffee pot?",
    "choices":[
      "13 cups",
      "13 gallons",
      "13 fluid ounces"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Volume is a measurement of how much space something takes up. There are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons. As the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon. A glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the volume of a coffee pot is 13 cups.\n13 fluid ounces is too little and 13 gallons is too much.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which sentence uses a simile?",
    "choices":[
      "His deep voice is a foghorn.",
      "His voice is as deep as a foghorn."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Identify similes and metaphors",
    "lecture":"Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike. A simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as. My sister runs like a cheetah. The sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like. A cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast. The cat's fur was as dark as the night. The cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as. The night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark. A metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as. The snow formed a blanket over the town. The snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as. A blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely. Using similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader.",
    "solution":"This sentence uses a simile:\nHis voice is as deep as a foghorn.\nThe words voice and foghorn are compared using the word as.\nThis sentence uses a metaphor:\nHis deep voice is a foghorn.\nThe words voice and foghorn are compared without the word like or as.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Tennessee?",
    "choices":[
      "Richmond",
      "Memphis",
      "Little Rock",
      "Nashville"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Southeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Nashville is the capital of Tennessee.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16267\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence so that it uses personification.\nThe old canoe () as it scraped against the river rocks.",
    "choices":[
      "cried out",
      "tipped"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Creative techniques",
    "skill":"Use personification",
    "lecture":"Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point. The trees danced in the wind. The word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.",
    "solution":"Complete the sentence with the phrase cried out. It describes the canoe as if it were a person in pain.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Answer the riddle.\nI can fly.\nI lay eggs.\nI make a nest.\nWhat am I?",
    "choices":[
      "a bird",
      "an airplane"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade1",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"vocabulary",
    "category":"Comprehension strategies",
    "skill":"What am I?",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"A bird can fly.\nA bird lays eggs.\nA bird makes a nest.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is this a sentence fragment?\nWhereas the Spirit and Opportunity space rovers were solar powered, the Mars rover known as Curiosity is nuclear powered.",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Identify sentence fragments",
    "lecture":"A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. The band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks. A sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. Rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks. This fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing. The band I'm in. This fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing. Because we have a concert in two weeks. This fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert.",
    "solution":"This is not a sentence fragment. It is a complete sentence because it expresses a complete thought.\nWhereas the Spirit and Opportunity space rovers were solar powered, the Mars rover known as Curiosity is nuclear powered.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which closing is correct for a letter?",
    "choices":[
      "With Love,\nTroy",
      "With love,\nTroy"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Greetings and closings of letters",
    "lecture":"A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue. Dear Aunt Sue, I'm glad you could come to my party, and thank you for the birthday gift. I could not have asked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think of you. With love, Rory",
    "solution":"The second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nWhere the panther walks to and fro on a limb overhead, where the buck turns furiously at the hunter,\nWhere the rattlesnake suns his flabby length on a rock, where the otter is feeding on fish . . .\n\u2014Walt Whitman, \"Song of Myself\"",
    "choices":[
      "antithesis",
      "anaphora"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify the figure of speech: anaphora, antithesis, apostrophe, assonance, chiasmus, understatement",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Anaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses. We are united. We are powerful. We are winners. Antithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure. I want to help, not to hurt. Apostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity. Oh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully? Assonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words. Try to light the fire. Chiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words. Never let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you. Understatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is. As you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.",
    "solution":"The text uses anaphora, the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWhitman repeats the word where at the beginning of each clause.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence.\nAccording to the Seventh Amendment, the () has the final say in deciding who wins a court case.",
    "choices":[
      "jury",
      "Electoral College",
      "judge",
      "chief of police"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"civics",
    "category":"Government",
    "skill":"The Bill of Rights",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"According to the Seventh Amendment, the jury has the final say in deciding who wins a court case. The judge is usually not allowed to change a jury's decision. A jury is a group of regular citizens who listen to a trial. Then they decide together which side is right. In the United States, juries are supposed to come from the area where the crime or disagreement took place. Most trial juries have between 6 and 12 people, called jurors. If you are an American citizen, you may be asked to be on a jury someday! Part of the text of the Seventh Amendment is below. What kind of trials does the amendment talk about? In suits at common law. . .the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of New Hampshire?",
    "choices":[
      "Concord",
      "Harrisburg",
      "Burlington",
      "Manchester"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Northeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Concord is the capital of New Hampshire.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16287\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a simple sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "The unusual contraption had two levers, three ramps, and one metal basket.",
      "Maria can eat the leftover tomato soup, or she can make herself a tuna sandwich."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple, compound, or complex?",
    "lecture":"A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence. the oranges on our tree are ripe The clause can stand alone. It is independent. after we pick up Kevin from work The clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent. A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause. Ben and I spent all day relaxing by the pool. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat. Ben usually wears his heavy coat in the winter. A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. We saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while. If she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.",
    "solution":"The second sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.\nThe unusual contraption had two levers, three ramps, and one metal basket.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the fish.",
    "choices":[
      "robin",
      "giraffe",
      "catfish",
      "tiger salamander"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Fish live underwater. They have fins, not limbs.",
    "solution":"A robin is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nA robin is a songbird. It sings different songs at different times of the day.\nA catfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nUnlike most other fish, catfish do not have scales! They have slimy skin.\nA giraffe is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.\nGiraffes eat mostly leaves that are too high up for other animals to reach.\nA tiger salamander is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nTiger salamanders often live in underground burrows.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Where in the United States did Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., grow up?",
    "choices":[
      "the West Coast",
      "the Midwest",
      "the South",
      "the North"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"Historical figures",
    "skill":"Martin Luther King, Jr.",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., grew up in the American South. He was born in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1929.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is a coin a solid or a liquid?",
    "choices":[
      "a liquid",
      "a solid"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"States of matter",
    "skill":"Classify matter as solid or liquid",
    "lecture":"Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own. Some solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break. A glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid. When matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container. Think about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space. Juice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid.",
    "solution":"A coin is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.\nMany coins are made of solid metal.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16313\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"In this food chain, the butterfish is a secondary consumer. Why?",
    "choices":[
      "It eats a primary consumer.",
      "It eats a producer.",
      "It eats a tertiary consumer."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This diagram shows a food chain from Chesapeake Bay, an estuary ecosystem in Maryland and Virginia.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Identify roles in food chains",
    "lecture":"Every organism needs food to stay alive. Organisms get their food in different ways. A food chain shows how organisms in an ecosystem get their food. The food chain begins with the producer. A producer can change matter that is not food into food. Many producers use carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make sugar. Carbon dioxide and water are not food, but sugar is food for the producer. Consumers eat other organisms. There can be several kinds of consumers in a food chain: A primary consumer eats producers. The word primary tells you that this is the first consumer in a food chain. A secondary consumer eats primary consumers. The word secondary tells you that this is the second consumer in a food chain. A tertiary consumer eats secondary consumers. The word tertiary tells you that this is the third consumer in a food chain. A top consumer is the animal at the top of a food chain. Food chains can have different numbers of organisms. For example, when there are four organisms in the chain, the top consumer is the tertiary consumer. But if there are five organisms in the chain, the top consumer eats the tertiary consumer!",
    "solution":"In this food chain, the butterfish is a secondary consumer because it eats a primary consumer. The primary consumer in this food chain is the sea squirt.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16324\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which tense does the sentence use?\nStefan finds old clothes in the attic.",
    "choices":[
      "present tense",
      "past tense",
      "future tense"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"verbs",
    "category":"Verb tense",
    "skill":"Is the sentence in the past, present, or future tense?",
    "lecture":"Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now. Most present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es. Two verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms. Past tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened. Most past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed. Some verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms. Future tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen. All future-tense verbs use the word will. <br\/><br\/> Present | Past | Future<br\/> walk, walks | walked | will walk<br\/> go, goes | went | will go<br\/>",
    "solution":"The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, finds. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on the map, which of the following areas did the Mongol Empire control?",
    "choices":[
      "South Asia",
      "Southeast Asia",
      "Siberia"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The Mongol Empire controlled most of Asia and some parts of Eastern Europe from around 1210 to 1375. Look at the map of the Mongol Empire. Then answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"world-history",
    "category":"Medieval Asia",
    "skill":"The Mongol Empire",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look back at the map. The labels on the map show the name of each region. The shaded area shows the territory controlled by the Mongol Empire.\nThe map shows that the Mongol Empire controlled many parts of Siberia, East Asia, Central Asia, and the Middle East.\nThe Mongol Empire did not control South Asia or Southeast Asia.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16341\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which plate of spaghetti has a lower temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "the plate of spaghetti with more thermal energy",
      "the plate of spaghetti with less thermal energy"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Two plates of spaghetti are identical except for their thermal energies.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Heat and thermal energy",
    "skill":"How are temperature and mass related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving. The energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. What happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.",
    "solution":"The two plates of spaghetti are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the plate of spaghetti with less thermal energy has a lower temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Vermont?",
    "choices":[
      "Burlington",
      "Madison",
      "Wilmington",
      "Montpelier"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Northeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Montpelier is the capital of Vermont.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16345\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following statement about our solar system true or false?\nEarth is the largest planet that is made mainly of rock.",
    "choices":[
      "false",
      "true"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Use the data to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"true-or-false",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Astronomy",
    "skill":"Analyze data to compare properties of planets",
    "lecture":"A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet. The primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.",
    "solution":"The table tells you that Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars are the planets made mainly of rock. Of these planets, Earth is the largest. So, Earth is the largest planet that is made mainly of rock.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16353\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Would you find the word steel on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nshadow - sleeve",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince steel is not between the guide words shadow - sleeve, it would not be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which solution has a higher concentration of green particles?",
    "choices":[
      "Solution A",
      "Solution B",
      "neither; their concentrations are the same"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each green ball represents one particle of solute.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Compare concentrations of solutions",
    "lecture":"A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent. concentration = particles of solute \/ volume of solvent",
    "solution":"In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.\nSolution A has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of green particles.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16357\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which material is this paper clip made of?",
    "choices":[
      "concrete",
      "metal"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Identify materials in objects",
    "lecture":"A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the paper clip.\nThe paper clip is made of metal.\nNot all paper clips are made of metal. Some paper clips are made of colorful plastic.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16358\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is the most flexible?",
    "choices":[
      "brick wall",
      "ceramic tea cup",
      "cotton shirt"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of materials",
    "lecture":"Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. A material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy. For example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.",
    "solution":"Flexible is a property. A flexible material can be bent without breaking easily.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine bending the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the cotton shirt is the most flexible. If you fold cotton fabric, it will not break.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which term matches the picture?",
    "choices":[
      "endotherm",
      "ectotherm"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Read the text.\nMost reptiles and amphibians are ectotherms. This means that when the surrounding environment is cold, their body temperatures drop, and when the surrounding environment is warm, their body temperatures rise. You may see a lizard trying to warm itself up by lying out in the sun; this is because it cannot warm itself up on its own.\nIn contrast to ectotherms, endotherms, like humans and other mammals, can regulate their temperatures internally. Sweating, shivering, or panting are some ways that endotherms can maintain their temperatures in hot or cold environments.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"vocabulary",
    "category":"Context clues",
    "skill":"Determine the meaning of domain-specific words with pictures",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"An endotherm can regulate its temperature when the outer temperature changes. Dogs are endotherms, and on hot days, one way that they regulate their temperatures is by panting.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16363\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the vertebrate.",
    "choices":[
      "Caribbean spiny lobster",
      "ladybug",
      "blue jay",
      "blue dasher"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Hint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are vertebrates.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify vertebrates and invertebrates",
    "lecture":"Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals. A vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange. An invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body.",
    "solution":"A ladybug is an insect. Like other insects, a ladybug is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA blue dasher is an insect. Like other insects, a blue dasher is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA Caribbean spiny lobster is a crustacean. Like other crustaceans, a Caribbean spiny lobster is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA blue jay is a bird. Like other birds, a blue jay is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the volume of a bowl of soup?",
    "choices":[
      "12 cups",
      "12 gallons",
      "12 fluid ounces"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Volume is a measurement of how much space something takes up. There are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons. As the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon. A glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the volume of a bowl of soup is 12 fluid ounces.\n12 cups and 12 gallons are both too much.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Does the sentence use a simile or a metaphor?\nMrs. Harrington is kind, and her heart is gold.",
    "choices":[
      "metaphor",
      "simile"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Identify similes and metaphors",
    "lecture":"Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike. A simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as. My sister runs like a cheetah. The sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like. A cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast. The cat's fur was as dark as the night. The cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as. The night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark. A metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as. The snow formed a blanket over the town. The snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as. A blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely. Using similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader.",
    "solution":"Mrs. Harrington is kind, and her heart is gold.\nThe words heart and gold are compared without the word like or as. So, the sentence uses a metaphor.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a sandbox?",
    "choices":[
      "2 yards",
      "2 feet",
      "2 miles",
      "2 inches"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of distance, mass, and volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles. There are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile. A football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the length of a sandbox is 2 yards.\n2 inches and 2 feet are too short. 2 miles is too long.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same species as the smooth newt.",
    "choices":[
      "Lissotriton vulgaris",
      "Ambystoma texanum",
      "Ambystoma opacum"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This organism is a smooth newt. Its scientific name is Lissotriton vulgaris.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification and scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"A smooth newt's scientific name is Lissotriton vulgaris.\nAmbystoma texanum does not have the same scientific name as a smooth newt. So, Lissotriton vulgaris and Ambystoma texanum are not in the same species.\nAmbystoma opacum does not have the same scientific name as a smooth newt. So, Lissotriton vulgaris and Ambystoma opacum are not in the same species.\nLissotriton vulgaris has the same scientific name as a smooth newt. So, these organisms are in the same species.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16394\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Missouri?",
    "choices":[
      "Portland",
      "Madison",
      "Tucson",
      "Jefferson City"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Jefferson City is the capital of Missouri.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16397\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Virginia?",
    "choices":[
      "Saint Paul",
      "Spokane",
      "Jefferson City",
      "Richmond"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Southeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Richmond is the capital of Virginia.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16408\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What kind of sentence is this?\nCows sometimes graze in this pasture.",
    "choices":[
      "interrogative",
      "declarative"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory?",
    "lecture":"There are four kinds of sentences. A declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period. I have an older brother and a younger sister. An interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark. How tall are you? An imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point. Read the first chapter by next week. Look out for that car! An exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point. Some whales are over ninety feet long! I can't wait until tomorrow!",
    "solution":"The sentence tells about something, and it ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Maryland?",
    "choices":[
      "Baltimore",
      "Laramie",
      "Annapolis",
      "Tallahassee"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Northeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Annapolis is the capital of Maryland.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16415\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Suppose Alexa decides to plant the sunflowers. Which result would be a cost?",
    "choices":[
      "She will save some space. The sunflowers will use up less space than the juniper tree would have used up.",
      "Alexa will give up the chance to look at the juniper tree. She thinks it would have looked more beautiful than the sunflowers."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Alexa is deciding whether to plant sunflowers or a juniper tree in her backyard. She wants to make her backyard more beautiful. But she also wants to leave space for doing fun things.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Costs and benefits",
    "lecture":"Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits. Costs are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need. Benefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.",
    "solution":"This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Alexa wants or needs:\nAlexa will give up the chance to look at the juniper tree. She thinks it would have looked more beautiful than the sunflowers.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Maryland?",
    "choices":[
      "Augusta",
      "Harrisburg",
      "Baltimore",
      "Annapolis"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Northeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Annapolis is the capital of Maryland.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16428\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What evidence of a flood does this picture show?",
    "choices":[
      "There is a street covered by water.",
      "There is a street with houses on both sides."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This picture was taken during a flood. A flood can happen when an area gets a lot of rain in a short time.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Earth events",
    "skill":"Find evidence of changes to Earth's surface",
    "lecture":"Evidence is information that tells you something happened. How do you look for evidence of a change to Earth's surface? There are many ways to find evidence of a change to Earth's surface. One way is to look at a picture that was taken after the change. Here are some examples of what the evidence for different changes might be: <br\/><br\/> Cause of the change | Evidence of the change<br\/> earthquake | cracks in the ground; houses with broken walls and roofs<br\/> volcanic eruption | melted rock on Earth's surface; smoke coming out of a hole in the ground<br\/> erosion | a canyon with a river flowing through it; a river carrying sand and mud<br\/> <br\/> Be careful when you are looking for evidence! A picture of Earth's surface can contain a lot of information. Some of that information might be evidence of a change to the surface, but some of it is not! For example, a picture taken after an earthquake might show a blue sky. But the color of the sky is not evidence of an earthquake. So, that information is not evidence that an earthquake happened.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16435\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following trait inherited or acquired?\nSam can fly an airplane.",
    "choices":[
      "inherited",
      "acquired"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Identify inherited and acquired traits",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.",
    "solution":"People are not born knowing how to fly an airplane. Instead, some people learn how to fly airplanes. So, flying an airplane is an acquired trait.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\ndust settling out of the air\npouring milk on oatmeal",
    "choices":[
      "Both are caused by heating.",
      "Both are only physical changes.",
      "Both are caused by cooling.",
      "Both are chemical changes."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Chemical reactions",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule. In a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns. In a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nDust settling out of the air is a physical change. As the dust settles, or falls, it might land on furniture or the ground. This separates dust particles from the air, but does not form a different type of matter.\nPouring milk on oatmeal is a physical change. The oatmeal and milk form a creamy mixture. But making this mixture does not form a different type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "attract",
      "repel"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.\n\nHint: Magnets that attract pull together. Magnets that repel push apart.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south. Here are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S. If different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16453\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Dominica",
      "Barbados",
      "Cuba",
      "the Dominican Republic"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"The Americas: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of the Caribbean",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is Dominica.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16455\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Does Pleopeltis polypodioides have cells that have a nucleus?",
    "choices":[
      "no",
      "yes"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This organism is Pleopeltis polypodioides. It is a member of the plant kingdom.\nPleopeltis polypodioides can survive without water for a long time. Because of this, it can grow in very dry places. In the image, you can see P. polypodioides growing on a cooled black lava flow.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Describe, classify, and compare kingdoms",
    "lecture":"In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms. Organisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom. <br\/><br\/>  | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | Plants<br\/> How many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | many<br\/> Do their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yes<br\/> Can their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes<br\/>",
    "solution":"Pleopeltis polypodioides is a plant. Plant cells have a nucleus.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16457\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following trait inherited or acquired?\nBarry has a scar on his left ankle.",
    "choices":[
      "inherited",
      "acquired"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Hint: Most scars are caused by accidents during a person's life.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Heredity",
    "skill":"Identify inherited and acquired traits",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.",
    "solution":"Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the text to describe the diagram.\nSolute particles moved in both directions across the permeable membrane. But more solute particles moved across the membrane (). When there was an equal concentration on both sides, the particles reached equilibrium.",
    "choices":[
      "to the left than to the right",
      "to the right than to the left"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The diagram below shows a solution with one solute. Each solute particle is represented by a green ball. The solution fills a closed container that is divided in half by a membrane. The membrane, represented by a dotted line, is permeable to the solute particles.\nThe diagram shows how the solution can change over time during the process of diffusion.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Diffusion across membranes",
    "lecture":"In a solution, solute particles move and spread throughout the solvent. The diagram below shows how a solution can change over time. Solute particles move from the area where they are at a higher concentration to the area where they are at a lower concentration. This movement happens through the process of diffusion. As a result of diffusion, the concentration of solute particles becomes equal throughout the solution. When this happens, the solute particles reach equilibrium. At equilibrium, the solute particles do not stop moving. But their concentration throughout the solution stays the same. Membranes, or thin boundaries, can divide solutions into parts. A membrane is permeable to a solute when particles of the solute can pass through gaps in the membrane. In this case, solute particles can move freely across the membrane from one side to the other. So, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more particles will move across a permeable membrane from the side with a higher concentration of solute particles to the side with a lower concentration. At equilibrium, the concentration on both sides of the membrane is equal.",
    "solution":"Look at the diagram again. It shows you how the solution changed during the process of diffusion.\nBefore the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 4 solute particles on the left side of the membrane and 2 solute particles on the right side of the membrane.\nWhen the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 3 solute particles on each side of the membrane. There was 1 more solute particle on the right side of the membrane than before.\nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more solute particles must have moved across the membrane to the right than to the left.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16464\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following best describes a community on a coral reef in Hawaii?",
    "choices":[
      "the snowflake moray eels and the stareye parrotfish",
      "a school of convict tangs",
      "the sand, the rocks, and the coral"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Read the passage. Then answer the question below.\n\nA coral reef in Hawaii has hundreds of fish species. Many of the fish are active during the day. For example, species such as convict tangs and stareye parrotfish swim in schools as they feed on seaweed that grows on the reef. At night, other fish species, such as snowflake moray eels, come out to hunt.\nWhen they are not active, some fish take shelter among the many species of coral on the reef. Other fish hide in the sand and rocks that cover the seafloor.\nFigure: a school of convict tangs on a Hawaiian coral reef.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Describe populations, communities, and ecosystems",
    "lecture":"In an environment, organisms interact with each other and with their nonliving surroundings. To help describe these interactions, ecologists use specific terms for different types of groups. A single organism is an individual. Individuals of the same species that live in the same place are part of a population. Multiple populations of different species that live in the same place are part of a community. Together, communities of living organisms and the nonliving parts of their environment make up an ecosystem.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16466\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Missouri?",
    "choices":[
      "Jefferson City",
      "Topeka",
      "Indianapolis",
      "Nashville"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Jefferson City is the capital of Missouri.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16468\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Iowa?",
    "choices":[
      "Davenport",
      "Des Moines",
      "Saint Paul",
      "Cedar Rapids"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Des Moines is the capital of Iowa.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16472\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What type of rock is andesite?",
    "choices":[
      "metamorphic",
      "igneous",
      "sedimentary"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This is a piece of andesite. It was collected near a volcano in Greece.\nAndesite is commonly found near volcanoes that are close to oceans. It forms through the cooling of melted rock. The mineral grains in andesite are usually small in size.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Rocks and minerals",
    "skill":"Classify rocks as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic",
    "lecture":"Igneous rock is formed when melted rock cools and hardens into solid rock. This type of change can occur at Earth's surface or below it. Sedimentary rock is formed when layers of sediment are pressed together, or compacted, to make rock. This type of change occurs below Earth's surface. Metamorphic rock is formed when a rock is changed by very high temperature and pressure. This type of change often occurs deep below Earth's surface. Over time, the old rock becomes a new rock with different properties.",
    "solution":"Andesite is an igneous rock. Like other igneous rocks, it forms when melted rock cools and hardens.\nMelted rock at the earth's surface is called lava. Andesite forms from lava that contains large amounts of iron, magnesium, and silica. As the lava cools, minerals such as feldspar and pyroxene begin to form. When the lava becomes solid, it turns into andesite.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16479\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the mammal below.",
    "choices":[
      "bison",
      "American alligator"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Mammals have hair or fur and feed their young milk. A gray wolf is an example of a mammal.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common. Scientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.",
    "solution":"A bison is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.\nAn American alligator is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16488\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nWhere Barry lives, the air pressure is usually higher in the summer than in the winter.",
    "choices":[
      "weather",
      "climate"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"What's the difference between weather and climate?",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the text carefully.\nWhere Barry lives, the air pressure is usually higher in the summer than in the winter.\nAir pressure is caused by the weight of the air in the atmosphere. When the air pressure is high, the sky is usually clear.\nThis passage tells you about the usual pattern of air pressure where Barry lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same genus as the gray tree frog.",
    "choices":[
      "Hyla japonica",
      "Bufo guttatus",
      "Atelopus zeteki"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This organism is a gray tree frog. Its scientific name is Hyla versicolor.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"A gray tree frog's scientific name is Hyla versicolor. The first word of its scientific name is Hyla.\nHyla japonica is in the genus Hyla. The first word of its scientific name is Hyla. So, Hyla japonica and Hyla versicolor are in the same genus.\nBufo guttatus is in the genus Bufo. The first word of its scientific name is Bufo. So, Bufo guttatus and Hyla versicolor are not in the same genus.\nAtelopus zeteki is in the genus Atelopus. The first word of its scientific name is Atelopus. So, Atelopus zeteki and Hyla versicolor are not in the same genus.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16498\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"According to Newton's third law, what other force must be happening?",
    "choices":[
      "The wheelchair is pushing on Isaac.",
      "The wheelchair is pulling on Isaac."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Isaac Newton was born in the 1600s and studied how objects move. He discovered three fundamental laws about forces and motion. According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force.\nConsider the following force:\nIsaac is pushing on his friend's wheelchair.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Predict forces using Newton's third law",
    "lecture":"According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction. For example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you.",
    "solution":"Isaac is pushing on the wheelchair. So, Newton's third law tells you that the wheelchair is pushing on Isaac.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which bird's beak is also adapted to crack hard seeds?",
    "choices":[
      "bald ibis",
      "Asian golden weaver"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Large ground finches eat small, hard seeds and nuts. The shape of the 's beak is adapted to crack open small, hard seeds.\nFigure: large ground finch.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: beaks, mouths, and necks",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the large ground finch.\nThe large ground finch has a short, thick beak. Its beak is adapted to crack hard seeds. The large ground finch uses its short, thick beak to press down on a seed and crack open its hard shell.\nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.\nThe Asian golden weaver has a short, thick beak. Its beak is adapted to crack hard seeds.\nThe bald ibis has a long curved beak. Its beak is not adapted to crack hard seeds.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16514\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "Georgia",
      "Wisconsin",
      "North Carolina",
      "Maryland"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"Colonial America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is North Carolina.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16515\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest south?",
    "choices":[
      "Maine",
      "Wisconsin",
      "South Dakota",
      "Oklahoma"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Oklahoma is farthest south.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16524\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?",
    "choices":[
      "climate",
      "weather"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Figure: Seattle.\nRising air in a low pressure system can cause clouds to build up in the sky. Low pressure systems are common in Seattle during the months of December, January, and February.\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Weather and climate around the world",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the passage carefully.\nRising air in a low pressure system can cause clouds to build up in the sky. Low pressure systems are common in Seattle during the months of December, January, and February.\nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual pattern of barometric pressure in Seattle. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16531\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the plant.",
    "choices":[
      "Vultures eat mammals and birds.",
      "Pear trees have green leaves."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify plants and animals",
    "lecture":"Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms. Plants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can. Animals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food.",
    "solution":"A vulture is an animal. It eats mammals and birds.\nVultures usually do not hunt live animals. They eat animals that are already dead! This behavior is called scavenging.\nA pear tree is a plant. It has green leaves.\nWild pear trees grow in Europe, north Africa, and Asia.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\na piece of apple turning brown\nburning a candle",
    "choices":[
      "Both are caused by cooling.",
      "Both are only physical changes.",
      "Both are chemical changes.",
      "Both are caused by heating."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nA piece of apple turning brown is a chemical change. The apple reacts with oxygen in the air and turns into a different type of matter.\nIf you scrape off the brown layer of the apple, the inside is still white. The inside hasn't touched the air. So the chemical change didn't happen to that part of the apple.\nBurning a candle is a chemical change. Both the wick and the melted wax burn. They react with oxygen in the air and turn into soot, carbon dioxide, and water.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBurning is caused by heating. But a piece of apple turning brown is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which bird's beak is also adapted to filter through mud?",
    "choices":[
      "rosy-faced lovebird",
      "mute swan"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Northern pintails eat plants that grow underwater or in mud. The shape of the 's beak is adapted to filter through mud for food.\nThe  gathers muddy water in its beak and then pushes it out through gaps along the sides. Bits of food, such as plant roots, are left behind inside the pintail's beak.\nFigure: northern pintail.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: beaks, mouths, and necks",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the northern pintail.\nThe northern pintail has a wide, flat beak. Its beak is adapted to filter through mud. The northern pintail gathers muddy water in its beak. Then, it pushes the water out through gaps along the sides of the beak. Bits of food, such as plant roots, are left behind inside the pintail's beak.\nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.\nThe mute swan has a wide, flat beak. Its beak is adapted to filter through mud.\nThe rosy-faced lovebird has a small hooked beak. Its beak is not adapted to filter through mud. The rosy-faced lovebird uses its beak to eat seeds and berries.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16550\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which type of relationship is formed when a pseudoscorpion is dispersed by a harlequin beetle?",
    "choices":[
      "mutualistic",
      "parasitic",
      "commensal"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Read the passage. Then answer the question.\n\nPseudoscorpions are small arachnids that often crawl onto the backs of large beetles, such as harlequin beetles.\nWhen a beetle with a pseudoscorpion on its back flies away, the pseudoscorpion rides along. This ride helps the pseudoscorpion disperse, or move to a new location, much faster and farther than it could on its own.\nWhen the pseudoscorpion is carried along, it does not harm the beetle, but it does not help the beetle, either.\nFigure: a pseudoscorpion on the back of a harlequin beetle.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecological interactions",
    "skill":"Classify symbiotic relationships",
    "lecture":"When two organisms of different species interact in a way that affects one or both organisms, they form a symbiotic relationship. The word symbiosis comes from a Greek word that means living together. Scientists define types of symbiotic relationships based on how each organism is affected. This table lists three common types of symbiotic relationships. It shows how each organism is affected in each type of symbiotic relationship. <br\/><br\/> Type of symbiotic relationship | Organism of one species... | Organism of the other species...<br\/> Commensal | benefits | is not significantly affected<br\/> Mutualistic | benefits | benefits<br\/> Parasitic | benefits | is harmed (but not usually killed)<br\/>",
    "solution":"When a pseudoscorpion is dispersed by a harlequin beetle, the pseudoscorpion is able to move faster and farther than it could on its own. So, the pseudoscorpion benefits from its relationship with the beetle.\nThe beetle is not harmed by the pseudoscorpion, but the beetle is not helped, either. So, the beetle is not significantly affected by its relationship with the pseudoscorpion.\nSince the pseudoscorpion benefits and the beetle is not significantly affected, a commensal relationship is formed when a pseudoscorpion is dispersed by a harlequin beetle.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16551\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?",
    "choices":[
      "weather",
      "climate"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Figure: Malaysia.\nMalaysia is located in Southeast Asia. It experiences cloudy, wet conditions during two different seasons each year.\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Weather and climate around the world",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the passage carefully.\nMalaysia is located in Southeast Asia. It experiences cloudy, wet conditions during two different seasons each year.\nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual pattern of cloud cover in Malaysia. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16553\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which object has the least thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "a brownie at a temperature of 31\u00b0C",
      "a brownie at a temperature of 23\u00b0C",
      "a brownie at a temperature of 30\u00b0C"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The objects are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Heat and thermal energy",
    "skill":"How is temperature related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.",
    "solution":"All three brownies have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 23\u00b0C brownie is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Using only these supplies, which question can Chloe investigate with an experiment?",
    "choices":[
      "If squash seeds and tomato seeds are planted with compost, which type of plant grows larger?",
      "Do squash plants grow larger if the seeds are planted in small pots or in large pots?",
      "Do squash plants grow larger if the seeds are planted with compost or without compost?"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Chloe has a small vegetable garden, which includes a compost pile of food scraps. She notices that some of the squash plants growing next to the compost pile grow differently than squash plants that are farther away. She wonders what factors affect how her squash plants grow. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\none type of squash seeds\nfour large clay pots\nsoil\na compost pile\nwater",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following statement about our solar system true or false?\nThere are twice as many ice planets as rocky planets.",
    "choices":[
      "true",
      "false"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Use the data to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"true-or-false",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Astronomy",
    "skill":"Analyze data to compare properties of planets",
    "lecture":"A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet. The primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.",
    "solution":"The table tells you that there are two ice planets and four rocky planets. So, there are half as many ice planets as rocky planets.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16573\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the invertebrate.",
    "choices":[
      "beluga whale",
      "common ostrich",
      "common toad",
      "hissing cockroach"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":"Hint: Insects, spiders, and worms are invertebrates.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify vertebrates and invertebrates",
    "lecture":"Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals. A vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange. An invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body.",
    "solution":"A common toad is an amphibian. Like other amphibians, a common toad is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA beluga whale is a mammal. Like other mammals, a beluga whale is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA hissing cockroach is an insect. Like other insects, a hissing cockroach is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA common ostrich is a bird. Like other birds, a common ostrich is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which ocean is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "the Indian Ocean",
      "the Arctic Ocean",
      "the Southern Ocean",
      "the Atlantic Ocean"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Physical Geography",
    "skill":"Oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean.",
    "solution":"This is the Arctic Ocean.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16582\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property matches this object?",
    "choices":[
      "blue",
      "rough"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the better answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Identify properties of an object",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.",
    "solution":"Look at the object.\nThink about each property.\nBlue is a color.\nThis color is blue. The tent is blue.\nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. The tent is not rough.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16589\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material, but some of them are different shapes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets.",
    "solution":"Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.\nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16605\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which tense does the sentence use?\nEli and Tammy will help the neighbors.",
    "choices":[
      "past tense",
      "future tense",
      "present tense"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"verbs",
    "category":"Verb tense",
    "skill":"Is the sentence in the past, present, or future tense?",
    "lecture":"Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now. Most present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es. Two verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms. Past tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened. Most past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed. Some verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms. Future tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen. All future-tense verbs use the word will. <br\/><br\/> Present | Past | Future<br\/> walk, walks | walked | will walk<br\/> go, goes | went | will go<br\/>",
    "solution":"The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, help. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?",
    "choices":[
      "The new documentary, they claim, is one of the best ever made.",
      "The new documentary, critics claim, is one of the best ever made."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Pronouns and antecedents",
    "skill":"Identify vague pronoun references",
    "lecture":"When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.",
    "solution":"The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. They has been replaced with critics.\nThe new documentary, critics claim, is one of the best ever made.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the gas.",
    "choices":[
      "handsaw",
      "door",
      "air inside a balloon",
      "marbles"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"States of matter",
    "skill":"Identify solids, liquids, and gases",
    "lecture":"Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own. Some solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid. When matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle. Some liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk. When matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space. Many gases are invisible. Air is a gas.",
    "solution":"A marble is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. A marble can be made of clear or colored glass.\nThe air inside a balloon is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. The air inside a balloon expands to fill all the space in the balloon. If the balloon pops, the air will expand to fill a much larger space.\nA handsaw is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. The handle of this handsaw is made of wood, and the blade is made of metal. Both wood and metal are solids.\nA door is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. When you open or close a door, it keeps its shape.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is the Grand Canyon?",
    "choices":[
      "450 millimeters",
      "450 meters",
      "450 kilometers",
      "450 centimeters"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of distance, mass, and volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter. The tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long. A red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the length of the Grand Canyon is 450 kilometers.\n450 millimeters, 450 centimeters, and 450 meters are all too short.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which correctly shows the title of a movie?",
    "choices":[
      "***Masters of the Universe***",
      "\"Masters of the Universe\""
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Formatting titles",
    "lecture":"The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead. A Midsummer Night's Dream The title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks. \"You Are My Sunshine\"",
    "solution":"A movie should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **Masters of the Universe**.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets.",
    "solution":"Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.\nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16624\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence.\nThe mutation in the () affected the structure and function of the ().",
    "choices":[
      "Fgfr1a1 protein . . . fgfr1a1 gene",
      "fgfr1a1 gene . . . Fgfr1a1 protein"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The following passage describes the effects of a gene mutation, which is a permanent change in a gene. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below.\n\nCommon carp are a type of fish that have scales on their bodies. The pattern of scales on a common carp is established while the fish is developing inside its egg. During this time, a protein called Fgfr1a1 sends signals to the fish's body that direct the shape and spacing of the fish's scales. The signals from the Fgfr1a1 protein result in common carp with small, evenly spaced scales.\nThe Fgfr1a1 protein is encoded by the fgfr1a1 gene.\nA certain carp had large, patchy scales because of a mutation in the fgfr1a1 gene. Compared to the fgfr1a1 gene without a mutation, the mutated fgfr1a1 gene encoded a form of the Fgfr1a1 protein with a different structure.\nThis different form of the Fgfr1a1 protein could not send signals to the fish's body.\nFigure: common carp with large, patchy scales (top), and small, evenly spaced scales.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Describe the effects of gene mutations on organisms",
    "lecture":"An organism's genes contain information about its proteins. Each gene encodes, or contains the instructions for making, one protein or a group of proteins. A permanent change in a gene is called a mutation. Because a mutation changes a gene, the mutation may change the structure of the protein encoded by that gene. The function of a protein depends on its structure. So, if a mutation in a gene changes a protein's structure, the mutation may also change the protein's function. An organism's observable traits are affected by the functions of its proteins. So, a gene mutation that affects a protein's function may also affect an organism's observable traits.",
    "solution":"A mutation in a gene may affect the protein it encodes.\nSo, the mutation in the fgfr1 a1 gene affected the structure and function of the Fgfr1 a1 protein.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16627\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which text uses the word terribly in its traditional sense?",
    "choices":[
      "Austen shivered terribly as he gazed at the snow-clad slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.",
      "Austen shivered as he gazed at the terribly steep, snowy slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Word usage and nuance",
    "skill":"Explore words with new or contested usages",
    "lecture":"Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner. When a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences. Britney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam. The traditional usage above is considered more standard. David perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages. The nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.",
    "solution":"The first text uses terribly in its traditional sense: in a terrible manner.\nAusten shivered terribly as he gazed at the snow-clad slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.\nThe second text uses terribly in its nontraditional sense: extremely; very.\nAusten shivered as he gazed at the terribly steep, snowy slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word terribly because it is considered more standard.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which sentence states a fact?",
    "choices":[
      "The cheetah is the fastest land mammal in the world, followed by the pronghorn.",
      "Pronghorns are animals that look similar to deer, only cuter."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Distinguish facts from opinions",
    "lecture":"Statements of fact make claims that are based on research, observation, or experimentation. Facts can be proved with evidence. Napoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI. This statement is a fact. The statement can be verified by researching and comparing the height of each man. Statements of opinion make claims that are based on personal judgments or perspectives. Opinions can be supported by evidence, but they cannot be definitively proved. Napoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI. This statement is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" leader, so the statement cannot be proved.",
    "solution":"The first sentence states a fact. It can be verified by comparing the speeds of land mammals.\nThe cheetah is the fastest land mammal in the world, followed by the pronghorn.\nThe second sentence states an opinion. Cuter indicates a personal judgment.\nPronghorns are animals that look similar to deer, only cuter.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which statement describes the Oglala National Grassland ecosystem?",
    "choices":[
      "It has soil that is rich in nutrients.",
      "It has soil that is poor in nutrients."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Figure: Oglala National Grassland.\nOglala National Grassland is a prairie grassland ecosystem in northwestern Nebraska. This grassland contains large rock formations called badlands.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Describe ecosystems",
    "lecture":"An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment. There are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other: the pattern of weather, or climate the type of soil the organisms that live there",
    "solution":"A prairie grassland is a type of ecosystem. Prairie grasslands have the following features: hot summers and cool winters, a medium amount of rain, and soil that is rich in nutrients. So, the following statements describe the Oglala National Grassland ecosystem: hot summers and cool winters, a medium amount of rain, and soil that is rich in nutrients. It has hot summers and cool winters. It has soil that is rich in nutrients. The following statement does not describe Oglala National Grassland: hot summers and cool winters, a medium amount of rain, and soil that is rich in nutrients. It has soil that is poor in nutrients.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16637\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "the Federated States of Micronesia",
      "New Zealand",
      "Samoa",
      "Palau"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Oceania: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of Oceania",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is Palau.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16644\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same species as the maroon clownfish.",
    "choices":[
      "Premnas biaculeatus",
      "Procambarus clarkii",
      "Amphiprion melanopus"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This organism is a maroon clownfish. Its scientific name is Premnas biaculeatus.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification and scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"A maroon clownfish's scientific name is Premnas biaculeatus.\nProcambarus clarkii does not have the same scientific name as a maroon clownfish. So, Premnas biaculeatus and Procambarus clarkii are not in the same species.\nAmphiprion melanopus does not have the same scientific name as a maroon clownfish. So, Premnas biaculeatus and Amphiprion melanopus are not in the same species.\nPremnas biaculeatus has the same scientific name as a maroon clownfish. So, these organisms are in the same species.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16645\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"According to Newton's third law, what other force must be happening?",
    "choices":[
      "The gas pedal is pulling on Stacy's foot.",
      "The gas pedal is pushing on Stacy's foot."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Isaac Newton was born in the 1600s and studied how objects move. He discovered three fundamental laws about forces and motion. According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force.\nConsider the following force:\nStacy's foot is pushing on her car's gas pedal.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Predict forces using Newton's third law",
    "lecture":"According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction. For example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you.",
    "solution":"Stacy's foot is pushing on the gas pedal. So, Newton's third law tells you that the gas pedal is pushing on Stacy's foot.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Would you find the word material on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nmitt - mug",
    "choices":[
      "no",
      "yes"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince material is not between the guide words mitt - mug, it would not be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the text to describe the diagram.\nSolute particles moved in both directions across the permeable membrane. But more solute particles moved across the membrane (). When there was an equal concentration on both sides, the particles reached equilibrium.",
    "choices":[
      "to the left than to the right",
      "to the right than to the left"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The diagram below shows a solution with one solute. Each solute particle is represented by a green ball. The solution fills a closed container that is divided in half by a membrane. The membrane, represented by a dotted line, is permeable to the solute particles.\nThe diagram shows how the solution can change over time during the process of diffusion.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Diffusion across membranes",
    "lecture":"In a solution, solute particles move and spread throughout the solvent. The diagram below shows how a solution can change over time. Solute particles move from the area where they are at a higher concentration to the area where they are at a lower concentration. This movement happens through the process of diffusion. As a result of diffusion, the concentration of solute particles becomes equal throughout the solution. When this happens, the solute particles reach equilibrium. At equilibrium, the solute particles do not stop moving. But their concentration throughout the solution stays the same. Membranes, or thin boundaries, can divide solutions into parts. A membrane is permeable to a solute when particles of the solute can pass through gaps in the membrane. In this case, solute particles can move freely across the membrane from one side to the other. So, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more particles will move across a permeable membrane from the side with a higher concentration of solute particles to the side with a lower concentration. At equilibrium, the concentration on both sides of the membrane is equal.",
    "solution":"Look at the diagram again. It shows you how the solution changed during the process of diffusion.\nBefore the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 4 solute particles on the left side of the membrane and 6 solute particles on the right side of the membrane.\nWhen the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 5 solute particles on each side of the membrane. There was 1 more solute particle on the left side of the membrane than before.\nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more solute particles must have moved across the membrane to the left than to the right.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16652\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\nsawing a log in half\na rock heating up in a campfire",
    "choices":[
      "Both are chemical changes.",
      "Both are caused by cooling.",
      "Both are caused by heating.",
      "Both are only physical changes."
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nSawing a log in half is a physical change. The log splits into two pieces. But the pieces are still made of the same type of matter.\nA rock heating up in a campfire is a physical change. The temperature of the rock goes up, but the rock is still made of the same type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nA rock heating up in a campfire is caused by heating. But sawing a log in half is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which bird's beak is also adapted to crack hard seeds?",
    "choices":[
      "blue rock pigeon",
      "bronze mannikin"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Hawfinches eat small, hard seeds. The shape of the 's beak is adapted to crack open small, hard seeds.\nFigure: hawfinch.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: beaks, mouths, and necks",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the hawfinch.\nThe hawfinch has a short, thick beak. Its beak is adapted to crack hard seeds. The hawfinch uses its short, thick beak to press down on a seed and crack open its hard shell.\nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.\nThe bronze mannikin has a short, thick beak. Its beak is adapted to crack hard seeds.\nThe blue rock pigeon has a short, thin beak. Its beak is not adapted to crack hard seeds.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16656\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which tense does the sentence use?\nTim will dust off the shelf with a rag.",
    "choices":[
      "present tense",
      "past tense",
      "future tense"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"verbs",
    "category":"Verb tense",
    "skill":"Is the sentence in the past, present, or future tense?",
    "lecture":"Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now. Most present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es. Two verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms. Past tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened. Most past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed. Some verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms. Future tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen. All future-tense verbs use the word will. <br\/><br\/> Present | Past | Future<br\/> walk, walks | walked | will walk<br\/> go, goes | went | will go<br\/>",
    "solution":"The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, dust. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"In this food web, which organism contains matter that eventually moves to the bat star?",
    "choices":[
      "zooplankton",
      "orca"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Below is a food web from an ocean ecosystem in Monterey Bay, off the coast of California.\nA food web models how the matter eaten by organisms moves through an ecosystem. The arrows in a food web represent how matter moves between organisms in an ecosystem.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecological interactions",
    "skill":"Interpret food webs II",
    "lecture":"A food web is a model. A food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food. Arrows show how matter moves. A food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating. An organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web. An organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web.",
    "solution":"Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows to the bat star.\nThe only arrow pointing from the orca leads to the sea cucumber. No arrows point from the sea cucumber to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the orca to the bat star.There is one path matter can take from the black rockfish to the bat star: black rockfish->kelp bass->bat star. There are three paths matter can take from the zooplankton to the bat star: zooplankton->kelp bass->bat star. zooplankton->plainfin midshipman->kelp bass->bat star. zooplankton->black rockfish->kelp bass->bat star. There is one path matter can take from the plainfin midshipman to the bat star: plainfin midshipman->kelp bass->bat star.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16663\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Vanuatu",
      "Solomon Islands",
      "Samoa",
      "the Marshall Islands"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Oceania: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of Oceania",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is the Marshall Islands.\nDoes the Marshall Islands have any territorial disputes?\nThe Marshall Islands claims to own Wake Island, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.\nThe United States claimed Wake Island in 1899 and has controlled it since then. But the Marshall Islands considers the island part of its territory. It says that its people have traveled to the island to gather food and resources for many years. Today, the island is mainly used by the U.S. Air Force.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16679\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material, but some of them are different shapes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets.",
    "solution":"The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.\nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16681\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is delivering mail a good or a service?",
    "choices":[
      "a service",
      "a good"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Economics",
    "skill":"Goods and services",
    "lecture":"Everything you can buy is either a good or a service. A good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good. A service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service.",
    "solution":"To decide whether delivering mail is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs delivering mail something you can touch? No.\nIs delivering mail a job you might pay someone else to do? Yes.\nSo, delivering mail is a service.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which continent is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Australia",
      "Europe",
      "Asia",
      "North America"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Physical Geography",
    "skill":"Oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents.",
    "solution":"This continent is Australia.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16687\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Identify the question that Ed and Todd's experiment can best answer.",
    "choices":[
      "Do ping pong balls stop rolling along the ground sooner after being launched from a 30\u00b0 angle or a 45\u00b0 angle?",
      "Do ping pong balls travel farther when launched from a 30\u00b0 angle compared to a 45\u00b0 angle?"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below.\n\nEd placed a ping pong ball in a catapult, pulled the catapult's arm back to a 45\u00b0 angle, and launched the ball. Then, Ed launched another ping pong ball, this time pulling the catapult's arm back to a 30\u00b0 angle. With each launch, his friend Todd measured the distance between the catapult and the place where the ball hit the ground. Ed and Todd repeated the launches with ping pong balls in four more identical catapults. They compared the distances the balls traveled when launched from a 45\u00b0 angle to the distances the balls traveled when launched from a 30\u00b0 angle.\nFigure: a catapult for launching ping pong balls.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify the experimental question",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment. Imagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured. First, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested. Then, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured. Experiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height. Examples of questions that this experiment can answer include: Does soil type affect the height of daffodil plants? Do daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil? Are daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16694\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the motion of three geese. Which goose was moving at the highest speed?",
    "choices":[
      "a goose that moved 930kilometers north in 10hours",
      "a goose that moved 750kilometers north in 10hours",
      "a goose that moved 950kilometers west in 10hours"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Compare the speeds of moving objects",
    "lecture":"An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time. Distance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer. Time tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour. Think about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed.",
    "solution":"Look at the distance each goose moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each goose moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each goose moved for 10 hours. The goose that moved 950 kilometers moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that goose must have moved at the highest speed.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which type of relationship is formed when a colony of acacia ants lives on a bullhorn acacia tree?",
    "choices":[
      "mutualistic",
      "commensal",
      "parasitic"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Read the passage. Then answer the question.\n\nAcacia ants spend most of their lives on bullhorn acacia trees. Up to 30,000 ants can live together in a colony on one acacia tree!\nThe ants eat nectar produced by the tree and build nests inside hollowed-out thorns on the tree's branches. The ants also attack insects and other animals that try to eat the tree's leaves. Sometimes the ants leave the tree and destroy nearby plants. This creates open space around the tree. The open space makes it easier for the acacia tree to get resources such as sunlight and water.\nFigure: acacia ants feeding on nectar of a bullhorn acacia tree.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecological interactions",
    "skill":"Classify symbiotic relationships",
    "lecture":"When two organisms of different species interact in a way that affects one or both organisms, they form a symbiotic relationship. The word symbiosis comes from a Greek word that means living together. Scientists define types of symbiotic relationships based on how each organism is affected. This table lists three common types of symbiotic relationships. It shows how each organism is affected in each type of symbiotic relationship. <br\/><br\/> Type of symbiotic relationship | Organism of one species... | Organism of the other species...<br\/> Commensal | benefits | is not significantly affected<br\/> Mutualistic | benefits | benefits<br\/> Parasitic | benefits | is harmed (but not usually killed)<br\/>",
    "solution":"When acacia ants live on a bullhorn acacia tree, the ants get food and shelter. So, the ants benefit from their relationship with the bullhorn acacia tree.\nThe ants protect the tree and make it easier for the tree to get resources. So, the bullhorn acacia tree also benefits from its relationship with the ants.\nSince both the acacia ants and the bullhorn acacia tree benefit, a mutualistic relationship is formed when acacia ants live on a bullhorn acacia tree.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16700\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is paving a street a good or a service?",
    "choices":[
      "a service",
      "a good"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Economics",
    "skill":"Goods and services",
    "lecture":"Everything you can buy is either a good or a service. A good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good. A service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service.",
    "solution":"To decide whether paving a street is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs paving a street something you can touch? No.\nIs paving a street a job you might pay someone else to do? Yes.\nSo, paving a street is a service.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Vermont?",
    "choices":[
      "Hartford",
      "Huntington",
      "Montpelier",
      "Burlington"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Northeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Montpelier is the capital of Vermont.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16716\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Solomon Islands",
      "Tonga",
      "Kiribati",
      "Tuvalu"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Oceania: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of Oceania",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is Tonga.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16721\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Utah?",
    "choices":[
      "Colorado Springs",
      "Boise",
      "Fargo",
      "Salt Lake City"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Salt Lake City is the capital of Utah.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16734\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is the hardest?",
    "choices":[
      "silk kimono",
      "jam",
      "wood chair"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of materials",
    "lecture":"Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. A material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy. For example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.",
    "solution":"Hard is a property. A hard material keeps its shape when you press on it with your finger.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pushing on the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the wood chair is the hardest. If you squeeze a piece of wood, it will not change shape.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nThe methods that failed in the past could very well be the ones that succeed in the future.",
    "choices":[
      "antithesis",
      "apostrophe"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify the figure of speech: review",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Anaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses. We are united. We are powerful. We are winners. Antithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure. I want to help, not to hurt. Apostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity. Oh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully? Assonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words. Try to light the fire. Chiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words. Never let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! An oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Some reviewers are calling this book a new classic. A paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Always expect the unexpected. Understatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is. As you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.",
    "solution":"The text uses antithesis, the contrasting of opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nThe sentence contrasts two descriptions of methods, failed in the past and succeed in the future.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "repel",
      "attract"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.\n\nHint: Magnets that attract pull together. Magnets that repel push apart.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south. Here are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S. If different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16765\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Identify the question that Zane's experiment can best answer.",
    "choices":[
      "Do steel nails take fewer days to rust in water compared to vinegar?",
      "Do steel nails rust in fewer days when submerged in a large volume of liquid compared to a small volume?"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below.\n\nZane put one two-inch steel nail into each of six test tubes. He added water to three of the test tubes and vinegar to the other three. In each test tube, he completely covered the nail with the same volume of liquid. Zane checked the nails for rust at the same time every day. He recorded how many days it took each nail to become completely covered in rust. Then, he compared the number of days it took nails to rust in water to the number of days it took nails to rust in vinegar.\nFigure: a new steel nail on a pile of rusty nails.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify the experimental question",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment. Imagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured. First, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested. Then, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured. Experiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height. Examples of questions that this experiment can answer include: Does soil type affect the height of daffodil plants? Do daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil? Are daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16769\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the expected ratio of offspring with dark yellow flowers to offspring with light yellow flowers? Choose the most likely ratio.",
    "choices":[
      "1:3",
      "2:2",
      "3:1",
      "0:4",
      "4:0"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":"In a group of rose plants, some individuals have light yellow flowers and others have dark yellow flowers. In this group, the gene for the flower color trait has two alleles. The allele for light yellow flowers (F) is dominant over the allele for dark yellow flowers (f).\nThis Punnett square shows a cross between two rose plants.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Use Punnett squares to calculate ratios of offspring types",
    "lecture":"Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive? How do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. If an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait. If an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait. A Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type. For example, consider the Punnett square below. <br\/><br\/>  | F | f<br\/> F | FF | Ff<br\/> f | Ff | ff<br\/> <br\/> There is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.",
    "solution":"To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with dark yellow flowers or light yellow flowers, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the flower color trait. The question tells you that the F allele, which is for light yellow flowers, is dominant over the f allele, which is for dark yellow flowers.\nDark yellow flowers is the recessive allele's version of the flower color trait. A rose plant with the recessive version of the flower color trait must have only recessive alleles for the flower color gene. So, offspring with dark yellow flowers must have the genotype ff.\nThere are 0 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype ff.\nLight yellow flowers is the dominant allele's version of the flower color trait. A rose plant with the dominant version of the flower color trait must have at least one dominant allele for the flower color gene. So, offspring with light yellow flowers must have the genotype FF or Ff.\nAll 4 boxes in the Punnett square have the genotype FF or Ff.\nSo, the expected ratio of offspring with dark yellow flowers to offspring with light yellow flowers is 0:4. This means that, based on the Punnett square, this cross will never produce offspring with dark yellow flowers. Instead, this cross is expected to always produce offspring with light yellow flowers.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16770\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following statement about our solar system true or false?\n75% of the planets are made mainly of rock.",
    "choices":[
      "true",
      "false"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Use the data to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"true-or-false",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Astronomy",
    "skill":"Analyze data to compare properties of planets",
    "lecture":"A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet. The primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.",
    "solution":"The table tells you that four out of the eight planets are made mainly of rock. So, one-half, or 50%, of the planets are made mainly of rock.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16774\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Sharon acquired this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Sharon's scar is on her right elbow. Her father also has a scar on his right elbow.",
      "Sharon's sister has a bruise from falling on her elbow.",
      "Sharon's scar was caused by an accident. She cut her arm when she fell off her bicycle."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nSharon has a scar on her right elbow.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Does Daphnia pulex have cells that have a nucleus?",
    "choices":[
      "no",
      "yes"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This organism is Daphnia pulex. It is a member of the animal kingdom.\nDaphnia pulex lives in lakes and ponds. D. pulex can sense chemicals that its predators release into the water. When D. pulex senses that a predator is nearby, it can grow sharp spikes on its head! These spikes make D. pulex harder to eat.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Describe, classify, and compare kingdoms",
    "lecture":"In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms. Organisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom. <br\/><br\/>  | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | Plants<br\/> How many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | many<br\/> Do their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yes<br\/> Can their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes<br\/>",
    "solution":"Daphnia pulex is an animal. Animal cells have a nucleus.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16783\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles?",
    "choices":[
      "Solution A",
      "neither; their concentrations are the same",
      "Solution B"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each pink ball represents one particle of solute.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Compare concentrations of solutions",
    "lecture":"A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent. concentration = particles of solute \/ volume of solvent",
    "solution":"In Solution A and Solution B, the pink particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles, look at both the number of pink particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of pink particles per milliliter.\nSolution A has more pink particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of pink particles.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16789\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?",
    "choices":[
      "climate",
      "weather"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Figure: Great Wall.\nThe Great Wall is located in northern China. This region is often cold and cloudy during December, January, and February.\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Weather and climate around the world",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the passage carefully.\nThe Great Wall is located in northern China. This region is often cold and cloudy during December, January, and February.\nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual pattern of cloud cover at the Great Wall of China. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16800\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the text to describe the diagram.\nSolute particles moved in both directions across the permeable membrane. But more solute particles moved across the membrane (). When there was an equal concentration on both sides, the particles reached equilibrium.",
    "choices":[
      "to the right than to the left",
      "to the left than to the right"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The diagram below shows a solution with one solute. Each solute particle is represented by a green ball. The solution fills a closed container that is divided in half by a membrane. The membrane, represented by a dotted line, is permeable to the solute particles.\nThe diagram shows how the solution can change over time during the process of diffusion.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Diffusion across membranes",
    "lecture":"In a solution, solute particles move and spread throughout the solvent. The diagram below shows how a solution can change over time. Solute particles move from the area where they are at a higher concentration to the area where they are at a lower concentration. This movement happens through the process of diffusion. As a result of diffusion, the concentration of solute particles becomes equal throughout the solution. When this happens, the solute particles reach equilibrium. At equilibrium, the solute particles do not stop moving. But their concentration throughout the solution stays the same. Membranes, or thin boundaries, can divide solutions into parts. A membrane is permeable to a solute when particles of the solute can pass through gaps in the membrane. In this case, solute particles can move freely across the membrane from one side to the other. So, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more particles will move across a permeable membrane from the side with a higher concentration of solute particles to the side with a lower concentration. At equilibrium, the concentration on both sides of the membrane is equal.",
    "solution":"Look at the diagram again. It shows you how the solution changed during the process of diffusion.\nBefore the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 5 solute particles on the left side of the membrane and 7 solute particles on the right side of the membrane.\nWhen the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 6 solute particles on each side of the membrane. There was 1 more solute particle on the left side of the membrane than before.\nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more solute particles must have moved across the membrane to the left than to the right.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16813\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\n\"Hugo's personality is very Jekyll and Hyde,\" Diana told her brother.",
    "choices":[
      "literature",
      "U.S. history"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. Here, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion Jekyll and Hyde is literature.\nRobert Louis Stevenson's popular Victorian novella Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde tells the story of a man with two distinct personalities. Known to the world as a kind and highly respected doctor, at night he transforms into a monstrous person.\nThe allusion Jekyll and Hyde means kind then cruel.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnetic force is weaker in Pair 2.",
      "The magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Compare strengths of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart.",
    "solution":"Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.\nThe magnets in Pair 1 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1 than in Pair 2.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16819\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is this rose plant's genotype for the flower color gene?",
    "choices":[
      "light yellow flowers",
      "Ff"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"In a group of rose plants, some individuals have light yellow flowers and others have dark yellow flowers. In this group, the gene for the flower color trait has two alleles. The allele F is for light yellow flowers, and the allele f is for dark yellow flowers.\nA certain rose plant from this group has light yellow flowers. This plant has one allele for light yellow flowers and one allele for dark yellow flowers.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.",
    "solution":"An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The rose plant has one allele for light yellow flowers (F) and one allele for dark yellow flowers (f). So, the plant's genotype for the flower color gene is Ff.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which helium balloon has less thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "the colder helium balloon",
      "the hotter helium balloon"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two helium balloons are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Thermal energy",
    "skill":"How are temperature and mass related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving. The energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. What happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.",
    "solution":"The two helium balloons are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the colder helium balloon has less thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Connecticut?",
    "choices":[
      "Boston",
      "Hartford",
      "Augusta",
      "Concord"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Northeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Hartford is the capital of Connecticut.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16835\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?",
    "choices":[
      "When Erica returned to the apartment that evening, she greeted Annie with a hug.",
      "Erica greeted Annie with a hug when she returned to the apartment that evening."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Pronouns",
    "skill":"Identify vague pronoun references",
    "lecture":"When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.",
    "solution":"The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Erica or Annie.\nErica greeted Annie with a hug when she returned to the apartment that evening.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nWhen Erica returned to the apartment that evening, she greeted Annie with a hug.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the one animal that has all of the mollusk traits listed above.",
    "choices":[
      "White-spotted octopuses have tentacles, which are also called arms. White-spotted octopuses can use their tentacles to reach between corals and grab fish. These octopuses have a soft red body with white spots.",
      "Blue crabs are omnivores. Omnivores are animals that are adapted to eat both plants and animals. Blue crabs have an exoskeleton and two pairs of antennae."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Mollusks are a group of animals with similar traits. The following traits can be used to identify mollusks:\nThey have a soft body.\nThey have a muscular foot or tentacles. Observe the animals and read the descriptions.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Use evidence to classify animals",
    "lecture":"Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live. How do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group.",
    "solution":"To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nMollusks have the following traits:\nThey have a soft body.\nThey have a muscular foot or tentacles.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA white-spotted octopus has the following traits:\nIt has a soft body.\nIt has tentacles.\nA white-spotted octopus has the traits of a mollusk. A white-spotted octopus is a mollusk.\nA blue crab has the following traits:\nIt has two pairs of antennae.\nIt has an exoskeleton.\nA blue crab does not have all of the traits of a mollusk. A blue crab is a crustacean.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Two bowling balls have the same temperature but different masses. Which ball has less thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "the bowling ball with less mass",
      "the bowling ball with more mass"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The objects are made of the same type of matter.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Thermal energy",
    "skill":"How are temperature and mass related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving. The energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. What happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.",
    "solution":"The two bowling balls have the same temperature and are made of the same type of matter. So, the bowling ball with less mass has less thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following trait inherited or acquired?\nMarco has five fingers on each hand.",
    "choices":[
      "acquired",
      "inherited"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Hint: Marco was born with five fingers on each hand.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Heredity",
    "skill":"Identify inherited and acquired traits",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.",
    "solution":"Most humans are born with five fingers on each hand. So, having five fingers is an inherited trait.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nAfter spending weeks in New York City, Joy was a bit unnerved by the deafening silence of her small hometown.",
    "choices":[
      "euphemism",
      "oxymoron"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify the figure of speech: euphemism, hyperbole, oxymoron, paradox",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! An oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Some reviewers are calling this book a new classic. A paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Always expect the unexpected.",
    "solution":"The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nDeafening silence is a contradiction, because deafening describes something extremely loud, and silence is the absence of sound.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Saint Lucia",
      "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines",
      "Grenada",
      "Barbados"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"The Americas: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of the Caribbean",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is Saint Lucia.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16864\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which correctly shows the title of a book?",
    "choices":[
      "\"Stones for My Father\"",
      "***Stones for My Father***"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Formatting titles",
    "lecture":"The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead. A Midsummer Night's Dream The title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks. \"You Are My Sunshine\"",
    "solution":"A book should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **Stones for My Father**.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"How long does it take to bake lasagna in the oven?",
    "choices":[
      "41 minutes",
      "41 hours"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose units of time",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Imagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds? The number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing. Time is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven. There are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute. There are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for how long it takes to bake lasagna in the oven is 41 minutes.\n41 hours is too slow.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature",
      "sample A",
      "sample B"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.\nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16875\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following trait inherited or acquired?\nRebecca has naturally blond hair.",
    "choices":[
      "acquired",
      "inherited"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Hint: Some people dye their hair. But this does not change their natural hair color.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Heredity",
    "skill":"Identify inherited and acquired traits",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.",
    "solution":"Humans do not choose their natural hair color. Instead, children get their natural hair color from their parents. So, Rebecca's hair color is an inherited trait.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Kirk inherited this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Kirk's mother cuts his hair every month.",
      "Kirk's parents have blond hair. They passed down this trait to Kirk."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nKirk has blond hair.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is this organism's scientific name?",
    "choices":[
      "Bubo scandiacus",
      "snowy owl"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This organism is a snowy owl. It is also called Bubo scandiacus.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification and scientific names",
    "skill":"Identify common and scientific names",
    "lecture":"An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know. An organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English. Scientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca.",
    "solution":"Bubo scandiacus is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not.\nSo, Bubo scandiacus is the scientific name.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16889\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Vicky acquired this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Vicky learned biology by doing experiments.",
      "Vicky is most interested in plant biology."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nVicky knows a lot about biology.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Heredity",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a complete sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "We went to Texas, we saw an old fort.",
      "The little boy popped a big bubble."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is it a complete sentence or a run-on?",
    "lecture":"A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb. My friends walk along the path. A run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma. I knocked on the door it opened. It started raining, we ran inside. To fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence. I knocked on the door. It opened. It started raining. We ran inside. You can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. I knocked on the door, and it opened. It started raining, so we ran inside.",
    "solution":"The little boy popped a big bubble is a complete sentence. The subject is the little boy, and the verb is popped.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which correctly shows the title of a TV show?",
    "choices":[
      "***Bear in the Big Blue House***",
      "\"Bear in the Big Blue House\""
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Formatting titles",
    "lecture":"The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead. A Midsummer Night's Dream The title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks. \"You Are My Sunshine\"",
    "solution":"A TV show should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **Bear in the Big Blue House**.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following could Brandon's test show?",
    "choices":[
      "whether an inexpensive filter would become clogged more often",
      "whether the filter was clogged",
      "the amount of bacteria in the water before it was filtered"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design.\nThe passage below describes how the engineering-design process was used to test a solution to a problem. Read the passage. Then answer the question below.\n\nBrandon was . At the plant, an expensive filter was used to remove disease-causing bacteria from the water. But over time, the filter would become clogged with bacteria. If the filter became clogged, the water would not move through quickly enough. Brandon had to decide when the filter was too clogged and needed to be replaced. So, during his inspection, Brandon checked the filter by measuring how quickly water moved through it.\nFigure: an engineer at a water treatment plant.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Engineering practices",
    "skill":"Evaluate tests of engineering-design solutions",
    "lecture":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured. Imagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves. First, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind. Then, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved. Tests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16901\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1.",
      "The strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Compare strengths of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.",
    "solution":"Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.\nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16921\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Maverick's phenotype for the coat graying trait?",
    "choices":[
      "not having a graying coat",
      "having a graying coat"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This passage describes the coat graying trait in horses:\n\nIn a group of horses, some individuals have coat graying and others do not. In this group, the gene for the coat graying trait has two alleles. The allele for not having a graying coat (g) is recessive to the allele for having a graying coat (G).\nMaverick is a horse from this group. Maverick has the heterozygous genotype Gg for the coat graying gene.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: dominant and recessive",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. Some traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene. An organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene. An organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene. The types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. A dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers. A recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.",
    "solution":"You need to determine Maverick's phenotype for the coat graying trait. First, consider the alleles in Maverick's genotype for the coat graying gene. Then, decide whether these alleles are dominant or recessive.\nThe allele for not having a graying coat (g) is recessive to the allele for having a graying coat (G). This means G is a dominant allele, and g is a recessive allele.\nMaverick's genotype of Gg has one dominant allele and one recessive allele. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Maverick's phenotype for the coat graying trait must be having a graying coat.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nThere was a clear consensus in the Boyd family that they should put their dog to sleep, rather than let him continue to suffer.",
    "choices":[
      "euphemism",
      "paradox"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify the figure of speech: euphemism, hyperbole, oxymoron, paradox",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! An oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Some reviewers are calling this book a new classic. A paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Always expect the unexpected.",
    "solution":"The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nPut their dog to sleep is a more indirect way of saying have the veterinarian kill their dog.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word does not rhyme?",
    "choices":[
      "torn",
      "corn",
      "fern"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"phonological-awareness",
    "category":"Rhyming",
    "skill":"Which word does not rhyme?",
    "lecture":"Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound. The words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound. The words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings. The words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.",
    "solution":"The words torn and corn rhyme. They both end with the orn sound.\nThe word fern does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which term matches the picture?",
    "choices":[
      "digital device",
      "analog device"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the text.\nAn analog device measures, records, or reproduces continuous information. An analog clock, for example, has hands that continuously move, and the minute hand can be between two numbers instead of just on one number or another.\nA digital device, on the other hand, uses discrete information. On a digital clock, there isn't a possibility of showing something between two exact times; either one number is shown, or another is.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"word-study",
    "category":"Domain-specific vocabulary",
    "skill":"Determine the meaning of domain-specific words with pictures",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"An analog device shows information in a continuous spectrum. For example, on an analog speedometer, the needle can point to a continuous range of values between 220 and 240 kph.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16938\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nThe old wooden rocking chair that Sasha brought home from the rummage sale was as comfortable as a bed of nails.",
    "choices":[
      "alliteration",
      "verbal irony"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify figures of speech: review",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Alliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words. What a lucky little lady you are! An allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. An idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned. The assignment was a piece of cake. A simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike. The cat's fur was as dark as the night. A metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as. The snow formed a blanket over the town. Onomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound. The scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat. Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. The trees danced in the wind. A pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning. A great new broom is sweeping the nation. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.",
    "solution":"The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nAs comfortable as a bed of nails shows verbal irony because sitting on nails would not be comfortable.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the mammal below.",
    "choices":[
      "leafy seadragon",
      "wombat",
      "Chinese alligator",
      "gray tree frog"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Mammals have hair or fur and feed their young milk.\nMammals are warm-blooded. Warm-blooded animals can control their body temperature.\nA sea otter is an example of a mammal.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals.",
    "solution":"A gray tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nThere are many kinds of tree frogs. Most tree frogs are very small. They can walk on thin branches.\nA leafy seadragon is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nA seadragon's body looks like a clump of seaweed. This helps the seadragon hide from its predators.\nA wombat is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.\nWombats have strong claws on their front feet. They use their claws to dig underground holes called burrows.\nA Chinese alligator is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nAlligators live in and around water. They can live near ponds, rivers, marshes, and lakes.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16948\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Lyla's phenotype for the fur color trait?",
    "choices":[
      "orange fur",
      "FF"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"In a group of Bengal tigers, some individuals have orange fur and others have white fur. In this group, the gene for the fur color trait has two alleles. The allele F is for orange fur, and the allele f is for white fur.\nLyla, a Bengal tiger from this group, has orange fur. Lyla has two alleles for orange fur.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.",
    "solution":"An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Lyla's observable version of the fur color trait is orange fur. So, Lyla's phenotype for the fur color trait is orange fur.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest west?",
    "choices":[
      "Rhode Island",
      "New Hampshire",
      "New York",
      "Michigan"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Michigan is farthest west.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16960\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following statement about our solar system true or false?\nSaturn's volume is more than 10,000 times as large as Mercury's.",
    "choices":[
      "false",
      "true"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Use the data to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"true-or-false",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Astronomy",
    "skill":"Analyze data to compare properties of planets",
    "lecture":"A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet. The primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation. For example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km^3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 10^15 km^3. To compare two numbers written in scientific notation, first compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example: 1.43 x 10^15 is larger than 1.43 x 10^12 If their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example: 1.43 x 10^15 is larger than 1.25 x 10^15 To multiply a number written in scientific notation by a power of 10, write the multiple of 10 as 10 raised to an exponent. Then, add the exponents. For example: 1.43 x 10^15 \u00b7 1000 = 1.43 x 10^15 \u00b7 10^3 = 1.43 x 10^(15 + 3) = 1.43 x 10^18",
    "solution":"To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 10,000 times the volume of Mercury.\nThen compare the result to the volume of Saturn. The volume of Saturn is 8.27 x 10^14 km^3, which is more than 6.08 x 10^14 km^3. So, Saturn's volume is more than 10,000 times as large as Mercury's volume.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16972\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Using only these supplies, which question can Bridgette investigate with an experiment?",
    "choices":[
      "Do round rocks or flat rocks skip more times when thrown across the river?",
      "Do small rocks or large rocks skip more times when thrown across the river?",
      "Do rocks skip more times when thrown across a river or across a pond?"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Bridgette likes to skip rocks at the river. She notices that some of the rocks she throws skip off the surface of the water many times, while others skip once and then sink. She wonders what factors affect how well rocks skip on the water. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\n10 small flat rocks\n10 large flat rocks\naccess to the river by her school",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nOver the weekend, the wind was too weak to fly a kite in Plentywood, Montana.",
    "choices":[
      "climate",
      "weather"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Hint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"What's the difference between weather and climate?",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the text carefully.\nOver the weekend, the wind was too weak to fly a kite in Plentywood, Montana.\nThis passage tells you about the wind in Plentywood over the weekend. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the idiom in this text suggest?\nIn such an unfamiliar environment, Leo was a fish out of water.",
    "choices":[
      "Leo had not visited that location before.",
      "Leo felt out of place."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. An idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned. The assignment was a piece of cake.",
    "solution":"The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.\nThe idiom a fish out of water suggests that Leo felt out of place. A fish out of water is someone out of his or her usual, comfortable environment.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "New York",
      "Pennsylvania",
      "Delaware",
      "Kentucky"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"English colonies in North America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is Pennsylvania.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16981\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Assume all other forces on Linda are balanced. Which statement describes the forces on Linda?",
    "choices":[
      "The forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Linda.",
      "The forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Linda."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Linda is sitting on a roller coaster cart as it reaches the bottom of a big loop. Earth's gravity is pulling down on Linda with a force of 600N. The seat of the cart is pushing up on Linda with a force of 1,200N.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Balanced and unbalanced forces",
    "lecture":"A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces. When opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object. When opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object.",
    "solution":"To determine if there is a net force on Linda, look at the forces:\nEarth's gravity is pulling Linda down with a force of 600 N.\nThe seat of the cart is pushing Linda up with a force of 1,200 N.\nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have different magnitudes: 600 N and 1,200 N. This means that the forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Linda.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Ohio?",
    "choices":[
      "Columbus",
      "Saint Paul",
      "Cincinnati",
      "Cleveland"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Columbus is the capital of Ohio.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16988\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"During this time, thermal energy was transferred from () to ().",
    "choices":[
      "the surroundings . . . each salmon",
      "each salmon . . . the surroundings"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Brian lit the charcoal in his grill to cook two identical salmon. He put one fish on the left half of the grill and one fish on the right half of the grill. This table shows how the temperature of each salmon changed over 6minutes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Thermal energy",
    "skill":"Compare thermal energy transfers",
    "lecture":"A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy: An increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings. A decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings.",
    "solution":"The temperature of each salmon increased, which means that the thermal energy of each salmon increased. So, thermal energy was transferred from the surroundings to each salmon.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/16999\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which correctly shows the title of a movie?",
    "choices":[
      "\"Pippi Goes on Board\"",
      "***Pippi Goes on Board***"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Formatting titles",
    "lecture":"The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead. A Midsummer Night's Dream The title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks. \"You Are My Sunshine\"",
    "solution":"A movie should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **Pippi Goes on Board**.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nThe local government is advising everyone to remove standing water from their backyards, but none of our neighbors are doing it. If our neighbors aren't doing it, then there is no reason we should do it either.",
    "choices":[
      "circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself",
      "slippery slope fallacy: the false assumption that a small first step will lead to extreme consequences",
      "bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations<br\/> slippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that the speaker shouldn't remove standing water from the backyard because none of the speaker's neighbors are doing it. However, this isn't necessarily true. The speaker's neighbors may not be best qualified to know whether it is safe to leave standing water around the home. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the bandwagon fallacy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the air moving through a trumpet a solid, a liquid, or a gas?",
    "choices":[
      "a gas",
      "a liquid",
      "a solid"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"States of matter",
    "skill":"Identify and sort solids, liquids, and gases",
    "lecture":"Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own. Some solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid. When matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle. Some liquids are thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk. When matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space. Many gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas.",
    "solution":"The air moving through a trumpet is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space.\nThe air in a trumpet expands to fill all the space inside the trumpet. When air leaves the trumpet, the air expands into a much larger space.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17011\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Would you find the word strain on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nshape - spray",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince strain is not between the guide words shape - spray, it would not be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which three months have over 200millimeters of precipitation in Singapore?",
    "choices":[
      "August, September, and October",
      "May, June, and July",
      "November, December, and January"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Use the graph to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Use climate data to make predictions",
    "lecture":"Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. A bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average.",
    "solution":"To describe the average precipitation trends in Singapore, look at the graph.\nChoice \"Jan\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"May\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Jun\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Aug\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Sep\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Oct\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Nov\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Dec\" is incorrect.\nNovember, December, and January each have over 200 millimeters of precipitation.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17021\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "attract",
      "repel"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces. Magnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S). Here are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles. If opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17023\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the volume of a small can of tomato sauce?",
    "choices":[
      "2 fluid ounces",
      "2 cups",
      "2 gallons"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Volume is a measurement of how much space something takes up. There are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons. As the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon. A glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the volume of a small can of tomato sauce is 2 cups.\n2 fluid ounces is too little and 2 gallons is too much.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "sample B",
      "sample A",
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"Each particle in the two samples has the same mass, but the particles in sample A have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.\nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17028\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nSidney was known among her coworkers for her spartan ways.",
    "choices":[
      "Greek history",
      "Shakespeare"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. Here, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion spartan is Greek history.\nSoldiers from the city of Sparta in ancient Greece were known for their self-restraint, self-discipline, and indifference to luxury.\nThe allusion spartan means simple and austere.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which correctly shows the title of a book?",
    "choices":[
      "***Going to School in India***",
      "\"Going to School in India\""
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Formatting titles",
    "lecture":"The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead. A Midsummer Night's Dream The title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks. \"You Are My Sunshine\"",
    "solution":"A book should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **Going to School in India**.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What type of rock is rhyolite?",
    "choices":[
      "igneous",
      "sedimentary",
      "metamorphic"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This is a piece of rhyolite. Rhyolite forms through the cooling of melted rock. It is made of minerals such as quartz and feldspar.\nThis piece of rhyolite has both large and small mineral grains. The difference in size tells you that the melted rock cooled at two different speeds. The large grains formed when the cooling was slow. The small grains formed later, when the cooling was faster.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Rocks and minerals",
    "skill":"Classify rocks as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic",
    "lecture":"Igneous rock is formed when melted rock cools and hardens into solid rock. This type of change can occur at Earth's surface or below it. Sedimentary rock is formed when layers of sediment are pressed together, or compacted, to make rock. This type of change occurs below Earth's surface. Metamorphic rock is formed when a rock is changed by very high temperature and pressure. This type of change often occurs deep below Earth's surface. Over time, the old rock becomes a new rock with different properties.",
    "solution":"Rhyolite is an igneous rock. Like other igneous rocks, it forms when melted rock cools and hardens.\nMelted rock at the earth's surface is called lava. Rhyolite forms from a type of lava that is rich in silica. As the lava cools, minerals such as quartz and feldspar begin to form. When the lava becomes solid, it turns into rhyolite.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17033\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?",
    "choices":[
      "weather",
      "climate"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Figure: Madagascar.\nMadagascar is a country in Africa. One day in May 1932, the temperature fell to 0\u00b0C.\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Weather and climate around the world",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the passage carefully.\nMadagascar is a country in Africa. One day in May 1932, the temperature fell to 0\u00b0C.\nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about a temperature measured on a specific day in Madagascar in 1932. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17037\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the reptile below.",
    "choices":[
      "giraffe",
      "box turtle"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Reptiles have scaly, waterproof skin. Most reptiles live on land. A Mojave rattlesnake is an example of a reptile.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common. Scientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.",
    "solution":"A giraffe is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.\nA box turtle is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17043\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which correctly shows the title of a movie?",
    "choices":[
      "Live Free or Die Hard",
      "live free or Die Hard"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"capitalization",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Capitalizing titles",
    "lecture":"In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach These words are not important in titles: Articles, a, an, the Short prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up Coordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or",
    "solution":"Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word or is not important, so it should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is Live Free or Die Hard.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Thumper's phenotype for the body size trait?",
    "choices":[
      "bb",
      "a dwarf body"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"In a group of rats, some individuals have a normal-sized body and others have a dwarf body. In this group, the gene for the body size trait has two alleles. The allele B is for a normal-sized body, and the allele b is for a dwarf body.\nThumper, a rat from this group, has a dwarf body. Thumper has two alleles for a dwarf body.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.",
    "solution":"An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Thumper's observable version of the body size trait is a dwarf body. So, Thumper's phenotype for the body size trait is a dwarf body.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the probability that a pea plant produced by this cross will be homozygous recessive for the stem height gene?",
    "choices":[
      "3\/4",
      "1\/4",
      "0\/4",
      "2\/4",
      "4\/4"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":"In a group of pea plants, some individuals have a tall stem and others have a short stem. In this group, the gene for the stem height trait has two alleles. The allele for a tall stem (H) is dominant over the allele for a short stem (h).\nThis Punnett square shows a cross between two pea plants.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Use Punnett squares to calculate probabilities of offspring types",
    "lecture":"Offspring genotypes: homozygous or heterozygous? How do you determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for a gene? Look at the alleles in the organism's genotype for that gene. An organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. If both alleles are dominant, the organism is homozygous dominant for the gene. If both alleles are recessive, the organism is homozygous recessive for the gene. An organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. In a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype.  Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes. An event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction: probability of an event = number of ways the event can happen \/ number of equally likely outcomes You can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff. <br\/><br\/>  | F | f<br\/> F | FF | Ff<br\/> f | Ff | ff<br\/> <br\/> Consider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction: number of ways the event can happen \/ number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff \/ total number of boxes = 1 \/ 4",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17058\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Wisconsin?",
    "choices":[
      "Green Bay",
      "Madison",
      "Columbus",
      "Milwaukee"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Madison is the capital of Wisconsin.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17068\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is a screwdriver a solid, a liquid, or a gas?",
    "choices":[
      "a liquid",
      "a gas",
      "a solid"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"States of matter",
    "skill":"Classify matter as solid, liquid, or gas",
    "lecture":"Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own. Some solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid. When matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle. Some liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk. When matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space. Many gases are invisible. Air is a gas.",
    "solution":"A screwdriver is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.\nThis screwdriver has a metal blade and a plastic handle. Both metal and plastic are solids.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17071\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\negg - every",
    "choices":[
      "easy",
      "elf"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince elf is between the guide words egg - every, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the living thing.",
    "choices":[
      "sea turtle",
      "swing set",
      "iceberg",
      "bracelet"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify living and nonliving things",
    "lecture":"All living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell. All living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change. All living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense.",
    "solution":"A swing set is not a living thing.\nSwing sets do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.\nAn iceberg is not a living thing.\nAn iceberg does not have all the traits of a living thing. It may grow or melt in response to the world around it, but it does not need food.\nA sea turtle is a living thing.\nSea turtles grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water. Sea turtles are made up of many cells.\nA bracelet is not a living thing.\nBracelets do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of New Mexico?",
    "choices":[
      "Phoenix",
      "Albuquerque",
      "Santa Fe",
      "Portland"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Santa Fe is the capital of New Mexico.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17074\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the probability that a Cepaea snail produced by this cross will be homozygous recessive for the shell banding gene?",
    "choices":[
      "2\/4",
      "0\/4",
      "3\/4",
      "1\/4",
      "4\/4"
    ],
    "answer":4,
    "hint":"This passage describes the shell banding trait in Cepaea snails:\nCepaea snails live on land in many parts of Europe. The shells of Cepaea snails can have different colors and patterns. Banded shells have dark bands, or stripes, that spiral around their surfaces. Unbanded shells do not have bands.\nIn a group of Cepaea snails, some individuals have a banded shell and others have an unbanded shell. In this group, the gene for the shell banding trait has two alleles. The allele for an unbanded shell (b) is recessive to the allele for a banded shell (B).\nThis Punnett square shows a cross between two Cepaea snails.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Use Punnett squares to calculate probabilities of offspring types",
    "lecture":"Offspring genotypes: homozygous or heterozygous? How do you determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for a gene? Look at the alleles in the organism's genotype for that gene. An organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. If both alleles are dominant, the organism is homozygous dominant for the gene. If both alleles are recessive, the organism is homozygous recessive for the gene. An organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. In a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype.  Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes. An event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction: probability of an event = number of ways the event can happen \/ number of equally likely outcomes You can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff. <br\/><br\/>  | F | f<br\/> F | FF | Ff<br\/> f | Ff | ff<br\/> <br\/> Consider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction: number of ways the event can happen \/ number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff \/ total number of boxes = 1 \/ 4",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17080\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nAll of my friends are coming to my birthday party. If Camilla doesn't, she might as well tell me that she doesn't like me.",
    "choices":[
      "red herring: the use of a completely unrelated topic or idea",
      "false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> red herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that if Camilla doesn't go to the speaker's birthday party, it means that she hates the speaker. However, there may be a number of reasons why Camilla wouldn't go to the party. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Idaho?",
    "choices":[
      "Olympia",
      "Salem",
      "Nampa",
      "Boise"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Boise is the capital of Idaho.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17089\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nLeah lives in a town with hot summers and freezing cold winters.",
    "choices":[
      "weather",
      "climate"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"What's the difference between weather and climate?",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the text carefully.\nLeah lives in a town with hot summers and freezing cold winters.\nThis passage tells you about the usual temperatures where Leah lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the text to describe the diagram.\nSolute particles moved in both directions across the permeable membrane. But more solute particles moved across the membrane (). When there was an equal concentration on both sides, the particles reached equilibrium.",
    "choices":[
      "to the right than to the left",
      "to the left than to the right"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The diagram below shows a solution with one solute. Each solute particle is represented by a green ball. The solution fills a closed container that is divided in half by a membrane. The membrane, represented by a dotted line, is permeable to the solute particles.\nThe diagram shows how the solution can change over time during the process of diffusion.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Diffusion across membranes",
    "lecture":"In a solution, solute particles move and spread throughout the solvent. The diagram below shows how a solution can change over time. Solute particles move from the area where they are at a higher concentration to the area where they are at a lower concentration. This movement happens through the process of diffusion. As a result of diffusion, the concentration of solute particles becomes equal throughout the solution. When this happens, the solute particles reach equilibrium. At equilibrium, the solute particles do not stop moving. But their concentration throughout the solution stays the same. Membranes, or thin boundaries, can divide solutions into parts. A membrane is permeable to a solute when particles of the solute can pass through gaps in the membrane. In this case, solute particles can move freely across the membrane from one side to the other. So, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more particles will move across a permeable membrane from the side with a higher concentration of solute particles to the side with a lower concentration. At equilibrium, the concentration on both sides of the membrane is equal.",
    "solution":"Look at the diagram again. It shows you how the solution changed during the process of diffusion.\nBefore the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 5 solute particles on the left side of the membrane and 3 solute particles on the right side of the membrane.\nWhen the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 4 solute particles on each side of the membrane. There was 1 more solute particle on the right side of the membrane than before.\nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more solute particles must have moved across the membrane to the right than to the left.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17105\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which correctly shows the title of a short story?",
    "choices":[
      "The Door in the Wall",
      "\"The Door in the Wall\""
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Formatting titles",
    "lecture":"The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead. A Midsummer Night's Dream The title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks. \"You Are My Sunshine\"",
    "solution":"A short story should be in quotation marks.\nThe correct title is \"The Door in the Wall.\"",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word does not rhyme?",
    "choices":[
      "tie",
      "see",
      "lie"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"phonological-awareness",
    "category":"Rhyming",
    "skill":"Which word does not rhyme?",
    "lecture":"Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound. The words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound. The words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings. The words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.",
    "solution":"The words tie and lie rhyme. They both end with the ie sound.\nThe word see does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Gruff's phenotype for the fur texture trait?",
    "choices":[
      "rough fur",
      "soft fur"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"In a group of dachshund dogs, some individuals have rough fur and others have soft fur. In this group, the gene for the fur texture trait has two alleles. The allele for rough fur (F) is dominant over the allele for soft fur (f).\nGruff is a dachshund dog from this group. Gruff has the homozygous genotype ff for the fur texture gene.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: dominant and recessive",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. Some traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene. An organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene. An organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene. The types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. A dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers. A recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.",
    "solution":"Gruff's genotype for the fur texture gene is ff. Gruff's genotype of ff has only f alleles. The f allele is for soft fur. So, Gruff's phenotype for the fur texture trait must be soft fur.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Gruff's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for rough fur (F) is dominant over the allele for soft fur (f). This means F is a dominant allele, and f is a recessive allele.\nGruff's genotype of ff has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Gruff's phenotype for the fur texture trait must be soft fur.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Kentucky?",
    "choices":[
      "Louisville",
      "Tallahassee",
      "Little Rock",
      "Frankfort"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Southeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Frankfort is the capital of Kentucky.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17174\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Papua New Guinea",
      "Fiji",
      "New Zealand",
      "Australia"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Oceania: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of Oceania",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is Australia.\nIs Australia a country or a continent?\nBoth! Australia is a country in Oceania, a region made up of many lands and islands in the Pacific Ocean. Many people say that Australia is the world's smallest continent. But some people call Oceania a continent instead.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17192\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence.\nThe mutation in the () affected the structure and function of the ().",
    "choices":[
      "CmACO1 gene . . . CmACO1 protein",
      "CmACO1 protein . . . CmACO1 gene"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The following passage describes the effects of a gene mutation, which is a permanent change in a gene. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below.\n\nIn plants such as the European cantaloupe, fruit ripening is affected by a substance called ethylene (ETH-uh-leen). Ethylene is made inside a plant's cells with the help of a protein called CmACO1. The CmACO1 protein is encoded by the CmACO1 gene.\nA certain European cantaloupe plant had a mutation in its CmACO1 gene. Compared to the CmACO1 gene without a mutation, the mutated CmACO1 gene encoded a form of the CmACO1 protein with a different structure.\nThis different form of the CmACO1 protein could make only a small amount of ethylene. The fruits of this plant took longer to ripen than fruits from plants containing more ethylene. Farmers found this mutation useful because the fruit stayed good for a longer period of time after harvest.\nFigure: a European cantaloupe.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Describe the effects of gene mutations on organisms",
    "lecture":"An organism's genes contain information about its proteins. Each gene encodes, or contains the instructions for making, one protein or a group of proteins. A permanent change in a gene is called a mutation. Because a mutation changes a gene, the mutation may change the structure of the protein encoded by that gene. The function of a protein depends on its structure. So, if a mutation in a gene changes a protein's structure, the mutation may also change the protein's function. An organism's observable traits are affected by the functions of its proteins. So, a gene mutation that affects a protein's function may also affect an organism's observable traits.",
    "solution":"A mutation in a gene may affect the protein it encodes.\nSo, the mutation in the CmACO1 gene affected the structure and function of the CmACO1 protein.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17195\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What can Dustin and Myra trade to each get what they want?",
    "choices":[
      "Myra can trade her almonds for Dustin's tomatoes.",
      "Myra can trade her broccoli for Dustin's oranges.",
      "Dustin can trade his tomatoes for Myra's broccoli.",
      "Dustin can trade his tomatoes for Myra's carrots."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.\nDustin and Myra open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Neither Dustin nor Myra got everything that they wanted. The table below shows which items they each wanted:\n\nLook at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.\nDustin's lunch Myra's lunch",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Trade and specialization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the table and images.\nDustin wants broccoli. Myra wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17197\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which object has the least thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "a 1-kilogram block of copper at a temperature of 64\u00b0F",
      "a 1-kilogram block of copper at a temperature of 57\u00b0F",
      "a 1-kilogram block of copper at a temperature of 66\u00b0F"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The objects are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Heat and thermal energy",
    "skill":"How is temperature related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.",
    "solution":"All three blocks of copper have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 57\u00b0F block is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which type of sentence is this?\nCora is a competitive horseback rider, and she will be competing in the next World Equestrian Games, which are held every four years.",
    "choices":[
      "simple",
      "complex",
      "compound",
      "compound-complex"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Phrases and clauses",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex?",
    "lecture":"A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence. the oranges on our tree are ripe The clause can stand alone. It is independent. after we pick up Kevin from work The clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent. A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause. Ben and I spent all day relaxing by the pool. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat. Ben usually wears his heavy coat in the winter. A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. We saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose. If she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. During his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome. A compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. After Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym. Sometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause. Orcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.",
    "solution":"The sentence is compound-complex. It is made up of two independent clauses and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the relative pronoun which.\nCora is a competitive horseback rider, and she will be competing in the next World Equestrian Games, which are held every four years.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same species as the American alligator.",
    "choices":[
      "Ictinia mississippiensis",
      "Alligator mississippiensis",
      "Pelecanus occidentalis"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This organism is an American alligator. Its scientific name is Alligator mississippiensis.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"An American alligator's scientific name is Alligator mississippiensis.\nPelecanus occidentalis does not have the same scientific name as an American alligator. So, Alligator mississippiensis and Pelecanus occidentalis are not in the same species.\nIctinia mississippiensis does have the same species within its genus as an American alligator, but they are not in the same genus! They do not have the same scientific name as each other. So, these organisms are not in the same species.\nAlligator mississippiensis has the same scientific name as an American alligator. So, these organisms are in the same species.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17210\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest east?",
    "choices":[
      "Connecticut",
      "Ohio",
      "Minnesota",
      "Nebraska"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Maps",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Connecticut is farthest east.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17216\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which continent is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Asia",
      "South America",
      "Antarctica",
      "North America"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Physical Geography",
    "skill":"Oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents.",
    "solution":"This continent is South America.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17221\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Read the following excerpt from a student essay. How can the writer best improve his or her sentence fluency?\nThe Western Australian pitcher plant is a carnivorous plant native to southwestern Australia. The pitcher is a perennial herb. It is approximately eight inches high. Growing in swampy or sandy soils, it obtains needed nutrients from insects and other small prey. The pitcher plant has carnivorous leaves. The leaves act as traps, or pitchers. The pitchers produce enzymes for digesting prey. Prized among collectors, the plant is considered a vulnerable species.",
    "choices":[
      "by combining sentences",
      "by varying how sentences begin",
      "by using shorter sentences"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Editing and revising",
    "skill":"Suggest appropriate revisions",
    "lecture":"During peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision: Ideas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis? Organization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow? Voice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay? Sentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive? Word choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing? Grammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read?",
    "solution":"The writer could best improve his or her sentence fluency by combining sentences.\nFor example, the writer could combine the underlined sentences.\nThe Western Australian pitcher plant is a carnivorous plant native to southwestern Australia. The pitcher is a perennial herb. It is approximately eight inches high. Growing in swampy or sandy soils, it obtains needed nutrients from insects and other small prey. The pitcher plant has carnivorous leaves. The leaves act as traps, or pitchers. The pitchers produce enzymes for digesting prey. Prized among collectors, the plant is considered a vulnerable species.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which text uses the word terribly in its traditional sense?",
    "choices":[
      "Steve shivered as he gazed at the terribly steep, snowy slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.",
      "Steve shivered terribly as he gazed at the snow-clad slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Word usage and nuance",
    "skill":"Explore words with new or contested usages",
    "lecture":"Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner. When a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences. Britney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam. The traditional usage above is considered more standard. David perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages. The nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.",
    "solution":"The first text uses terribly in its traditional sense: in a terrible manner.\nSteve shivered terribly as he gazed at the snow-clad slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.\nThe second text uses terribly in its nontraditional sense: extremely; very.\nSteve shivered as he gazed at the terribly steep, snowy slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word terribly because it is considered more standard.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the air inside a beach ball a solid, a liquid, or a gas?",
    "choices":[
      "a gas",
      "a liquid",
      "a solid"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"States of matter",
    "skill":"Classify matter as solid, liquid, or gas",
    "lecture":"Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own. Some solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid. When matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle. Some liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk. When matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space. Many gases are invisible. Air is a gas.",
    "solution":"The air inside a beach ball is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space.\nThe air fills all the space inside the beach ball. If air leaks out, it will expand into the space around the ball.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17252\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nI've heard that Suzie & Co. is downsizing, so I'm happy to see that their store in downtown Greenville will remain open for now.",
    "choices":[
      "euphemism",
      "hyperbole"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify the figure of speech: euphemism, hyperbole, oxymoron, paradox",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! An oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Some reviewers are calling this book a new classic. A paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Always expect the unexpected.",
    "solution":"The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nDownsizing is an indirect way of saying that the company is planning on firing employees, closing shops or branches, and\/or reducing its budget.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Missouri?",
    "choices":[
      "Jefferson City",
      "Frankfort",
      "Augusta",
      "Kansas City"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Jefferson City is the capital of Missouri.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17257\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nBy the time Betty had finished explaining to Mr. Hunt what had happened, her friends were laughingly referring to her as Scheherazade.",
    "choices":[
      "the Bible",
      "ancient legend"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. Here, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion Scheherazade is ancient legend.\nThe Arabian Nights presents the ancient legend of how Scheherazade successfully postpones her imminent death by mesmerizing her captor with a thousand and one fascinating tales.\nThe allusion Scheherazade means a person who uses his or her arts to distract someone and avoid consequences.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Assume all other forces on Edward are balanced. Which statement describes the forces on Edward?",
    "choices":[
      "The forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Edward.",
      "The forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Edward."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Edward is standing on a diving board at the pool. Earth's gravity is pulling down on Edward with a force of 400N. The diving board is pushing up on Edward with a force of 400N.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Balanced and unbalanced forces",
    "lecture":"A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces. When opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object. When opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object.",
    "solution":"To determine if there is a net force on Edward, look at the forces:\nEarth's gravity is pulling Edward down with a force of 400 N.\nThe diving board is pushing Edward up with a force of 400 N.\nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have the same magnitude: 400 N. This means that the forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Edward.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence so that it uses personification.\nMaura finally found her phone () under the bed.",
    "choices":[
      "ringing",
      "hiding"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Creative techniques",
    "skill":"Use personification",
    "lecture":"Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point. The trees danced in the wind. The word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.",
    "solution":"Complete the sentence with the word hiding. It describes the phone as if it were a person who is hiding.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which sentence is more formal?",
    "choices":[
      "Attention customers: the store will be closed Monday for its annual employee training session.",
      "FYI, the store will be closed on Monday for our annual employee training session."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Author's purpose and tone",
    "skill":"Which sentence is more formal?",
    "lecture":"Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing: <br\/><br\/> Type | Examples<br\/> slang | cool, awesome<br\/> idioms | knock your socks off<br\/> conversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah<br\/> abbreviated language | ASAP, FYI<br\/> overly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store<br\/> contractions | can't, won't<br\/> <br\/> Contractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing. Compare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal. Informal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners. Formal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.",
    "solution":"The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses abbreviated language (FYI).\nThe first sentence does not use abbreviated language, so it is more formal.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Iowa?",
    "choices":[
      "Indianapolis",
      "Richmond",
      "Frankfort",
      "Des Moines"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Des Moines is the capital of Iowa.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17292\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Identify the question that Abigail's experiment can best answer.",
    "choices":[
      "Does the amount of water in a glass affect whether eggs sink or float in the water?",
      "Are eggs more likely to float in fresh water or salty water?"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below.\n\nAbigail poured four ounces of water into each of six glasses. Abigail dissolved one tablespoon of salt in each of three glasses, and did not add salt to the other three. Then, Abigail placed an egg in one glass and observed if the egg floated. She removed the egg and dried it. She repeated the process with the other five glasses, recording each time if the egg floated. Abigail repeated this test with two more eggs and counted the number of times the eggs floated in fresh water compared to salty water.\nFigure: an egg floating in a glass of salty water.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify the experimental question",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment. Imagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured. First, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested. Then, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured. Experiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height. Examples of questions that this experiment can answer include: Does soil type affect the height of daffodil plants? Do daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil? Are daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17293\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the animal.",
    "choices":[
      "Chili peppers have green leaves.",
      "Banana trees have large leaves.",
      "Dahlias can grow colorful flowers.",
      "Elephants eat plants."
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify plants and animals",
    "lecture":"Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms. Plants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can. Animals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food.",
    "solution":"A chili pepper is a plant. It has many green leaves.\nChili peppers give food a spicy flavor.\nA dahlia is a plant. It can grow colorful flowers.\nDahlia plants grow in the wild in Central America. But people grow dahlias in gardens all over the world!\nAn elephant is an animal. It eats plants.\nElephants live in groups led by females. The oldest female is the head of the group.\nA banana tree is a plant. It has large leaves.\nThe leaves on a banana tree can be up to nine feet long!",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which trait do African wild dogs have?",
    "choices":[
      "They live in packs with thousands of other African wild dogs.",
      "They have two ears."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This picture shows two African wild dogs. \nAfrican wild dogs live in groups called packs. Between 3 and 20 adult African wild dogs live together in a pack.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"literacy-in-science",
    "category":"Animals",
    "skill":"Benefits of group behavior: African wild dogs",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Both the picture and the text tell you about the traits of African wild dogs. Start with the picture.\nThese African wild dogs have black, brown, and white fur. They also have four legs and two ears.\nNext, read the text about African wild dogs.\nAfrican wild dogs live in groups called packs. Between 3 and 20 adult African wild dogs live together in a pack.\nAfrican wild dogs do live in groups. But the groups are not made up of thousands of dogs.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17301\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?",
    "choices":[
      "climate",
      "weather"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Figure: cloud forest.\nA cloud forest is a tropical mountain ecosystem that is home to a wide variety of species. Ecuador's cloud forests are filled with low, thick clouds most days of the year.\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Weather and climate around the world",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the passage carefully.\nA cloud forest is a tropical mountain ecosystem that is home to a wide variety of species. Ecuador's cloud forests are filled with low, thick clouds most days of the year.\nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual pattern of cloud cover in the cloud forest. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17303\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal's skin is better adapted for protection against a predator with sharp teeth?",
    "choices":[
      "European robin",
      "southern three-banded armadillo"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Armadillo lizards are adapted to defend their bodies against a predator with sharp teeth. They have hard scales covering much of their skin. When frightened, the  bites its tail and rolls into a ball. This helps the lizard protect the soft parts of its body.\nFigure: armadillo lizard.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: skins and body coverings",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the armadillo lizard.\nThe armadillo lizard has hard scales on its skin. Its skin is adapted for protection against a predator with sharp teeth. The scales make it difficult for predators to hurt or kill the armadillo lizard.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe southern three-banded armadillo has hard scales on its skin. Its skin is adapted for protection against a predator with sharp teeth.\nThe European robin has soft feathers covering its skin. Its skin is not adapted for protection against predators with sharp teeth.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17308\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What kind of sentence is this?\nDo you know Fernando from soccer camp, or do you have another connection with him?",
    "choices":[
      "imperative",
      "interrogative",
      "declarative"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory?",
    "lecture":"There are four kinds of sentences. A declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period. The nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure. An interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark. Do you have any plans for the upcoming weekend? An imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point. For this assignment, use references to support your claims. Don't drive so quickly in the construction zone! An exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point. I can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!",
    "solution":"The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which better describes the Bia\u0142owie\u017ca Forest ecosystem?",
    "choices":[
      "It has soil that is poor in nutrients. It also has only a few types of trees.",
      "It has soil that is rich in nutrients. It also has only a few types of trees."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Figure: Bia\u0142owie\u017ca Forest.\nThe Bia\u0142owie\u017ca Forest is a temperate deciduous forest ecosystem in Poland and Belarus.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Describe ecosystems",
    "lecture":"An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment. There are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other: the pattern of weather, or climate the type of soil the organisms that live there",
    "solution":"A temperate deciduous forest is a type of ecosystem. Temperate deciduous forests have the following features: warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters, soil that is rich in nutrients, and only a few types of trees. So, the Bia\u0142owie\u017ca Forest has soil that is rich in nutrients. It also has only a few types of trees.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17322\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nThe city of Livingston is currently experiencing a minor crisis. Its sanitation workers are on strike, and the garbage is piling up in the streets.",
    "choices":[
      "paradox",
      "oxymoron"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify the figure of speech: euphemism, hyperbole, oxymoron, paradox",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! An oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Some reviewers are calling this book a new classic. A paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Always expect the unexpected.",
    "solution":"The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nMinor crisis is a contradiction, because minor means small or insignificant, and a crisis is a large problem.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which material is this jacket made of?",
    "choices":[
      "ceramic",
      "leather"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Identify multiple materials in objects",
    "lecture":"A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. Some objects are made of just one material. Most nails are made of metal. Other objects are made of more than one material. This hammer is made of metal and wood.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the jacket.\nThe jacket is made of two different materials. The buckles are made of metal. The rest of the jacket is made of leather.\nNot all shiny jackets are made of leather. Some are made from other fabrics designed to look like leather.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17333\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Identify the question that Aiden's experiment can best answer.",
    "choices":[
      "Can pennies hold more drops of pure water or water mixed with hand soap?",
      "Can pennies hold more drops of water mixed with dish soap or water mixed with hand soap?"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below.\n\nAiden used a dropper to put equal-sized drops of pure water, one at a time, onto a penny. The drops stayed together and formed a dome on the penny's surface. Aiden recorded the number of drops he could add before the water spilled over the edge of the penny. Then, he rinsed and dried the penny, and repeated the test using water mixed with hand soap. He repeated these trials on nine additional pennies. Aiden compared the average number of pure water drops to the average number of water drops mixed with hand soap that he could add to a penny before the water spilled over.\nFigure: a dome of water on the surface of a penny.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify the experimental question",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment. Imagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured. First, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested. Then, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured. Experiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height. Examples of questions that this experiment can answer include: Does soil type affect the height of daffodil plants? Do daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil? Are daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17336\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which sentence states a fact?",
    "choices":[
      "Thanksgiving is the best holiday.",
      "Thanksgiving is a holiday in November."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"civics",
    "category":"Social studies skills",
    "skill":"Identify facts and opinions",
    "lecture":"A fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information. The flag of the United States has 13 stripes. This is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes. An opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true. The flag of the United States is easy to draw. This is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw.",
    "solution":"The first sentence states a fact.\nThanksgiving is a holiday in November.\nIt can be proved by finding Thanksgiving on a calendar.\nThe second sentence states an opinion.\nThanksgiving is the best holiday.\nBest shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes one holiday better than others.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nEmma was known among her coworkers for her spartan ways.",
    "choices":[
      "the Bible",
      "Greek history"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. Here, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion spartan is Greek history.\nSoldiers from the city of Sparta in ancient Greece were known for their self-restraint, self-discipline, and indifference to luxury.\nThe allusion spartan means simple and austere.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following could Sophia's test show?",
    "choices":[
      "if adding the blade guards made the drone fly poorly",
      "if the blade guards would break in a crash",
      "how much the drone weighed with the blade guards"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design.\nThe passage below describes how the engineering-design process was used to test a solution to a problem. Read the passage. Then answer the question below.\n\nSophia was designing small aircraft called drones to pick up items from warehouse shelves. She knew that the drones' propeller blades would get damaged if they bumped into anything while flying through the warehouse. So, Sophia wanted to add blade guards to protect the propeller blades. The guards had to be sturdy so they would not break in a crash. But she thought that if the guards weighed too much, the drones would not fly well.\nSo, Sophia put guards made of lightweight metal on one drone. Then she observed how well the drone flew with the guards.\nFigure: a drone without blade guards.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Engineering practices",
    "skill":"Evaluate tests of engineering-design solutions",
    "lecture":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured. Imagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves. First, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind. Then, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved. Tests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17345\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on the arrows, which of the following organisms is a consumer?",
    "choices":[
      "bilberry",
      "grizzly bear"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Below is a food web from a tundra ecosystem in Nunavut, a territory in Northern Canada.\nA food web models how the matter eaten by organisms moves through an ecosystem. The arrows in a food web represent how matter moves between organisms in an ecosystem.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Interpret food webs",
    "lecture":"A food web is a model. A food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food. Arrows show how matter moves. A food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating. An organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web. An organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web.",
    "solution":"Consumers eat other organisms. So, there are arrows in a food web that point from other organisms to consumers.\nThe bilberry does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the bilberry is a producer, not a consumer.\nThe grizzly bear has arrows pointing to it from the barren-ground caribou and the bilberry. So, the grizzly bear is a consumer.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17346\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the vertebrate.",
    "choices":[
      "earthworm",
      "redback spider",
      "western gorilla",
      "luna moth"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Hint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are vertebrates.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify vertebrates and invertebrates",
    "lecture":"Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals. A vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange. An invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body.",
    "solution":"Like other spiders, a redback spider is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA western gorilla is a mammal. Like other mammals, a western gorilla is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nAn earthworm is a worm. Like other worms, an earthworm is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a soft body.\nA luna moth is an insect. Like other insects, a luna moth is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is diorite a mineral or a rock?",
    "choices":[
      "rock",
      "mineral"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Diorite has the following properties:\nno fixed crystal structure\nnaturally occurring\nnot a pure substance\ncoarse-grained texture\nsolid\nnot made by organisms",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Rocks and minerals",
    "skill":"Identify rocks and minerals",
    "lecture":"Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals. Minerals and rocks have the following properties: <br\/><br\/> Property | Mineral | Rock<br\/> It is a solid. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is a pure substance. | Yes | No<br\/> It has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No<br\/> <br\/> You can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither. Look closely at the last three properties: Minerals and rocks are not made by organisms. Organisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be  minerals or rocks. Humans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks. A mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not. A pure substance is made of only one type of matter.  Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures. A mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not. The crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way. However, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different!",
    "solution":"The properties of diorite match the properties of a rock. So, diorite is a rock.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17368\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of South Dakota?",
    "choices":[
      "Pierre",
      "Rapid City",
      "Sioux Falls",
      "Fargo"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Pierre is the capital of South Dakota.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17382\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the elementary substance.",
    "choices":[
      "boron trifluoride (BF3)",
      "xenon (Xe)",
      "fluoromethane (CH3F)"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"Identify elementary substances and compounds using chemical formulas",
    "lecture":"Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be. The symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula. An elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol. The symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule. For example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula. The chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms. A compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols. For example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms.",
    "solution":"Look at the chemical formula for each substance, and count the number of symbols in the formula. Then, decide if the substance is an elementary substance. The chemical formula for boron trifluoride contains two symbols: B for boron and F for fluorine. So, boron trifluoride is made of two chemical elements bonded together. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, boron trifluoride is a compound, not an elementary substance. The chemical formula for fluoromethane contains three symbols: C for carbon, H for hydrogen, and F for fluorine. So, fluoromethane is made of three chemical elements bonded together. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, fluoromethane is a compound, not an elementary substance. The chemical formula for xenon contains one symbol: Xe. So, xenon is made of one chemical element. Substances that are made of one chemical element are elementary substances. So, xenon is an elementary substance.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which organ releases excess water, salt, and other waste from the body in the form of sweat?",
    "choices":[
      "stomach",
      "small intestine",
      "skin",
      "trachea"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Animals",
    "skill":"Human organs and their functions",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a school bus?",
    "choices":[
      "13 miles",
      "13 yards",
      "13 feet",
      "13 inches"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of distance, mass, and volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles. There are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile. A football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the length of a school bus is 13 yards.\n13 inches and 13 feet are too short. 13 miles is too long.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "Mississippi",
      "New York",
      "New Jersey",
      "Delaware"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"Colonial America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is Delaware.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17402\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is this pea plant's genotype for the flower position gene?",
    "choices":[
      "ff",
      "terminal flowers"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This passage describes the flower position trait in pea plants:\n\nIn a group of pea plants, some individuals have axial flowers and others have terminal flowers. In this group, the gene for the flower position trait has two alleles. The allele F is for axial flowers, and the allele f is for terminal flowers.\nA certain pea plant from this group has terminal flowers. This plant has two alleles for terminal flowers.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.",
    "solution":"An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The pea plant has two alleles for terminal flowers (f). So, the plant's genotype for the flower position gene is ff.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the idiom in this text suggest?\n\"Speak of the devil!\" Abigail declared when Craig strolled into the room.",
    "choices":[
      "Abigail thought Craig was a troublemaker.",
      "Abigail had just been speaking about Craig."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. An idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned. The assignment was a piece of cake.",
    "solution":"The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.\nThe idiom speak of the devil suggests that Abigail had just been speaking about Craig. People say this when the person they've just been speaking about coincidentally arrives, as if summoned.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which solution has a higher concentration of yellow particles?",
    "choices":[
      "neither; their concentrations are the same",
      "Solution A",
      "Solution B"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each yellow ball represents one particle of solute.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Compare concentrations of solutions",
    "lecture":"A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent. concentration = particles of solute \/ volume of solvent",
    "solution":"In Solution A and Solution B, the yellow particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of yellow particles, look at both the number of yellow particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of yellow particles per milliliter.\nSolution B has more yellow particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of yellow particles.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17410\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nIt's an open secret that Rodrigo is writing a book based on his experiences living in Singapore. He never talks about it, but almost all his friends know.",
    "choices":[
      "euphemism",
      "oxymoron"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify the figure of speech: euphemism, hyperbole, oxymoron, paradox",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! An oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Some reviewers are calling this book a new classic. A paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Always expect the unexpected.",
    "solution":"The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nOpen secret is a contradiction, because open describes something that is freely or publicly known, and a secret is hidden.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Cameron acquired this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Cameron's scar was caused by an accident. He cut his arm when he fell off his bicycle.",
      "Some scars fade more quickly than others."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nCameron has a scar on his right arm.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which would stretch the most?",
    "choices":[
      "bone",
      "gold bracelet",
      "rubber gloves"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of materials",
    "lecture":"Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. A material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy. For example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.",
    "solution":"Stretchy is a property. A stretchy material gets longer when you pull on it.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pulling on the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the rubber gloves would stretch the most. If you pull the fingers of a rubber glove, they will get longer.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nkayak - king",
    "choices":[
      "knight",
      "kept"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince kept is between the guide words kayak - king, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Suppose Scarlett decides to make vegetable soup. Which result would be a cost?",
    "choices":[
      "Scarlett will save some time. The onion soup would have taken longer to make than the vegetable soup.",
      "Scarlett will give up the chance to eat the onion soup, which would have been tastier than the vegetable soup."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Scarlett is deciding whether to make onion soup or vegetable soup for dinner. She wants dinner to be as tasty as possible. But she is also hungry and wants to eat soon.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Costs and benefits",
    "lecture":"Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits. Costs are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need. Benefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.",
    "solution":"This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Scarlett wants or needs:\nScarlett will give up the chance to eat the onion soup, which would have been tastier than the vegetable soup.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\nan iceberg melting slowly\ncooking a pancake",
    "choices":[
      "Both are only physical changes.",
      "Both are caused by heating.",
      "Both are chemical changes.",
      "Both are caused by cooling."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nAn iceberg melting is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. An iceberg is made of frozen water. As it melts, the water changes from a solid to a liquid. But a different type of matter is not formed.\nCooking a pancake is a chemical change. Pancakes are made from pancake batter. A cooked pancake is a different type of matter than pancake batter. Pancake batter is wet and slippery. Cooked pancakes are fluffy and can be good to eat!\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nAn iceberg melting is a physical change. But cooking a pancake is not.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nCooking a pancake is a chemical change. But an iceberg melting is not.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBoth changes are caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a compound sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "Bears eat honeybees, and some birds eat them, too.",
      "The mayor left a message for the president."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple or compound?",
    "lecture":"A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate. The pitcher threw the ball to first base. A compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. The pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it. Some simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences. Anna and James will watch the fireworks tonight. This simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James. The singers bowed and walked off the stage. This simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat. This is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.",
    "solution":"The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction and.\nBears eat honeybees, and some birds eat them, too.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property matches this object?",
    "choices":[
      "soft",
      "shiny"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Identify properties of an object",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.",
    "solution":"Look at the object.\nThink about each property.\nA shiny object reflects a lot of light. The sunglasses are shiny.\nA soft object changes shape when you squeeze it. The sunglasses are not soft.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17451\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles?",
    "choices":[
      "Solution B",
      "neither; their concentrations are the same",
      "Solution A"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each blue ball represents one particle of solute.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Compare concentrations of solutions",
    "lecture":"A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent. concentration = particles of solute \/ volume of solvent",
    "solution":"In Solution A and Solution B, the blue particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles, look at both the number of blue particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of blue particles per milliliter.\nSolution A and Solution B have the same number of blue particles per milliliter. So, their concentrations are the same.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17452\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the expected ratio of offspring with a king coat to offspring with a spotted coat? Choose the most likely ratio.",
    "choices":[
      "2:2",
      "1:3",
      "4:0",
      "0:4",
      "3:1"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":"This passage describes the coat pattern trait in cheetahs:\nA cheetah with a spotted coat has many small black spots on its body. A cheetah with a king coat has large black splotches on its body and stripes on its back. King cheetahs are rarely seen in the wild. They were once thought to be a different species.\nIn a group of cheetahs, some individuals have a spotted coat and others have a king coat. In this group, the gene for the coat pattern trait has two alleles. The allele for a king coat (a) is recessive to the allele for a spotted coat (A).\nThis Punnett square shows a cross between two cheetahs.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Use Punnett squares to calculate ratios of offspring types",
    "lecture":"Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive? How do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. If an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait. If an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait. A Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type. For example, consider the Punnett square below. <br\/><br\/>  | F | f<br\/> F | FF | Ff<br\/> f | Ff | ff<br\/> <br\/> There is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.",
    "solution":"To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with a king coat or a spotted coat, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the coat pattern trait. The question tells you that the a allele, which is for a king coat, is recessive to the A allele, which is for a spotted coat.\nA king coat is the recessive allele's version of the coat pattern trait. A cheetah with the recessive version of the coat pattern trait must have only recessive alleles for the coat pattern gene. So, offspring with a king coat must have the genotype aa.\nThere are 0 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype aa.\nA spotted coat is the dominant allele's version of the coat pattern trait. A cheetah with the dominant version of the coat pattern trait must have at least one dominant allele for the coat pattern gene. So, offspring with a spotted coat must have the genotype AA or Aa.\nAll 4 boxes in the Punnett square have the genotype AA or Aa.\nSo, the expected ratio of offspring with a king coat to offspring with a spotted coat is 0:4. This means that, based on the Punnett square, this cross will never produce offspring with a king coat. Instead, this cross is expected to always produce offspring with a spotted coat.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17453\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which material is this mug made of?",
    "choices":[
      "ceramic",
      "wood"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Identify materials in objects",
    "lecture":"A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the mug.\nThe mug is ceramic.\nCeramics are made of clay. The clay is baked in an oven to make it hard. This oven is called a kiln.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17455\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which ocean is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "the Pacific Ocean",
      "the Arctic Ocean",
      "the Indian Ocean",
      "the Southern Ocean"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Physical Geography",
    "skill":"Oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean.",
    "solution":"This is the Arctic Ocean.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17461\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following statement about our solar system true or false?\nJupiter's volume is more than ten times as large as Saturn's volume.",
    "choices":[
      "false",
      "true"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Use the data to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"true-or-false",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Astronomy",
    "skill":"Analyze data to compare properties of planets",
    "lecture":"A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet. The primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation. For example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km^3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 10^15 km^3. To compare two numbers written in scientific notation, first compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example: 1.43 x 10^15 is larger than 1.43 x 10^12 If their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example: 1.43 x 10^15 is larger than 1.25 x 10^15 To multiply a number written in scientific notation by a power of 10, write the multiple of 10 as 10 raised to an exponent. Then, add the exponents. For example: 1.43 x 10^15 \u00b7 1000 = 1.43 x 10^15 \u00b7 10^3 = 1.43 x 10^(15 + 3) = 1.43 x 10^18",
    "solution":"To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of ten times the volume of Saturn.\nThen compare the result to the volume of Jupiter. The volume of Jupiter is 1.43 x 10^15 km^3, which is less than 8.27 x 10^15 km^3. So, Jupiter's volume is less than ten times as large as Saturn's volume.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17470\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nAfter Valeria cooked and served a scrumptious dinner, Dad boasted that she is the Julia Child of our family.",
    "choices":[
      "allusion",
      "pun"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Alliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words. What a lucky little lady you are! An allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. An idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned. The assignment was a piece of cake. A simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike. The cat's fur was as dark as the night. A metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as. The snow formed a blanket over the town. Onomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound. The scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat. Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. The trees danced in the wind. A pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning. A great new broom is sweeping the nation. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.",
    "solution":"The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nJulia Child alludes to the famous chef who is known for popularizing French cuisine in the United States.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which correctly shows the title of an article?",
    "choices":[
      "\"Scientists Show Facebook Is a Downer\"",
      "Scientists Show Facebook Is a Downer"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Formatting titles",
    "lecture":"The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead. A Midsummer Night's Dream The title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks. \"You Are My Sunshine\"",
    "solution":"An article should be in quotation marks.\nThe correct title is \"Scientists Show Facebook Is a Downer.\"",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following trait inherited or acquired?\nIsaiah has naturally dark skin.",
    "choices":[
      "acquired",
      "inherited"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Hint: Humans are born with their skin color.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Identify inherited and acquired traits",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.",
    "solution":"Humans do not choose their skin color. Babies get their skin color from their parents. So, Isaiah's skin color is an inherited trait.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest west?",
    "choices":[
      "Florida",
      "Vermont",
      "New Jersey",
      "Maine"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Maps",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Florida is farthest west.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17490\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which air temperature was measured within the outlined area shown?",
    "choices":[
      "4\u00b0C",
      "7\u00b0C",
      "30\u00b0C"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The map below shows air temperatures in the lower atmosphere on September 12, 2013. The outlined area shows an air mass that influenced weather in Australia on that day.\nLook at the map. Then, answer the question below.\nData source: United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\/Earth System Research Laboratory, Physical Sciences Division",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Identify and compare air masses",
    "lecture":"To study air masses, scientists can use maps that show conditions within Earth's atmosphere. For example, the map below uses color to show air temperatures. The map's legend tells you the temperature that each color represents. Colors on the left in the legend represent lower temperatures than colors on the right. For example, areas on the map that are the darkest shade of blue have a temperature from -25\u00b0C up to -20\u00b0C. Areas that are the next darkest shade of blue have a temperature from -20\u00b0C up to -15\u00b0C.",
    "solution":"Look at the colors shown within the outlined area. Then, use the legend to determine which air temperatures those colors represent.\nThe legend tells you that this air mass contained air with temperatures between 25\u00b0C and 35\u00b0C.\n30\u00b0C is within this range.\n4\u00b0C and 7\u00b0C are outside of this range.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17492\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1.",
      "The strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnetic force is weaker in Pair 2."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Compare strengths of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart.",
    "solution":"Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.\nThe magnets in Pair 2 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 2 than in Pair 1.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17495\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\ncracking open a peanut\nbutter melting on a hot day",
    "choices":[
      "Both are caused by cooling.",
      "Both are chemical changes.",
      "Both are caused by heating.",
      "Both are only physical changes."
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nCracking open a peanut is a physical change. The peanut shell breaks and the peanut falls out. Both are still made of the same type of matter.\nButter melting on a hot day is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The butter changes from solid to liquid, but it is still made of the same type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nButter melting on a hot day is caused by heating. But cracking open a peanut is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nseparate - snow",
    "choices":[
      "sidewalk",
      "salad"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince sidewalk is between the guide words separate - snow, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "Rhode Island",
      "Kentucky",
      "Connecticut",
      "Mississippi"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"English colonies in North America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is Rhode Island.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17526\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these two objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "colorful",
      "breakable"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the better answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Different objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA colorful object has one or more bright colors. Both objects are colorful.\nA breakable object will break into pieces if you drop it. The hot air balloon is not breakable.\nThe property that both objects have in common is colorful.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17536\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Arizona?",
    "choices":[
      "Phoenix",
      "Juneau",
      "Tucson",
      "Cincinnati"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify the 50 state capitals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Phoenix is the capital of Arizona.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17544\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which type of sentence is this?\nAn avid reader, Mitchell attends weekly book club meetings, and he finishes several novels every month.",
    "choices":[
      "complex",
      "simple",
      "compound-complex",
      "compound"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Phrases and clauses",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex?",
    "lecture":"A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence. the oranges on our tree are ripe The clause can stand alone. It is independent. after we pick up Kevin from work The clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent. A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause. Ben and I spent all day relaxing by the pool. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat. Ben usually wears his heavy coat in the winter. A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. We saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose. If she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. During his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome. A compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. After Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym. Sometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause. Orcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.",
    "solution":"The sentence is compound. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.\nAn avid reader, Mitchell attends weekly book club meetings, and he finishes several novels every month.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Arizona?",
    "choices":[
      "Montgomery",
      "Tucson",
      "Phoenix",
      "Augusta"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Phoenix is the capital of Arizona.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17548\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Using only these supplies, which question can Karen investigate with an experiment?",
    "choices":[
      "When placed in the sun, does a glass jar wrapped in cotton heat up more than a glass jar wrapped in wool?",
      "When placed in the sun, does a glass jar wrapped in a black cotton shirt heat up more than a glass jar wrapped in a white cotton shirt?",
      "When wrapped in a cotton shirt and placed in the sun, does a large jar or a small jar heat up more?"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Karen is outside with her friend on a sunny day. Karen is wearing a light-colored shirt, and she notices that she feels colder than her friend, who is wearing a dark shirt. She wonders what factors affect how fabric warms an object. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\na black cotton shirt\na white cotton shirt\ntwo identical empty glass jars\ntwo thermometers",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the bird below.",
    "choices":[
      "piranha",
      "barn owl",
      "box turtle",
      "western toad"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Birds have feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nBirds are warm-blooded. Warm-blooded animals can control their body temperature.\nA blue-footed booby is an example of a bird.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals.",
    "solution":"A box turtle is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nBox turtles can live to be over 100 years old!\nA barn owl is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nBarn owls live on every continent except Antarctica.\nA piranha is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nPiranhas have sharp teeth. Piranhas hunt in groups. A group of piranhas can eat a large animal.\nA western toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17552\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"In this food chain, the great cormorant is a tertiary consumer. Why?",
    "choices":[
      "It eats a producer.",
      "It eats a primary consumer.",
      "It eats a secondary consumer."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"This diagram shows a food chain from the River Frome, a freshwater ecosystem in England.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Identify roles in food chains",
    "lecture":"Every organism needs food to stay alive. Organisms get their food in different ways. A food chain shows how organisms in an ecosystem get their food. The food chain begins with the producer. A producer can change matter that is not food into food. Many producers use carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make sugar. Carbon dioxide and water are not food, but sugar is food for the producer. Consumers eat other organisms. There can be several kinds of consumers in a food chain: A primary consumer eats producers. The word primary tells you that this is the first consumer in a food chain. A secondary consumer eats primary consumers. The word secondary tells you that this is the second consumer in a food chain. A tertiary consumer eats secondary consumers. The word tertiary tells you that this is the third consumer in a food chain. A top consumer is the animal at the top of a food chain. Food chains can have different numbers of organisms. For example, when there are four organisms in the chain, the top consumer is the tertiary consumer. But if there are five organisms in the chain, the top consumer eats the tertiary consumer!",
    "solution":"In this food chain, the great cormorant is a tertiary consumer because it eats a secondary consumer. The secondary consumer in this food chain is the brown trout.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17554\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nFarid returned to the parking lot to find his car somewhat destroyed. Apparently someone had crashed into it while he was working and had broken the entire front windshield.",
    "choices":[
      "euphemism",
      "oxymoron"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify the figure of speech: euphemism, hyperbole, oxymoron, paradox",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! An oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Some reviewers are calling this book a new classic. A paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Always expect the unexpected.",
    "solution":"The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSomewhat destroyed is a contradiction, because somewhat means partially or moderately, and destroyed implies totally wrecked.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Oklahoma?",
    "choices":[
      "Portland",
      "Oklahoma City",
      "Jefferson City",
      "Columbia"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Southeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Oklahoma City is the capital of Oklahoma.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17564\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these continents does the prime meridian intersect?",
    "choices":[
      "Australia",
      "Antarctica",
      "North America"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Maps",
    "skill":"Use lines of latitude and longitude",
    "lecture":"Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps. Lines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there. Lines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator. Lines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles. The equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W. Together, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place.",
    "solution":"The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects Antarctica. It does not intersect North America or Australia.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17574\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the idiom in this text suggest?\nI walked across an empty land\nI knew the pathway like the back of my hand.\n\u2014Keane, \"Somewhere Only We Know\"",
    "choices":[
      "The singer is in a strange and frightening place.",
      "The singer has walked the path many times before."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. An idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned. The assignment was a piece of cake.",
    "solution":"The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.\nThe idiom like the back of my hand suggests that the singer has walked the path many times before. To know something like the back of your hand is to know it very well.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Oregon?",
    "choices":[
      "Juneau",
      "Charleston",
      "Cheyenne",
      "Salem"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Salem is the capital of Oregon.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17584\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Tonga",
      "Palau",
      "Tuvalu",
      "Fiji"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Oceania: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of Oceania",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is Tuvalu.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17586\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Hawaii?",
    "choices":[
      "Hilo",
      "Denver",
      "Honolulu",
      "Birmingham"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17587\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word does not rhyme?",
    "choices":[
      "sing",
      "long",
      "thing"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"phonological-awareness",
    "category":"Rhyming",
    "skill":"Which word does not rhyme?",
    "lecture":"Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound. The words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound. The words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings. The words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.",
    "solution":"The words sing and thing rhyme. They both end with the ing sound.\nThe word long does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the metaphor in this text suggest?\nConscience is a man's compass.\n\u2014Vincent van Gogh",
    "choices":[
      "Your conscience shows you where you're headed.",
      "Your conscience guides you to act the right way."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. A metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as. The snow formed a blanket over the town.",
    "solution":"The text uses a metaphor, comparing two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe metaphor conscience is a man's compass suggests that your conscience guides you to act the right way. A compass is an instrument used to find direction, just as your conscience guides you on the right moral path.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Suppose Finn decides to plant the violets. Which result would be a cost?",
    "choices":[
      "Finn will give up the chance to look at the fir tree. He thinks it would have looked more beautiful than the violets.",
      "He will save some space. The violets will use up less space than the fir tree would have used up."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Finn is deciding whether to plant violets or a fir tree in his backyard. He wants to make his backyard more beautiful. But he also wants to leave space for doing fun things.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Costs and benefits",
    "lecture":"Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits. Costs are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need. Benefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.",
    "solution":"This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Finn wants or needs:\nFinn will give up the chance to look at the fir tree. He thinks it would have looked more beautiful than the violets.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nThe wind usually blows from the west or northwest in San Diego, California.",
    "choices":[
      "weather",
      "climate"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Hint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"What's the difference between weather and climate?",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the text carefully.\nThe wind usually blows from the west or northwest in San Diego, California.\nThis passage tells you about the usual wind pattern in San Diego. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\n\"This mattress is as soft as concrete,\" Barry complained as he tested the bed in his hotel room.",
    "choices":[
      "verbal irony",
      "pun"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify figures of speech: review",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Alliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words. What a lucky little lady you are! An allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. An idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned. The assignment was a piece of cake. A simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike. The cat's fur was as dark as the night. A metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as. The snow formed a blanket over the town. Onomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound. The scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat. Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. The trees danced in the wind. A pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning. A great new broom is sweeping the nation. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.",
    "solution":"The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nAs soft as concrete shows verbal irony because concrete is not soft.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the vertebrate.",
    "choices":[
      "common loon",
      "sea urchin",
      "leaf-curling spider",
      "fireworm"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Hint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are vertebrates.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify vertebrates and invertebrates",
    "lecture":"Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals. A vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange. An invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body.",
    "solution":"A sea urchin is an echinoderm. Like other echinoderms, a sea urchin is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone.\nLike other spiders, a leaf-curling spider is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA common loon is a bird. Like other birds, a common loon is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA fireworm is a worm. Like other worms, a fireworm is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a soft body.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the statement.\nPhosphorus tribromide is ().",
    "choices":[
      "an elementary substance",
      "a compound"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The model below represents a molecule of phosphorus tribromide. Phosphorus tribromide is used to make certain types of medicine.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"Classify elementary substances and compounds using models",
    "lecture":"There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you. A substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl. Scientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride. In a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance.",
    "solution":"Use the model to determine whether phosphorus tribromide is an elementary substance or a compound.\nStep 1: Interpret the model.\n.\nUse the legend to determine the chemical element represented by each color. The colors and atomic symbols from the legend are shown in the table below. The table also includes the names of the chemical elements represented in the model.\nYou can see from the model that a molecule of phosphorus tribromide is composed of one phosphorus atom and three bromine atoms bonded together.\nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.\nYou know from Step 1 that phosphorus tribromide is composed of two chemical elements: phosphorus and bromine. Since phosphorus tribromide is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, phosphorus tribromide is a compound.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17614\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the statement.\nPhosphine is ().",
    "choices":[
      "an elementary substance",
      "a compound"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The model below represents a molecule of phosphine. Phosphine is a poisonous gas that some farmers use to kill insects.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"Classify elementary substances and compounds using models",
    "lecture":"All substances are made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl. Scientists can use models to represent molecules. A ball-and-stick model of a molecule is shown below. This model represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride. In a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent chemical bonds. Notice how each ball is labeled with a symbol for a chemical element. The ball represents one atom of that element.",
    "solution":"Count the number of chemical elements represented in the model. Then, decide if phosphine is an elementary substance or a compound.\nIn this model, each ball is labeled with P for phosphorus or H for hydrogen. So, the model shows you that phosphine is made of two chemical elements bonded together.\nSubstances made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, phosphine is a compound.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17620\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is smoother?",
    "choices":[
      "sandpaper",
      "ceramic plate"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of materials",
    "lecture":"Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. A material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy. For example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.",
    "solution":"Smooth is a property. A smooth material is not rough or bumpy.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the ceramic plate is smoother. If you touch a piece of ceramic like this one, it will not feel rough.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Pennsylvania?",
    "choices":[
      "Harrisburg",
      "Philadelphia",
      "Concord",
      "San Francisco"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Northeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Harrisburg is the capital of Pennsylvania.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17626\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which correctly shows the title of a book?",
    "choices":[
      "This Is Not My hat",
      "This Is Not My Hat"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"capitalization",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Capitalizing titles",
    "lecture":"In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach These words are not important in titles: Articles, a, an, the Short prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up Coordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or",
    "solution":"Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe correct title is This Is Not My Hat.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which phrase has a more positive connotation?",
    "choices":[
      "startle someone",
      "surprise someone"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"vocabulary",
    "category":"Shades of meaning",
    "skill":"Positive and negative connotation",
    "lecture":"Connotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations. For example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations. Eager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited. Impatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding.",
    "solution":"Surprise someone has a more positive connotation. If you startle someone, you surprise them in a bad way.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Would you find the word eye on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nentire - everyone",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince eye is not between the guide words entire - everyone, it would not be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What are the small rooms inside the bees' nest made of?",
    "choices":[
      "eggs",
      "sticks",
      "wax"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Read the text about beehives.\nLike many animals, bees live in nests. These nests, which are sometimes called hives, each have one opening where all bees enter and leave. Inside the nest are sheets of tiny rooms made of wax, called honeycombs. The tiny rooms are shaped like hexagons. That means they have six sides. These hexagons fit together without wasting space, and their shape helps make the nest stronger.\nTo make the wax for the honeycombs, bees use the sugar from the honey they eat. They convert this sugar into wax. To make the honeycomb rooms, bees first make a circle with the soft wax. They then use their bodies to push the circle and give it its six flat sides. Once the rooms have been built, the bees use them to store pollen, eggs, and honey. All of those are things that bees need to keep growing and working day after day.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reading-comprehension",
    "category":"Informational texts: level 1",
    "skill":"Read passages about animals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the text in bold below. It tells you what the small rooms inside the bees' nest are made of.\nLike many animals, bees live in nests. These nests, which are sometimes called hives, each have one opening where all bees enter and leave. Inside the nest are sheets of tiny rooms made of wax, called honeycombs. The tiny rooms are shaped like hexagons. That means they have six sides. These hexagons fit together without wasting space, and their shape helps make the nest stronger.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17657\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"In this food chain, the midge larva is a consumer. Why?",
    "choices":[
      "It eats another living thing.",
      "It makes its own food."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This diagram shows a food chain from the River Frome, a freshwater ecosystem in England.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Identify roles in food chains",
    "lecture":"Every living thing needs food to stay alive. Living things get their food in different ways. A food chain shows how living things in an ecosystem get their food. Producers make their own food. Many producers use carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make sugar. This sugar is food for the producer. Consumers eat other living things. Consumers cannot make their own food.",
    "solution":"In this food chain, the midge larva is a consumer because it eats another living thing. The midge larva in this food chain eats the diatom.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17659\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Suppose Eva decides to get the chocolate ice cream. Which result would be a cost?",
    "choices":[
      "Eva will give up the chance to get a free waffle cone. She would have enjoyed the waffle cone.",
      "Eva will get to eat the chocolate ice cream. She likes this flavor more than mint chip."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Eva is deciding whether to get chocolate ice cream or mint chip ice cream. She likes chocolate more than mint chip. But a scoop of mint chip ice cream comes with a free waffle cone.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Costs and benefits",
    "lecture":"Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits. Costs are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need. Benefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.",
    "solution":"This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Eva wants or needs:\nEva will give up the chance to get a free waffle cone. She would have enjoyed the waffle cone.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest north?",
    "choices":[
      "Mississippi",
      "North Carolina",
      "Florida",
      "Utah"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Utah is farthest north.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17662\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material, but some of them are different sizes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller.",
    "solution":"The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.\nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17666\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Connecticut?",
    "choices":[
      "Hartford",
      "Harrisburg",
      "Boston",
      "Newport"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Northeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Hartford is the capital of Connecticut.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17669\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which i in column 2?",
    "choices":[
      "the grocery store",
      "the library",
      "the park",
      "the gas station"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Use a letter-number grid",
    "lecture":"A grid is made up of lines of squares. They are organized in rows and columns. A grid can help you use a map. A row is a line of squares that goes from side to side. Rows are marked with letters. A column is a line of squares that goes up and down. Columns are marked with numbers.",
    "solution":"The library is in column 2.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17670\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the animal that has a backbone.",
    "choices":[
      "dung beetle",
      "minnow"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Hint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians all have backbones.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify animals with and without backbones",
    "lecture":"Some animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange. Other animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body.",
    "solution":"A minnow is a fish. Like other fish, a minnow has a backbone.\nA dung beetle is an insect. Like other insects, a dung beetle does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Look at the picture. Which word best describes how this lemon tastes?",
    "choices":[
      "buttery",
      "sweet",
      "sour"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Descriptive details",
    "skill":"Choose the sensory details that match the picture",
    "lecture":"When you write, you can use sensory details. These sense words help your reader understand what something looks, sounds, tastes, smells, or feels like. <br\/><br\/> Sensory Category | Description<br\/> Sight | These are words like bright, clean, and purple. A reader can imagine looking at these details.<br\/> Sound | These are words like hissing, buzzing, and ringing. A reader can imagine hearing these details.<br\/> Taste | These are words like juicy, sweet, and burnt. A reader can imagine tasting these details.<br\/> Smell | These are words like fruity, sweet, and stinky. A reader can imagine smelling these details.<br\/> Touch | These are words like fuzzy, wet, and soft. A reader can imagine feeling these details.<br\/> <br\/> Many sense words can describe more than one sense. For example, soft can describe a touch or a sound. And sweet can describe a taste or a smell.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture.\nThe word sour describes how this lemon tastes. You can tell by looking at the girl's face.\nSweet and buttery can also describe how something tastes. But they do not describe this lemon.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17681\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "sample B",
      "sample A",
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"Each particle in the two samples has the same mass, but the particles in sample B have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.\nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17685\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles?",
    "choices":[
      "neither; their concentrations are the same",
      "Solution A",
      "Solution B"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each blue ball represents one particle of solute.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Compare concentrations of solutions",
    "lecture":"A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent. concentration = particles of solute \/ volume of solvent",
    "solution":"In Solution A and Solution B, the blue particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles, look at both the number of blue particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of blue particles per milliliter.\nSolution B has more blue particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of blue particles.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17690\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nDid you really vote for Tom as class treasurer? Didn't you hear that his uncle was imprisoned for embezzling $1.5 million?",
    "choices":[
      "guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something",
      "straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> red herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that Tom can't be trusted with money, because his uncle embezzled money. However, even though his uncle couldn't be trusted with money, that doesn't necessarily mean that Tom can't be trusted with it. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What kind of sentence is this?\nCelery, onions, and carrots are often used in sauces and soups in French cooking.",
    "choices":[
      "interrogative",
      "exclamatory",
      "declarative"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory?",
    "lecture":"There are four kinds of sentences. A declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period. The nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure. An interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark. Do you have any plans for the upcoming weekend? An imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point. For this assignment, use references to support your claims. Don't drive so quickly in the construction zone! An exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point. I can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!",
    "solution":"The sentence tells about something, and it ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these continents does the equator intersect?",
    "choices":[
      "South America",
      "Antarctica",
      "Australia"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Maps",
    "skill":"Use lines of latitude and longitude",
    "lecture":"Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps. Lines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there. Lines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator. Lines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles. The equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W. Together, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place.",
    "solution":"The equator is the line at 0\u00b0 latitude. It intersects South America. It does not intersect Australia or Antarctica.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17709\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest south?",
    "choices":[
      "Rhode Island",
      "West Virginia",
      "South Dakota",
      "Idaho"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Maps",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. West Virginia is farthest south.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17710\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which object has the most thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "a pencil at a temperature of 71\u00b0F",
      "a pencil at a temperature of 50\u00b0F",
      "a pencil at a temperature of 66\u00b0F"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The objects are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Heat and thermal energy",
    "skill":"How is temperature related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.",
    "solution":"All three pencils have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 71\u00b0F pencil is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Barbados",
      "Haiti",
      "Trinidad and Tobago",
      "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"The Americas: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of the Caribbean",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is Trinidad and Tobago.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17712\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property matches this object?",
    "choices":[
      "salty",
      "sweet"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Identify properties of an object",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.",
    "solution":"Look at the object.\nThink about each property.\nPotato chips have a salty taste. The grape juice is not salty.\nSugar has a sweet taste. The grape juice is sweet.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17722\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which ocean is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "the Pacific Ocean",
      "the Atlantic Ocean",
      "the Indian Ocean",
      "the Southern Ocean"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Physical Geography",
    "skill":"Oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean.",
    "solution":"This is the Southern Ocean.\nThe Southern Ocean reaches from the shores of Antarctica to 60\u00b0 South latitude.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17729\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal is also adapted for flight?",
    "choices":[
      "European mole",
      "Arctic tern"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Flying foxes live in the forests of Southeast Asia and Australia. The  has wings. It is adapted for flight.\nFigure: flying fox.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: feet and limbs",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. Arms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the flying fox.\nThe flying fox has large, powerful wings. It is adapted for flight. Long, powerful wings help the flying fox travel long distances by air.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe Arctic tern has long, powerful wings. It is adapted for flight.\nThe European mole has short legs. It is not adapted for flight. The European mole uses its legs for crawling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17730\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a garden snail?",
    "choices":[
      "39 meters",
      "39 millimeters",
      "39 centimeters",
      "39 kilometers"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of distance, mass, and volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter. The tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long. A red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the length of a garden snail is 39 millimeters.\n39 centimeters, 39 meters, and 39 kilometers are all too long.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "attract",
      "repel"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.\n\nHint: Magnets that attract pull together. Magnets that repel push apart.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south. Here are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S. If different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17743\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Utah?",
    "choices":[
      "Carson City",
      "Salem",
      "Provo",
      "Salt Lake City"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Salt Lake City is the capital of Utah.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17765\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What type of rock is granite?",
    "choices":[
      "igneous",
      "sedimentary"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Granite is a type of rock. When melted rock cools below the earth's surface, it can form granite. Granite comes in many different colors.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Rocks and minerals",
    "skill":"Classify rocks as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic",
    "lecture":"Igneous rock is formed when melted rock cools and hardens into solid rock. This type of change can occur at Earth's surface or below it. Sedimentary rock is formed when layers of sediment are pressed together to make rock. This type of change occurs below Earth's surface. Metamorphic rock is formed when a rock is changed by heating and squeezing. This type of change often occurs deep below Earth's surface. Over time, the old rock becomes a new rock with different properties.",
    "solution":"Granite is an igneous rock. Like other igneous rocks, it forms when melted rock cools and hardens.\nMelted rock is a hot, thick liquid. As melted rock cools, solid mineral grains begin to form. When the melted rock becomes solid, it forms igneous rock. The word igneous comes from the Latin word ignis, which means fire.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17766\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word does not rhyme?",
    "choices":[
      "maze",
      "gaze",
      "shade"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"phonological-awareness",
    "category":"Rhyming",
    "skill":"Which word does not rhyme?",
    "lecture":"Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound. The words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound. The words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings. The words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.",
    "solution":"The words gaze and maze rhyme. They both end with the aze sound.\nThe word shade does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"How long does it take for a pot of water to start boiling on a hot stove?",
    "choices":[
      "11 minutes",
      "11 hours"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose units of time",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Imagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds? The number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing. Time is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven. There are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute. There are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for how long it takes for a pot of water to start boiling on a hot stove is 11 minutes.\n11 hours is too slow.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "repel",
      "attract"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces. Magnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S). Here are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles. If opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nBoth poles of each magnet line up with both poles of the other magnet. The north pole of each magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17777\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal's feet are also adapted for sticking to smooth surfaces?",
    "choices":[
      "Madagascar day gecko",
      "domestic cat"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Tiger-striped leaf frogs live in the rain forests of Central America and South America. They spend most of their lives in trees. The feet of the  are adapted to stick to the smooth surfaces of leaves.\nFigure: tiger-striped leaf frog.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: feet and limbs",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the tiger-striped leaf frog.\nThe tiger-striped leaf frog has wide, sticky toes. Its feet are adapted for sticking to smooth surfaces. The tiger-striped leaf frog uses its toes to walk on the smooth surfaces of leaves without slipping.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe Madagascar day gecko has wide, sticky toes. Its feet are adapted for sticking to smooth surfaces.\nThe domestic cat has furry toes and sharp claws. Its feet are not adapted for sticking to smooth surfaces.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17788\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the tide pool ecosystem.",
    "choices":[
      "This ecosystem has:\ndaily flooding and draining of seawater\nwater that is rich in nutrients\nmany different types of organisms",
      "This ecosystem has:\nwater at the bottom of the ocean\nno sunlight\norganisms that crawl or stick to the ground"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Identify ecosystems",
    "lecture":"An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment. There are many different types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which these ecosystems can differ from each other: the pattern of weather, or climate the type of soil or water the organisms that live there",
    "solution":"A tide pool is a type of ecosystem. It has daily flooding and draining of seawater, water that is rich in nutrients, and many different types of organisms.\nChoice 1 is a tide pool ecosystem. Several times each day, it floods with seawater. Then the water drains back into the ocean.\nChoice 2 is a deep sea ecosystem. It is at the bottom of the ocean. It is so far underwater that no sunlight can reach it.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles?",
    "choices":[
      "Solution B",
      "Solution A",
      "neither; their concentrations are the same"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each pink ball represents one particle of solute.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Compare concentrations of solutions",
    "lecture":"A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent. concentration = particles of solute \/ volume of solvent",
    "solution":"In Solution A and Solution B, the pink particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles, look at both the number of pink particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of pink particles per milliliter.\nSolution B has more pink particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of pink particles.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17791\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Nevada?",
    "choices":[
      "Honolulu",
      "Salt Lake City",
      "Carson City",
      "Olympia"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify the 50 state capitals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Carson City is the capital of Nevada.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17792\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\nAfter a jog around the block, Eva collapsed on the couch and declared with a wheeze, \"Well, I'm ready to run a marathon.\"",
    "choices":[
      "Eva was out of shape.",
      "Eva felt full of energy."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.",
    "solution":"The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nReady to run a marathon ironically suggests that Eva was out of shape. She was actually far from ready to run a marathon.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1.",
      "The magnetic force is weaker in Pair 2."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Compare strengths of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.",
    "solution":"Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.\nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17805\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Iowa?",
    "choices":[
      "Portland",
      "Davenport",
      "Des Moines",
      "Columbia"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Des Moines is the capital of Iowa.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17807\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a sunflower seed?",
    "choices":[
      "19 millimeters",
      "19 centimeters",
      "19 kilometers"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of distance",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter. The tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long. A red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the length of a sunflower seed is 19 millimeters.\n19 centimeters and 19 kilometers are both too long.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature",
      "sample A",
      "sample B"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"Each particle in the two samples has the same mass, and the particles in both samples have the same average speed. So, the particles in both samples have the same average kinetic energy.\nBecause the particles in both samples have the same average kinetic energy, the samples must have the same temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17821\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the motion of three sailboats. Which sailboat was moving at the lowest speed?",
    "choices":[
      "a sailboat that moved 45kilometers south in 5hours",
      "a sailboat that moved 50kilometers west in 5hours",
      "a sailboat that moved 80kilometers north in 5hours"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Compare the speeds of moving objects",
    "lecture":"An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time. Distance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer. Time tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour. Think about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed.",
    "solution":"Look at the distance each sailboat moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each sailboat moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each sailboat moved for 5 hours. The sailboat that moved 45 kilometers moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that sailboat must have moved at the lowest speed.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Using only these supplies, which question can Darrell investigate with an experiment?",
    "choices":[
      "Does vinegar separate faster when stirred together with olive oil or with coconut oil?",
      "Does vegetable oil separate faster when stirred together with cold water or with hot water?",
      "Does vegetable oil separate faster when stirred together with vinegar or with water?"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Darrell mixes oil and vinegar to make salad dressing. He notices that after a few minutes, the oil and vinegar separate. He wonders what factors affect how quickly liquids separate. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\nthree glass bottles\nolive oil\nvegetable oil\nvinegar\ncold water",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Answer the riddle.\nI am an animal.\nI have four legs.\nYou can ride me.\nWhat am I?",
    "choices":[
      "a train",
      "a horse"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade1",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"vocabulary",
    "category":"Comprehension strategies",
    "skill":"What am I?",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"A horse is an animal.\nA horse has four legs.\nYou can ride a horse.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a leather belt?",
    "choices":[
      "29 miles",
      "29 feet",
      "29 inches",
      "29 yards"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of distance, mass, and volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles. There are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile. A football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the length of a leather belt is 29 inches.\n29 feet, 29 yards, and 29 miles are all too long.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property matches this object?",
    "choices":[
      "scratchy",
      "shiny"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the better answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Identify properties of an object",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.",
    "solution":"Look at the object.\nThink about each property.\nA scratchy object is rough and itchy against your skin. The wool sweater is scratchy.\nA shiny object reflects a lot of light. The wool sweater is not shiny.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17853\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What can Isabelle and Florence trade to each get what they want?",
    "choices":[
      "Florence can trade her broccoli for Isabelle's oranges.",
      "Isabelle can trade her tomatoes for Florence's broccoli.",
      "Florence can trade her almonds for Isabelle's tomatoes.",
      "Isabelle can trade her tomatoes for Florence's carrots."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.\nIsabelle and Florence open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Neither Isabelle nor Florence got everything that they wanted. The table below shows which items they each wanted:\n\nLook at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.\nIsabelle's lunch Florence's lunch",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Trade and specialization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the table and images.\nIsabelle wants broccoli. Florence wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17855\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which i in row B?",
    "choices":[
      "the restaurant",
      "the police department",
      "the library",
      "the grocery store"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Use a letter-number grid",
    "lecture":"A grid is made up of lines of squares. They are organized in rows and columns. A grid can help you use a map. A row is a line of squares that goes from side to side. Rows are marked with letters. A column is a line of squares that goes up and down. Columns are marked with numbers.",
    "solution":"The library is in row B.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17859\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which state is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Maryland",
      "Delaware",
      "Vermont",
      "Maine"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"States",
    "skill":"Identify states of the Northeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This state is Maryland.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17865\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What can Zoe and Miguel trade to each get what they want?",
    "choices":[
      "Miguel can trade his almonds for Zoe's tomatoes.",
      "Zoe can trade her tomatoes for Miguel's broccoli.",
      "Miguel can trade his broccoli for Zoe's oranges.",
      "Zoe can trade her tomatoes for Miguel's carrots."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.\nZoe and Miguel open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Neither Zoe nor Miguel got everything that they wanted. The table below shows which items they each wanted:\n\nLook at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.\nZoe's lunch Miguel's lunch",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Trade and specialization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the table and images.\nZoe wants broccoli. Miguel wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17868\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same genus as the jungle cat.",
    "choices":[
      "Neofelis nebulosa",
      "Lynx pardinus",
      "Felis nigripes"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"This organism is a jungle cat. Its scientific name is Felis chaus.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"A jungle cat's scientific name is Felis chaus. The first word of its scientific name is Felis.\nFelis nigripes is in the genus Felis. The first word of its scientific name is Felis. So, Felis nigripes and Felis chaus are in the same genus.\nNeofelis nebulosa is in the genus Neofelis. The first word of its scientific name is Neofelis. So, Neofelis nebulosa and Felis chaus are not in the same genus.\nLynx pardinus is in the genus Lynx. The first word of its scientific name is Lynx. So, Lynx pardinus and Felis chaus are not in the same genus.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17874\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the temperature of lukewarm water?",
    "choices":[
      "80\u00b0F",
      "80\u00b0C"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Estimate temperatures",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Temperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units. <br\/><br\/> 212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0C<br\/> 98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0C<br\/> 68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0C<br\/> 32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0C<br\/>",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the temperature of lukewarm water is 80\u00b0F.\n80\u00b0C is too hot.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"During this time, thermal energy was transferred from () to ().",
    "choices":[
      "each salmon . . . the surroundings",
      "the surroundings . . . each salmon"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Trevor lit the charcoal in his grill to cook two identical salmon. He put one fish on the left half of the grill and one fish on the right half of the grill. This table shows how the temperature of each salmon changed over 6minutes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Thermal energy",
    "skill":"Compare thermal energy transfers",
    "lecture":"A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy: An increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings. A decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings.",
    "solution":"The temperature of each salmon increased, which means that the thermal energy of each salmon increased. So, thermal energy was transferred from the surroundings to each salmon.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17880\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the statement.\nMethane is ().",
    "choices":[
      "an elementary substance",
      "a compound"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Methane is the main component of natural gas, which is used in homes for heating and cooking. The chemical formula for methane is CH4.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"Classify elementary substances and compounds using chemical formulas",
    "lecture":"Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be. The symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula. An elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol. The symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule. For example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula. The chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms. A compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols. For example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms.",
    "solution":"You can tell whether methane is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for methane is CH4. This formula contains two symbols: C for carbon and H for hydrogen. So, the formula tells you that methane is made of two chemical elements bonded together.\nSubstances made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, methane is a compound.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Alabama?",
    "choices":[
      "Birmingham",
      "Montgomery",
      "Phoenix",
      "Austin"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Southeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Montgomery is the capital of Alabama.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17890\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the reptile.",
    "choices":[
      "coral snake",
      "humpback whale",
      "California toad",
      "tiger salamander"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Reptiles have scaly, waterproof skin. Most reptiles live on land.",
    "solution":"A coral snake is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nCoral snakes spend most of their time underground or hiding under leaves.\nA California toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.\nA humpback whale is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.\nWhales are mammals that live in the ocean. Humpback whales have small hairs that grow from bumps around their mouth.\nA tiger salamander is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nTiger salamanders often live in underground burrows.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What can Tony and Celine trade to each get what they want?",
    "choices":[
      "Tony can trade his tomatoes for Celine's broccoli.",
      "Celine can trade her almonds for Tony's tomatoes.",
      "Tony can trade his tomatoes for Celine's carrots.",
      "Celine can trade her broccoli for Tony's oranges."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.\nTony and Celine open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Neither Tony nor Celine got everything that they wanted. The table below shows which items they each wanted:\n\nLook at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.\nTony's lunch Celine's lunch",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Trade and specialization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the table and images.\nTony wants broccoli. Celine wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17898\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What type of rock is rhyolite?",
    "choices":[
      "sedimentary",
      "igneous"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Rhyolite is a type of rock. When melted rock cools at the earth's surface, it can form rhyolite. Rhyolite is usually light-colored.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Rocks and minerals",
    "skill":"Classify rocks as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic",
    "lecture":"Igneous rock is formed when melted rock cools and hardens into solid rock. This type of change can occur at Earth's surface or below it. Sedimentary rock is formed when layers of sediment are pressed together to make rock. This type of change occurs below Earth's surface. Metamorphic rock is formed when a rock is changed by heating and squeezing. This type of change often occurs deep below Earth's surface. Over time, the old rock becomes a new rock with different properties.",
    "solution":"Rhyolite is an igneous rock. Like other igneous rocks, it forms when melted rock cools and hardens.\nMelted rock is a hot, thick liquid. As melted rock cools, solid mineral grains begin to form. When the melted rock becomes solid, it forms igneous rock. The word igneous comes from the Latin word ignis, which means fire.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17913\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal's legs are also adapted for wading?",
    "choices":[
      "satin bowerbird",
      "gray heron"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Painted storks live near marshes in southern Asia. They eat fish that live in shallow water. Painted storks hunt their prey by walking through water, or wading.\nThe 's legs are adapted for wading. They are lightweight and keep the bird's body above the water.\nFigure: painted stork.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: feet and limbs",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. Arms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the painted stork.\nLong legs help the painted stork keep its body above the surface of the water while wading. Thin legs are easier to move through the water.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe gray heron has long, thin legs. Its legs are adapted for wading.\nThe satin bowerbird has short legs. Its legs are not adapted for wading. The satin bowerbird uses its legs to walk and perch.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17917\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a leather belt?",
    "choices":[
      "35 feet",
      "35 inches",
      "35 yards"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of distance",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles. There are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile. A football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the length of a leather belt is 35 inches.\n35 feet and 35 yards are both too long.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "attract",
      "repel"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces. Magnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S). Here are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles. If opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17924\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nI don't feel like going into it, if you want to know the truth . . . My parents would have about two hemorrhages apiece if I told anything pretty personal about them.\n\u2014J. D. Salinger, The Catcher in the Rye",
    "choices":[
      "paradox",
      "hyperbole"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify figures of speech: euphemism, hyperbole, oxymoron, paradox",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! An oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Some reviewers are calling this book a new classic. A paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Always expect the unexpected.",
    "solution":"The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nWould have about two hemorrhages apiece is an exaggeration, since the speaker's parents will not literally hemorrhage just because he talks about them.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "sample A",
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature",
      "sample B"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.\nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17927\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which glas of milk has more thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "the colder glass of milk",
      "the hotter glass of milk"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Two 125-gram glasses of milk are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Heat and thermal energy",
    "skill":"How are temperature and mass related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving. The energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. What happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.",
    "solution":"The two glasses of milk are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter glass of milk has more thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Using only these supplies, which question can Hazel investigate with an experiment?",
    "choices":[
      "Does a rubber ball travel farther when launched from a metal catapult or from a wooden catapult?",
      "Does a heavier ball travel farther than a lighter ball when launched from a catapult?",
      "Does a catapult with a longer arm launch a rubber ball farther than a catapult with a shorter arm?"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Hazel visits a museum about ancient Greece. She notices an exhibit with models of wooden catapults that were used to launch large rocks across battlefields. She wonders what factors affect how far a catapult can launch an object. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\na wooden catapult with a 10-inch-long arm\na wooden catapult with a five-inch-long arm\ntwo identical rubber balls",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What can Steve and Hector trade to each get what they want?",
    "choices":[
      "Steve can trade his tomatoes for Hector's sandwich.",
      "Hector can trade his almonds for Steve's tomatoes.",
      "Hector can trade his broccoli for Steve's oranges.",
      "Steve can trade his tomatoes for Hector's broccoli."
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":"Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.\nSteve and Hector open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Both of them could be happier with their lunches. Steve wanted broccoli in his lunch and Hector was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Trade and specialization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Steve wanted broccoli in his lunch and Hector was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.\nSteve has tomatoes. Hector has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17938\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which bath towel has a lower temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "the bath towel with less thermal energy",
      "the bath towel with more thermal energy"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two 525-gram bath towels are identical except for their thermal energies.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Thermal energy",
    "skill":"How are temperature and mass related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving. The energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. What happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.",
    "solution":"The two bath towels are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the bath towel with less thermal energy has a lower temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material, but some of them are different sizes and shapes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller.",
    "solution":"Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.\nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17945\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Nico's genotype for the body hair gene?",
    "choices":[
      "BB",
      "a hairy body"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"In a group of cats, some individuals have a hairy body and others have a hairless body. In this group, the gene for the body hair trait has two alleles. The allele B is for a hairy body, and the allele b is for a hairless body.\nNico, a cat from this group, has a hairy body. Nico has two alleles for a hairy body.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.",
    "solution":"An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Nico has two alleles for a hairy body (B). So, Nico's genotype for the body hair gene is BB.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Answer the riddle.\nI am big and yellow.\nI take children to school.\nYou may see me in the street.\nWhat am I?",
    "choices":[
      "a bike",
      "a bus"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade1",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"vocabulary",
    "category":"Comprehension strategies",
    "skill":"What am I?",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"A bus is big and yellow.\nA bus takes children to school.\nYou may see a bus in the street.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Washington?",
    "choices":[
      "Salem",
      "Seattle",
      "Savannah",
      "Olympia"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify the 50 state capitals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Olympia is the capital of Washington.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17962\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which continent is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Asia",
      "Africa",
      "Antarctica",
      "South America"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Oceans and continents",
    "skill":"Identify oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents.",
    "solution":"This continent is Asia.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17966\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest south?",
    "choices":[
      "Wisconsin",
      "Kansas",
      "Montana",
      "New Jersey"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Maps",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Kansas is farthest south.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17975\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence.\nAfter seeing disagreements among Americans increase while he was president, Washington felt that political parties were () for the United States.",
    "choices":[
      "dangerous",
      "helpful",
      "necessary"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Political parties are groups that support different political positions. Today they are a regular part of political life in the United States, but they have not always existed.\nParties first formed in the 1790s, after George Washington was elected president. Washington wrote about political parties in 1796. Read Washington's words. Then complete the sentence below.\n[Let me] warn you, in the most solemn manner, against the baneful effects of [parties].\nsolemn: serious\nbaneful: harmful, destructive",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"The Early Republic",
    "skill":"The first party system: Federalists and Democratic-Republicans",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look back at the passage. At the end of his presidency, Washington wrote that he wanted to warn people against the baneful, or harmful, effects of parties.\nSo, after seeing disagreements among Americans increase while he was president, Washington felt that political parties were dangerous for the United States.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following statement about our solar system true or false?\nThe volume of Neptune is less than 75% of the volume of Uranus.",
    "choices":[
      "false",
      "true"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Use the data to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"true-or-false",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Astronomy",
    "skill":"Analyze data to compare properties of planets",
    "lecture":"A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet. The primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.",
    "solution":"To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 75% of the volume of Uranus by multiplying its volume by 0.75.\nThen compare the result to the volume of Neptune. The volume of Neptune is 62,530 billion km^3, which is more than 51,248 billion km^3. So, the volume of Neptune is more than 75% of the volume of Uranus.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17989\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest east?",
    "choices":[
      "New York",
      "Tennessee",
      "Ohio",
      "California"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Maps",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. New York is farthest east.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17991\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following best describes a community on the Serengeti plains?",
    "choices":[
      "the grasses, the soil, and the soil nutrients",
      "the Burchell's zebras, the northern black rhinoceros, and the white-bearded wildebeests",
      "the umbrella acacia trees"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the passage. Then answer the question below.\n\nOn the Serengeti plains in eastern Africa, umbrella acacia trees are scattered among many species of grasses that grow together. The grasses grow well because the soil has a lot of nutrients.\nThe plains are home to many species of herbivores, such as Burchell's zebras, northern black rhinoceros, and white-bearded wildebeests. One reason so many species of herbivores can live together is that each species prefers to eat a different kind of plant.\nFigure: white-bearded wildebeests on the Serengeti plains.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Describe populations, communities, and ecosystems",
    "lecture":"In an environment, organisms interact with each other and with their nonliving surroundings. To help describe these interactions, ecologists use specific terms for different types of groups. A single organism is an individual. Individuals of the same species that live in the same place are part of a population. Multiple populations of different species that live in the same place are part of a community. Together, communities of living organisms and the nonliving parts of their environment make up an ecosystem.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/17997\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2.",
      "The magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1.",
      "The strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Compare strengths of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together.",
    "solution":"Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.\nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18004\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "attract",
      "repel"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south. Here are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S. If opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18005\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which text uses the word peruse in its traditional sense?",
    "choices":[
      "Before returning to the stockroom, Ronald briefly perused the nails in the hardware aisle to see if anything needed to be restocked.",
      "Ronald perused the nails in the hardware aisle for almost an hour, trying to figure out which type would be best for his project."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Word usage and nuance",
    "skill":"Explore words with new or contested usages",
    "lecture":"Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner. When a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences. Britney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam. The traditional usage above is considered more standard. David perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages. The nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.",
    "solution":"The first text uses peruse in its traditional sense: to examine in detail.\nRonald perused the nails in the hardware aisle for almost an hour, trying to figure out which type would be best for his project.\nThe second text uses peruse in its nontraditional sense: to look through in a casual manner.\nBefore returning to the stockroom, Ronald briefly perused the nails in the hardware aisle to see if anything needed to be restocked.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word peruse because it is considered more standard.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a run-on sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "No one lives on that small island.",
      "Will picked apples, he will give some away."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is it a complete sentence, a fragment, or a run-on?",
    "lecture":"A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb. My friends walk along the path. A sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb. Knows the answer. This is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject. Who knows the answer? She knows the answer. The bright red car. This is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb. What did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped. A run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma. I knocked on the door it opened. It started raining, we ran inside. To fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence. I knocked on the door. It opened. It started raining. We ran inside. You can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. I knocked on the door, and it opened. It started raining, so we ran inside.",
    "solution":"Will picked apples, he will give some away is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined by just a comma: Will picked apples and He will give some away.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is the main persuasive appeal used in this ad?",
    "choices":[
      "ethos (character)",
      "logos (reason)",
      "pathos (emotion)"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Persuasive strategies",
    "skill":"Identify appeals to ethos, pathos, and logos in advertisements",
    "lecture":"The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals: Appeals to ethos, or character, show that the writer or speaker is trustworthy or is an authority on a subject. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following: say that a brand has been trusted for many years note that a brand is recommended by a respected organization or celebrity include a quote from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's values Appeals to logos, or reason, use logic and specific evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following: use graphs or charts to display information mention the results of scientific studies explain the science behind a product or service Appeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following: trigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassment appeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractive link the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury",
    "solution":"The ad appeals to pathos, or emotion. It appeals to a desire to stand out and be noticed.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18033\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property matches this object?",
    "choices":[
      "bouncy",
      "blue"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the better answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Identify properties of an object",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.",
    "solution":"Look at the object.\nThink about each property.\nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The spring is bouncy.\nBlue is a color.\nThis color is blue. The spring is not blue.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18034\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Vanuatu",
      "Tuvalu",
      "Tonga",
      "Fiji"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Oceania: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of Oceania",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is Fiji.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18037\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these three objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "rough",
      "fuzzy",
      "sticky"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the best answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA fuzzy object is covered in soft hair. All three objects are fuzzy.\nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. None of the objects are rough.\nA sticky object can attach or stick to other things. None of the objects are sticky.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is fuzzy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18038\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?",
    "choices":[
      "climate",
      "weather"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Figure: Gulf Coast of Florida.\nThe Gulf Coast of Florida is known for its white sand beaches. The area also experiences strong winds each year during the summer hurricane season.\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Weather and climate around the world",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the passage carefully.\nThe Gulf Coast of Florida is known for its white sand beaches. The area also experiences strong winds each year during the summer hurricane season.\nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual wind patterns on the Gulf Coast. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18046\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?",
    "choices":[
      "weather",
      "climate"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Figure: Lake Bunyonyi.\nLake Bunyonyi is located in the African country of Uganda. The wind speed on the lake averages about five miles per hour year-round.\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Weather and climate around the world",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the passage carefully.\nLake Bunyonyi is located in the African country of Uganda. The wind speed on the lake averages about five miles per hour year-round.\nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual wind patterns on Lake Bunyonyi. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18058\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is a rag doll a solid, a liquid, or a gas?",
    "choices":[
      "a gas",
      "a solid",
      "a liquid"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"States of matter",
    "skill":"Classify matter as solid, liquid, or gas",
    "lecture":"Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own. Some solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break. A glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid. When matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container. Think about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space. Juice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid. When matter is a gas, it spreads out to fill a space. Many gases are invisible. So, you can\u2019t see them. Air is a gas.",
    "solution":"A rag doll is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.\nWhen you hold a rag doll in your hands, the rag doll still has a size and shape of its own.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18063\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?",
    "choices":[
      "climate",
      "weather"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Figure: Yorkshire Dales.\nYorkshire Dales is a National Park in England. The prevailing winds tend to come from the west. As a result, some of the trees in the park grow at an angle.\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Weather and climate around the world",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the passage carefully.\nYorkshire Dales is a National Park in England. The prevailing winds tend to come from the west. As a result, some of the trees in the park grow at an angle.\nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual wind patterns in Yorkshire Dales. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18065\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Using only these supplies, which question can Allie investigate with an experiment?",
    "choices":[
      "Do larger basketballs bounce higher than smaller basketballs on a brick patio?",
      "Does the basketball bounce higher on gravel or on grass?",
      "Does the basketball bounce higher on a lawn or on a dirt path?"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Allie gets a basketball for her birthday and dribbles it around her neighborhood. She notices that sometimes the ball bounces higher than other times. She wonders what factors affect how high her ball bounces. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\none basketball\naccess to a brick patio\naccess to a grassy lawn\naccess to a gravel driveway\na meterstick",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the probability that a dachshund dog produced by this cross will have rough fur?",
    "choices":[
      "1\/4",
      "4\/4",
      "3\/4",
      "2\/4",
      "0\/4"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"In a group of dachshund dogs, some individuals have rough fur and others have soft fur. In this group, the gene for the fur texture trait has two alleles. The allele for soft fur (f) is recessive to the allele for rough fur (F).\nThis Punnett square shows a cross between two dachshund dogs.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Use Punnett squares to calculate probabilities of offspring types",
    "lecture":"Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive? How do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. If an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait. If an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait. In a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes. An event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction: probability of an event = number of ways the event can happen \/ number of equally likely outcomes You can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff. <br\/><br\/>  | F | f<br\/> F | FF | Ff<br\/> f | Ff | ff<br\/> <br\/> Consider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction: number of ways the event can happen \/ number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff \/ total number of boxes = 1 \/ 4.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18075\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the direction of this push?",
    "choices":[
      "toward the man's thumb",
      "away from the man's thumb"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"A man flips a coin. He quickly pushes the coin into the air with his thumb.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Identify pushes and pulls",
    "lecture":"One object can make another object move with a push or a pull. The direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing. The direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling.",
    "solution":"The man quickly pushes the coin away from his thumb to flip it into the air. The direction of the push is away from the man's thumb.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18081\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which statement describes the Eastern Siberian Taiga ecosystem?",
    "choices":[
      "It has soil that is frozen year-round.",
      "It has mostly small plants.",
      "It has long, cold winters and short, cool summers."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Figure: East Siberian Taiga.\nThe Eastern Siberian Taiga is a large forest that covers more than a quarter of Russia. It is home to brown bears, wolves, deer, and other organisms.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Describe ecosystems",
    "lecture":"An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment. There are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other: the pattern of weather, or climate the type of soil the organisms that live there",
    "solution":"A taiga is a type of ecosystem. Taigas have the following features: long, cold winters and short, cool summers, many evergreen trees, and soil that is poor in nutrients. So, the following statement describes the Eastern Siberian Taiga ecosystem: long, cold winters and short, cool summers, many evergreen trees, and soil that is poor in nutrients. It has long, cold winters and short, cool summers. The following statements do not describe the Eastern Siberian Taiga: long, cold winters and short, cool summers, many evergreen trees, and soil that is poor in nutrients. It has soil that is frozen year-round. It has mostly small plants.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18082\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a compound sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "Josie shot the arrow, but she missed the target.",
      "Mrs. McGee knitted bright orange mittens for the children."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple or compound?",
    "lecture":"A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate. The pitcher threw the ball to first base. A compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. The pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it. Some simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences. Anna and James will watch the fireworks tonight. This simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James. The singers bowed and walked off the stage. This simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat. This is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.",
    "solution":"The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction but.\nJosie shot the arrow, but she missed the target.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Using only these supplies, which question can Kendra investigate with an experiment?",
    "choices":[
      "When placed in the sun, will eight ounces of water in a closed jar or eight ounces of water in an open jar get warmer?",
      "When placed in the sun, will eight ounces of water in a glass jar or eight ounces of water in a plastic cup get warmer?",
      "Will eight ounces of carbonated water or eight ounces of tap water get warmer when placed in a jar in the sun?"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Kendra leaves a glass jar of cold tea outside in full sunlight. When she goes to get it, she notices that the tea is warm. She wonders what factors affect how warm a liquid gets from sitting in the sunlight. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\ntwo identical glass jars\ntwo jar lids\ntap water\na measuring cup\ntwo thermometers",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which closing is correct for a letter?",
    "choices":[
      "Your friend,\nLeslie",
      "Your Friend,\nLeslie"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Greetings and closings of letters",
    "lecture":"A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue. Dear Aunt Sue, I'm glad you could come to my party, and thank you for the birthday gift. I could not have asked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think of you. With love, Rory",
    "solution":"The first closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\nAfter a jog around the block, Liz collapsed on the couch and declared with a wheeze, \"Well, I'm ready to run a marathon.\"",
    "choices":[
      "Liz plans to run more.",
      "Liz was out of shape."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.",
    "solution":"The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nReady to run a marathon ironically suggests that Liz was out of shape. She was actually far from ready to run a marathon.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What can Eve and Bonnie trade to each get what they want?",
    "choices":[
      "Bonnie can trade her broccoli for Eve's oranges.",
      "Bonnie can trade her almonds for Eve's tomatoes.",
      "Eve can trade her tomatoes for Bonnie's sandwich.",
      "Eve can trade her tomatoes for Bonnie's broccoli."
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":"Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.\nEve and Bonnie open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Both of them could be happier with their lunches. Eve wanted broccoli in her lunch and Bonnie was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Trade and specialization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Eve wanted broccoli in her lunch and Bonnie was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.\nEve has tomatoes. Bonnie has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18113\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Maggie inherited this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Maggie and her father both have dark hair.",
      "Maggie's parents have dark skin. They passed down this trait to Maggie."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nMaggie has dark skin.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Would you find the word cement on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nchain - corps",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince cement is not between the guide words chain - corps, it would not be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\nshaking up salad dressing\nbeating an egg",
    "choices":[
      "Both are only physical changes.",
      "Both are caused by heating.",
      "Both are caused by cooling.",
      "Both are chemical changes."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Chemical reactions",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule. In a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns. In a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nShaking up salad dressing is a physical change. The different parts mix together, but they are still made of the same type of matter.\nBeating an egg is a physical change. Beating an egg mixes together the egg white, egg yolk, and some air. But mixing them together does not form a different type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Does the sentence use a simile or a metaphor?\nJasper swam with ease across the swimming pool, like a dolphin.",
    "choices":[
      "simile",
      "metaphor"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Identify similes and metaphors",
    "lecture":"Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike. A simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as. My sister runs like a cheetah. The sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like. A cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast. The cat's fur was as dark as the night. The cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as. The night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark. A metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as. The snow formed a blanket over the town. The snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as. A blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely. Using similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader.",
    "solution":"Jasper swam with ease across the swimming pool, like a dolphin.\nThe words Jasper and dolphin are compared using the word like. So, the sentence uses a simile.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the allusion in this text suggest?\nAlan seems to have the Midas touch. Without any special experience or training, he launched a thriving business and then established a well-respected charity.",
    "choices":[
      "Alan is lazy and uninformed.",
      "Alan is successful at all that he does."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. An allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.",
    "solution":"The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nThe allusion the Midas touch suggests that Alan is successful at all that he does. In Greek mythology, King Midas has the power to turn anything he touches into gold, easily creating value from nothing.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which ocean is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "the Indian Ocean",
      "the Atlantic Ocean",
      "the Arctic Ocean",
      "the Southern Ocean"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Physical Geography",
    "skill":"Oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean.",
    "solution":"This is the Indian Ocean.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18164\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following could Helen's test show?",
    "choices":[
      "whether different types of bacteria would need different nutrients to produce insulin",
      "whether producing more insulin would help the bacteria grow faster",
      "whether she added enough nutrients to help the bacteria produce 20% more insulin"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design.\nThe passage below describes how the engineering-design process was used to test a solution to a problem. Read the passage. Then answer the question below.\n\nPeople with diabetes sometimes take a medicine made from insulin. Insulin can be made by a special type of bacteria. Helen was a bioengineer who wanted to increase the amount of insulin that the bacteria produced by 20%. She read that giving the bacteria more nutrients could affect the amount of insulin they produced. So, Helen gave extra nutrients to some of the bacteria. Then, she measured how much insulin those bacteria produced compared to bacteria that did not get extra nutrients.\nFigure: studying bacteria in a laboratory.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Engineering practices",
    "skill":"Evaluate tests of engineering-design solutions",
    "lecture":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured. Imagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves. First, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind. Then, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved. Tests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18168\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1.",
      "The magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Compare strengths of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together.",
    "solution":"Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.\nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18174\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of North Dakota?",
    "choices":[
      "Bismarck",
      "Springfield",
      "Jefferson City",
      "Frankfort"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Bismarck is the capital of North Dakota.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18180\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Alaska?",
    "choices":[
      "Salt Lake City",
      "Anchorage",
      "Fairbanks",
      "Juneau"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify the 50 state capitals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Juneau is the capital of Alaska.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18182\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "sample B",
      "sample A",
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. The particles in sample A also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.\nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18186\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the temperature shown by this thermometer.",
    "choices":[
      "70\u00b0F",
      "35\u00b0F",
      "50\u00b0F"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Read a thermometer",
    "lecture":"A thermometer is a tool that measures temperature. Temperature can be measured in degrees. The symbol for degrees is \u00b0. Some thermometers measure temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F). Fahrenheit is one scale used to measure temperature. This is a tube thermometer. It has a tube filled with a red liquid. There is a Fahrenheit scale along the right side of the tube. The top of the red liquid lines up with the number 80 on the scale. So, the temperature shown by this thermometer is 80\u00b0F.",
    "solution":"Find the top of the red liquid.\nNow look at the scale to the right. The top of the red liquid lines up with 50. So, the temperature is 50\u00b0F.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is wool a mineral?",
    "choices":[
      "no",
      "yes"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Wool has the following properties:\nsolid\nnot a pure substance\nfound in nature\nmade by an animal\nno fixed crystal structure",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Rocks and minerals",
    "skill":"Identify rocks and minerals",
    "lecture":"Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties: It is a solid. It is formed in nature. It is not made by organisms. It is a pure substance. It has a fixed crystal structure. If a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral. Look closely at the last three properties: A mineral is not made by organisms. Organisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals. Humans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals. A mineral is a pure substance. A pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances. A mineral has a fixed crystal structure. The crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.",
    "solution":"Wool does not have all the properties of a mineral. So, wool is not a mineral.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18200\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature",
      "sample A",
      "sample B"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"Each particle in the two samples has the same mass, but the particles in sample A have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.\nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18201\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which solution has a higher concentration of green particles?",
    "choices":[
      "Solution A",
      "Solution B",
      "neither; their concentrations are the same"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each green ball represents one particle of solute.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Compare concentrations of solutions",
    "lecture":"A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent. concentration = particles of solute \/ volume of solvent",
    "solution":"In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.\nSolution B has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of green particles.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18208\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?",
    "choices":[
      "They estimate that as many as fifteen million Americans have some type of food allergy.",
      "Researchers estimate that as many as fifteen million Americans have some type of food allergy."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Pronouns and antecedents",
    "skill":"Identify vague pronoun references",
    "lecture":"When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.",
    "solution":"The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. They has been replaced with researchers.\nResearchers estimate that as many as fifteen million Americans have some type of food allergy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is smoother?",
    "choices":[
      "bark",
      "glass window"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of materials",
    "lecture":"Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. A material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy. For example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.",
    "solution":"Smooth is a property. A smooth material is not rough or bumpy.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the glass window is smoother. If you touch the glass pane in a window, it will not feel rough or bumpy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Choose the poem that uses alliteration.",
    "choices":[
      "When you destroy a blade of grass\nYou poison England at her roots:\nRemember no man's foot can pass\nWhere evermore no green life shoots.",
      "The human heart has hidden treasures,\nIn secret kept, in silence sealed;\nThe thoughts, the hopes, the dreams, the pleasures,\nWhose charms were broken if revealed."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"From Charlotte Bront\u00eb, \"Evening Solace\" and from Gordon Bottomley, \"To Iron-Founders and Others\"",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reading-comprehension",
    "category":"Analyzing literature",
    "skill":"Identify elements of poetry",
    "lecture":"Poets often use the sounds of words to create interesting effects and to express moods and emotions. Understanding these elements of poetry can help you better interpret and appreciate poetic forms. Anaphora is the repetition of words or sequences of words at the beginning of multiple phrases, sentences, or lines. Out of the cradle endlessly rocking, Out of the mocking-bird's throat, the musical shuttle, Out of the Ninth-month midnight \u2014From Walt Whitman, \"Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking\" Onomatopoeia is when language sounds like what it talks about. Sometimes the onomatopoeia uses made-up words: Tlot-tlot! tlot-tlot! Had they heard it? The horse hoofs ringing clear. \u2014From Alfred Noyes, \"The Highwayman\" Sometimes the onomatopoeia uses real words: Hark! the honey bee is humming. \u2014From Mary Howitt, \"The Voice of Spring\" Alliteration is when beginning consonant sounds are repeated in words that are close together. Where the wild men watched and waited Wolves in the forest, and bears in the bush. \u2014From Bayard Taylor, \"A Night with a Wolf\" Assonance is the repetition of vowel sounds. Often, assonance can create rhymes or near-rhymes within lines. I wandered lonely as a Cloud That floats on high o'er Vales and Hills, When all at once I saw a crowd, A host of golden Daffodils. \u2014From William Wordsworth, \"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud\" Meter is a poem's rhythm, or the pattern of strong and weak syllables. Strong syllables are stressed, while weak syllables are unstressed. A poem has an iambic meter when the beat sounds like da-DUM. A weak syllable is followed by a strong syllable. Occasionally, a line may begin with a strong syllable. He watches from his mountain walls, And like a thunderbolt he falls. \u2014From Alfred, Lord Tennyson, \"The Eagle\" A poem has a trochaic meter when the beat sounds like DUM-da. A strong syllable is followed by a weak syllable. Occasionally, a line may end in a strong syllable. Back into the chamber turning, all my soul within me burning, Soon again I heard a tapping somewhat louder than before. \u2014From Edgar Allen Poe, \"The Raven\" Free verse is when a poem has neither a regular rhythm nor a rhyme pattern. The old bridge has a wrinkled face. He bends his back For us to go over. \u2014From Hilda Conkling, \"The Old Bridge\" The syllables in bold are strong. You can see this poem does not have a regular rhythm. It also doesn't have a rhyme pattern.",
    "solution":"This poem uses alliteration. It repeats beginning consonant sounds.\nWhose charms were broken if revealed.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "sample A",
      "sample B",
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"Each particle in the two samples has the same mass, and the particles in both samples have the same average speed. So, the particles in both samples have the same average kinetic energy.\nBecause the particles in both samples have the same average kinetic energy, the samples must have the same temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18228\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a compound sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "That wool scarf looks soft and warm.",
      "The price went up, so Jane will have to save more money."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple or compound?",
    "lecture":"A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate. The pitcher threw the ball to first base. A compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. The pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it. Some simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences. Anna and James will watch the fireworks tonight. This simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James. The singers bowed and walked off the stage. This simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat. This is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.",
    "solution":"The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction so.\nThe price went up, so Jane will have to save more money.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "attract",
      "repel"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south. Here are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S. If opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18234\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"In which place would you usually find more businesses?",
    "choices":[
      "a suburban area",
      "a rural area"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Compare urban, suburban, and rural areas",
    "lecture":"People around the world live in three main kinds of places: urban areas, suburban areas, and rural areas. An urban area is a city. It has many people and businesses. The buildings are close to each other. The buildings are often tall and have many floors. Since there are so many people, traffic is usually bad. People will walk or take the bus, train, or subway to avoid traffic. A suburban area, or suburb, is near a city. It is quieter and less crowded than an urban area. People usually live in houses with yards. Most people drive to get places. A rural area is less crowded than both urban and suburban areas. Houses are much more spread out. People usually have to drive to get places. People in rural areas often live on farms or ranches. Some places, like small towns, don't really fit into any of the types. A small town does not have as many people as an urban area, but it has more people than a rural area. It is not near a city, so it is not called a suburb.",
    "solution":"Suburban areas have more businesses. Businesses need customers. There are more people in suburban areas than in rural areas.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nDid you really vote for Johnny as class treasurer? Didn't you hear that his uncle was imprisoned for embezzling $1.5 million?",
    "choices":[
      "guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something",
      "bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> red herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that Johnny can't be trusted with money, because his uncle embezzled money. However, even though his uncle couldn't be trusted with money, that doesn't necessarily mean that Johnny can't be trusted with it. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nberry - button",
    "choices":[
      "blue",
      "banana"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince blue is between the guide words berry - button, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\n\"There's nothing I love more than skipping lunch,\" Mr. Lloyd told the flight attendant when he learned that no food would be available on his cross-country flight.",
    "choices":[
      "verbal irony",
      "personification"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Alliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words. What a lucky little lady you are! An allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. An idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned. The assignment was a piece of cake. A simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike. The cat's fur was as dark as the night. A metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as. The snow formed a blanket over the town. Onomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound. The scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat. Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. The trees danced in the wind. A pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning. A great new broom is sweeping the nation. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.",
    "solution":"The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nNothing I love more shows verbal irony because Mr. Lloyd is probably upset that there isn't anything to eat.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these two objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "bouncy",
      "sticky"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Different objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA sticky object can stick to other things. Both objects are sticky.\nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. Neither of the objects are bouncy.\nThe property that both objects have in common is sticky.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18252\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Would you find the word screen on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nsincere - strode",
    "choices":[
      "no",
      "yes"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince screen is not between the guide words sincere - strode, it would not be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ndecree - drove",
    "choices":[
      "diameter",
      "dues"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince diameter is between the guide words decree - drove, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Would you find the word guilty on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ngenuine - grow",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince guilty is not between the guide words genuine - grow, it would not be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following trait inherited or acquired?\nJamal has a scar on his right knee.",
    "choices":[
      "acquired",
      "inherited"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Hint: Most scars are caused by accidents during a person's life.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Identify inherited and acquired traits",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.",
    "solution":"Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence.\nBreaking a stick in half is a ().",
    "choices":[
      "chemical change",
      "physical change"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Identify physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. Burning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. Cutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper. Ice melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state.",
    "solution":"Breaking a stick in half is a physical change. The stick gets broken into two pieces. But the pieces are still made of the same type of matter as the original stick.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is gabbro a mineral or a rock?",
    "choices":[
      "rock",
      "mineral"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Gabbro has the following properties:\nnaturally occurring\nnot made by living things\ncoarse-grained texture\nnot a pure substance\nsolid\nno fixed crystal structure",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Rocks and minerals",
    "skill":"Identify rocks and minerals",
    "lecture":"Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals. Minerals and rocks have the following properties: <br\/><br\/> Property | Mineral | Rock<br\/> It is a solid. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is a pure substance. | Yes | No<br\/> It has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No<br\/> <br\/> You can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither. Look closely at the last three properties: Minerals and rocks are not made by organisms. Organisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be  minerals or rocks. Humans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks. A mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not. A pure substance is made of only one type of matter.  Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures. A mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not. The crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way. However, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different!",
    "solution":"The properties of gabbro match the properties of a rock. So, gabbro is a rock.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18271\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which ocean is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "the Indian Ocean",
      "the Arctic Ocean",
      "the Pacific Ocean",
      "the Atlantic Ocean"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Physical Geography",
    "skill":"Oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean.",
    "solution":"This is the Arctic Ocean.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18282\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Hawaii?",
    "choices":[
      "Honolulu",
      "Hilo",
      "Denver",
      "Lansing"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18283\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of South Dakota?",
    "choices":[
      "Jefferson City",
      "Pierre",
      "Cambridge",
      "Madison"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Pierre is the capital of South Dakota.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18290\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which correctly shows the title of a book?",
    "choices":[
      "the Wind in the Willows",
      "The Wind in the Willows"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"capitalization",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Capitalizing titles",
    "lecture":"In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach These words are not important in titles: Articles, a, an, the Short prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up Coordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or",
    "solution":"Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The words in and the are not important, so they should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is The Wind in the Willows.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "New York",
      "Rhode Island",
      "Delaware",
      "Connecticut"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"English colonies in North America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is Delaware.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18298\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\n\"Sleeping through the rooster's crowing was no problem,\" Devin joked with a yawn.",
    "choices":[
      "Devin finds roosters amusing.",
      "Devin slept poorly."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.",
    "solution":"The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nSleeping through the rooster's crowing was no problem ironically suggests that Devin slept poorly. Devin was tired, so the rooster's crowing was clearly a problem.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which greeting is correct for a letter?",
    "choices":[
      "Dear Grandma Laura,",
      "Dear grandma Laura,"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Greetings and closings of letters",
    "lecture":"A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue. Dear Aunt Sue, I'm glad you could come to my party, and thank you for the birthday gift. I could not have asked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think of you. With love, Rory",
    "solution":"The second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Grandma Laura is capitalized because it is a proper noun.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "New Jersey",
      "Kentucky",
      "Vermont",
      "Pennsylvania"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"Colonial America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is New Jersey.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18315\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "repel",
      "attract"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces. Magnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S). Here are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles. If opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18331\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Read the following excerpt from a student essay. How can the writer best improve his or her grammar and mechanics?\nPeople around the world have always encountered frogs and toads in various bodies of water. Unfortunately, pollution and disease is killing many of the world's frogs. For example, a fungus may be responsible for the extinction of several species in Australia and has been found in forty-four species there. Other fungi and viruses have eliminated frogs in the United States as well. The effect of pollutants are also severe. Substances like fertilizers and heavy metals are responsible for the deaths of many frogs in Europe and Canada.",
    "choices":[
      "by adding commas",
      "by fixing run-on sentences",
      "by fixing subject-verb agreement errors"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Editing and revising",
    "skill":"Suggest appropriate revisions",
    "lecture":"During peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision: Ideas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis? Organization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow? Voice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay? Sentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive? Word choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing? Grammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read?",
    "solution":"The writer could best improve his or her grammar and mechanics by fixing subject-verb agreement errors.\nFor example, the writer could replace the underlined words with the correct verb forms: pollution and disease kill and the effect of pollution is.\nPeople around the world have always encountered frogs and toads in various bodies of water. Unfortunately, pollution and disease is killing many of the world's frogs. For example, a fungus may be responsible for the extinction of several species in Australia and has been found in forty-four species there. Other fungi and viruses have eliminated frogs in the United States as well. The effect of pollutants are also severe. Substances like fertilizers and heavy metals are responsible for the deaths of many frogs in Europe and Canada.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following statement about our solar system true or false?\nSaturn's volume is more than 50% of Jupiter's volume.",
    "choices":[
      "false",
      "true"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Use the data to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"true-or-false",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Astronomy",
    "skill":"Analyze data to compare properties of planets",
    "lecture":"A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet. The primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.",
    "solution":"To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 50% of Jupiter's volume by multiplying Jupiter's volume by 0.5.\nThen compare the result to the volume of Saturn. The volume of Saturn is 827,130 billion km^3, which is more than 715,640 billion km^3. So, Saturn's volume is more than 50% of Jupiter's volume.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18347\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a kitchen table?",
    "choices":[
      "6 feet",
      "6 yards",
      "6 inches"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of distance",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles. There are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile. A football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the length of a kitchen table is 6 feet.\n6 inches is too short and 6 yards is too long.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nOnce upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary. . .\n\u2014Edgar Allan Poe, \"The Raven\"",
    "choices":[
      "personification",
      "alliteration"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify figures of speech: review",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Alliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words. What a lucky little lady you are! An allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. An idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned. The assignment was a piece of cake. A simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike. The cat's fur was as dark as the night. A metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as. The snow formed a blanket over the town. Onomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound. The scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat. Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. The trees danced in the wind. A pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning. A great new broom is sweeping the nation. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.",
    "solution":"The text uses alliteration, the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhile I pondered, weak and weary repeats the w sound.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of California?",
    "choices":[
      "Frankfort",
      "Madison",
      "Los Angeles",
      "Sacramento"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Sacramento is the capital of California.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18360\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is this organism's scientific name?",
    "choices":[
      "Ginglymostoma cirratum",
      "nurse shark"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This organism is a nurse shark. It is also called Ginglymostoma cirratum.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification and scientific names",
    "skill":"Identify common and scientific names",
    "lecture":"An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know. An organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English. Scientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca.",
    "solution":"Ginglymostoma cirratum is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not.\nSo, Ginglymostoma cirratum is the scientific name.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18363\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets.",
    "solution":"Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.\nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18367\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these three objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "salty",
      "sour",
      "fuzzy"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the best answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nPotato chips have a salty taste. The green apple and the lime are not salty.\nA fuzzy object is covered in soft hair. The green apple and the lime are not fuzzy.\nA lemon has a sour taste. All three objects are sour.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is sour.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18369\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature",
      "sample B",
      "sample A"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.\nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18376\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nDo not go gentle into that good night,\nOld age should burn and rave at close of day;\nRage, rage against the dying of the light.\n\u2014Dylan Thomas, \"Do not go gentle into that good night\"",
    "choices":[
      "assonance",
      "apostrophe"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify the figure of speech: anaphora, antithesis, apostrophe, assonance, chiasmus, understatement",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Anaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses. We are united. We are powerful. We are winners. Antithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure. I want to help, not to hurt. Apostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity. Oh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully? Assonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words. Try to light the fire. Chiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words. Never let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you. Understatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is. As you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.",
    "solution":"The text uses assonance, the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nThe words age, rave, day, and rage share a vowel sound.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which statement describes the Sahara Desert ecosystem?",
    "choices":[
      "It has many different types of organisms.",
      "It has warm, wet summers."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Figure: Sahara Desert.\nThe Sahara Desert in northern Africa is the largest hot desert in the world. Less than one-fifth of this desert is covered in sand dunes. Most of the Sahara Desert is covered by bare rock, gravel, and pebbles!",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Describe ecosystems",
    "lecture":"An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment. There are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other: the pattern of weather, or climate the type of soil the organisms that live there",
    "solution":"A hot desert is a type of ecosystem. Hot deserts have the following features: a small amount of rain, dry, thin soil, and many different types of organisms. So, the following statements describe the Sahara Desert ecosystem: a small amount of rain, dry, thin soil, and many different types of organisms. It has many different types of organisms. It has a small amount of rain. The following statement does not describe the Sahara Desert: a small amount of rain, dry, thin soil, and many different types of organisms. It has warm, wet summers.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18379\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the mammal below.",
    "choices":[
      "gorilla",
      "goldfish"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Mammals have hair or fur and feed their young milk. A black howler is an example of a mammal.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common. Scientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.",
    "solution":"A gorilla is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.\nGorillas live in groups called troops. The largest male in the troop is usually the leader.\nA goldfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nGoldfish are popular as pets in many countries today. They were first kept as pets by people in ancient China.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18384\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following statement true or false?\nPlant cells are filled with cytoplasm.",
    "choices":[
      "true",
      "false"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"true-or-false",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Cells",
    "skill":"Cell part functions: true or false",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Plant cells are filled with cytoplasm.\nThis statement is true. All cells have cytoplasm. The cytoplasm fills and maintains the space inside the cell.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a compound sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "Tammy knew the answer to the question, so she raised her hand.",
      "China grows most of the wheat in the world."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple or compound?",
    "lecture":"A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate. The pitcher threw the ball to first base. A compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. The pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it. Some simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences. Anna and James will watch the fireworks tonight. This simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James. The singers bowed and walked off the stage. This simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat. This is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.",
    "solution":"The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction so.\nTammy knew the answer to the question, so she raised her hand.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is this plant's phenotype for the ground spot color trait?",
    "choices":[
      "a yellow ground spot",
      "a white ground spot"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This passage describes the ground spot color trait in watermelon plants:\n\nIn a group of watermelon plants, some individuals have a yellow ground spot and others have a white ground spot. In this group, the gene for the ground spot color trait has two alleles. The allele for a yellow ground spot (G) is dominant over the allele for a white ground spot (g).\nA certain watermelon plant from this group has the homozygous genotype gg for the ground spot color gene.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: dominant and recessive",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. Some traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene. An organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene. An organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene. The types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. A dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers. A recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.",
    "solution":"The watermelon plant's genotype for the ground spot color gene is gg. The watermelon plant's genotype of gg has only g alleles. The g allele is for a white ground spot. So, the watermelon plant's phenotype for the ground spot color trait must be a white ground spot.\nTo check this answer, consider whether the watermelon plant's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for a yellow ground spot (G) is dominant over the allele for a white ground spot (g). This means G is a dominant allele, and g is a recessive allele.\nThe watermelon plant's genotype of gg has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, the watermelon plant's phenotype for the ground spot color trait must be a white ground spot.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of North Dakota?",
    "choices":[
      "Jersey City",
      "Baton Rouge",
      "Harrisburg",
      "Bismarck"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Bismarck is the capital of North Dakota.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18428\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"During this time, thermal energy was transferred from () to ().",
    "choices":[
      "the surroundings . . . each cake",
      "each cake . . . the surroundings"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Edgar baked two identical cakes. When he took them out of the oven, he left one cake in its pan and took the other cake out of its pan to put it on a plate. This table shows how the temperature of each cake changed over 5minutes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Thermal energy",
    "skill":"Compare thermal energy transfers",
    "lecture":"A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy: An increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings. A decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings.",
    "solution":"The temperature of each cake decreased, which means that the thermal energy of each cake decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred from each cake to the surroundings.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18434\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "sample B",
      "sample A",
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"Each particle in the two samples has the same mass, but the particles in sample A have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.\nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18443\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nGary's leaving his job? That's old news. He's been planning that for months.",
    "choices":[
      "oxymoron",
      "euphemism"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify the figure of speech: euphemism, hyperbole, oxymoron, paradox",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! An oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Some reviewers are calling this book a new classic. A paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Always expect the unexpected.",
    "solution":"The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nOld news is a contradiction, because news is recent information.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the volume of a bathroom sink?",
    "choices":[
      "9 milliliters",
      "9 liters"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Volume is a measurement of how much space something takes up. There are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters. There are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter. A raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the volume of a bathroom sink is 9 liters.\n9 milliliters is too little.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the text to describe the diagram.\nSolute particles moved in both directions across the permeable membrane. But more solute particles moved across the membrane (). When there was an equal concentration on both sides, the particles reached equilibrium.",
    "choices":[
      "to the right than to the left",
      "to the left than to the right"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The diagram below shows a solution with one solute. Each solute particle is represented by a purple ball. The solution fills a closed container that is divided in half by a membrane. The membrane, represented by a dotted line, is permeable to the solute particles.\nThe diagram shows how the solution can change over time during the process of diffusion.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Diffusion across membranes",
    "lecture":"In a solution, solute particles move and spread throughout the solvent. The diagram below shows how a solution can change over time. Solute particles move from the area where they are at a higher concentration to the area where they are at a lower concentration. This movement happens through the process of diffusion. As a result of diffusion, the concentration of solute particles becomes equal throughout the solution. When this happens, the solute particles reach equilibrium. At equilibrium, the solute particles do not stop moving. But their concentration throughout the solution stays the same. Membranes, or thin boundaries, can divide solutions into parts. A membrane is permeable to a solute when particles of the solute can pass through gaps in the membrane. In this case, solute particles can move freely across the membrane from one side to the other. So, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more particles will move across a permeable membrane from the side with a higher concentration of solute particles to the side with a lower concentration. At equilibrium, the concentration on both sides of the membrane is equal.",
    "solution":"Look at the diagram again. It shows you how the solution changed during the process of diffusion.\nBefore the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 3 solute particles on the left side of the membrane and 7 solute particles on the right side of the membrane.\nWhen the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 5 solute particles on each side of the membrane. There were 2 more solute particles on the left side of the membrane than before.\nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more solute particles must have moved across the membrane to the left than to the right.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18447\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a bus route across a small town?",
    "choices":[
      "2 miles",
      "2 feet",
      "2 yards",
      "2 inches"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of distance, mass, and volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles. There are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile. A football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the length of a bus route across a small town is 2 miles.\n2 inches, 2 feet, and 2 yards are all too short.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Rhode Island?",
    "choices":[
      "Newport",
      "Green Bay",
      "Annapolis",
      "Providence"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Northeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Providence is the capital of Rhode Island.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18462\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which phrase has a more positive connotation?",
    "choices":[
      "feeling overjoyed",
      "feeling glad"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"vocabulary",
    "category":"Shades of meaning",
    "skill":"Positive and negative connotation",
    "lecture":"Connotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations. For example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations. Eager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited. Impatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding.",
    "solution":"Feeling overjoyed has a more positive connotation. If you feel overjoyed, you are really glad.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nAustin said he would put in a good word for Tiana with their boss, but she knew he had a reputation as a Benedict Arnold.",
    "choices":[
      "a poem",
      "U.S. history"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. Here, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion Benedict Arnold is U.S. history.\nBenedict Arnold was an American officer who secretly aided the British during the American Revolution.\nThe allusion Benedict Arnold means a traitor.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the personification in this text suggest?\nKenny tried to ignore his unfinished essay, but it glared at him from across the room.",
    "choices":[
      "It bothered Kenny that the essay wasn't finished.",
      "The essay was printed in large type."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. The trees danced in the wind.",
    "solution":"The text uses personification, giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nGlared at him suggests that it bothered Kenny that the essay wasn't finished. The essay is like a person who is bothering Kenny.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which correctly shows the title of a song?",
    "choices":[
      "\"what Are You Waiting For?\"",
      "\"What Are You Waiting For?\""
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"capitalization",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Capitalizing titles",
    "lecture":"In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach These words are not important in titles: Articles, a, an, the Short prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up Coordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or",
    "solution":"Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe correct title is \"What Are You Waiting For?\"",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which ocean is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "the Arctic Ocean",
      "the Indian Ocean",
      "the Pacific Ocean",
      "the Southern Ocean"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Physical Geography",
    "skill":"Oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean.",
    "solution":"This is the Arctic Ocean.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18485\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following trait inherited or acquired?\nLiam can ride a bicycle.",
    "choices":[
      "inherited",
      "acquired"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Hint: Riding a bike well takes practice.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Heredity",
    "skill":"Identify inherited and acquired traits",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.",
    "solution":"People are not born knowing how to ride a bicycle. Instead, many people learn how to ride. So, riding a bicycle is an acquired trait.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest north?",
    "choices":[
      "Oregon",
      "Mississippi",
      "Arizona",
      "Texas"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Oregon is farthest north.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18489\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal's feet are also adapted for grabbing prey?",
    "choices":[
      "New Zealand falcon",
      "pronghorn"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"White-tailed eagles eat fish, mammals, and other birds. The 's feet are adapted for grabbing prey.\nFigure: white-tailed eagle.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: feet and limbs",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the white-tailed eagle.\nThe white-tailed eagle has long toes with sharp claws. Its feet are adapted for grabbing prey. The sharp claws can help the white-tailed eagle attack and kill its prey. The long toes can help it hold on to its prey.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe New Zealand falcon has long toes with sharp claws. Its feet are adapted for grabbing prey.\nThe pronghorn has hoofed feet. Its feet are not adapted for grabbing prey. The pronghorn uses its feet to walk and run on hard ground.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18500\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on the table, who invented the Super Soaker?",
    "choices":[
      "Ern\u0151 Rubik",
      "Lonnie Johnson"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This table shows the inventors of some popular toys.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Visual elements",
    "skill":"Read graphic organizers",
    "lecture":"A graphic organizer is a chart or picture that shows how ideas, facts, or topics are related to one another. When you read, look for graphic organizers included in the text. You can use these images to find key information. You can also create your own graphic organizers with information that you've read. Doing this can help you think about the ideas in the text and easily review them. When you write, you can use graphic organizers to organize your thoughts and plan your writing.",
    "solution":"In a table, each cell gives information related to its row and column. This table shows the inventors of some popular toys.\nLook in the Toy column and find Super Soaker. Then, follow that row to the left to see who the Inventor was. The left column tells you that Lonnie Johnson invented the Super Soaker.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18512\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence.\nThe rift valley along the Knipovich Ridge formed at a () boundary.",
    "choices":[
      "transform",
      "convergent",
      "divergent"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Read the passage and look at the picture.\nThe Knipovich Ridge and its rift valley mark the northernmost mid-ocean ridge in the Atlantic Ocean. This mid-ocean ridge and rift valley are the result of the Eurasian Plate and the North American Plate moving away from each other.\nThere are several volcanoes in the rift valley, as well as cracks in the crust called hydrothermal vents. At these vents, cold ocean water sinks into the crust, is heated by hot magma, and rises back to the surface. The heated ocean water can reach temperatures up to 700 degrees Fahrenheit!",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Plate tectonics",
    "skill":"Describe tectonic plate boundaries around the world",
    "lecture":"The outer layer of Earth is broken up into many pieces called tectonic plates, or simply plates. The breaks between plates are called plate boundaries. Plate boundaries are classified by the way the plates are moving relative to each other: At a transform boundary, two plates are sliding past each other. At a convergent boundary, two plates are moving toward each other. At a divergent boundary, two plates are moving away from each other. divergent plate boundary When plates at a divergent boundary move apart, cracks form in the crust along the boundary. Melted rock rises from below the crust to fill these cracks. As the melted rock cools and hardens, it becomes new oceanic crust. Newer oceanic crust weighs less than older oceanic crust. So, the crust on either side of the boundary rises up higher than the older crust that is farther from the boundary. This difference in elevation creates a mid-ocean ridge, or underwater mountain chain. Between the two plates, there may be a deep rift valley.",
    "solution":"To figure out what type of plate boundary formed the rift valley along the Knipovich Ridge, you need to know how the tectonic plates interacted. To find this out, read the passage carefully.\nThe Knipovich Ridge and its rift valley mark the northernmost mid-ocean ridge in the Atlantic Ocean. This mid-ocean ridge and rift valley are the result of the Eurasian Plate and the North American Plate moving away from each other.\nThere are several volcanoes in the rift valley, as well as cracks in the crust called hydrothermal vents. At these vents, cold ocean water sinks into the crust, is heated by hot magma, and rises back to the surface. The heated ocean water can reach temperatures up to 700 degrees Fahrenheit!\nThe underlined part of the passage explains that the rift valley along the Knipovich Ridge formed as the two plates moved away from each other, or diverged. So, the rift valley along the Knipovich Ridge formed at a divergent boundary.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18513\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is an ice skate?",
    "choices":[
      "26 kilometers",
      "26 centimeters"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of distance",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Imagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers? The number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing. Now look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters. There are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter. There are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the length of an ice skate is 26 centimeters.\n26 kilometers is too long.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Read the following excerpt from a student essay. How can the writer best improve his or her organization?\nMany students, parents, and teachers cringe at the idea of sending kids to school year-round, but it would improve academic performance. Lengthy summer vacations were not established to accommodate farming schedules, as most people assume; they were started so that wealthy families could leave the city in the hot summer months and vacation in the country. Studies have shown that as a result of \"summer slide,\" many students returning to school in the fall have forgotten what they learned the previous year. Year-round school would provide consistency and help students learn more.",
    "choices":[
      "by making a general statement before giving specific examples",
      "by presenting facts before discussing opinions",
      "by removing text unrelated to the main idea"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Editing and revising",
    "skill":"Suggest appropriate revisions",
    "lecture":"During peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision: Ideas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis? Organization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow? Voice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay? Sentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive? Word choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing? Grammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read?",
    "solution":"The writer could best improve his or her organization by removing text unrelated to the main idea.\nFor example, the writer could remove the underlined sentence, which isn't clearly related to the main idea\u2014the benefits of year-round school.\nMany students, parents, and teachers cringe at the idea of sending kids to school year-round, but it would improve academic performance. Lengthy summer vacations were not established to accommodate farming schedules, as most people assume; they were started so that wealthy families could leave the city in the hot summer months and vacation in the country. Studies have shown that as a result of \"summer slide,\" many students returning to school in the fall have forgotten what they learned the previous year. Year-round school would provide consistency and help students learn more.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which object has the most thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "a cookie at a temperature of 12\u00b0C",
      "a cookie at a temperature of 10\u00b0C",
      "a cookie at a temperature of 13\u00b0C"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The objects are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Heat and thermal energy",
    "skill":"How is temperature related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.",
    "solution":"All three cookies have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 13\u00b0C cookie is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which material are these coins made of?",
    "choices":[
      "metal",
      "wood"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Identify materials in objects",
    "lecture":"A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the coins.\nThe coins are made of metal.\nDifferent coins are made of different types of metal. One of the metals used to make nickels is actually called nickel!",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18534\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What does this Works Cited entry indicate about the cited work?\nSilver, Johanna. \"How to Remove a Lawn.\" Sunset n.d.: n. pag. Web. 1 Apr. 2015.",
    "choices":[
      "It has no available publication date.",
      "It is a poem.",
      "It was published on April 1, 2015."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Research skills",
    "skill":"Understand a Works Cited entry (MLA 7th edition)",
    "lecture":"When writing research papers, you will often be asked to follow a particular style guide for your citations. One popular style guide is the Modern Language Association (MLA) Handbook. Below are the basic formats for some common types of Works Cited entries. Consult the MLA Handbook for a complete list. Books: <br\/><br\/> Format | Author(s). Book Title. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium of Publication.<br\/> Example | Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Dover Publications, 1995. Print.<br\/> <br\/> Essays, short stories, or poems in an anthology or book: <br\/><br\/> Format | Author(s). \"Essay, Poem, or Short Story Title.\" Anthology or Book Title. Ed. Editor Name. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Page Number(s). Medium of Publication.<br\/> Example | James, Henry. \"The Middle Years.\" The Oxford Book of American Short Stories. Ed. Joyce Carol Oates. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2013. 116-135. Print.<br\/> <br\/> Magazine and newspaper articles: <br\/><br\/> Format | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Magazine or Newspaper Date of Publication: Page(s). Medium of Publication.<br\/> Example | Hayes, David J., and James H. Stock. \"The Real Cost of Coal.\" New York Times 24 Mar. 2015: n. pag. Web. 25 Mar. 2015.<br\/> <br\/> Journal articles: <br\/><br\/> Format | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Journal Volume.Issue (Year): Page(s). Medium of Publication.<br\/> Example | Gillette, Jane, et al. \"Human Simulations of Vocabulary Learning.\" Cognition 73.2 (1999): 135-176. Print.<br\/> <br\/> Web pages: <br\/><br\/> Format | Author(s). \"Page Title.\" Name of Website. Publisher, Date of Publication. Medium of Publication. Date of Access.<br\/> Example | Gunn, Janelle P., and Lauren E. Owens. \"How to Slash Sodium from Your Diet.\" Livestrong.com. Demand Media, 30 Mar. 2015. Web. 31 Mar. 2015.<br\/> <br\/> Additional guidelines: Author Names. The first author's name is written in last name, first name format (Smith, Jane). Additional author names are written in first name last name format (Smith, Jane, and John Doe). If there are more than three authors, the first author's name is followed by \"et al.,\" which stands for and others (e.g., Smith, Jane, et al.). Medium of Publication. Each entry must include information about what form the content was communicated in. The most common mediums are \"Print\" and \"Web,\" but other possibilities include \"Film,\" \"E-mail,\" and \"Lecture.\" Whenever the Medium of Publication is \"Web,\" the date of access (the day, month, and year the webpage was viewed) must be listed directly after the Medium of Publication. Editors and Translators. If a work has an editor or a translator, this information must be added to the Works Cited entry using the appropriate abbreviation. \"Ed.\" stands for edited by. \"Trans.\" stands for translated by. Missing Information. If a work has no known author, the author section of the citation is simply left out. If a work has no available page numbers, the abbreviation \"n. pag.\" is used instead. If a work has no available publication date, the abbreviation \"n.d.\" is used instead. If a work has no available publisher or no available city of publication, the abbreviation \"n.p.\" is used instead.",
    "solution":"Look closely at the Works Cited entry:\nSilver, Johanna. \"How to Remove a Lawn.\" Sunset n.d.: n. pag. Web. 1 Apr. 2015.\nYou can tell that the cited work has no available publication date because the entry contains the abbreviation n.d., which means no date of publication.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word does not rhyme?",
    "choices":[
      "tram",
      "cream",
      "dream"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"phonological-awareness",
    "category":"Rhyming",
    "skill":"Which word does not rhyme?",
    "lecture":"Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound. The words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound. The words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings. The words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.",
    "solution":"The words cream and dream rhyme. They both end with the eam sound.\nThe word tram does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Suppose Ling decides to go as a superhero. Which result would be a cost?",
    "choices":[
      "Ling will give up the chance to wear the costume she is more excited about.",
      "Ling will save some time and money. She won't have to go out and get a new costume."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Ling is deciding whether to go as a vampire or a superhero to a costume party. She would rather go as a vampire. But she already has a superhero costume.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Costs and benefits",
    "lecture":"Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits. Costs are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need. Benefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.",
    "solution":"This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Ling wants or needs:\nLing will give up the chance to wear the costume she is more excited about.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "attract",
      "repel"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces. Magnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S). Here are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles. If opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18556\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nLet's not pick up our baby every time he cries. If we give in now, he'll end up controlling every aspect of our household by the time he can talk!",
    "choices":[
      "guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something",
      "false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other",
      "slippery slope fallacy: the false assumption that a small first step will lead to extreme consequences"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations<br\/> slippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that picking up the baby when he cries will lead to him controlling the household. However, this isn't necessarily true. This argument offers only one extreme and unlikely outcome. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the slippery slope fallacy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal's neck is also adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still?",
    "choices":[
      "painted stork",
      "mallard"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Black-headed herons live near wetlands and lakes. They eat mostly fish.\nThe 's neck helps it grab fish while keeping the rest of its body still. If the heron had to move its body, it might scare the fish away.\nFigure: black-headed heron.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: beaks, mouths, and necks",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The shape of an animal's neck is one example of an adaptation. Animals' necks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large frilled neck might help an animal appear dangerous to its predators. A long neck might help an animal get food from tall trees.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the black-headed heron.\nThe black-headed heron has a long neck. Its neck is adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still. This allows the black-headed heron to grab the prey without scaring it away.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe painted stork has a long neck. Its neck is adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still.\nThe mallard has a short neck. Its neck is not adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18566\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Arkansas?",
    "choices":[
      "Fayetteville",
      "Columbia",
      "Little Rock",
      "Provo"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Southeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Little Rock is the capital of Arkansas.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18594\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Look at the models of molecules below. Select the elementary substance.",
    "choices":[
      "methane",
      "trichlorofluoromethane",
      "iodine"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"Identify elementary substances and compounds using models",
    "lecture":"There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you. A substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl. Scientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride. In a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18604\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is this tomato plant's phenotype for the fruit color trait?",
    "choices":[
      "red fruit",
      "FF"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"In a group of tomato plants, some individuals have red fruit and others have yellow fruit. In this group, the gene for the fruit color trait has two alleles. The allele F is for red fruit, and the allele f is for yellow fruit.\nA certain tomato plant from this group has red fruit. This plant has two alleles for red fruit.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.",
    "solution":"An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. The tomato plant's observable version of the fruit color trait is red fruit. So, the plant's phenotype for the fruit color trait is red fruit.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What kind of sentence is this?\nBrenda put a bandage on my cut.",
    "choices":[
      "interrogative",
      "declarative"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory?",
    "lecture":"There are four kinds of sentences. A declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period. I have an older brother and a younger sister. An interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark. How tall are you? An imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point. Read the first chapter by next week. Look out for that car! An exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point. Some whales are over ninety feet long! I can't wait until tomorrow!",
    "solution":"The sentence tells about something, and it ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"After the Akkadian Empire ended, many cities and empires tried to control Mesopotamia. Around the 1790s BCE, which empire started controlling Mesopotamia?",
    "choices":[
      "the Babylonian Empire",
      "the Elamite Empire",
      "the Akkadian Empire",
      "the Neo-Sumerian Empire"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Look at the table. Then answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"world-history",
    "category":"Ancient Mesopotamia",
    "skill":"Mesopotamian empires",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the table.\nThe abbreviation \"ca.\" stands for the Latin word, circa. Circa means \"about.\" It indicates when a date is estimated. So, around 1792 BCE, the Babylonian Empire started controlling Mesopotamia.\nThe Babylonian (ba-bih-LOH-nee-in) Empire came after the Akkadian and Neo-Sumerian empires. The capital of the Babylonian Empire was the city of Babylon (BA-bih-lahn).",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18623\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the volume of a kitchen sink?",
    "choices":[
      "12 gallons",
      "12 cups",
      "12 fluid ounces"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Volume is a measurement of how much space something takes up. There are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons. As the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon. A glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the volume of a kitchen sink is 12 gallons.\n12 fluid ounces and 12 cups are both too little.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature",
      "sample A",
      "sample B"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.\nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18629\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a school bus?",
    "choices":[
      "14 miles",
      "14 inches",
      "14 yards",
      "14 feet"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of distance, mass, and volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles. There are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile. A football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the length of a school bus is 14 yards.\n14 inches and 14 feet are too short. 14 miles is too long.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the volume of a kiddie pool?",
    "choices":[
      "300 cups",
      "300 fluid ounces",
      "300 gallons"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Volume is a measurement of how much space something takes up. There are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons. As the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon. A glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the volume of a kiddie pool is 300 gallons.\n300 fluid ounces and 300 cups are both too little.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the probability that a rose plant produced by this cross will be homozygous recessive for the flower color gene?",
    "choices":[
      "4\/4",
      "2\/4",
      "0\/4",
      "1\/4",
      "3\/4"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"In a group of rose plants, some individuals have light yellow flowers and others have dark yellow flowers. In this group, the gene for the flower color trait has two alleles. The allele for light yellow flowers (F) is dominant over the allele for dark yellow flowers (f).\nThis Punnett square shows a cross between two rose plants.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Use Punnett squares to calculate probabilities of offspring types",
    "lecture":"Offspring genotypes: homozygous or heterozygous? How do you determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for a gene? Look at the alleles in the organism's genotype for that gene. An organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. If both alleles are dominant, the organism is homozygous dominant for the gene. If both alleles are recessive, the organism is homozygous recessive for the gene. An organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. In a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype.  Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes. An event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction: probability of an event = number of ways the event can happen \/ number of equally likely outcomes You can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff. <br\/><br\/>  | F | f<br\/> F | FF | Ff<br\/> f | Ff | ff<br\/> <br\/> Consider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction: number of ways the event can happen \/ number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff \/ total number of boxes = 1 \/ 4",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18635\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material, but some of them are different shapes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.",
    "solution":"The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nBoth magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.\nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18643\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the mass of a floor lamp?",
    "choices":[
      "5 kilograms",
      "5 grams"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of mass",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Mass is a measurement of how much matter something contains. There are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms. There are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram. A paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the mass of a floor lamp is 5 kilograms.\n5 grams is too light.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which greeting is correct for a letter?",
    "choices":[
      "Dear Aunt Olivia,",
      "Dear aunt olivia,"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Greetings and closings of letters",
    "lecture":"A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue. Dear Aunt Sue, I'm glad you could come to my party, and thank you for the birthday gift. I could not have asked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think of you. With love, Rory",
    "solution":"The second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Aunt Olivia is capitalized because it is a proper noun.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Would you find the word blanket on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nbass - bottle",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince blanket is between the guide words bass - bottle, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the volume of a watering can?",
    "choices":[
      "6 milliliters",
      "6 liters"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Volume is a measurement of how much space something takes up. There are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters. There are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter. A raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the volume of a watering can is 6 liters.\n6 milliliters is too little.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a duck?",
    "choices":[
      "2 inches",
      "2 feet",
      "2 yards"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of distance",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles. There are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile. A football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the length of a duck is 2 feet.\n2 inches is too short and 2 yards is too long.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Evan acquired this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Evan's scar was caused by an accident. He cut his arm when he fell off his bicycle.",
      "Some scars fade more quickly than others."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nEvan has a scar on his right arm.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Heredity",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nMarcy has no school spirit\u2014she never comes to any of our football games.",
    "choices":[
      "red herring: the use of a completely unrelated topic or idea",
      "false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> red herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that Marcy doesn't have school spirit, because she doesn't go to football games. However, there may be a number of reasons why Marcy doesn't go to football games. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which letter opening is more formal?",
    "choices":[
      "Dear Mr. Finley,",
      "Dear Dave,"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Audience, purpose, and tone",
    "skill":"Which text is most formal?",
    "lecture":"Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions. Formal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language. Compare the following sentences. Informal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome. More formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners. Most formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners.",
    "solution":"The second letter opening is more formal. It uses the recipient's personal title and last name. The other opening uses the recipient's first name, suggesting a more familiar relationship.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "South Carolina",
      "Georgia",
      "Illinois",
      "Virginia"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"Colonial America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is Georgia.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18702\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Ava acquired this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Ava likes to look at butterflies and beetles.",
      "Ava learned to identify insects by reading many books about insects."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nAva is good at identifying insects.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\nburning a marshmallow over a campfire\nan engine using gasoline to power a car",
    "choices":[
      "Both are caused by cooling.",
      "Both are only physical changes.",
      "Both are caused by heating."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Chemical reactions",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule. In a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns. In a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nBurning a marshmallow is a chemical change. The heat from the fire causes the type of matter in the marshmallow to change. The marshmallow becomes black and crispy.\nAn engine using gasoline to power a car is a chemical change. High temperatures in the engine break the chemical bonds in the molecules of gasoline and release energy. The atoms then link together to form new molecules, such as water, carbon dioxide, and other chemicals.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBoth changes are caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the statement.\nBeryllium is ().",
    "choices":[
      "an elementary substance",
      "a compound"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Beryllium is a strong, lightweight metal used to make mirrors for space telescopes. The chemical formula for beryllium is Be.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"Classify elementary substances and compounds using chemical formulas",
    "lecture":"There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you. A substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be. The atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula. An elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol. The atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule. For example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms. A compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols. The chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula. For example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two atoms.",
    "solution":"You can tell whether beryllium is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of atomic symbols in its chemical formula. An atomic symbol consists of either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for beryllium contains one atomic symbol: Be. So, the formula tells you that beryllium is composed of only one chemical element.\nSince beryllium is composed of only one chemical element, beryllium is an elementary substance.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Suppose Ernest decides to join the Theater Club. Which result would be a cost?",
    "choices":[
      "Ernest will save some time. He would have spent more time in the Photography Club than in the Theater Club.",
      "Ernest will give up the chance to be in the Photography Club. He would have had more fun in the Photography Club than in the Theater Club."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Ernest is deciding whether to join the Photography Club or the Theater Club at school. He wants the club he joins to be fun. But he doesn't want it to take up too much time.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Costs and benefits",
    "lecture":"Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits. Costs are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need. Benefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.",
    "solution":"This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Ernest wants or needs:\nErnest will give up the chance to be in the Photography Club. He would have had more fun in the Photography Club than in the Theater Club.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is graphite a mineral or a rock?",
    "choices":[
      "rock",
      "mineral"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Graphite has the following properties:\ndark gray\nfixed crystal structure\nmade of a pure substance called carbon\nfound in nature\nnot made by living things\nsolid",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Rocks and minerals",
    "skill":"Identify rocks and minerals",
    "lecture":"Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals. Minerals and rocks have the following properties: <br\/><br\/> Property | Mineral | Rock<br\/> It is a solid. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is a pure substance. | Yes | No<br\/> It has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No<br\/> <br\/> You can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither. Look closely at the last three properties: Minerals and rocks are not made by organisms. Organisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be  minerals or rocks. Humans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks. A mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not. A pure substance is made of only one type of matter.  Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures. A mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not. The crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way. However, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different!",
    "solution":"Graphite has all the properties of a mineral. So, graphite is a mineral.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18721\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the living thing.",
    "choices":[
      "sea otter",
      "cell phone",
      "house",
      "beach ball"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify living and nonliving things",
    "lecture":"All living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell. All living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change. All living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense.",
    "solution":"A cell phone is not a living thing.\nA cell phone does not have all the traits of a living thing. It does many useful things, and even responds to the world around it. But it does not grow. It does not need food or water.\nA beach ball is not a living thing.\nBeach balls do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.\nA sea otter is a living thing.\nSea otters grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water. Sea otters are made up of many cells.\nA house is not a living thing.\nHouses do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Eli acquired this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Eli likes to fly a kite with his younger brother.",
      "Eli's neighbor taught him how to repair a kite.",
      "Eli's friend taught him how to fly a kite."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nEli knows how to fly a kite.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which solution has a higher concentration of green particles?",
    "choices":[
      "Solution B",
      "neither; their concentrations are the same",
      "Solution A"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each green ball represents one particle of solute.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Compare concentrations of solutions",
    "lecture":"A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent. concentration = particles of solute \/ volume of solvent",
    "solution":"In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.\nSolution A and Solution B have the same number of green particles per milliliter. So, their concentrations are the same.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18748\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nhabit - hinge",
    "choices":[
      "hole",
      "healthy"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince healthy is between the guide words habit - hinge, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Isabella inherited this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Isabella's neighbor has green eyes.",
      "Isabella and her biological father wear sunglasses when they go outside.",
      "Isabella has green eyes like her biological mother."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nIsabella has green eyes.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Solomon Islands",
      "the Federated States of Micronesia",
      "Kiribati",
      "the Marshall Islands"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Oceania: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of Oceania",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is the Marshall Islands.\nDoes the Marshall Islands have any territorial disputes?\nThe Marshall Islands claims to own Wake Island, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.\nThe United States claimed Wake Island in 1899 and has controlled it since then. But the Marshall Islands considers the island part of its territory. It says that its people have traveled to the island to gather food and resources for many years. Today, the island is mainly used by the U.S. Air Force.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18755\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "Pennsylvania",
      "New York",
      "Delaware",
      "West Virginia"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"Colonial America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is Delaware.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18756\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What can Roger and Sebastian trade to each get what they want?",
    "choices":[
      "Sebastian can trade his almonds for Roger's tomatoes.",
      "Sebastian can trade his broccoli for Roger's oranges.",
      "Roger can trade his tomatoes for Sebastian's broccoli.",
      "Roger can trade his tomatoes for Sebastian's carrots."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.\nRoger and Sebastian open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Neither Roger nor Sebastian got everything that they wanted. The table below shows which items they each wanted:\n\nLook at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.\nRoger's lunch Sebastian's lunch",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Trade and specialization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the table and images.\nRoger wants broccoli. Sebastian wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18758\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a simple sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "This loaf of bread is almost stale, but we can make it into bread crumbs for the meatballs.",
      "He showed the officers a hotel receipt and an airplane ticket as proof of his time in Buenos Aires."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple, compound, or complex?",
    "lecture":"A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence. the oranges on our tree are ripe The clause can stand alone. It is independent. after we pick up Kevin from work The clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent. A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause. Ben and I spent all day relaxing by the pool. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat. Ben usually wears his heavy coat in the winter. A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. We saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while. If she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.",
    "solution":"The first sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.\nHe showed the officers a hotel receipt and an airplane ticket as proof of his time in Buenos Aires.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nKaylee anticipated that the free makeover her friend was promising would turn out to be a Trojan horse.",
    "choices":[
      "Greek mythology",
      "the Bible"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. Here, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion Trojan horse is Greek mythology.\nIn Greek mythology, the Greek army tricks the Trojan army into taking a large wooden horse into their carefully guarded city. The horse turns out to be filled with Greek warriors who, once inside the city of Troy, open the gates to the Greek army waiting outside.\nThe allusion Trojan horse means a deceptive or harmful offering.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest west?",
    "choices":[
      "Vermont",
      "Rhode Island",
      "South Dakota",
      "Washington"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Maps",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Washington is farthest west.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18769\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Lamar inherited this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Lamar's parents were born with straight hair. They passed down this trait to Lamar.",
      "Lamar and his father both have short hair."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nLamar has straight hair.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\npelt - push",
    "choices":[
      "plea",
      "pave"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince plea is between the guide words pelt - push, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a limousine?",
    "choices":[
      "8 inches",
      "8 feet",
      "8 miles",
      "8 yards"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of distance, mass, and volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles. There are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile. A football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the length of a limousine is 8 yards.\n8 inches and 8 feet are too short. 8 miles is too long.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the motion of two gray whales. Which gray whale was moving at a higher speed?",
    "choices":[
      "a gray whale that moved 25miles in 5hours",
      "a gray whale that moved 20miles in 5hours"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Compare the speeds of moving objects",
    "lecture":"An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time. Distance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile. Time tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour. Think about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed.",
    "solution":"Look at the distance each gray whale moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne gray whale moved 25 miles in 5 hours.\nThe other gray whale moved 20 miles in 5 hours.\nNotice that each gray whale spent the same amount of time moving. The gray whale that moved 25 miles moved a farther distance in that time. So, that gray whale must have moved at a higher speed.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following could Zach's test show?",
    "choices":[
      "how well the weather station would work when it was windy",
      "if the weather station would work when the temperature was 50\u00b0C"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design.\nThe passage below describes how the engineering-design process was used to test a solution to a problem. Read the passage. Then answer the question below.\n\nZach was a mechanical engineer who was designing  to record temperature, precipitation, and wind speed. The weather station would be used in a town where the highest recorded temperature was 40\u00b0C. Zach wanted to make sure the weather station would work even in unusually warm weather.\nSo, he set an indoor test chamber to 50\u00b0C with low moisture and no wind. He left the weather station in the chamber overnight. The next day, he checked to see if the weather station displayed accurate measurements after 24 hours at 50\u00b0C.\nFigure: a weather station.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Engineering practices",
    "skill":"Evaluate tests of engineering-design solutions",
    "lecture":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured. Imagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves. First, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind. Then, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved. Tests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18798\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is this summer squash plant's genotype for the leaf texture gene?",
    "choices":[
      "Ll",
      "fuzzy leaves"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"In a group of summer squash plants, some individuals have fuzzy leaves and others have smooth leaves. In this group, the gene for the leaf texture trait has two alleles. The allele L is for fuzzy leaves, and the allele l is for smooth leaves.\nA certain summer squash plant from this group has fuzzy leaves. This plant has one allele for fuzzy leaves and one allele for smooth leaves.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.",
    "solution":"An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The summer squash plant has one allele for fuzzy leaves (L) and one allele for smooth leaves (l). So, the plant's genotype for the leaf texture gene is Ll.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Using only these supplies, which question can Roger investigate with an experiment?",
    "choices":[
      "Which type of tree do the squirrels feed from most often?",
      "Do the squirrels select sunflower seeds or walnuts more often?",
      "Do the squirrels eat walnuts from large feeders more often than from small feeders?"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Roger enjoys feeding the squirrels in his backyard. He notices that they spend a lot of time collecting seeds and nuts. He wonders about what factors affect which foods squirrels choose to collect. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\ntwo identical squirrel feeders\na bag of sunflower seeds\na bag of walnuts\na tree to hang the feeders from",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Washington?",
    "choices":[
      "Cheyenne",
      "Salem",
      "Olympia",
      "Honolulu"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Olympia is the capital of Washington.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18820\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the euphemism in this text suggest?\nHunter is big-boned, so despite being in middle school, he often shops in the men's department.",
    "choices":[
      "Hunter is overweight.",
      "Hunter has larger bones than most people."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.",
    "solution":"The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe euphemism big-boned suggests that Hunter is overweight.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the volume of a watering can?",
    "choices":[
      "20 fluid ounces",
      "20 gallons",
      "20 cups"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Volume is a measurement of how much space something takes up. There are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons. As the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon. A glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the volume of a watering can is 20 cups.\n20 fluid ounces is too little and 20 gallons is too much.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following trait inherited or acquired?\nLee has a scar on his left ankle.",
    "choices":[
      "acquired",
      "inherited"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Hint: Most scars are caused by accidents during a person's life.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Heredity",
    "skill":"Identify inherited and acquired traits",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.",
    "solution":"Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Massachusetts?",
    "choices":[
      "Annapolis",
      "Boston",
      "Plymouth",
      "Des Moines"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Northeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Boston is the capital of Massachusetts.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18827\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nDr. Osborne is unhappy with her new assistant because simple tasks, like fetching coffee, take him years to finish.",
    "choices":[
      "hyperbole",
      "anaphora"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify the figure of speech: review",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Anaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses. We are united. We are powerful. We are winners. Antithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure. I want to help, not to hurt. Apostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity. Oh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully? Assonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words. Try to light the fire. Chiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words. Never let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! An oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Some reviewers are calling this book a new classic. A paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Always expect the unexpected. Understatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is. As you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.",
    "solution":"The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nTake him years to finish is an exaggeration, since it probably does not take him entire years to fetch coffee.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Sandy's phenotype for the body color trait?",
    "choices":[
      "a golden body",
      "a gray body"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"In a group of guppies, some individuals have a gray body and others have a golden body. In this group, the gene for the body color trait has two alleles. The allele for a gray body (B) is dominant over the allele for a golden body (b).\nSandy is a guppy from this group. Sandy has the homozygous genotype bb for the body color gene.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: dominant and recessive",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. Some traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene. An organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene. An organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene. The types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. A dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers. A recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.",
    "solution":"Sandy's genotype for the body color gene is bb. Sandy's genotype of bb has only b alleles. The b allele is for a golden body. So, Sandy's phenotype for the body color trait must be a golden body.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Sandy's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for a gray body (B) is dominant over the allele for a golden body (b). This means B is a dominant allele, and b is a recessive allele.\nSandy's genotype of bb has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Sandy's phenotype for the body color trait must be a golden body.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Maryland?",
    "choices":[
      "Boston",
      "Albany",
      "Trenton",
      "Annapolis"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Northeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Annapolis is the capital of Maryland.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18834\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "attract",
      "repel"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south. Here are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S. If opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18842\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following trait inherited or acquired?\nReggie has naturally red hair.",
    "choices":[
      "acquired",
      "inherited"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Hint: Some people dye their hair. But this does not change their natural hair color.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Identify inherited and acquired traits",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.",
    "solution":"Humans do not choose their natural hair color. Instead, children get their natural hair color from their parents. So, Reggie's hair color is an inherited trait.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the motion of three cars. Which car was moving at the highest speed?",
    "choices":[
      "a car that moved 505kilometers east in 5hours",
      "a car that moved 355kilometers north in 5hours",
      "a car that moved 300kilometers north in 5hours"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Compare the speeds of moving objects",
    "lecture":"An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time. Distance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer. Time tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour. Think about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed.",
    "solution":"Look at the distance each car moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each car moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each car moved for 5 hours. The car that moved 505 kilometers moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that car must have moved at the highest speed.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2.",
      "The magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1.",
      "The strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Compare strengths of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.",
    "solution":"Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.\nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18851\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Identify the question that Mona's experiment can best answer.",
    "choices":[
      "Do more tomato seedlings grow when they are planted in soil with fertilizer compared to soil without fertilizer?",
      "Does the humidity level where tomato seeds are planted affect the number of tomato seedlings that grow?"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below.\n\nMona planted 25 tomato seeds one-half inch below the soil surface in each of six pots. Mona added an equal amount of fertilizer to three of the six pots. She placed the pots in a plant growth chamber where all the seeds experienced the same temperature, amount of light, and humidity level. After two weeks, Mona counted the number of seedlings that grew in each pot. She compared the number of seedlings in the pots with fertilizer to the number of seedlings in the pots without fertilizer.\nFigure: tomato seedlings growing in soil.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify the experimental question",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment. Imagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured. First, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested. Then, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured. Experiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height. Examples of questions that this experiment can answer include: Does soil type affect the height of daffodil plants? Do daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil? Are daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18855\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a long-distance running race?",
    "choices":[
      "12 feet",
      "12 miles"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of distance",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Imagine being told that a pencil is 8 long. You might be thinking, 8 what? Is the pencil 8 inches long? 8 feet? 8 miles? The number 8 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing. Now look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are inches. So, the length of the pencil is 8 inches. There are 12 inches in 1 foot. So, 1 inch is much shorter than 1 foot. There are 3 feet in 1 yard. So, 1 foot is shorter than 1 yard.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the length of a long-distance running race is 12 miles.\n12 feet is too short.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Illinois?",
    "choices":[
      "Chicago",
      "Lansing",
      "Springfield",
      "Boise"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Springfield is the capital of Illinois.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18863\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material, but some of them are different shapes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.",
    "solution":"The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nBoth magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.\nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18866\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a school bus?",
    "choices":[
      "12 centimeters",
      "12 meters"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of distance",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Imagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers? The number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing. Now look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters. There are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter. There are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the length of a school bus is 12 meters.\n12 centimeters is too short.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is the Panama Canal?",
    "choices":[
      "80 kilometers",
      "80 millimeters",
      "80 centimeters",
      "80 meters"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of distance, mass, and volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter. The tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long. A red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the length of the Panama Canal is 80 kilometers.\n80 millimeters, 80 centimeters, and 80 meters are all too short.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which sentence is more formal?",
    "choices":[
      "In music, the term mezzo forte means moderately loud.",
      "In music, the term mezzo forte means kinda loud."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Author's purpose and tone",
    "skill":"Which sentence is more formal?",
    "lecture":"Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing: <br\/><br\/> Type | Examples<br\/> slang | cool, awesome<br\/> idioms | knock your socks off<br\/> conversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah<br\/> abbreviated language | ASAP, FYI<br\/> overly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store<br\/> contractions | can't, won't<br\/> <br\/> Contractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing. Compare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal. Informal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners. Formal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.",
    "solution":"The first sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses conversational language (kinda).\nThe second sentence uses formal language in place of the conversational language, so it is more formal overall.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Identify the question that Arianna's experiment can best answer.",
    "choices":[
      "Do radishes grown under bright light get bigger than radishes grown under dim light?",
      "Do radish plants grown under bright light have more leaves than radish plants grown under dim light?"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below.\n\nArianna planted 20 radish plants in a greenhouse, putting each plant in its own pot. She placed ten of the pots under bright light and the other ten pots under dim light. Arianna watered all the plants twice a day. After two months, she pulled the radish plants from the ground, threw away the leafy green tops, and measured the sizes of the radishes. She compared the sizes of the radishes grown under bright light to the sizes of the radishes grown under dim light.\nFigure: a radish plant in soil.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify the experimental question",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment. Imagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured. First, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested. Then, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured. Experiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height. Examples of questions that this experiment can answer include: Does soil type affect the height of daffodil plants? Do daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil? Are daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18888\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Identify the question that Mona's experiment can best answer.",
    "choices":[
      "Does linen fabric turn darker than cotton fabric when soaked in a mixture of black dye and water?",
      "Does fabric turn darker when soaked in a mixture of black dye and water for 15 minutes compared to 30 minutes?"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below.\n\nMona prepared ten buckets, each with one gallon of boiling water and three tablespoons of black fabric dye. Mona soaked white linen fabric squares in five of the buckets, and white cotton fabric squares in the other five buckets. All of the fabric squares were soaked for 15 minutes. After the fabric dried, Mona scored the darkness of the squares on a scale from light to dark. She compared the darkness of the linen fabric to the darkness of the cotton fabric.\nFigure: fabric that has been dyed black.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify the experimental question",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment. Imagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured. First, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested. Then, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured. Experiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height. Examples of questions that this experiment can answer include: Does soil type affect the height of daffodil plants? Do daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil? Are daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18893\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Maine?",
    "choices":[
      "Albany",
      "Trenton",
      "Augusta",
      "Harrisburg"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Northeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Augusta is the capital of Maine.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18904\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nWhen it comes to starting new businesses, Tisha seems to have a Midas touch.",
    "choices":[
      "Greek mythology",
      "British history"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. Here, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion Midas is Greek mythology.\nIn Greek mythology, King Midas is granted his wish that everything he touches turn to gold.\nThe allusion Midas means fortunate.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Alaska?",
    "choices":[
      "Juneau",
      "Anchorage",
      "Nashville",
      "Salem"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Juneau is the capital of Alaska.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18914\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nThat's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.\n\u2014Neil Armstrong",
    "choices":[
      "apostrophe",
      "antithesis"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify the figure of speech: anaphora, antithesis, apostrophe, assonance, chiasmus, understatement",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Anaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses. We are united. We are powerful. We are winners. Antithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure. I want to help, not to hurt. Apostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity. Oh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully? Assonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words. Try to light the fire. Chiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words. Never let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you. Understatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is. As you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.",
    "solution":"The text uses antithesis, the contrasting of opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nArmstrong contrasts a literal small step for man with a figurative giant leap for mankind.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?",
    "choices":[
      "Right after Joy bought the book for her literature class, she dropped it.",
      "Right after she bought it, Joy dropped the book for her literature class."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Pronouns and antecedents",
    "skill":"Identify vague pronoun references",
    "lecture":"When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.",
    "solution":"The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to the book or the class.\nRight after Joy bought the book for her literature class, she dropped it.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nRight after she bought it, Joy dropped the book for her literature class.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of West Virginia?",
    "choices":[
      "Helena",
      "Springfield",
      "Montgomery",
      "Charleston"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Southeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Charleston is the capital of West Virginia.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18926\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Lollipop's phenotype for the ear type trait?",
    "choices":[
      "ee",
      "dumbo ears"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This passage describes the ear type trait in rats:\n\nIn a group of rats, some individuals have normal ears and others have dumbo ears. In this group, the gene for the ear type trait has two alleles. The allele E is for normal ears, and the allele e is for dumbo ears.\nLollipop, a rat from this group, has dumbo ears. Lollipop has two alleles for dumbo ears.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.",
    "solution":"An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Lollipop's observable version of the ear type trait is dumbo ears. So, Lollipop's phenotype for the ear type trait is dumbo ears.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which glas of orange juice has a higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "the glass of orange juice with more thermal energy",
      "the glass of orange juice with less thermal energy"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two 225-gram glasses of orange juice are identical except for their thermal energies.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Thermal energy",
    "skill":"How are temperature and mass related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving. The energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. What happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.",
    "solution":"The two glasses of orange juice are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the glass of orange juice with more thermal energy has a higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Choose the poem that uses end rhyme.",
    "choices":[
      "But here\na wild-hyacinth stalk is snapped:\nthe purple buds\u2014half ripe\u2014\nshow deep purple\nwhere your heel pressed.",
      "They knew by his awful and kingly look,\nBy the order hastily spoken,\nThat he dreamed of days when the nations shook,\nAnd the nations' hosts were broken."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"From H. D., \"Pursuit\" and from Isaac McClellan, \"The Death of Napoleon\"",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reading-comprehension",
    "category":"Poetry elements",
    "skill":"Identify elements of poetry",
    "lecture":"Poetry is a special kind of writing. It has many elements that make it different from ordinary writing. Knowing these elements can help you talk about poetry, understand it better, and enjoy it more. A poem rhymes when it has a pattern of words that end in the same sound. End rhyme is when the rhymes appear at the end of a poem's lines. Little Betty Blue, Lost her holiday shoe. \u2014From Mother Goose Internal rhyme is when at least one of the rhyming words appears inside the poem's lines. Sweet dreams of pleasant streams. \u2014From William Blake, \"A Cradle Song\" Rhythm is the pattern of strong and weak syllables, or stress, in a poem. You can recognize rhythm in a poem by listening to how it sounds. Poems with regular rhythm have a beat, like in music. He watches from his mountain walls, And like a thunderbolt he falls. \u2014From Alfred, Lord Tennyson, \"The Eagle\" The syllables in bold are strong. We say them with more force than the other syllables. In this poem, every weak syllable is followed by a strong syllable. Each line sounds like da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM. To better hear the rhythm, try reading it aloud while clapping on each strong syllable. Free verse is when a poem has neither a regular rhythm nor a rhyme pattern. The old bridge has a wrinkled face. He bends his back For us to go over. \u2014From Hilda Conkling, \"The Old Bridge\" The syllables in bold are strong. You can see this poem does not have a regular rhythm. It also doesn't have a rhyme pattern. Repetition is when words, phrases, or whole lines are repeated. The dainty flying squirrel In vest of shining white, In coat of silver gray, And vest of shining white. \u2014Adapted from Mary E. Burt, \"The Flying Squirrel\" Alliteration is when beginning consonant sounds are repeated in words that are close together. Where the wild men watched and waited Wolves in the forest, and bears in the bush. \u2014From Bayard Taylor, \"A Night with a Wolf\" Onomatopoeia is when language sounds like what it talks about. Sometimes the onomatopoeia uses made-up words: Tlot-tlot! tlot-tlot! Had they heard it? The horse hoofs ringing clear. \u2014From Alfred Noyes, \"The Highwayman\" Sometimes the onomatopoeia uses real words: Hark! the honey bee is humming. \u2014From Mary Howitt, \"The Voice of Spring\"",
    "solution":"This poem uses end rhyme. Its rhymes come at the end of its lines.\nAnd the nations' hosts were broken.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nNora thinks Mr. Durham is a Luddite because he doesn't own a cell phone.",
    "choices":[
      "British history",
      "the Bible"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. Here, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion Luddite is British history.\nIn the early nineteenth century, factories were replacing the jobs of craftsmen. Some of these craftsmen banded together to destroy the new machinery; those who did so were called Luddites.\nThe allusion Luddite means a person opposed to new technology.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence.\nSauce burning on a stove is a ().",
    "choices":[
      "physical change",
      "chemical change"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Identify physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Burning a piece of paper is a chemical change. When paper gets hot enough, it reacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same. Cutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper. A change of state is a type of physical change. For example, ice melting is a physical change. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.",
    "solution":"Sauce burning on a stove is a chemical change. High temperatures case the sauce to react with oxygen in the air. The sauce turns black and no longer tastes good.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of New Hampshire?",
    "choices":[
      "Montpelier",
      "Providence",
      "Concord",
      "Dover"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Northeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Concord is the capital of New Hampshire.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18940\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\ncooking an egg\nan antacid tablet reacting with water",
    "choices":[
      "Both are caused by heating.",
      "Both are only physical changes.",
      "Both are chemical changes.",
      "Both are caused by cooling."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nCooking an egg is a chemical change. The heat causes the matter in the egg to change. Cooked egg and raw egg are different types of matter.\nAn antacid tablet reacting with water is a chemical change. When the tablet touches water, the type of matter in the tablet changes and carbon dioxide gas is released. This gas makes the water fizz.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nCooking is caused by heating. But an antacid tablet reacting with water is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Assume all other forces on Desmond are balanced. Which statement describes the forces on Desmond?",
    "choices":[
      "The forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Desmond.",
      "The forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Desmond."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Desmond is standing on a diving board at the pool. Earth's gravity is pulling down on Desmond with a force of 400N. The diving board is pushing up on Desmond with a force of 400N.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Balanced and unbalanced forces",
    "lecture":"A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces. When opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object. When opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object.",
    "solution":"To determine if there is a net force on Desmond, look at the forces:\nEarth's gravity is pulling Desmond down with a force of 400 N.\nThe diving board is pushing Desmond up with a force of 400 N.\nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have the same magnitude: 400 N. This means that the forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Desmond.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Paul acquired this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Paul has two pet fish. The fish live in a fish tank together.",
      "Paul was not born knowing how to identify different fish. He had to learn this skill."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nPaul is good at identifying fish.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Heredity",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence.\nAn ostrich is ().",
    "choices":[
      "a fish",
      "a mammal",
      "an amphibian",
      "a bird",
      "a reptile"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":"This picture shows a common ostrich. Ostriches have feathers. But they cannot fly.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"literacy-in-science",
    "category":"Animals",
    "skill":"Seed disperser: common ostrich",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Like other birds, ostriches have two legs, two wings, feathers, and a beak.\nBut unlike other birds, they cannot fly. Ostriches are the largest birds in the world. They are too heavy to fly. A fully grown ostrich can weigh over 300 pounds!",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18961\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which text uses the word random in its traditional sense?",
    "choices":[
      "At the grocery store, Estelle hastily grabbed fruits and vegetables at random, filling her shopping cart with a hodgepodge of food.",
      "Estelle made a random trip to the grocery store, though her kitchen was already stocked with a hodgepodge of food."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Word usage and nuance",
    "skill":"Explore words with new or contested usages",
    "lecture":"Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner. When a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences. Britney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam. The traditional usage above is considered more standard. David perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages. The nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.",
    "solution":"The first text uses random in its traditional sense: made or occurring without a definite pattern.\nAt the grocery store, Estelle hastily grabbed fruits and vegetables at random, filling her shopping cart with a hodgepodge of food.\nThe second text uses random in its nontraditional sense: odd or out of place.\nEstelle made a random trip to the grocery store, though her kitchen was already stocked with a hodgepodge of food.\nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word random because it is generally considered incorrect.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which tense does the sentence use?\nAkiko teaches Whitney about customs in Japan.",
    "choices":[
      "future tense",
      "present tense",
      "past tense"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"verbs",
    "category":"Verb tense",
    "skill":"Is the sentence in the past, present, or future tense?",
    "lecture":"Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now. Most present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es. Two verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms. Past tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened. Most past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed. Some verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms. Future tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen. All future-tense verbs use the word will. <br\/><br\/> Present | Past | Future<br\/> walk, walks | walked | will walk<br\/> go, goes | went | will go<br\/>",
    "solution":"The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, teaches. The verb ends in -es and tells you about something that is true or happening now.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"How much time passed between the Constitutional Convention and the start of the Civil War?",
    "choices":[
      "74 years",
      "225 years",
      "25 years",
      "157 years"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Look at the timeline. Then answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"Early 19th century American history",
    "skill":"Antebellum Period: slavery and politics part I",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the timeline. The Constitutional Convention was in the year 1787. The Civil War started in the year 1861. Use subtraction to find the answer.\nThe Civil War began 74 years after the Constitutional Convention.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18974\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\nmixing sand and water\na rock heating up in a campfire",
    "choices":[
      "Both are caused by heating.",
      "Both are chemical changes.",
      "Both are caused by cooling.",
      "Both are only physical changes."
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nMixing sand and water is a physical change. Adding water makes the sand wet. But both the sand and water are still made of the same type of matter as before.\nA rock heating up in a campfire is a physical change. The temperature of the rock goes up, but the rock is still made of the same type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nA rock heating up in a campfire is caused by heating. But mixing sand and water is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the metaphor in this text suggest?\nWhen Connor lost his job, he was devastated. The only light in the sea of darkness was the prospect of pursuing a new career.",
    "choices":[
      "Connor felt in the dark about what to do after losing his job.",
      "There was a benefit to Connor's job loss."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. A metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as. The snow formed a blanket over the town.",
    "solution":"The text uses a metaphor, comparing two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe metaphor the only light in the sea of darkness was the prospect of pursuing a new career suggests that there was a benefit to Connor's job loss. A light would be beneficial in helping someone escape a dark, difficult-to-navigate situation. Similarly, Connor's new career was beneficial in helping him escape the emotionally difficult experience of losing his job.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Assume all other forces on Francesca are balanced. Which statement describes the forces on Francesca?",
    "choices":[
      "The forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Francesca.",
      "The forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Francesca."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Francesca is sitting on a roller coaster cart as it reaches the bottom of a big loop. Earth's gravity is pulling down on Francesca with a force of 600N. The seat of the cart is pushing up on Francesca with a force of 1,200N.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Balanced and unbalanced forces",
    "lecture":"A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces. When opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object. When opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object.",
    "solution":"To determine if there is a net force on Francesca, look at the forces:\nEarth's gravity is pulling Francesca down with a force of 600 N.\nThe seat of the cart is pushing Francesca up with a force of 1,200 N.\nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have different magnitudes: 600 N and 1,200 N. This means that the forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Francesca.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "Maryland",
      "Washington, D.C.",
      "Iowa",
      "Alabama"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"English colonies in North America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is Maryland.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/18995\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which ocean is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "the Arctic Ocean",
      "the Pacific Ocean",
      "the Indian Ocean",
      "the Southern Ocean"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Physical Geography",
    "skill":"Oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean.",
    "solution":"This is the Indian Ocean.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19003\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on the timeline, which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "Buddhism began more than 500 years before Christianity.",
      "Buddhism began about 300 years after Judaism."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The following timeline shows the approximate dates when several world religions began. Look at the timeline. Then answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"world-history",
    "category":"World religions",
    "skill":"Origins of Buddhism",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19013\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which continent is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Europe",
      "Australia",
      "Africa",
      "Antarctica"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Physical Geography",
    "skill":"Oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents.",
    "solution":"This continent is Australia.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19024\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following organisms is the decomposer in this food web?",
    "choices":[
      "parasitic jaeger",
      "snowy owl",
      "mushroom"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Below is a food web from a tundra ecosystem in Nunavut, a territory in Northern Canada.\nA food web models how the matter eaten by organisms moves through an ecosystem. The arrows in a food web represent how matter moves between organisms in an ecosystem.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecological interactions",
    "skill":"Interpret food webs I",
    "lecture":"A food web is a model. A food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food. Arrows show how matter moves. A food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating. An organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web. An organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web.",
    "solution":"Decomposers help break down dead organisms into simpler matter, such as nutrients. These nutrients can then help plants and other organisms grow. In a food web, there is an arrow pointing from another organism to a decomposer. There are no arrows pointing from a decomposer to another organism.\nThe parasitic jaeger has an arrow pointing from it. So, the parasitic jaeger is not a decomposer.\nThe earthworm does not have arrows pointing from it to other organisms. So, the earthworm is a decomposer.\nThe mushroom does not have arrows pointing from it to other organisms. So, the mushroom is a decomposer.\nThe snowy owl has an arrow pointing from it. So, the snowy owl is not a decomposer.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19028\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Arizona?",
    "choices":[
      "Phoenix",
      "Jackson",
      "Tucson",
      "Kansas City"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify the 50 state capitals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Phoenix is the capital of Arizona.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19037\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal is also adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert?",
    "choices":[
      "horned viper",
      "polar bear"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Thorny devils are lizards that live in the deserts of Australia. The  is adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert.\nFigure: thorny devil.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: skins and body coverings",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the thorny devil.\nThe thorny devil has a yellow-and-brown body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert. The word camouflage means to blend in.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe horned viper has sand-colored scales covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert.\nThe polar bear has white fur covering its body. It is not adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19038\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the expected ratio of offspring with dumbo ears to offspring with normal ears? Choose the most likely ratio.",
    "choices":[
      "0:4",
      "1:3",
      "3:1",
      "2:2",
      "4:0"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This passage describes the ear type trait in rats:\nSome rats have dumbo ears, which are larger and rounder than normal ears. Dumbo ears are also set on the sides of the rat's head instead of on the top. The word dumbo comes from the name of a cartoon elephant whose ears had a similar appearance.\nIn a group of rats, some individuals have normal ears and others have dumbo ears. In this group, the gene for the ear type trait has two alleles. The allele for dumbo ears (e) is recessive to the allele for normal ears (E).\nThis Punnett square shows a cross between two rats.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Use Punnett squares to calculate ratios of offspring types",
    "lecture":"Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive? How do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. If an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait. If an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait. A Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type. For example, consider the Punnett square below. <br\/><br\/>  | F | f<br\/> F | FF | Ff<br\/> f | Ff | ff<br\/> <br\/> There is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.",
    "solution":"To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with dumbo ears or normal ears, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the ear type trait. The question tells you that the e allele, which is for dumbo ears, is recessive to the E allele, which is for normal ears.\nDumbo ears is the recessive allele's version of the ear type trait. A rat with the recessive version of the ear type trait must have only recessive alleles for the ear type gene. So, offspring with dumbo ears must have the genotype ee.\nThere is 1 box in the Punnett square with the genotype ee. This box is highlighted below.\nNormal ears is the dominant allele's version of the ear type trait. A rat with the dominant version of the ear type trait must have at least one dominant allele for the ear type gene. So, offspring with normal ears must have the genotype EE or Ee.\nThere are 3 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype EE or Ee. These boxes are highlighted below.\nSo, the expected ratio of offspring with dumbo ears to offspring with normal ears is 1:3. This means that, on average, this cross will produce 1 offspring with dumbo ears for every 3 offspring with normal ears.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19041\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "New Zealand",
      "Papua New Guinea",
      "Solomon Islands",
      "Samoa"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Oceania: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of Oceania",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is Papua New Guinea.\nWhy does Papua New Guinea share its island with another country?\nPapua New Guinea takes up the eastern half of the island of New Guinea. The western half is part of Indonesia, an Asian country.\nBeginning in the 17 th century, several countries took control of different parts of the island of New Guinea. By 1922, Australia controlled the entire eastern half of the island, and the Netherlands controlled the western half. In 1963, control over the western half was transferred to Indonesia, which had just gained independence from the Netherlands. Many people in western New Guinea did not want to become part of Indonesia, though, and some people in this area are still fighting to leave Indonesia today. The eastern part gained independence from Australia in 1975 and became Papua New Guinea.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19048\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following statement about our solar system true or false?\nThere are twice as many ice planets as rocky planets.",
    "choices":[
      "false",
      "true"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Use the data to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"true-or-false",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Astronomy",
    "skill":"Analyze data to compare properties of planets",
    "lecture":"A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet. The primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.",
    "solution":"The table tells you that there are two ice planets and four rocky planets. So, there are half as many ice planets as rocky planets.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19051\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which bird's beak is also adapted to get nectar out of long flowers?",
    "choices":[
      "bufflehead",
      "violet sabrewing"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Broad-tailed hummingbirds live in the woodlands and meadows of western North America. The shape of the 's beak is adapted to get nectar out of long flowers.\nFigure: broad-tailed hummingbird.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: beaks, mouths, and necks",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the broad-tailed hummingbird.\nThe broad-tailed hummingbird has a long, thin beak. Its beak is adapted to get nectar out of long flowers. The broad-tailed hummingbird's long, thin beak can reach deep into the flowers.\nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.\nThe violet sabrewing has a long, thin beak. Its beak is adapted to get nectar out of long flowers.\nThe bufflehead has a wide, flat beak. Its beak is not adapted to get nectar out of long flowers. The bufflehead uses its beak to eat plants and invertebrates that live in mud.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19053\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles?",
    "choices":[
      "Solution A",
      "Solution B",
      "neither; their concentrations are the same"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each pink ball represents one particle of solute.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Compare concentrations of solutions",
    "lecture":"A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent. concentration = particles of solute \/ volume of solvent",
    "solution":"In Solution A and Solution B, the pink particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles, look at both the number of pink particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of pink particles per milliliter.\nSolution A and Solution B have the same number of pink particles per milliliter. So, their concentrations are the same.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19056\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which ocean is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "the Pacific Ocean",
      "the Southern Ocean",
      "the Indian Ocean",
      "the Arctic Ocean"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Physical Geography",
    "skill":"Oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean.",
    "solution":"This is the Indian Ocean.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19059\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which tense does the sentence use?\nNick and Mona will help the neighbors.",
    "choices":[
      "past tense",
      "present tense",
      "future tense"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"verbs",
    "category":"Verb tense",
    "skill":"Is the sentence in the past, present, or future tense?",
    "lecture":"Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now. Most present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es. Two verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms. Past tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened. Most past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed. Some verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms. Future tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen. All future-tense verbs use the word will. <br\/><br\/> Present | Past | Future<br\/> walk, walks | walked | will walk<br\/> go, goes | went | will go<br\/>",
    "solution":"The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, help. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these three objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "salty",
      "scratchy",
      "sweet"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Select the best answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nSugar has a sweet taste. All three objects are sweet.\nA scratchy object is rough and itchy against your skin. The pineapple is scratchy, but the cake batter and the jello are not.\nPotato chips have a salty taste. None of the objects are salty.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is sweet.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19076\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What location was involved in the triangular trade?",
    "choices":[
      "China",
      "the West Indies"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"By the 1700s, merchants in the Thirteen Colonies traded goods across the Atlantic Ocean in a pattern called triangular trade. Look at the map showing this trade. Then answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"The American Revolution",
    "skill":"Causes of the American Revolution: introduction to mercantilism and the Navigation Acts",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the map.\nThe arrows on the map show that goods moved to and from these locations:\nChina was not involved in the triangular trade.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19081\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following trait inherited or acquired?\nShawna has a scar on her right hand.",
    "choices":[
      "acquired",
      "inherited"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Hint: Most scars are caused by accidents during a person's life.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Heredity",
    "skill":"Identify inherited and acquired traits",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.",
    "solution":"Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which sentence is more formal?",
    "choices":[
      "Tomorrow's lunar eclipse promises to be an impressive sight.",
      "Tomorrow's lunar eclipse is going to knock your socks off."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Author's purpose and tone",
    "skill":"Which sentence is more formal?",
    "lecture":"Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing: <br\/><br\/> Type | Examples<br\/> slang | cool, awesome<br\/> idioms | knock your socks off<br\/> conversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah<br\/> abbreviated language | ASAP, FYI<br\/> overly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store<br\/> contractions | can't, won't<br\/> <br\/> Contractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing. Compare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal. Informal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners. Formal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.",
    "solution":"The first sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses an idiom (knock your socks off).\nThe second sentence uses formal language in place of the idiom, so it is more formal overall.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Penny's phenotype for the body size trait?",
    "choices":[
      "a dwarf body",
      "bb"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"In a group of rats, some individuals have a normal-sized body and others have a dwarf body. In this group, the gene for the body size trait has two alleles. The allele B is for a normal-sized body, and the allele b is for a dwarf body.\nPenny, a rat from this group, has a dwarf body. Penny has two alleles for a dwarf body.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.",
    "solution":"An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Penny's observable version of the body size trait is a dwarf body. So, Penny's phenotype for the body size trait is a dwarf body.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Would you find the word weak on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nwarn - whip",
    "choices":[
      "no",
      "yes"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince weak is between the guide words warn - whip, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of South Carolina?",
    "choices":[
      "Austin",
      "Charleston",
      "Columbia",
      "Oklahoma City"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Southeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Columbia is the capital of South Carolina.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19108\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which better describes the Tibetan Plateau ecosystem?",
    "choices":[
      "It has long, cold winters. It also has mostly small plants.",
      "It has long, cold winters. It also has many evergreen trees."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Figure: Tibetan Plateau.\nThe Tibetan Plateau is a tundra ecosystem located in Tibet, western China, and northern India.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Describe ecosystems",
    "lecture":"An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment. There are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other: the pattern of weather, or climate the type of soil the organisms that live there",
    "solution":"A tundra is a type of ecosystem. Tundras have the following features: long, cold winters and short, cold summers, soil that is frozen year-round, and mostly small plants. So, the Tibetan Plateau has long, cold winters. It also has mostly small plants.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19110\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which object has less thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "a 350-gram cup of black tea at a temperature of 195\u00b0F",
      "a 350-gram cup of black tea at a temperature of 110\u00b0F"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The objects are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Heat and thermal energy",
    "skill":"How is temperature related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.",
    "solution":"The two cups of black tea have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 110\u00b0F cup of black tea is colder than the 195\u00b0F cup of black tea, it has less thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Does the sentence use a simile or a metaphor?\nOn some summer days, the attic heats up like an oven.",
    "choices":[
      "metaphor",
      "simile"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Identify similes and metaphors",
    "lecture":"Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike. A simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as. My sister runs like a cheetah. The sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like. A cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast. The cat's fur was as dark as the night. The cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as. The night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark. A metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as. The snow formed a blanket over the town. The snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as. A blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely. Using similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader.",
    "solution":"On some summer days, the attic heats up like an oven.\nThe words attic and oven are compared using the word like. So, the sentence uses a simile.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which object has the most thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "a banana at a temperature of 73\u00b0F",
      "a banana at a temperature of 53\u00b0F",
      "a banana at a temperature of 92\u00b0F"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The objects are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Heat and thermal energy",
    "skill":"How is temperature related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.",
    "solution":"All three bananas have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 92\u00b0F banana is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a kitchen table?",
    "choices":[
      "10 feet",
      "10 yards"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of distance",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Imagine being told that a pencil is 8 long. You might be thinking, 8 what? Is the pencil 8 inches long? 8 feet? 8 miles? The number 8 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing. Now look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are inches. So, the length of the pencil is 8 inches. There are 12 inches in 1 foot. So, 1 inch is much shorter than 1 foot. There are 3 feet in 1 yard. So, 1 foot is shorter than 1 yard.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the length of a kitchen table is 10 feet.\n10 yards is too long.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Suppose Dustin decides to eat the grapes. Which result would be a cost?",
    "choices":[
      "Dustin will give up the chance to eat the oatmeal cookies. Dustin thinks oatmeal cookies would have tasted better than grapes will.",
      "Dustin will get to eat the grapes. The grapes will be healthier than the oatmeal cookies would have been."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Dustin is deciding whether to eat grapes or oatmeal cookies for an afternoon snack. He would like to eat something tasty, but he is also trying to be healthier.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Costs and benefits",
    "lecture":"Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits. Costs are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need. Benefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.",
    "solution":"This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Dustin wants or needs:\nDustin will give up the chance to eat the oatmeal cookies. Dustin thinks oatmeal cookies would have tasted better than grapes will.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles?",
    "choices":[
      "Solution B",
      "neither; their concentrations are the same",
      "Solution A"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each purple ball represents one particle of solute.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Compare concentrations of solutions",
    "lecture":"A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent. concentration = particles of solute \/ volume of solvent",
    "solution":"In Solution A and Solution B, the purple particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles, look at both the number of purple particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of purple particles per milliliter.\nSolution A has more purple particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of purple particles.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19148\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the volume of a kitchen sink?",
    "choices":[
      "10 fluid ounces",
      "10 gallons",
      "10 cups"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Volume is a measurement of how much space something takes up. There are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons. As the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon. A glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the volume of a kitchen sink is 10 gallons.\n10 fluid ounces and 10 cups are both too little.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal's neck is also adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still?",
    "choices":[
      "blue-footed booby",
      "saddle-billed stork"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Great blue herons live near wetlands and lakes. They eat mostly fish.\nThe 's neck helps it grab fish while keeping the rest of its body still. If the heron had to move its body, it might scare the fish away.\nFigure: great blue heron.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: beaks, mouths, and necks",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The shape of an animal's neck is one example of an adaptation. Animals' necks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large frilled neck might help an animal appear dangerous to its predators. A long neck might help an animal get food from tall trees.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the great blue heron.\nThe great blue heron has a long neck. Its neck is adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still. This allows the great blue heron to grab the prey without scaring it away.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe saddle-billed stork has a long neck. Its neck is adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still.\nThe blue-footed booby has a short neck. Its neck is not adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19172\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence so that it uses personification.\nNo one could ignore the hideous painting, which () the attention of every visitor.",
    "choices":[
      "screamed for",
      "attracted"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Creative techniques",
    "skill":"Use personification",
    "lecture":"Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point. The trees danced in the wind. The word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.",
    "solution":"Complete the sentence with the phrase screamed for. It describes the painting as if it were a person who demands attention.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the expected ratio of offspring with red eyes to offspring with brown eyes? Choose the most likely ratio.",
    "choices":[
      "1:3",
      "2:2",
      "4:0",
      "0:4",
      "3:1"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"In a group of guinea pigs, some individuals have brown eyes and others have red eyes. In this group, the gene for the eye color trait has two alleles. The allele for red eyes (e) is recessive to the allele for brown eyes (E).\nThis Punnett square shows a cross between two guinea pigs.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Use Punnett squares to calculate ratios of offspring types",
    "lecture":"Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive? How do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. If an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait. If an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait. A Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type. For example, consider the Punnett square below. <br\/><br\/>  | F | f<br\/> F | FF | Ff<br\/> f | Ff | ff<br\/> <br\/> There is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.",
    "solution":"To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with red eyes or brown eyes, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the eye color trait. The question tells you that the e allele, which is for red eyes, is recessive to the E allele, which is for brown eyes.\nRed eyes is the recessive allele's version of the eye color trait. A guinea pig with the recessive version of the eye color trait must have only recessive alleles for the eye color gene. So, offspring with red eyes must have the genotype ee.\nAll 4 boxes in the Punnett square have the genotype ee.\nBrown eyes is the dominant allele's version of the eye color trait. A guinea pig with the dominant version of the eye color trait must have at least one dominant allele for the eye color gene. So, offspring with brown eyes must have the genotype EE or Ee.\nThere are 0 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype EE or Ee.\nSo, the expected ratio of offspring with red eyes to offspring with brown eyes is 4:0. This means that, based on the Punnett square, this cross will always produce offspring with red eyes. This cross is expected to never produce offspring with brown eyes.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19174\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same genus as the great blue heron.",
    "choices":[
      "Ardea alba",
      "Ictinia mississippiensis",
      "Phoebastria nigripes"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This organism is a great blue heron. Its scientific name is Ardea herodias.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"A great blue heron's scientific name is Ardea herodias. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea.\nArdea alba is in the genus Ardea. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea. So, Ardea alba and Ardea herodias are in the same genus.\nPhoebastria nigripes is in the genus Phoebastria. The first word of its scientific name is Phoebastria. So, Phoebastria nigripes and Ardea herodias are not in the same genus.\nIctinia mississippiensis is in the genus Ictinia. The first word of its scientific name is Ictinia. So, Ictinia mississippiensis and Ardea herodias are not in the same genus.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19181\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which solution has a higher concentration of green particles?",
    "choices":[
      "neither; their concentrations are the same",
      "Solution B",
      "Solution A"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each green ball represents one particle of solute.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Compare concentrations of solutions",
    "lecture":"A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent. concentration = particles of solute \/ volume of solvent",
    "solution":"In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.\nSolution A and Solution B have the same number of green particles per milliliter. So, their concentrations are the same.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19183\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"In this experiment, which were part of an experimental group?",
    "choices":[
      "the roses that were not sprayed",
      "the roses sprayed with garlic juice"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The passage below describes an experiment.\n\nEmmy grew roses for a flower shop. One day, she noticed tumor-like growths on her rose stems. She could tell that the plants had crown gall disease, which is caused by a type of bacteria. She knew that allicin, a chemical in garlic, can kill bacteria. Emmy wondered if spraying her plants with garlic juice would prevent more tumors from forming on her plants.\nOnce a day, Emmy sprayed garlic juice on ten infected plants and left another 10 infected plants unsprayed. After one month, she compared the number of new tumors on plants in the two groups.\nFigure: crown gall tumors on a rose stem.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify control and experimental groups",
    "lecture":"Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to investigate whether changing a variable between different groups has a specific outcome. For example, imagine you want to find out whether adding fertilizer to soil affects the height of pea plants. You could investigate this question with the following experiment: You grow one group of pea plants in soil with fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. This group shows you what happens when fertilizer is added to soil. Since fertilizer is the variable whose effect you are investigating, this group is an experimental group. You grow another group of pea plants in soil without fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. Since this group shows you what happens when fertilizer is not added to the soil, it is a control group. By comparing the results from the experimental group to the results from the control group, you can conclude whether adding fertilizer to the soil affects pea plant height.",
    "solution":"In this experiment, Emmy investigated whether spraying roses with garlic juice affects how many crown gall tumors form. So, the roses sprayed with garlic juice were part of an experimental group.\nThe roses that were not sprayed did not get garlic juice. So, they were not part of an experimental group.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19201\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which closing is correct for a letter?",
    "choices":[
      "Best Regards,\nAdam",
      "Best regards,\nAdam"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"capitalization",
    "category":"Capitalization",
    "skill":"Greetings and closings of letters",
    "lecture":"A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue. Dear Aunt Sue, I'm glad you could come to my party, and thank you for the birthday gift. I could not have asked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think of you. With love, Rory",
    "solution":"The first closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word does not rhyme?",
    "choices":[
      "wink",
      "thank",
      "stink"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"phonological-awareness",
    "category":"Rhyming",
    "skill":"Which word does not rhyme?",
    "lecture":"Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound. The words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound. The words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings. The words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.",
    "solution":"The words wink and stink rhyme. They both end with the ink sound.\nThe word thank does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the volume of a can of soda pop?",
    "choices":[
      "350 milliliters",
      "350 liters"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Volume is a measurement of how much space something takes up. There are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters. There are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter. A raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the volume of a can of soda pop is 350 milliliters.\n350 liters is too much.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the mass of a skateboard?",
    "choices":[
      "4 ounces",
      "4 tons",
      "4 pounds"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of mass",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Mass is a measurement of how much matter something contains. There are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons. There are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton. So, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton. A slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the mass of a skateboard is 4 pounds.\n4 ounces is too light and 4 tons is too heavy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Bandit's phenotype for the fur color trait?",
    "choices":[
      "black fur",
      "brown fur"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"In a group of Labrador retrievers, some individuals have black fur and others have brown fur. In this group, the gene for the fur color trait has two alleles. The allele for brown fur (f) is recessive to the allele for black fur (F).\nBandit is a Labrador retriever from this group. Bandit has the homozygous genotype FF for the fur color gene.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: dominant and recessive",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. Some traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene. An organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene. An organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene. The types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. A dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers. A recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.",
    "solution":"Bandit's genotype for the fur color gene is FF. Bandit's genotype of FF has only F allelles. The F allele is for black fur. So, Bandit's phenotype for the fur color trait must be black fur.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Bandit's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for brown fur (f) is recessive to the allele for black fur (F). This means F is a dominant allele, and f is a recessive allele.\nBandit's genotype of FF has two dominant alleles. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Bandit's phenotype for the fur color trait must be black fur.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\nbending a paper clip\nice melting in a glass",
    "choices":[
      "Both are chemical changes.",
      "Both are only physical changes.",
      "Both are caused by heating.",
      "Both are caused by cooling."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nBending a paper clip is a physical change. After you bend it, the paper clip has a different shape. But it is still made of the same type of matter.\nIce melting in a glass is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The solid ice becomes liquid, but it is still made of water. A different type of matter is not made.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nIce melting is caused by heating. But bending a paper clip is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property matches this object?",
    "choices":[
      "hard",
      "soft"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Identify properties of an object",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.",
    "solution":"Look at the object.\nThink about each property.\nA hard object keeps its shape when you squeeze it. The feather is not hard.\nA soft object changes shape when you squeeze it. The feather is soft.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19238\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which object has the least thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "a 3-kilogram brick at a temperature of 0\u00b0F",
      "a 3-kilogram brick at a temperature of 120\u00b0F",
      "a 3-kilogram brick at a temperature of 90\u00b0F"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The objects are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Heat and thermal energy",
    "skill":"How is temperature related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.",
    "solution":"All three bricks have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 0\u00b0F brick is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nI don't think we'll be able to go hiking with you this weekend; we have an endless list of chores and errands to do!",
    "choices":[
      "paradox",
      "hyperbole"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify the figure of speech: review",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Anaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses. We are united. We are powerful. We are winners. Antithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure. I want to help, not to hurt. Apostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity. Oh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully? Assonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words. Try to light the fire. Chiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words. Never let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! An oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Some reviewers are calling this book a new classic. A paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Always expect the unexpected. Understatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is. As you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.",
    "solution":"The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nEndless list is an exaggeration, since it is unlikely that their list of chores actually goes on forever.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the statement.\nHydrogen sulfide is ().",
    "choices":[
      "an elementary substance",
      "a compound"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Hydrogen sulfide is a poisonous gas that is produced by some types of bacteria found in swamps and marshes. The chemical formula for hydrogen sulfide is H2S.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"Classify elementary substances and compounds using chemical formulas",
    "lecture":"Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be. The symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula. An elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol. The symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule. For example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula. The chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms. A compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols. For example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms.",
    "solution":"You can tell whether hydrogen sulfide is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for hydrogen sulfide is H2 S. This formula contains two symbols: H for hydrogen and S for sulfur. So, the formula tells you that hydrogen sulfide is made of two chemical elements bonded together.\nSubstances made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, hydrogen sulfide is a compound.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Would you find the word tale on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ntilt - treasure",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince tale is not between the guide words tilt - treasure, it would not be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nRita told her friends that Kevin was a typical Peter Pan type.",
    "choices":[
      "a song",
      "literature"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. Here, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion Peter Pan is literature.\nIn a J. M. Barrie novel, the character Peter Pan retreats to Neverland and refuses to grow up.\nThe allusion Peter Pan means a person who won't take on adult responsibilities.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which ocean is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "the Arctic Ocean",
      "the Pacific Ocean",
      "the Southern Ocean",
      "the Indian Ocean"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Physical Geography",
    "skill":"Oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean.",
    "solution":"This is the Arctic Ocean.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19266\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest east?",
    "choices":[
      "Texas",
      "Oregon",
      "Montana",
      "Utah"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Texas is farthest east.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19282\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal's skin is also adapted for survival in cold places?",
    "choices":[
      "polar bear",
      "naked mole rat"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Snow leopards live in the cold, snowy mountains of Central Asia. The 's skin is adapted to help the animal survive in cold places.\nFigure: snow leopard.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: skins and body coverings",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the snow leopard.\nThe snow leopard has thick fur covering its skin. Its skin is adapted for survival in cold places. The snow leopard uses its fur to keep warm in cold weather.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe polar bear has skin with thick fur on top and a thick layer of fat underneath it. Its skin is adapted for survival in cold places.\nThe naked mole rat has thin skin covering its body. Its skin is not adapted for survival in cold places.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19285\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which text uses the word terribly in its traditional sense?",
    "choices":[
      "Aiden shivered as he gazed at the terribly steep, snowy slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.",
      "Aiden shivered terribly as he gazed at the snow-clad slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Word usage and nuance",
    "skill":"Explore words with new or contested usages",
    "lecture":"Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner. When a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences. Britney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam. The traditional usage above is considered more standard. David perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages. The nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.",
    "solution":"The second text uses terribly in its traditional sense: in a terrible manner.\nAiden shivered terribly as he gazed at the snow-clad slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.\nThe first text uses terribly in its nontraditional sense: extremely; very.\nAiden shivered as he gazed at the terribly steep, snowy slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word terribly because it is considered more standard.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Suppose Maria decides to go as a ghost. Which result would be a cost?",
    "choices":[
      "Maria will get to wear the costume she is more excited about.",
      "Maria will spend some time and money to get the costume."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Maria is deciding whether to go as a ghost or a superhero to a costume party. She would rather go as a ghost. But she already has a superhero costume.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Costs and benefits",
    "lecture":"Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits. Costs are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need. Benefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.",
    "solution":"This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Maria wants or needs:\nMaria will spend some time and money to get the costume.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\nbending a paper clip\ncracking open a peanut",
    "choices":[
      "Both are caused by heating.",
      "Both are only physical changes.",
      "Both are caused by cooling.",
      "Both are chemical changes."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nBending a paper clip is a physical change. After you bend it, the paper clip has a different shape. But it is still made of the same type of matter.\nCracking open a peanut is a physical change. The peanut shell breaks and the peanut falls out. Both are still made of the same type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the direction of this pull?",
    "choices":[
      "away from his hand",
      "toward his hand"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"A baby wants to know what is inside of a cabinet. He uses a force to pull the cabinet door open with his hand.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Identify directions of forces",
    "lecture":"A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to another. Every force has a direction. The direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing. The direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling.",
    "solution":"The baby pulls open the cabinet door. The direction of the pull is toward his hand.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19304\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Utah?",
    "choices":[
      "Salt Lake City",
      "Provo",
      "Juneau",
      "Honolulu"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify the 50 state capitals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Salt Lake City is the capital of Utah.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19322\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nleaves - look",
    "choices":[
      "limp",
      "language"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince limp is between the guide words leaves - look, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What kind of sentence is this?\nHow many cubic feet of sand do we need to fill the sandbox?",
    "choices":[
      "exclamatory",
      "interrogative",
      "declarative"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory?",
    "lecture":"There are four kinds of sentences. A declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period. The nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure. An interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark. Do you have any plans for the upcoming weekend? An imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point. For this assignment, use references to support your claims. Don't drive so quickly in the construction zone! An exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point. I can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!",
    "solution":"The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which type of sentence is this?\nBen took several incredible panoramic photographs of the sweeping view from the top of Table Mountain.",
    "choices":[
      "simple",
      "compound",
      "complex",
      "compound-complex"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Phrases and clauses",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex?",
    "lecture":"A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence. the oranges on our tree are ripe The clause can stand alone. It is independent. after we pick up Kevin from work The clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent. A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause. Ben and I spent all day relaxing by the pool. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat. Ben usually wears his heavy coat in the winter. A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. We saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose. If she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. During his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome. A compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. After Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym. Sometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause. Orcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.",
    "solution":"The sentence is simple. It is a single independent clause.\nBen took several incredible panoramic photographs of the sweeping view from the top of Table Mountain.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which continent is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Asia",
      "Antarctica",
      "Australia",
      "South America"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Physical Geography",
    "skill":"Oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents.",
    "solution":"This continent is Australia.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19332\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Nebraska?",
    "choices":[
      "Louisville",
      "Carson City",
      "Omaha",
      "Lincoln"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Lincoln is the capital of Nebraska.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19340\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a complex sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "Although she left her house early, Nora barely made it to the train station in time.",
      "In 1900, the U.S. state with the largest population was New York."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple, compound, or complex?",
    "lecture":"A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence. the oranges on our tree are ripe The clause can stand alone. It is independent. after we pick up Kevin from work The clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent. A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause. Ben and I spent all day relaxing by the pool. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat. Ben usually wears his heavy coat in the winter. A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. We saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while. If she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.",
    "solution":"The first sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction although.\nAlthough she left her house early, Nora barely made it to the train station in time.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these cities is marked on the map?",
    "choices":[
      "New York City",
      "St. Louis",
      "New Orleans",
      "Boston"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Cities",
    "skill":"Major U.S. cities",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The city is New York City, New York. New Orleans, Boston, and St. Louis are marked with gray circles on the map below.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19346\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a soccer field?",
    "choices":[
      "365 yards",
      "365 miles",
      "365 feet",
      "365 inches"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of distance, mass, and volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles. There are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile. A football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the length of a soccer field is 365 feet.\n365 inches is too short. 365 yards and 365 miles are too long.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these organisms contains matter that was once part of the persimmon tree?",
    "choices":[
      "parasol fungus",
      "silver maple",
      "beaver"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Below is a food web from Shenandoah National Park, a forest ecosystem in Virginia.\nA food web models how the matter eaten by organisms moves through an ecosystem. The arrows in a food web represent how matter moves between organisms in an ecosystem.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecological interactions",
    "skill":"Interpret food webs II",
    "lecture":"A food web is a model. A food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food. Arrows show how matter moves. A food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating. An organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web. An organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web.",
    "solution":"Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows that starts from the persimmon tree.There are four paths matter can take from the persimmon tree to the parasol fungus: persimmon tree->black bear->parasol fungus. persimmon tree->pine vole->parasol fungus. persimmon tree->swallowtail caterpillar->black bear->parasol fungus. persimmon tree->swallowtail caterpillar->pine vole->parasol fungus. There are three paths matter can take from the persimmon tree to the gray fox: persimmon tree->pine vole->gray fox. persimmon tree->swallowtail caterpillar->gray fox. persimmon tree->swallowtail caterpillar->pine vole->gray fox. silver maple. The silver maple does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the persimmon tree to the silver maple.. beaver. The only arrow pointing to the beaver starts from the silver maple. The silver maple does not have an arrow pointing to it. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the persimmon tree to the beaver.. There are two paths matter can take from the persimmon tree to the pine vole: persimmon tree->pine vole. persimmon tree->swallowtail caterpillar->pine vole.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19356\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which tense does the sentence use?\nJamie finds old clothes in the attic.",
    "choices":[
      "present tense",
      "past tense",
      "future tense"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"verbs",
    "category":"Verb tense",
    "skill":"Is the sentence in the past, present, or future tense?",
    "lecture":"Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now. Most present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es. Two verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms. Past tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened. Most past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed. Some verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms. Future tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen. All future-tense verbs use the word will. <br\/><br\/> Present | Past | Future<br\/> walk, walks | walked | will walk<br\/> go, goes | went | will go<br\/>",
    "solution":"The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, finds. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Kansas?",
    "choices":[
      "Lincoln",
      "Frankfort",
      "Kansas City",
      "Topeka"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Topeka is the capital of Kansas.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19365\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Answer the riddle.\nI may live on a farm.\nChildren may ride me.\nI am a small horse.\nWhat am I?",
    "choices":[
      "a lamb",
      "a pony"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade1",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"vocabulary",
    "category":"Comprehension strategies",
    "skill":"What am I?",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"A pony may live on a farm.\nChildren may ride a pony.\nA pony is a small horse.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Oregon?",
    "choices":[
      "Las Vegas",
      "Salem",
      "Portland",
      "Salt Lake City"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify the 50 state capitals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Salem is the capital of Oregon.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19372\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same species as the Steller's jay.",
    "choices":[
      "Cyanocitta stelleri",
      "Sturnus vulgaris",
      "Goura victoria"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This organism is a Steller's jay. Its scientific name is Cyanocitta stelleri.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"A Steller's jay's scientific name is Cyanocitta stelleri.\nCyanocitta stelleri has the same scientific name as a Steller's jay. So, these organisms are in the same species.\nSturnus vulgaris does not have the same scientific name as a Steller's jay. So, Cyanocitta stelleri and Sturnus vulgaris are not in the same species.\nGoura victoria does not have the same scientific name as a Steller's jay. So, Cyanocitta stelleri and Goura victoria are not in the same species.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19380\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which sentence is more formal?",
    "choices":[
      "The first part of the trail is a piece of cake, but the last three miles are physically demanding.",
      "The first part of the trail is quite flat, but the last three miles are physically demanding."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Author's purpose and tone",
    "skill":"Which sentence is more formal?",
    "lecture":"Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing: <br\/><br\/> Type | Examples<br\/> slang | cool, awesome<br\/> idioms | knock your socks off<br\/> conversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah<br\/> abbreviated language | ASAP, FYI<br\/> overly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store<br\/> contractions | can't, won't<br\/> <br\/> Contractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing. Compare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal. Informal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners. Formal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.",
    "solution":"The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses an idiom (piece of cake).\nThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the idiom, so it is more formal overall.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence.\nPeeling a banana is a ().",
    "choices":[
      "physical change",
      "chemical change"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Identify physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. Burning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. Cutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper. Ice melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state.",
    "solution":"Peeling a banana is a physical change. The peel is not covering the rest of the fruit anymore. But both the peel and the banana are still made of the same type of matter as before.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which text uses the word factoid in its traditional sense?",
    "choices":[
      "A reporter for the Rockport Daily Mail dug up an amusing factoid about Rockport's founder while researching for an article about the town's early years.",
      "The Rockport Daily Mail was forced to issue a retraction after printing a factoid about Rockport's founder. It turned out that the reporter had written the article based on local legend rather than researching the actual history."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Word usage and nuance",
    "skill":"Explore words with new or contested usages",
    "lecture":"Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner. When a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences. Britney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam. The traditional usage above is considered more standard. David perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages. The nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.",
    "solution":"The first text uses factoid in its traditional sense: something made up presented as a true fact.\nThe Rockport Daily Mail was forced to issue a retraction after printing a factoid about Rockport's founder. It turned out that the reporter had written the article based on local legend rather than researching the actual history.\nThe second text uses factoid in its nontraditional sense: a trivial but true fact.\nA reporter for the Rockport Daily Mail dug up an amusing factoid about Rockport's founder while researching for an article about the town's early years.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word factoid because it is considered more standard.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Pebbles's phenotype for the tail spots trait?",
    "choices":[
      "a spotted tail",
      "an unspotted tail"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"In a group of guppies, some individuals have a spotted tail and others have an unspotted tail. In this group, the gene for the tail spots trait has two alleles. The allele for a spotted tail (I) is dominant over the allele for an unspotted tail (i).\nPebbles is a guppy from this group. Pebbles has the homozygous genotype ii for the tail spots gene.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: dominant and recessive",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. Some traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene. An organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene. An organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene. The types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. A dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers. A recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.",
    "solution":"Pebbles's genotype for the tail spots gene is ii. Pebbles's genotype of ii has only i alleles. The i allele is for an unspotted tail. So, Pebbles's phenotype for the tail spots trait must be an unspotted tail.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Pebbles's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for a spotted tail (I) is dominant over the allele for an unspotted tail (i). This means I is a dominant allele, and i is a recessive allele.\nPebbles's genotype of ii has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Pebbles's phenotype for the tail spots trait must be an unspotted tail.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\n\"It was my good luck to have to study for a test while all my friends went to the water park,\" Cody remarked.",
    "choices":[
      "Cody wanted time to catch up on his responsibilities.",
      "Cody was upset about staying home."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.",
    "solution":"The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nGood luck ironically suggests that Cody was upset about staying home. Cody was actually unlucky because he couldn't join his friends at the water park.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which solution has a higher concentration of green particles?",
    "choices":[
      "Solution B",
      "Solution A",
      "neither; their concentrations are the same"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each green ball represents one particle of solute.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Compare concentrations of solutions",
    "lecture":"A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent. concentration = particles of solute \/ volume of solvent",
    "solution":"In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.\nSolution A has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of green particles.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19407\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Suppose Zane decides to watch the action movie. Which result would be a cost?",
    "choices":[
      "Zane will get to watch a movie with his sister.",
      "Zane will give up the chance to watch the movie that he is more excited about."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Zane is deciding whether to watch a comedy or an action movie. He would prefer to watch a comedy. But he also wants to watch a movie with his sister. Zane's sister will only watch an action movie.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Costs and benefits",
    "lecture":"Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits. Costs are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need. Benefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.",
    "solution":"This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Zane wants or needs:\nZane will give up the chance to watch the movie that he is more excited about.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal's mouth is also adapted to eat plant matter?",
    "choices":[
      "giant anteater",
      "giraffe"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Goats are herbivores, or plant eaters. They eat grass and leaves. The 's mouth is adapted to grind up and eat plant matter.\nFigure: goat.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: beaks, mouths, and necks",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the goat.\nThe goat has long jaws and flat teeth. Its mouth is adapted to eat plant matter. The long jaws can help the goat reach leaves and grass. The flat teeth can help it cut and grind up the food into soft pieces it can swallow.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe giraffe has long jaws and flat teeth. Its mouth is adapted to eat plant matter.\nThe giant anteater has a long tube-shaped mouth and no teeth. Its mouth is not adapted to eat plant matter. The giant anteater uses its mouth to get insects out of holes and burrows.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19413\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "repel",
      "attract"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south. Here are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S. If opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19423\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Athena's phenotype for the fur color trait?",
    "choices":[
      "orange fur",
      "white fur"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"In a group of Bengal tigers, some individuals have orange fur and others have white fur. In this group, the gene for the fur color trait has two alleles. The allele for white fur (f) is recessive to the allele for orange fur (F).\nAthena is a Bengal tiger from this group. Athena has the homozygous genotype FF for the fur color gene.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: dominant and recessive",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. Some traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene. An organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene. An organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene. The types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. A dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers. A recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.",
    "solution":"Athena's genotype for the fur color gene is FF. Athena's genotype of FF has only F allelles. The F allele is for orange fur. So, Athena's phenotype for the fur color trait must be orange fur.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Athena's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for white fur (f) is recessive to the allele for orange fur (F). This means F is a dominant allele, and f is a recessive allele.\nAthena's genotype of FF has two dominant alleles. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Athena's phenotype for the fur color trait must be orange fur.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which closing is correct for a letter?",
    "choices":[
      "with love,\nGrace",
      "With love,\nGrace"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"capitalization",
    "category":"Capitalization",
    "skill":"Greetings and closings of letters",
    "lecture":"A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue. Dear Aunt Sue, I'm glad you could come to my party, and thank you for the birthday gift. I could not have asked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think of you. With love, Rory",
    "solution":"The second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Oregon?",
    "choices":[
      "Portland",
      "Boise",
      "Salem",
      "Rapid City"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Salem is the capital of Oregon.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19450\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the living thing.",
    "choices":[
      "ice cube",
      "bacteria",
      "helicopter",
      "hockey puck"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify living and nonliving things",
    "lecture":"All living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell. All living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change. All living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense.",
    "solution":"An ice cube is not a living thing.\nAn ice cube can change. It will melt in warm weather! But it does not have all the traits of a living thing. It does not need food.\nA helicopter is not a living thing.\nA helicopter does not have all the traits of a living thing. It needs energy to fly, but it does not eat food. Helicopters get energy from gasoline or other fuel. They do not grow.\nA hockey puck is not a living thing.\nHockey pucks do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.\nBacteria are living things.\nBacteria grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water.\nBacteria are made up of just one cell. Bacteria live nearly everywhere on Earth. They can live in the ocean, deep underground, and even inside other organisms!",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which change better matches the sentence?\nThe floor of a valley is covered by water after heavy rain.",
    "choices":[
      "drought",
      "flood"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Earth events",
    "skill":"Classify changes to Earth's surface",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on the arrows, which of the following living things is a consumer?",
    "choices":[
      "kelp",
      "kelp bass"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Below is a food web from an ocean ecosystem. The ecosystem is in Monterey Bay, off the coast of California.\nA food web is a model that shows how the matter eaten by living things moves through an ecosystem. The arrows show how matter moves through the food web.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Interpret food webs",
    "lecture":"A food web is a model. Models can make things in nature easier to understand. Models can be simpler than the things they represent. A food web is a model that shows where living things in an ecosystem get their food. If a food web showed every living thing in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some living things in an ecosystem can get their food. Arrows show how matter moves. A food web has arrows that point from one living thing to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one living thing eats another living thing. An arrow starts from the living thing that is eaten. The arrow points to the living thing that is doing the eating. A living thing in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the living thing is eaten by more than one other living thing in the food web. A living thing in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the living thing eats more than one other living thing in the food web.",
    "solution":"Consumers eat other living things. So, there are arrows in a food web that point from other living things to consumers.\nThe kelp does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the kelp is a producer, not a consumer.\nThe kelp bass has arrows pointing to it from the kelp, the zooplankton, and the plainfin midshipman. So, the kelp bass is a consumer.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19468\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these continents does the prime meridian intersect?",
    "choices":[
      "Africa",
      "Asia",
      "South America"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Maps",
    "skill":"Use lines of latitude and longitude",
    "lecture":"Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps. Lines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there. Lines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator. Lines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles. The equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W. Together, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place.",
    "solution":"The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects Africa. It does not intersect South America or Asia.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19471\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence.\nPollen helps a plant ().",
    "choices":[
      "grow roots",
      "make seeds",
      "make flowers"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The male part of a flower makes pollen.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Plants",
    "skill":"Describe and construct flowering plant life cycles",
    "lecture":"Many plants have flowers. These plants can use their flowers to reproduce, or make new plants like themselves. How do plants use their flowers to reproduce? First, the male part of the flower makes pollen, and the female part makes eggs. Animals, wind, or water can move pollen. Pollination is what happens when pollen is moved to the female part of the flower. After pollination, sperm from the pollen can combine with the eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into seeds. The fruit grows around the seeds. Later, a seed can fall out of the fruit. It can germinate, or start to grow into a new plant.",
    "solution":"Pollen helps the flower make seeds. After pollination, sperm cells from the pollen can combine with the eggs. These fertilized eggs can grow into seeds.\nPollen does not help a plant make flowers or grow roots.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19481\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nJournalists arrived just in time to witness the bedlam in the courtroom.",
    "choices":[
      "history",
      "a movie"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. The protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose. The word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion bedlam is history.\nFounded in 1247, Bedlam Hospital, England's first asylum for the mentally ill, was infamous for its seeming chaos.\nThe allusion bedlam means pandemonium.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the volume of a kitchen sink?",
    "choices":[
      "24 milliliters",
      "24 liters"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Volume is a measurement of how much space something takes up. There are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters. There are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter. A raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the volume of a kitchen sink is 24 liters.\n24 milliliters is too little.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Bluebell's phenotype for the horns trait?",
    "choices":[
      "not having horns",
      "Hh"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"In a group of cows, some individuals have horns and others do not. In this group, the gene for the horns trait has two alleles. The allele H is for not having horns, and the allele h is for having horns.\nBluebell, a cow from this group, does not have horns. Bluebell has one allele for not having horns and one allele for having horns.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.",
    "solution":"An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Bluebell's observable version of the horns trait is not having horns. So, Bluebell's phenotype for the horns trait is not having horns.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"How is a submarine different from other boats?",
    "choices":[
      "It can move over and under the water.",
      "It can float in the water and drive on land."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Read the passage about submarines.\nA submarine is a special kind of boat. It can float on the water, but it can go underwater, too. The name submarine means \"under the sea.\" People use submarines to go deep into the ocean.\nThere are huge tanks inside a submarine. When the submarine needs to go underwater, the tanks fill up with water. This makes the submarine heavy, so it sinks underwater. To make the submarine go back up, the water is let out of the tanks. The tanks fill back up with air, so the submarine floats.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reading-comprehension",
    "category":"Independent reading comprehension",
    "skill":"Read and understand informational passages",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the passage. It tells you how submarines are different from other boats.\nA submarine is a special kind of boat. It can float on the water, but it can go underwater, too. The name submarine means \"under the sea.\" People use submarines to go deep into the ocean.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19495\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest east?",
    "choices":[
      "Illinois",
      "Georgia",
      "Washington",
      "Minnesota"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Maps",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Georgia is farthest east.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19498\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the hyperbole in this text suggest?\nAfter he finished the marathon, Lester collapsed into a chair and declared that he could no longer move a single muscle.",
    "choices":[
      "Lester was very tired and sore.",
      "Lester became paralyzed."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret the figure of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode!",
    "solution":"The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nThe hyperbole could no longer move a single muscle suggests that Lester was very tired and sore. His muscles were not literally incapable of moving.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"During this time, thermal energy was transferred from () to ().",
    "choices":[
      "each vial . . . the surroundings",
      "the surroundings . . . each vial"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Scientists in a laboratory were working with insulin, a protein often used to treat diabetes. They left two identical vials of insulin in different places. This table shows how the temperature of each vial changed over 15minutes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Thermal energy",
    "skill":"Compare thermal energy transfers",
    "lecture":"A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy: An increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings. A decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings.",
    "solution":"The temperature of each vial increased, which means that the thermal energy of each vial increased. So, thermal energy was transferred from the surroundings to each vial.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19503\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which sentence states a fact?",
    "choices":[
      "\"The Black Cat\" and \"The Tell-Tale Heart\" are Edgar Allan Poe's scariest short stories.",
      "Edgar Allan Poe sold his short story \"The Fall of the House of Usher\" to Burton's Gentleman's Magazine for ten dollars in 1839."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Distinguish facts from opinions",
    "lecture":"A fact is something that can be proved by research or observation. Napoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI. The statement above is a fact. The statement can be proved by researching the height of each man and comparing them. An opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved. Napoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI. The statement above is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" leader, so the statement cannot be proved.",
    "solution":"The second sentence states a fact.\nEdgar Allan Poe sold his short story \"The Fall of the House of Usher\" to Burton's Gentleman's Magazine for ten dollars in 1839.\nIt can be proved by reading a biography of Edgar Allan Poe.\nThe first sentence states an opinion.\n\"The Black Cat\" and \"The Tell-Tale Heart\" are Edgar Allan Poe's scariest short stories.\nScariest shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about which of Poe's short stories are the scariest.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on the time line, which sport was invented later?",
    "choices":[
      "bowling",
      "surfing"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This time line shows ancient sports that are still popular today. It gives each sport's likely place and date of origin.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Visual elements",
    "skill":"Read graphic organizers",
    "lecture":"A graphic organizer is a chart or picture that shows how ideas, facts, or topics are related to one another. When you read, look for graphic organizers included in the text. You can use these images to find key information. You can also create your own graphic organizers with information that you've read. Doing this can help you think about the ideas in the text and easily review them. When you write, you can use graphic organizers to organize your thoughts and plan your writing.",
    "solution":"A time line shows the order of events by placing them along a line. This time line shows ancient sports that are still popular today. It gives each sport's likely place and date of origin.\nLook at how the events are ordered on the time line. Sports that were invented earlier are shown to the left. Sports that were invented later are shown to the right. Surfing is shown farther right than bowling. So, surfing was invented later.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19506\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the invertebrate.",
    "choices":[
      "weaver ant",
      "jaguar"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Hint: Insects, spiders, and worms are invertebrates.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify vertebrates and invertebrates",
    "lecture":"Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals. A vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange. An invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have a hard outer cover on their body. Other invertebrates have a soft body.",
    "solution":"A jaguar is a mammal. Like other mammals, a jaguar is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA weaver ant is an insect. Like other insects, a weaver ant is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a simple sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "Last year the state received more than thirty inches of snow.",
      "Mitch came in first in the race, and Colton came in second."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple or compound?",
    "lecture":"A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate. The pitcher threw the ball to first base. A compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. The pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it. Some simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences. Anna and James will watch the fireworks tonight. This simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James. The singers bowed and walked off the stage. This simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat. This is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.",
    "solution":"The second sentence is the simple sentence. It has one subject and predicate.\nLast year the state received more than thirty inches of snow.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence.\nTearing a piece of paper is a ().",
    "choices":[
      "physical change",
      "chemical change"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Identify physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. Burning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. Cutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper. Ice melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state.",
    "solution":"Tearing a piece of paper is a physical change. The paper tears into pieces. But each piece is still made of paper.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which correctly shows the title of a movie?",
    "choices":[
      "\"Shrek the Third\"",
      "***Shrek the Third***"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Formatting titles",
    "lecture":"The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead. A Midsummer Night's Dream The title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks. \"You Are My Sunshine\"",
    "solution":"A movie should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **Shrek the Third**.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which continent is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Asia",
      "Africa",
      "North America"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Identify oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"A continent is one of the seven largest areas of land on earth.",
    "solution":"This continent is Africa.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19543\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word does not rhyme?",
    "choices":[
      "flat",
      "heat",
      "meat"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"phonological-awareness",
    "category":"Rhyming",
    "skill":"Which word does not rhyme?",
    "lecture":"Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound. The words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound. The words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings. The words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.",
    "solution":"The words heat and meat rhyme. They both end with the eat sound.\nThe word flat does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Nebraska?",
    "choices":[
      "Little Rock",
      "Omaha",
      "Honolulu",
      "Lincoln"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Lincoln is the capital of Nebraska.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19552\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Does the sentence use a simile or a metaphor?\nThe girl blushed at the compliment, and her round cheeks were like red apples.",
    "choices":[
      "simile",
      "metaphor"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Identify similes and metaphors",
    "lecture":"Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike. A simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as. My sister runs like a cheetah. The sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like. A cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast. The cat's fur was as dark as the night. The cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as. The night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark. A metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as. The snow formed a blanket over the town. The snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as. A blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely. Using similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader.",
    "solution":"The girl blushed at the compliment, and her round cheeks were like red apples.\nThe words cheeks and apples are compared using the word like. So, the sentence uses a simile.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Look at the models of molecules below. Select the elementary substance.",
    "choices":[
      "dichloromethane",
      "silane",
      "oxygen"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"Identify elementary substances and compounds using models",
    "lecture":"There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you. A substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl. Scientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride. In a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19560\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is a soccer ball a good or a service?",
    "choices":[
      "a service",
      "a good"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Economics",
    "skill":"Goods and services",
    "lecture":"Everything you can buy is either a good or a service. A good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good. A service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service.",
    "solution":"To decide whether a soccer ball is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs a soccer ball something you can touch? Yes.\nIs a soccer ball a job you might pay someone else to do? No.\nSo, a soccer ball is a good.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "All organisms have genes.",
      "Eye color is an example of a gene."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Look at the image and read the text. Then, answer the question.\nvariation in the human eye color trait\nAll organisms inherit certain traits from their parents. Information about these inherited traits is found in genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that are passed from parents to offspring. An organism's genes affect its inherited traits.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genes, proteins, and traits: understanding the genetic code",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Genes affect traits.\nGenes contain information about inherited traits.\nAll organisms have genes.\nAll organisms have genes that contain information about their inherited traits.\nEye color is an example of a gene.\nAn organism's eye color is affected by its genes. But eye color is not a gene. Eye color is a trait, which is an observable characteristic of an organism.\nGenes are passed down from parents to offspring.\nWhen an organism reproduces, it passes copies of its genes to its offspring. This is how information about inherited traits is passed down.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19575\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the gas.",
    "choices":[
      "microscope",
      "vinegar",
      "stop sign",
      "air inside a basketball"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"States of matter",
    "skill":"Identify solids, liquids, and gases",
    "lecture":"Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own. Some solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid. When matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle. Some liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk. When matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space. Many gases are invisible. Air is a gas.",
    "solution":"The air inside a basketball is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. The air fills all the space inside the basketball. If air leaks out, it will expand into the space around the ball.\nA microscope is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. A microscope keeps its shape when you move its parts.\nA stop sign is a solid. A driver might accidentally hit a stop sign and bend it. But the stop sign would still have a size and shape of its own.\nVinegar is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour vinegar into a different container, the vinegar will take the shape of that container. But the vinegar will still take up the same amount of space.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the mammal below.",
    "choices":[
      "zebra",
      "tiger shark"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Mammals have hair or fur and feed their young milk. A gorilla is an example of a mammal.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common. Scientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.",
    "solution":"A zebra is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.\nA tiger shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19598\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which tense does the sentence use?\nWilliam invited Barbara to his house.",
    "choices":[
      "future tense",
      "past tense",
      "present tense"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"verbs",
    "category":"Verb tense",
    "skill":"Is the sentence in the past, present, or future tense?",
    "lecture":"Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now. Most present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es. Two verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms. Past tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened. Most past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed. Some verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms. Future tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen. All future-tense verbs use the word will. <br\/><br\/> Present | Past | Future<br\/> walk, walks | walked | will walk<br\/> go, goes | went | will go<br\/>",
    "solution":"The sentence is in past tense. You can tell because it uses a past-tense verb, invited. The verb ends in -ed and tells you about something that has already happened.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is this a sentence fragment?\nThe agency monitoring air quality at various locations across the country.",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Identify sentence fragments",
    "lecture":"A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. The band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks. A sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. Rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks. This fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing. The band I'm in. This fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing. Because we have a concert in two weeks. This fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert.",
    "solution":"This is a sentence fragment. It does not express a complete thought.\nThe agency monitoring air quality at various locations across the country.\nHere is one way to fix the sentence fragment:\nThe agency has been monitoring air quality at various locations across the country.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which continent is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "South America",
      "Africa",
      "Europe",
      "North America"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Physical Geography",
    "skill":"Oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents.",
    "solution":"This continent is Europe.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19646\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?",
    "choices":[
      "Abby had witnessed a crime, so she made a call to report it. The operator promptly dispatched police to investigate the scene.",
      "Abby had witnessed a crime, so she made a call to report it. They promptly dispatched police to investigate the scene."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Pronouns",
    "skill":"Identify vague pronoun references",
    "lecture":"When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.",
    "solution":"The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. They has been replaced with the operator.\nAbby had witnessed a crime, so she made a call to report it. The operator promptly dispatched police to investigate the scene.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What can Jayden and Dave trade to each get what they want?",
    "choices":[
      "Jayden can trade his tomatoes for Dave's broccoli.",
      "Dave can trade his almonds for Jayden's tomatoes.",
      "Dave can trade his broccoli for Jayden's oranges.",
      "Jayden can trade his tomatoes for Dave's carrots."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.\nJayden and Dave open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Neither Jayden nor Dave got everything that they wanted. The table below shows which items they each wanted:\n\nLook at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.\nJayden's lunch Dave's lunch",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Trade and specialization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the table and images.\nJayden wants broccoli. Dave wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19653\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the direction of this push?",
    "choices":[
      "toward the bar magnet",
      "away from the bar magnet"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This bar magnet repels the horseshoe magnet with a magnetic force. This force is a push.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Identify directions of forces",
    "lecture":"A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to another. Every force has a direction. The direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing. The direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling.",
    "solution":"The bar magnet pushes the horseshoe magnet. The direction of the push is away from the bar magnet.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19657\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is this squat lobster's scientific name?",
    "choices":[
      "Munidopsis mandelai",
      "Munidopsis anemia"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This species of squat lobster was discovered off the coast of South Africa in 2014. Scientists chose its scientific name to honor Nelson Mandela, the civil rights leader and former president of South Africa.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Scientific names",
    "skill":"Origins of scientific names",
    "lecture":"When a scientist identifies a new organism, he or she chooses its scientific name. Sometimes, an organism is named after the place where it was first found. Other times, an organism is named after the scientist who first identified it. Or, the scientific name might describe the organism's physical traits. Many of the words that make up scientific names are based on words from old languages, like Latin and classical Greek. Sometimes, English words are changed to make them sound more like Latin or Greek. The new words are then used in an organism's scientific name.",
    "solution":"This organism's scientific name refers to Nelson Mandela.\nThe word mandelai refers to Nelson Mandela. So, this squat lobster's scientific name is Munidopsis mandelai.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19660\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the vertebrate.",
    "choices":[
      "Surinam horned frog",
      "black widow spider",
      "barrel jellyfish",
      "mosquito"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Hint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are vertebrates.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify vertebrates and invertebrates",
    "lecture":"Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals. A vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange. An invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body.",
    "solution":"A mosquito is an insect. Like other insects, a mosquito is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA Surinam horned frog is an amphibian. Like other amphibians, a Surinam horned frog is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nLike other spiders, a black widow spider is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nLike other jellyfishes, a barrel jellyfish is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a soft body.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the idiom in this text suggest?\nLayla has a lot on her plate: she is attending college, has a full-time job as a waitress, and volunteers at the animal shelter.",
    "choices":[
      "Layla has no time to eat well.",
      "Layla has many responsibilities."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. An idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned. The assignment was a piece of cake.",
    "solution":"The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.\nThe idiom a lot on her plate suggests that Layla has many responsibilities. If you have a lot on your plate, you are busy with many different obligations.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Nebraska?",
    "choices":[
      "Madison",
      "Omaha",
      "Trenton",
      "Lincoln"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Lincoln is the capital of Nebraska.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19674\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature",
      "sample B",
      "sample A"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.\nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19675\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which sentence states a fact?",
    "choices":[
      "Baby kangaroos are cuter than kittens.",
      "A baby kangaroo is called a joey."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Opinion writing",
    "skill":"Distinguish facts from opinions",
    "lecture":"A fact is something that can be proved to be true. The month of July has more days than the month of June. This is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month. An opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true. July is a better month than June for camping. This is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping.",
    "solution":"The second sentence states a fact.\nA baby kangaroo is called a joey.\nIt can be proved by looking up the word joey.\nThe first sentence states an opinion.\nBaby kangaroos are cuter than kittens.\nCuter shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about which animal is cuter.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What conclusion do you think the creator of this diagram wanted viewers to draw from it?",
    "choices":[
      "Each slave ship carried around 20-30 enslaved people per voyage.",
      "Every enslaved person was given a separate room on board slave ships.",
      "Crew members were fed well on slave ships.",
      "Enslaved people were crowded together on slave ships."
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":"Between the 1500s and the 1800s, traders brought enslaved people from Africa to Europe and the Americas. This buying, selling, and transporting of enslaved people is known as the Atlantic slave trade.\nThe diagram below shows one deck of a British slave ship called the Brookes. The small human figures in the image show how living people would have been arranged on the ship during the voyage. Look at the diagram. Then answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"The Antebellum period",
    "skill":"The abolitionists",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the diagram.\nThe creator of the diagram wanted to show that enslaved people were crowded together on slave ships. The diagram shows hundreds of people packed side-by-side with barely enough room to lie down.\nWhat was the journey like?\nThe ship was designed to hold 454 enslaved people, but it was often overloaded, carrying as many as 740 people. To fit that many people, captains and sailors made enslaved people lie on their sides instead of their backs. Enslaved people were chained in place for most of the journey. They were brought up to the main deck for meals, but they spent most of their days lying in darkness.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19687\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following could Mabel's test show?",
    "choices":[
      "if the new turbine could turn easily",
      "how much the new turbine would weigh",
      "whether the new turbine could produce 10% more electricity"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design.\nThe passage below describes how the engineering-design process was used to test a solution to a problem. Read the passage. Then answer the question below.\n\nWind turbines use wind power to produce electricity. Mabel was a materials engineer who designed wind turbines. She wanted to design a new turbine that would produce 10% more electricity than older wind turbines. She thought that a turbine made from lightweight material would turn more easily and produce more electricity. So, Mabel created a computer model of a turbine made from lightweight material. Then she used the model to calculate how much more electricity the new turbine could produce compared to the older turbines.\nFigure: studying a wind turbine computer model.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Engineering practices",
    "skill":"Evaluate tests of engineering-design solutions",
    "lecture":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured. Imagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves. First, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind. Then, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved. Tests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19693\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "repel",
      "attract"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces. Magnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S). Here are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles. If opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19694\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Deion's genotype for the sickle-cell disease gene?",
    "choices":[
      "not having sickle-cell disease",
      "Aa"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This passage describes the sickle-cell disease trait in humans:\n\nIn a group of humans, some individuals have sickle-cell disease and others do not. In this group, the gene for the sickle-cell disease trait has two alleles. The allele A is for not having sickle-cell disease, and the allele a is for having sickle-cell disease.\nDeion, a human from this group, does not have sickle-cell disease. Deion has one allele for not having sickle-cell disease and one allele for having sickle-cell disease.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.",
    "solution":"An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Deion has one allele for not having sickle-cell disease (A) and one allele for having sickle-cell disease (a). So, Deion's genotype for the sickle-cell disease gene is Aa.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which greeting is correct for a letter?",
    "choices":[
      "dear Fred,",
      "Dear Fred,"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Greetings and closings of letters",
    "lecture":"A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue. Dear Aunt Sue, I'm glad you could come to my party, and thank you for the birthday gift. I could not have asked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think of you. With love, Rory",
    "solution":"The second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Fred is capitalized because it is a proper noun.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is calcarenite a mineral or a rock?",
    "choices":[
      "rock",
      "mineral"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Calcarenite has the following properties:\nyellow-brown\nnot made by organisms\nnot a pure substance\nfound in nature\nsolid\nno fixed crystal structure",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Rocks and minerals",
    "skill":"Identify rocks and minerals",
    "lecture":"Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals. Minerals and rocks have the following properties: <br\/><br\/> Property | Mineral | Rock<br\/> It is a solid. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes<br\/> It is a pure substance. | Yes | No<br\/> It has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No<br\/> <br\/> You can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither. Look closely at the last three properties: Minerals and rocks are not made by organisms. Organisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be  minerals or rocks. Humans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks. A mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not. A pure substance is made of only one type of matter.  Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures. A mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not. The crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way. However, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different!",
    "solution":"The properties of calcarenite match the properties of a rock. So, calcarenite is a rock.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19704\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is harder?",
    "choices":[
      "glass flask",
      "styrofoam packing peanuts"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of materials",
    "lecture":"Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. A material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy. For example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.",
    "solution":"Hard is a property. A hard material keeps its shape when you press on it with your finger.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pushing on the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the glass flask is harder. If you gently press on glass, it will not change shape.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which better describes the Great Victoria Desert ecosystem?",
    "choices":[
      "It has dry, thin soil. It also has only a few types of organisms.",
      "It has dry, thin soil. It also has many different types of organisms."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Figure: Great Victoria Desert.\nThe Great Victoria Desert is a desert ecosystem in southern Australia.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Describe ecosystems",
    "lecture":"An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other: the pattern of weather, or climate the type of soil or water the organisms that live there",
    "solution":"A desert is a type of ecosystem. Deserts have the following features: a small amount of rain, dry, thin soil, and many different types of organisms. So, the Great Victoria Desert has dry, thin soil. It also has many different types of organisms.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19722\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is iodine a solid, a liquid, or a gas?",
    "choices":[
      "a liquid",
      "a solid",
      "a gas"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"States of matter",
    "skill":"Identify and sort solids, liquids, and gases",
    "lecture":"Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own. Some solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid. When matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle. Some liquids are thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk. When matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space. Many gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas.",
    "solution":"Iodine is a liquid you can use to clean a cut. If you pour iodine into a different container, it will take the shape of that container. But the iodine will still take up the same amount of space.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19732\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nO inconceivable being!\nWhatever the shape of your house,\nNo matter how strange and colorless the clothes you\nMay wear,\nI bet nobody there likes a wet dog either.\n\u2014Billy Collins, \"To a Stranger Born in Some Distant Country Hundreds of Years From Now\"",
    "choices":[
      "apostrophe",
      "antithesis"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify the figure of speech: anaphora, antithesis, apostrophe, assonance, chiasmus, understatement",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Anaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses. We are united. We are powerful. We are winners. Antithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure. I want to help, not to hurt. Apostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity. Oh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully? Assonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words. Try to light the fire. Chiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words. Never let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you. Understatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is. As you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.",
    "solution":"The text uses apostrophe, a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nO inconceivable being! is a direct address to an imaginary person.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets.",
    "solution":"Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.\nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19742\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest south?",
    "choices":[
      "Wyoming",
      "Washington",
      "North Dakota",
      "Maine"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Wyoming is farthest south.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19744\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same species as the maroon clownfish.",
    "choices":[
      "Diodon hystrix",
      "Halichoeres hortulanus",
      "Premnas biaculeatus"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"This organism is a maroon clownfish. Its scientific name is Premnas biaculeatus.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"A maroon clownfish's scientific name is Premnas biaculeatus.\nPremnas biaculeatus has the same scientific name as a maroon clownfish. So, these organisms are in the same species.\nDiodon hystrix does not have the same scientific name as a maroon clownfish. So, Premnas biaculeatus and Diodon hystrix are not in the same species.\nHalichoeres hortulanus does not have the same scientific name as a maroon clownfish. So, Premnas biaculeatus and Halichoeres hortulanus are not in the same species.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19750\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Arkansas?",
    "choices":[
      "Carson City",
      "Austin",
      "Nashville",
      "Little Rock"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Southeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Little Rock is the capital of Arkansas.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19752\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"In this food chain, the weakfish is a tertiary consumer. Why?",
    "choices":[
      "It eats a secondary consumer.",
      "It eats a tertiary consumer.",
      "It makes its own food."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This diagram shows a food chain from Chesapeake Bay, an estuary ecosystem in Maryland and Virginia.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Identify roles in food chains",
    "lecture":"Every organism needs food to stay alive. Organisms get their food in different ways. A food chain shows how organisms in an ecosystem get their food. The food chain begins with the producer. A producer can change matter that is not food into food. Many producers use carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make sugar. Carbon dioxide and water are not food, but sugar is food for the producer. Consumers eat other organisms. There can be several kinds of consumers in a food chain: A primary consumer eats producers. The word primary tells you that this is the first consumer in a food chain. A secondary consumer eats primary consumers. The word secondary tells you that this is the second consumer in a food chain. A tertiary consumer eats secondary consumers. The word tertiary tells you that this is the third consumer in a food chain. A top consumer is the animal at the top of a food chain. Food chains can have different numbers of organisms. For example, when there are four organisms in the chain, the top consumer is the tertiary consumer. But if there are five organisms in the chain, the top consumer eats the tertiary consumer!",
    "solution":"In this food chain, the weakfish is a tertiary consumer because it eats a secondary consumer. The secondary consumer in this food chain is the butterfish.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19754\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal's skin is better adapted for protection against a predator with sharp teeth?",
    "choices":[
      "armadillo lizard",
      "European robin"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Giant pangolins are adapted to defend their bodies against a predator with sharp teeth. They have hard scales covering much of their skin. When frightened, the  can roll into a ball to protect the soft parts of its body.\nFigure: giant pangolin.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: skins and body coverings",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the giant pangolin.\nThe giant pangolin has hard scales on its skin. Its skin is adapted for protection against a predator with sharp teeth. The scales make it difficult for predators to hurt or kill the giant pangolin.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe armadillo lizard has hard scales on its skin. Its skin is adapted for protection against a predator with sharp teeth.\nThe European robin has soft feathers covering its skin. Its skin is not adapted for protection against predators with sharp teeth.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19763\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is an ice skate?",
    "choices":[
      "29 centimeters",
      "29 kilometers"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of distance",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Imagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers? The number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing. Now look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters. There are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter. There are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the length of an ice skate is 29 centimeters.\n29 kilometers is too long.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the allusion in this text suggest?\nWhen Patty claimed she had loaded the dishwasher before turning on Dancing with the Stars, her mother replied, \"Your nose is growing!\"",
    "choices":[
      "Patty was goofy.",
      "Patty was lying."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. An allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.",
    "solution":"The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nThe allusion nose is growing suggests that Patty was lying. In the story of Pinocchio, when Pinocchio lies, his nose grows longer.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the expected ratio of offspring that have myotonia congenita to offspring that do not have myotonia congenita? Choose the most likely ratio.",
    "choices":[
      "1:3",
      "2:2",
      "3:1",
      "0:4",
      "4:0"
    ],
    "answer":4,
    "hint":"This passage describes the myotonia congenita trait in goats:\nMyotonia congenita is a condition that causes temporary muscle stiffness. When goats with myotonia congenita attempt to run from a resting position, their leg muscles often stiffen, causing them to fall over. Because of this behavior, these goats are referred to as fainting goats. Myotonia congenita is also found in other mammals, including horses, cats, and humans.\nIn a group of goats, some individuals have myotonia congenita and others do not. In this group, the gene for the myotonia congenita trait has two alleles. The allele for not having myotonia congenita (m) is recessive to the allele for having myotonia congenita (M).\nThis Punnett square shows a cross between two goats.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Use Punnett squares to calculate ratios of offspring types",
    "lecture":"Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive? How do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. If an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait. If an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait. A Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type. For example, consider the Punnett square below. <br\/><br\/>  | F | f<br\/> F | FF | Ff<br\/> f | Ff | ff<br\/> <br\/> There is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.",
    "solution":"To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring that do or do not have myotonia congenita, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the myotonia congenita trait. The question tells you that the m allele, which is for not having myotonia congenita, is recessive to the M allele, which is for having myotonia congenita.\nHaving myotonia congenita is the dominant allele's version of the myotonia congenita trait. A goat with the dominant version of the myotonia congenita trait must have at least one dominant allele for the myotonia congenita gene. So, offspring that have myotonia congenita must have the genotype MM or Mm.\nAll 4 boxes in the Punnett square have the genotype MM or Mm.\nNot having myotonia congenita is the recessive allele's version of the myotonia congenita trait. A goat with the recessive version of the myotonia congenita trait must have only recessive alleles for the myotonia congenita gene. So, offspring that do not have myotonia congenita must have the genotype mm.\nThere are 0 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype mm.\nSo, the expected ratio of offspring that have myotonia congenita to offspring that do not have myotonia congenita is 4:0. This means that, based on the Punnett square, this cross will always produce offspring that have myotonia congenita. This cross is expected to never produce offspring that do not have myotonia congenita.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19803\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which text uses the word nauseous in its traditional sense?",
    "choices":[
      "The odor emanating from the landfill made Shannon so nauseous that she had to roll up the car windows as she drove past.",
      "Shannon couldn't tolerate the nauseous odor emanating from the landfill, so she rolled up her car windows as she drove past."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Word usage and nuance",
    "skill":"Explore words with new or contested usages",
    "lecture":"Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner. When a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences. Britney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam. The traditional usage above is considered more standard. David perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages. The nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.",
    "solution":"The second text uses nauseous in its traditional sense: causing disgust or nausea.\nShannon couldn't tolerate the nauseous odor emanating from the landfill, so she rolled up her car windows as she drove past.\nThe first text uses nauseous in its nontraditional sense: feeling disgusted or nauseated.\nThe odor emanating from the landfill made Shannon so nauseous that she had to roll up the car windows as she drove past.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word nauseous because it is considered more standard.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Oklahoma?",
    "choices":[
      "Jackson",
      "Oklahoma City",
      "Charleston",
      "Tallahassee"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Southeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Oklahoma City is the capital of Oklahoma.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19805\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the mammal below.",
    "choices":[
      "giraffe",
      "American bullfrog"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Mammals have hair or fur and feed their young milk. A gorilla is an example of a mammal.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common. Scientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.",
    "solution":"An American bullfrog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nA giraffe is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19808\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "attract",
      "repel"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south. Here are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S. If opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19815\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the amphibian below.",
    "choices":[
      "clownfish",
      "red-spotted newt"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Amphibians have moist skin and begin their lives in water. A cane toad is an example of an amphibian.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common. Scientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.",
    "solution":"A clownfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nA red-spotted newt is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19816\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these three objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "fuzzy",
      "salty",
      "hard"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the best answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA fuzzy object is covered in soft hair. All three objects are fuzzy.\nA hard object does not change shape when pressed or squeezed. The socks and the stuffed dice are not hard.\nPotato chips have a salty taste. The kiwi is not salty.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is fuzzy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19817\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Using only these supplies, which question can Denise investigate with an experiment?",
    "choices":[
      "Does milk chocolate melt faster when heated in a microwave or on a stove?",
      "Does milk chocolate or dark chocolate melt faster when heated on the stove?",
      "Does dark chocolate or white chocolate melt faster when heated on the stove?"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Denise leaves some chocolates in her jacket pocket. When she finds the chocolates later, she notices that some of them have melted. She wonders what factors affect how quickly chocolate melts. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\none bar of milk chocolate\none bar of dark chocolate\na stove\na pot",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\n\"This is the best day of my life,\" Mr. Russo mumbled after his car broke down on the way to an important job interview.",
    "choices":[
      "Mr. Russo was having a bad day.",
      "Mr. Russo was already running late."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.",
    "solution":"The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nThe best day of my life ironically suggests that Mr. Russo was having a bad day. He was having the opposite of a good day because his car broke down when he needed to be on time.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which tense does the sentence use?\nThe zookeeper will feed the kangaroos.",
    "choices":[
      "present tense",
      "past tense",
      "future tense"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"verbs",
    "category":"Verb tense",
    "skill":"Is the sentence in the past, present, or future tense?",
    "lecture":"Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now. Most present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es. Two verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms. Past tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened. Most past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed. Some verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms. Future tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen. All future-tense verbs use the word will. <br\/><br\/> Present | Past | Future<br\/> walk, walks | walked | will walk<br\/> go, goes | went | will go<br\/>",
    "solution":"The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, feed. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is teaching art a good or a service?",
    "choices":[
      "a good",
      "a service"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Goods and services",
    "lecture":"Everything you can buy is either a good or a service. A good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good. A service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service.",
    "solution":"To decide whether teaching art is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs teaching art something you can touch? No.\nIs teaching art a job you might pay someone else to do? Yes.\nSo, teaching art is a service.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?",
    "choices":[
      "Tyler went on to calculus after studying trigonometry, but he never fully comprehended calculus.",
      "Tyler went on to calculus after studying trigonometry, but he never fully comprehended it."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Pronouns",
    "skill":"Identify vague pronoun references",
    "lecture":"When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.",
    "solution":"The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to calculus or trigonometry.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with calculus.\nTyler went on to calculus after studying trigonometry, but he never fully comprehended calculus.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following statement true or false?\nA plant cell does not have a cell wall.",
    "choices":[
      "false",
      "true"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"true-or-false",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Cells",
    "skill":"Cell part functions: true or false",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"A plant cell does not have a cell wall.\nThis statement is false. Not every cell has a cell wall, but a plant cell has one. The cell wall gives a plant cell its fixed shape.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is this organism's common name?",
    "choices":[
      "Caprimulgus europaeus",
      "European nightjar"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This organism is a European nightjar. It is also called Caprimulgus europaeus.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification and scientific names",
    "skill":"Identify common and scientific names",
    "lecture":"An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know. An organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English. Scientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca.",
    "solution":"Caprimulgus europaeus is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not. So, it is the scientific name.\nCaprimulgus europaeus is the organism's scientific name. So, you know that European nightjar is the common name.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19835\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal is also adapted to be camouflaged in the snow?",
    "choices":[
      "camel",
      "snowy owl"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Ptarmigans live in cold, snowy places. The  is adapted to be camouflaged in the snow.\nFigure: ptarmigan.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: skins and body coverings",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the ptarmigan.\nDuring the winter, the ptarmigan has white feathers covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in the snow. The word camouflage means to blend in.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe snowy owl has white feathers covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in the snow.\nThe camel has sand-colored fur covering its skin. It is not adapted to be camouflaged in the snow.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19839\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the one animal that has all of the bird traits listed above.",
    "choices":[
      "Brown pelicans live along the west coast of North America. They dive underwater to catch fish in their beaks. Brown pelicans keep their eggs warm by standing on the shells with their large, webbed feet.",
      "Salmon lay eggs with no shells at the bottom of freshwater streams. Salmon use their powerful fins to swim. They can even jump up small waterfalls!"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Birds are a group of animals with similar traits. The following traits can be used to identify birds:\nThey have feathers.\nThey have wings.\nThey have a beak.\nThey make eggs with shells. Observe the animals and read the descriptions.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Use evidence to classify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live. How do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group.",
    "solution":"To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nBirds have the following traits:\nThey have feathers.\nThey have wings.\nThey have a beak.\nThey make eggs with shells.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA brown pelican has the following traits:\nIt has feathers.\nIt has wings.\nIt has a beak.\nIt makes eggs with shells.\nA brown pelican has the traits of a bird. A brown pelican is a bird.\nA salmon has the following traits:\nIt has fins, not limbs.\nIt makes eggs with no shells.\nA salmon does not have all of the traits of a bird. A salmon is a fish.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which tense does the sentence use?\nMy family lives in that white house.",
    "choices":[
      "future tense",
      "present tense",
      "past tense"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"verbs",
    "category":"Verb tense",
    "skill":"Is the sentence in the past, present, or future tense?",
    "lecture":"Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now. Most present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es. Two verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms. Past tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened. Most past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed. Some verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms. Future tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen. All future-tense verbs use the word will. <br\/><br\/> Present | Past | Future<br\/> walk, walks | walked | will walk<br\/> go, goes | went | will go<br\/>",
    "solution":"The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, lives. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which text uses the word unique in its traditional sense?",
    "choices":[
      "Danielle wanted her daughter to have a unique name, so she browsed baby name websites for months to find the perfect one.",
      "Danielle made all of her daughter's baby clothes by hand, including a unique hand-knitted romper that she designed herself."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Word usage and nuance",
    "skill":"Explore words with new or contested usages",
    "lecture":"Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner. When a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences. Britney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam. The traditional usage above is considered more standard. David perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages. The nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.",
    "solution":"The second text uses unique in its traditional sense: being the only one of its kind.\nDanielle made all of her daughter's baby clothes by hand, including a unique hand-knitted romper that she designed herself.\nThe first text uses unique in its nontraditional sense: interesting or unusual. Danielle may have been looking for an unusual name, but if she found it on a baby name website, it is not actually one of a kind.\nDanielle wanted her daughter to have a unique name, so she browsed baby name websites for months to find the perfect one.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word unique because it is considered more standard.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "New Jersey",
      "North Carolina",
      "Virginia",
      "Florida"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"English colonies in North America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is North Carolina.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19854\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Pennsylvania?",
    "choices":[
      "Harrisburg",
      "Providence",
      "Pittsburgh",
      "Memphis"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Northeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Harrisburg is the capital of Pennsylvania.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19856\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Would you find the word begin on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nbalance - blew",
    "choices":[
      "no",
      "yes"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince begin is between the guide words balance - blew, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nDr. Blanchard is unhappy with her new assistant because simple tasks, like fetching coffee, take him years to finish.",
    "choices":[
      "hyperbole",
      "oxymoron"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify figures of speech: euphemism, hyperbole, oxymoron, paradox",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! An oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Some reviewers are calling this book a new classic. A paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Always expect the unexpected.",
    "solution":"The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nTake him years to finish is an exaggeration, since it probably does not take him entire years to fetch coffee.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Rhode Island?",
    "choices":[
      "Annapolis",
      "Newport",
      "Providence",
      "Concord"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Northeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Providence is the capital of Rhode Island.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19870\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal's skin is also adapted for survival in cold places?",
    "choices":[
      "fire salamander",
      "caribou"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"es live in the cold Arctic tundra. The 's skin is adapted to help the animal survive in cold places.\nFigure: Arctic fox.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: skins and body coverings",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the Arctic fox.\nThe Arctic fox has thick fur covering its skin. Its skin is adapted for survival in cold places. The Arctic fox uses its fur to keep warm in cold weather.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nDuring the winter, the caribou has thick fur covering its skin. Its skin is adapted for survival in cold places.\nThe fire salamander has thin, moist skin. Its skin is not adapted for survival in cold places.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19871\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of New York?",
    "choices":[
      "Montpelier",
      "New York City",
      "Buffalo",
      "Albany"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Northeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Albany is the capital of New York.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19873\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets.",
    "solution":"Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.\nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19890\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the euphemism in this text suggest?\nMr. Duran is enjoying his golden years in a luxurious beachside community just down the street from his grandchildren.",
    "choices":[
      "Mr. Duran lives near his family.",
      "Mr. Duran is old."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.",
    "solution":"The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe euphemism golden years indicates that Mr. Duran is old. Golden years is a nicer way of referring to old age.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "sample B",
      "sample A",
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.\nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19901\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "attract",
      "repel"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.\n\nHint: Magnets that attract pull together. Magnets that repel push apart.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south. Here are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S. If different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19902\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these cities is marked on the map?",
    "choices":[
      "Pittsburgh",
      "New York City",
      "Washington, D.C.",
      "Boston"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Cities",
    "skill":"Cities of the Northeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The city is Boston, Massachusetts. Washington, D.C., New York City, and Pittsburgh are marked with gray circles on the map below.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19906\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which would smell the most?",
    "choices":[
      "icicle",
      "perfume",
      "metal paper clip"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of materials",
    "lecture":"Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. A material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy. For example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.",
    "solution":"Smelly is a property. A smelly material has a strong smell.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine smelling the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the perfume would smell the most. Perfume has a strong smell.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\nan antacid tablet reacting with water\nacid rain weathering a marble statue",
    "choices":[
      "Both are chemical changes.",
      "Both are only physical changes.",
      "Both are caused by heating.",
      "Both are caused by cooling."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Chemical reactions",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule. In a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns. In a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nAn antacid tablet reacting with water is a chemical change. When the tablet touches water, the type of matter in the tablet changes and carbon dioxide gas is released. This gas makes the water fizz.\nAcid rain weathering a marble statue is a chemical change. The acid rain reacts with the outside of the statue and breaks it down into a different type of matter. This new matter is then washed away by the rain. Acid rain is a type of pollution. It forms when smoke from automobiles and factories mixes with water in clouds.\nAcid rain is a type of pollution. It forms when automobiles and factories release smoke containing sulfur or nitrogen. Some of these chemicals react with water in the atmosphere. The reaction forms droplets of water that can fall back to the ground as acid rain.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is chrysotile a mineral?",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Chrysotile has the following properties:\nfound in nature\nsolid\nfixed crystal structure\npure substance\nnot made by organisms",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Rocks and minerals",
    "skill":"Identify rocks and minerals",
    "lecture":"Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties: It is a solid. It is formed in nature. It is not made by organisms. It is a pure substance. It has a fixed crystal structure. If a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral. Look closely at the last three properties: A mineral is not made by organisms. Organisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals. Humans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals. A mineral is a pure substance. A pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances. A mineral has a fixed crystal structure. The crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.",
    "solution":"Chrysotile has all the properties of a mineral. So, chrysotile is a mineral.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19919\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"In this food chain, the red fox is a tertiary consumer. Why?",
    "choices":[
      "It eats a secondary consumer.",
      "It makes its own food.",
      "It eats a primary consumer."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This diagram shows a food chain from a grassland ecosystem in Wyoming.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Identify roles in food chains",
    "lecture":"Every organism needs food to stay alive. Organisms get their food in different ways. A food chain shows how organisms in an ecosystem get their food. The food chain begins with the producer. A producer can change matter that is not food into food. Many producers use carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make sugar. Carbon dioxide and water are not food, but sugar is food for the producer. Consumers eat other organisms. There can be several kinds of consumers in a food chain: A primary consumer eats producers. The word primary tells you that this is the first consumer in a food chain. A secondary consumer eats primary consumers. The word secondary tells you that this is the second consumer in a food chain. A tertiary consumer eats secondary consumers. The word tertiary tells you that this is the third consumer in a food chain. A top consumer is the animal at the top of a food chain. Food chains can have different numbers of organisms. For example, when there are four organisms in the chain, the top consumer is the tertiary consumer. But if there are five organisms in the chain, the top consumer eats the tertiary consumer!",
    "solution":"In this food chain, the red fox is a tertiary consumer because it eats a secondary consumer. The secondary consumer in this food chain is the deer mouse.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19921\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is a rock a solid or a liquid?",
    "choices":[
      "a liquid",
      "a solid"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"States of matter",
    "skill":"Classify matter as solid or liquid",
    "lecture":"Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own. Some solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break. A glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid. When matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container. Think about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space. Juice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid.",
    "solution":"A rock is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.\nRocks come in many different sizes.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19931\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Answer the riddle.\nI have doors and windows.\nPeople live inside me.\nI may have a yard.\nWhat am I?",
    "choices":[
      "a town",
      "a house"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade1",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"vocabulary",
    "category":"Comprehension strategies",
    "skill":"What am I?",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"A house has doors and windows.\nPeople live inside a house.\nA house may have a yard.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Assume all other forces on Edna are balanced. Which statement describes the forces on Edna?",
    "choices":[
      "The forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Edna.",
      "The forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Edna."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Edna is sitting on a roller coaster cart as it reaches the bottom of a big loop. Earth's gravity is pulling down on Edna with a force of 600N. The seat of the cart is pushing up on Edna with a force of 1,200N.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Balanced and unbalanced forces",
    "lecture":"A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces. When opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object. When opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object.",
    "solution":"To determine if there is a net force on Edna, look at the forces:\nEarth's gravity is pulling Edna down with a force of 600 N.\nThe seat of the cart is pushing Edna up with a force of 1,200 N.\nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have different magnitudes: 600 N and 1,200 N. This means that the forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Edna.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which state is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Mississippi",
      "West Virginia",
      "Kentucky",
      "North Carolina"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"States",
    "skill":"Identify states of the Southeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This state is North Carolina.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19939\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest north?",
    "choices":[
      "Utah",
      "Kansas",
      "New Hampshire",
      "Illinois"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. New Hampshire is farthest north.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19941\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "attract",
      "repel"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.\n\nHint: Magnets that attract pull together. Magnets that repel push apart.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south. Here are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S. If different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19945\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest north?",
    "choices":[
      "Florida",
      "Vermont",
      "Virginia",
      "Utah"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Maps",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Vermont is farthest north.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19949\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nLogan is a real Benedict Arnold. After promising to work on my campaign for class president, he decided to support my opponent.",
    "choices":[
      "personification",
      "allusion"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify figures of speech: review",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Alliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words. What a lucky little lady you are! An allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. An idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned. The assignment was a piece of cake. A simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike. The cat's fur was as dark as the night. A metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as. The snow formed a blanket over the town. Onomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound. The scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat. Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. The trees danced in the wind. A pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning. A great new broom is sweeping the nation. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.",
    "solution":"The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nBenedict Arnold alludes to the American general during the Revolutionary War who betrayed his country and fought for the British.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles?",
    "choices":[
      "Solution B",
      "neither; their concentrations are the same",
      "Solution A"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each pink ball represents one particle of solute.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Compare concentrations of solutions",
    "lecture":"A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent. concentration = particles of solute \/ volume of solvent",
    "solution":"In Solution A and Solution B, the pink particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles, look at both the number of pink particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of pink particles per milliliter.\nSolution B has more pink particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of pink particles.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19951\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same species as the great egret.",
    "choices":[
      "Ardea alba",
      "Tyto alba",
      "Lynx lynx"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This organism is a great egret. Its scientific name is Ardea alba.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification and scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"A great egret's scientific name is Ardea alba.\nLynx lynx does not have the same scientific name as a great egret. So, Ardea alba and Lynx lynx are not in the same species.\nTyto alba does have the same species within its genus as a great egret, but they are not in the same genus! They do not have the same scientific name as each other. So, these organisms are not in the same species.\nArdea alba has the same scientific name as a great egret. So, these organisms are in the same species.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19953\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which rhetorical appeal is primarily used in this ad?",
    "choices":[
      "ethos (character)",
      "logos (reason)",
      "pathos (emotion)"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Persuasive strategies",
    "skill":"Identify appeals to ethos, pathos, and logos in advertisements",
    "lecture":"The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals. Appeals to ethos, or character, show the writer or speaker as trustworthy, authoritative, or sharing important values with the audience. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following: say that a brand has been trusted for many years include an endorsement from a respected organization, such as the American Dental Association feature a testimonial from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's values use an admired celebrity or athlete as a spokesperson Appeals to logos, or reason, use logic and verifiable evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following: use graphs or charts to display information cite results of clinical trials or independently conducted studies explain the science behind a product or service emphasize that the product is a financially wise choice anticipate and refute potential counterclaims Appeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following: trigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassment appeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractive link the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury",
    "solution":"The ad appeals to ethos, or character, by emphasizing the long history of the credit union and implying its reliability.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19954\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the expected ratio of offspring with straight ears to offspring with curled ears? Choose the most likely ratio.",
    "choices":[
      "3:1",
      "0:4",
      "1:3",
      "4:0",
      "2:2"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"In a group of American curl cats, some individuals have curled ears and others have straight ears. In this group, the gene for the ear type trait has two alleles. The allele for curled ears (E) is dominant over the allele for straight ears (e).\nThis Punnett square shows a cross between two American curl cats.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Use Punnett squares to calculate ratios of offspring types",
    "lecture":"Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive? How do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. If an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait. If an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait. A Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type. For example, consider the Punnett square below. <br\/><br\/>  | F | f<br\/> F | FF | Ff<br\/> f | Ff | ff<br\/> <br\/> There is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.",
    "solution":"To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with straight ears or curled ears, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the ear type trait. The question tells you that the E allele, which is for curled ears, is dominant over the e allele, which is for straight ears.\nStraight ears is the recessive allele's version of the ear type trait. An American curl cat with the recessive version of the ear type trait must have only recessive alleles for the ear type gene. So, offspring with straight ears must have the genotype ee.\nThere are 0 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype ee.\nCurled ears is the dominant allele's version of the ear type trait. An American curl cat with the dominant version of the ear type trait must have at least one dominant allele for the ear type gene. So, offspring with curled ears must have the genotype EE or Ee.\nAll 4 boxes in the Punnett square have the genotype EE or Ee.\nSo, the expected ratio of offspring with straight ears to offspring with curled ears is 0:4. This means that, based on the Punnett square, this cross will never produce offspring with straight ears. Instead, this cross is expected to always produce offspring with curled ears.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19958\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Arizona?",
    "choices":[
      "Phoenix",
      "Sacramento",
      "Denver",
      "Charleston"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Phoenix is the capital of Arizona.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19960\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest west?",
    "choices":[
      "Wyoming",
      "New Jersey",
      "California",
      "Connecticut"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Maps",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. California is farthest west.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19962\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\n\"That fits you well,\" Tucker remarked after Maya's cap fell over her eyes for the tenth time.",
    "choices":[
      "The cap was too big.",
      "The cap looked nice on Maya."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.",
    "solution":"The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nFits you well ironically suggests that the cap was too big. The cap was falling over Maya's eyes, so it didn't fit her well at all.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What can Meg and Florence trade to each get what they want?",
    "choices":[
      "Meg can trade her tomatoes for Florence's carrots.",
      "Florence can trade her almonds for Meg's tomatoes.",
      "Florence can trade her broccoli for Meg's oranges.",
      "Meg can trade her tomatoes for Florence's broccoli."
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":"Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.\nMeg and Florence open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Neither Meg nor Florence got everything that they wanted. The table below shows which items they each wanted:\n\nLook at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.\nMeg's lunch Florence's lunch",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Trade and specialization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the table and images.\nMeg wants broccoli. Florence wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19966\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Massachusetts?",
    "choices":[
      "Boston",
      "Cambridge",
      "Plymouth",
      "Harrisburg"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Northeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Boston is the capital of Massachusetts.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19968\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "the Marshall Islands",
      "Solomon Islands",
      "Tonga",
      "the Federated States of Micronesia"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Oceania: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of Oceania",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is the Marshall Islands.\nDoes the Marshall Islands have any territorial disputes?\nThe Marshall Islands claims to own Wake Island, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.\nThe United States claimed Wake Island in 1899 and has controlled it since then. But the Marshall Islands considers the island part of its territory. It says that its people have traveled to the island to gather food and resources for many years. Today, the island is mainly used by the U.S. Air Force.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19970\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What can Riley and Ken trade to each get what they want?",
    "choices":[
      "Riley can trade her tomatoes for Ken's broccoli.",
      "Ken can trade his broccoli for Riley's oranges.",
      "Riley can trade her tomatoes for Ken's sandwich.",
      "Ken can trade his almonds for Riley's tomatoes."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.\nRiley and Ken open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Both of them could be happier with their lunches. Riley wanted broccoli in her lunch and Ken was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Trade and specialization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Riley wanted broccoli in her lunch and Ken was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.\nRiley has tomatoes. Ken has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19975\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which would smell the most?",
    "choices":[
      "gold bracelet",
      "metal trombone",
      "soap bar"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of materials",
    "lecture":"Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. A material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy. For example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.",
    "solution":"Smelly is a property. A smelly material has a strong smell.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine smelling the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the soap bar would smell the most. A bar of soap has a strong smell.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What type of rock is limestone?",
    "choices":[
      "metamorphic",
      "sedimentary"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Limestone is a type of rock. It can form when layers of ocean sediment are pressed together to form rock. The dark, round shapes inside this piece of limestone are fossils of marine animals.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Rocks and minerals",
    "skill":"Classify rocks as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic",
    "lecture":"Igneous rock is formed when melted rock cools and hardens into solid rock. This type of change can occur at Earth's surface or below it. Sedimentary rock is formed when layers of sediment are pressed together to make rock. This type of change occurs below Earth's surface. Metamorphic rock is formed when a rock is changed by heating and squeezing. This type of change often occurs deep below Earth's surface. Over time, the old rock becomes a new rock with different properties.",
    "solution":"Limestone is a sedimentary rock. Like other sedimentary rocks, it forms from layers of sediment.\nOcean sediment is made up of mud and the shells of marine organisms. The sediment usually builds up in layers. Over time, the top layers press down on the bottom layers. Sedimentary rock can form when the bottom layers are pressed together to form rock.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19977\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest west?",
    "choices":[
      "Kansas",
      "Kentucky",
      "Oregon",
      "Arizona"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Oregon is farthest west.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19980\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nTessa must have started the food fight. Her friends are constantly getting detention.",
    "choices":[
      "false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist",
      "guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something",
      "circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations<br\/> slippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that Tessa's friends are constantly getting detention, so Tessa must have started the food fight. However, Tessa's friends don't necessarily determine her actions. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "repel",
      "attract"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.\n\nHint: Magnets that attract pull together. Magnets that repel push apart.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south. Here are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S. If different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19983\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which greeting is correct for a letter?",
    "choices":[
      "Dear Josie,",
      "dear Josie,"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Greetings and closings of letters",
    "lecture":"A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue. Dear Aunt Sue, I'm glad you could come to my party, and thank you for the birthday gift. I could not have asked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think of you. With love, Rory",
    "solution":"The second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Josie is capitalized because it is a proper noun.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal's feet are also adapted for walking on large, floating leaves?",
    "choices":[
      "ostrich",
      "purple gallinule"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"s live near rivers and lakes. They eat insects and snails that live on plants floating on the surface of the water.\nThe feet of the jacana are adapted for walking on large, floating leaves. The jacana uses its feet to spread its weight out over a wide area. This helps the bird walk on the leaves without sinking into the water.\nFigure: African jacana.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: feet and limbs",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the African jacana.\nThe African jacana uses its toes to spread its weight out over a large area. This can help it walk on leaves without sinking into the water.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe purple gallinule has long, thin toes on its feet. Its feet are adapted for walking on floating leaves.\nThe ostrich has large, heavy feet with thick toes. Its feet are not adapted for walking on floating leaves. The ostrich uses its feet to walk and run on hard ground.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19994\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?",
    "choices":[
      "Olivia often talked with Mia about her community garden project. It was proceeding well but required a great deal of work.",
      "Olivia's community garden project was proceeding well but required a great deal of work. She often talked with Mia about it."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Pronouns",
    "skill":"Identify vague pronoun references",
    "lecture":"When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.",
    "solution":"The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun her could refer to Olivia or Mia.\nOlivia often talked with Mia about her community garden project. It was proceeding well but required a great deal of work.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nOlivia's community garden project was proceeding well but required a great deal of work. She often talked with Mia about it.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Oklahoma?",
    "choices":[
      "Tulsa",
      "Frankfort",
      "Portland",
      "Oklahoma City"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Southeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Oklahoma City is the capital of Oklahoma.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/19999\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the idiom in this text suggest?\nArianna has a lot on her plate: she is attending college, has a full-time job as a waitress, and volunteers at the animal shelter.",
    "choices":[
      "Arianna has worked up an appetite.",
      "Arianna has many responsibilities."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret the figure of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. An idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned. The assignment was a piece of cake.",
    "solution":"The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.\nThe idiom a lot on her plate suggests that Arianna has many responsibilities. If you have a lot on your plate, you are busy with many different obligations.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the expected ratio of offspring with a black coat to offspring with a spotted coat? Choose the most likely ratio.",
    "choices":[
      "0:4",
      "1:3",
      "3:1",
      "4:0",
      "2:2"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"In a group of leopards, some individuals have a spotted coat and others have a black coat. In this group, the gene for the coat pattern trait has two alleles. The allele for a spotted coat (A) is dominant over the allele for a black coat (a).\nThis Punnett square shows a cross between two leopards.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Use Punnett squares to calculate ratios of offspring types",
    "lecture":"Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive? How do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. If an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait. If an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait. A Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type. For example, consider the Punnett square below. <br\/><br\/>  | F | f<br\/> F | FF | Ff<br\/> f | Ff | ff<br\/> <br\/> There is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.",
    "solution":"To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with a black coat or a spotted coat, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the coat pattern trait. The question tells you that the A allele, which is for a spotted coat, is dominant over the a allele, which is for a black coat.\nA black coat is the recessive allele's version of the coat pattern trait. A leopard with the recessive version of the coat pattern trait must have only recessive alleles for the coat pattern gene. So, offspring with a black coat must have the genotype aa.\nThere is 1 box in the Punnett square with the genotype aa. This box is highlighted below.\nA spotted coat is the dominant allele's version of the coat pattern trait. A leopard with the dominant version of the coat pattern trait must have at least one dominant allele for the coat pattern gene. So, offspring with a spotted coat must have the genotype AA or Aa.\nThere are 3 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype AA or Aa. These boxes are highlighted below.\nSo, the expected ratio of offspring with a black coat to offspring with a spotted coat is 1:3. This means that, on average, this cross will produce 1 offspring with a black coat for every 3 offspring with a spotted coat.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20014\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the statement.\nFerrous oxide is ().",
    "choices":[
      "an elementary substance",
      "a compound"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The model below represents ferrous oxide. Ferrous oxide makes up about 10% of the mantle, one of the layers beneath Earth's surface.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Atoms and molecules",
    "skill":"Classify elementary substances and compounds using models",
    "lecture":"There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you. A substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be. Scientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a space-filling model. The space-filling model below represents the compound rubidium bromide. In a space-filling model, the balls represent atoms that are bonded together. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance.",
    "solution":"Use the model to determine whether ferrous oxide is an elementary substance or a compound.\nStep 1: Interpret the model.\n.\nUse the legend to determine the chemical element represented by each color. The colors and atomic symbols from the legend are shown in the table below. The table also includes the names of the chemical elements represented in the model.\nYou can see from the model that ferrous oxide is composed of oxygen atoms and iron atoms bonded together.\nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.\nYou know from Step 1 that ferrous oxide is composed of two chemical elements: oxygen and iron. Since ferrous oxide is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, ferrous oxide is a compound.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20023\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "Wisconsin",
      "Florida",
      "Connecticut",
      "Vermont"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"Colonial America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is Connecticut.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20025\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which text uses the word literally in its traditional sense?",
    "choices":[
      "Elise adores the classic Renaissance style of the Rialto Bridge in Venice. She was surprised to learn that the bridge remains functional even though it is literally a million years old.",
      "Elise adores the classic Renaissance style of the Rialto Bridge in Venice. She was surprised to learn that the bridge remains functional even though it is literally hundreds of years old."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Word usage and nuance",
    "skill":"Explore words with new or contested usages",
    "lecture":"Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner. When a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences. Britney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam. The traditional usage above is considered more standard. David perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages. The nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.",
    "solution":"The first text uses literally in its traditional sense: in a factual, non-exaggerated way.\nElise adores the classic Renaissance style of the Rialto Bridge in Venice. She was surprised to learn that the bridge remains functional even though it is literally hundreds of years old.\nThe second text uses literally in its nontraditional sense: nearly or in effect (often exaggerated). The bridge is old, but it is not actually a million years old.\nElise adores the classic Renaissance style of the Rialto Bridge in Venice. She was surprised to learn that the bridge remains functional even though it is literally a million years old.\nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word literally because it is generally considered incorrect.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the living thing.",
    "choices":[
      "brick wall",
      "the Statue of Liberty",
      "rainboot",
      "bison"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify living and nonliving things",
    "lecture":"All living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell. All living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change. All living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense.",
    "solution":"A brick wall is not a living thing.\nBrick walls do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.\nA rainboot is not a living thing.\nRainboots do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.\nThe Statue of Liberty is not a living thing.\nThe Statue of Liberty is shaped like a person. But it does not have all the traits of a living thing. It does not grow or respond to the world around it. It does not need food or water.\nA bison is a living thing.\nBison grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water. Bison are made up of many cells.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material, but some of them are different sizes and shapes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller.",
    "solution":"The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.\nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20030\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on the table, Anansi is from which tradition?",
    "choices":[
      "West African",
      "Native American"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This table shows different trickster figures from folktales and myths around the world.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Visual elements",
    "skill":"Read graphic organizers",
    "lecture":"A graphic organizer is a chart or picture that shows how ideas, facts, or topics are related to one another. When you read, look for graphic organizers included in the text. You can use these images to find key information. You can also create your own graphic organizers with information that you've read. Doing this can help you think about the ideas in the text and easily review them. When you write, you can use graphic organizers to organize your thoughts and plan your writing.",
    "solution":"In a table, each cell gives information related to its row and column. This table shows different trickster figures from folktales and myths around the world.\nLook in the Trickster figure column and find Anansi. Then, follow the row to the right to see which tradition Anansi is from. The right column tells you that Anansi is from West African traditions.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20038\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the volume of a kiddie pool?",
    "choices":[
      "1,145 milliliters",
      "1,145 liters"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Volume is a measurement of how much space something takes up. There are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters. There are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter. A raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the volume of a kiddie pool is 1,145 liters.\n1,145 milliliters is too little.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "Pennsylvania",
      "Virginia",
      "South Carolina",
      "Massachusetts"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"English colonies in North America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is Pennsylvania.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20055\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which statement describes the helicopter's motion?",
    "choices":[
      "The helicopter has a constant velocity.",
      "The helicopter is accelerating."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"A rescue helicopter is moving directly upward at a constant speed.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Identify whether objects are accelerating",
    "lecture":"An object's velocity describes its speed and its direction. An object has a constant velocity when neither its speed nor its direction is changing. So, an object has a constant velocity when the object is: moving in a straight line at a constant speed, or remaining motionless. If an object does not have a constant velocity, the object is accelerating. An object is accelerating when either its speed or its direction is changing. So, an object is accelerating when the object is: speeding up, slowing down, or changing direction.",
    "solution":"The helicopter is moving in a straight line at a constant speed. So, the helicopter has a constant velocity.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Tucker acquired this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Tucker has three jump ropes, each made of a different material.",
      "Tucker won a competition at his school with his jump rope tricks.",
      "Tucker's sister taught him how to do tricks with a jump rope."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nTucker knows how to do tricks with a jump rope.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which soap bubble has less thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "the colder soap bubble",
      "the hotter soap bubble"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two soap bubbles are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Thermal energy",
    "skill":"How are temperature and mass related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving. The energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. What happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.",
    "solution":"The two soap bubbles are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the colder soap bubble has less thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these three objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "colorful",
      "transparent",
      "rough"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Select the best answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. None of the objects are transparent.\nA colorful object has one or more bright colors. None of the objects are colorful.\nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. All three objects are rough.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is rough.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20064\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Iowa?",
    "choices":[
      "Cedar Rapids",
      "Des Moines",
      "Anchorage",
      "Davenport"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Des Moines is the capital of Iowa.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20069\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which object has less thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "a 125-gram glass of grape juice at a temperature of 85\u00b0F",
      "a 125-gram glass of grape juice at a temperature of 75\u00b0F"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The objects are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Heat and thermal energy",
    "skill":"How is temperature related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.",
    "solution":"The two glasses of grape juice have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 75\u00b0F glass of grape juice is colder than the 85\u00b0F glass of grape juice, it has less thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"In this experiment, which were part of an experimental group?",
    "choices":[
      "the snowboards with wax added",
      "the snowboards with wax removed"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The passage below describes an experiment.\n\nJustine and Tanner were taking a snowboarding class. During the class, their instructor said they would go faster if they applied wax to the undersides of their snowboards.\nAfter the class, Justine applied a thin layer of wax to the underside of a snowboard and rode the board straight down a hill. Then, she removed the wax and rode the snowboard straight down the hill again. Tanner timed how long each ride took. Justine repeated these rides on four other snowboards, alternating whether she first rode with or without wax.\nFigure: a snowboarder.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify control and experimental groups",
    "lecture":"Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to investigate whether changing a variable between different groups has a specific outcome. For example, imagine you want to find out whether adding fertilizer to soil affects the height of pea plants. You could investigate this question with the following experiment: You grow one group of pea plants in soil with fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. This group shows you what happens when fertilizer is added to soil. Since fertilizer is the variable whose effect you are investigating, this group is an experimental group. You grow another group of pea plants in soil without fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. Since this group shows you what happens when fertilizer is not added to the soil, it is a control group. By comparing the results from the experimental group to the results from the control group, you can conclude whether adding fertilizer to the soil affects pea plant height.",
    "solution":"In this experiment, Justine and Tanner investigated whether adding wax to snowboards affects their speed. So, the snowboards with wax added were part of an experimental group.\nThere was no wax on the snowboards with wax removed. So, they were not part of an experimental group.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20074\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?",
    "choices":[
      "Josh sent the registrar's office the transcript from his old college, but he still wasn't granted an exemption from English 101.",
      "Josh sent them the transcript from his old college, but he still wasn't granted an exemption from English 101."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Pronouns",
    "skill":"Identify vague pronoun references",
    "lecture":"When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.",
    "solution":"The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them is used without its antecedent.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Them has been replaced with the registrar's office.\nJosh sent the registrar's office the transcript from his old college, but he still wasn't granted an exemption from English 101.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a compound sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "Now the pilots will climb aboard the airplane.",
      "Clare wants fortune cookies, but Alvin would rather have pie."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple or compound?",
    "lecture":"A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate. The pitcher threw the ball to first base. A compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. The pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it. Some simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences. Anna and James will watch the fireworks tonight. This simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James. The singers bowed and walked off the stage. This simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat. This is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.",
    "solution":"The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction but.\nClare wants fortune cookies, but Alvin would rather have pie.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of North Carolina?",
    "choices":[
      "Charlotte",
      "Albany",
      "Raleigh",
      "Charleston"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Southeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Raleigh is the capital of North Carolina.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20096\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Would you find the word blubber on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nbarn - beetle",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince blubber is not between the guide words barn - beetle, it would not be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Colorado?",
    "choices":[
      "Minneapolis",
      "Jefferson City",
      "Boise",
      "Denver"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Denver is the capital of Colorado.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20105\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ncarpet - chick",
    "choices":[
      "cellar",
      "costume"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince cellar is between the guide words carpet - chick, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which i in column 2?",
    "choices":[
      "the police department",
      "the grocery store",
      "the restaurant",
      "the park"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Use a letter-number grid",
    "lecture":"A grid is made up of lines of squares. They are organized in rows and columns. A grid can help you use a map. A row is a line of squares that goes from side to side. Rows are marked with letters. A column is a line of squares that goes up and down. Columns are marked with numbers.",
    "solution":"The police department is in column 2.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20111\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a road from one end of a city to the other?",
    "choices":[
      "9 centimeters",
      "9 kilometers"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of distance",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Imagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers? The number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing. Now look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters. There are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter. There are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the length of a road from one end of a city to the other is 9 kilometers.\n9 centimeters is too short.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What kind of sentence is this?\nDon't overlook Allie when choosing the new principal.",
    "choices":[
      "imperative",
      "exclamatory",
      "interrogative"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory?",
    "lecture":"There are four kinds of sentences. A declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period. The nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure. An interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark. Do you have any plans for the upcoming weekend? An imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point. For this assignment, use references to support your claims. Don't drive so quickly in the construction zone! An exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point. I can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!",
    "solution":"The sentence makes a request, so it is an imperative sentence. Here, it ends with a period.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nSociety often forgives the criminal; it never forgives the dreamer.\n\u2014Oscar Wilde, The Critic as Artist",
    "choices":[
      "understatement",
      "antithesis"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify the figure of speech: review",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Anaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses. We are united. We are powerful. We are winners. Antithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure. I want to help, not to hurt. Apostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity. Oh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully? Assonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words. Try to light the fire. Chiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words. Never let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! An oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Some reviewers are calling this book a new classic. A paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Always expect the unexpected. Understatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is. As you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.",
    "solution":"The text uses antithesis, the contrasting of opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nWilde contrasts two parallel phrases, often forgives the criminal and never forgives the dreamer.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Illinois?",
    "choices":[
      "Chicago",
      "Frankfort",
      "Columbus",
      "Springfield"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Springfield is the capital of Illinois.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20167\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nPalm Desert, California, usually has more days with high air pressure than low air pressure each year.",
    "choices":[
      "weather",
      "climate"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"What's the difference between weather and climate?",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the text carefully.\nPalm Desert, California, usually has more days with high air pressure than low air pressure each year.\nAir pressure is caused by the weight of the air in the atmosphere. When the air pressure is high, the sky is usually clear. When the air pressure is low, the sky is usually cloudy.\nThis passage tells you about the usual air pressure in Palm Desert. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which i in column 1?",
    "choices":[
      "the police department",
      "the gas station",
      "the diner",
      "the theater"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Use a letter-number grid",
    "lecture":"A grid is made up of lines of squares. They are organized in rows and columns. A grid can help you use a map. A row is a line of squares that goes from side to side. Rows are marked with letters. A column is a line of squares that goes up and down. Columns are marked with numbers.",
    "solution":"The police department is in column 1.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20186\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"In this food web, which organism contains matter that eventually moves to the sea cucumber?",
    "choices":[
      "zooplankton",
      "kelp bass"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Below is a food web from an ocean ecosystem in Monterey Bay, off the coast of California.\nA food web models how the matter eaten by organisms moves through an ecosystem. The arrows in a food web represent how matter moves between organisms in an ecosystem.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecological interactions",
    "skill":"Interpret food webs II",
    "lecture":"A food web is a model. A food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food. Arrows show how matter moves. A food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating. An organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web. An organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web.",
    "solution":"Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows to the sea cucumber.\nThe only arrow pointing from the kelp bass leads to the bat star. No arrows point from the bat star to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the kelp bass to the sea cucumber.There is one path matter can take from the orca to the sea cucumber: orca->sea cucumber. There is one path matter can take from the sea otter to the sea cucumber: sea otter->orca->sea cucumber. There is one path matter can take from the zooplankton to the sea cucumber: zooplankton->plainfin midshipman->sea cucumber.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20191\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nThe city of Seaside is currently experiencing a minor crisis. Its sanitation workers are on strike, and the garbage is piling up in the streets.",
    "choices":[
      "oxymoron",
      "paradox"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify figures of speech: euphemism, hyperbole, oxymoron, paradox",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! An oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Some reviewers are calling this book a new classic. A paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Always expect the unexpected.",
    "solution":"The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nMinor crisis is a contradiction, because minor means small or insignificant, and a crisis is a large problem.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles?",
    "choices":[
      "neither; their concentrations are the same",
      "Solution A",
      "Solution B"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each pink ball represents one particle of solute.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Compare concentrations of solutions",
    "lecture":"A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent. concentration = particles of solute \/ volume of solvent",
    "solution":"In Solution A and Solution B, the pink particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles, look at both the number of pink particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of pink particles per milliliter.\nSolution B has more pink particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of pink particles.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20199\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nbeen - brownie",
    "choices":[
      "buckled",
      "boy"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince boy is between the guide words been - brownie, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of New Mexico?",
    "choices":[
      "Honolulu",
      "Phoenix",
      "Santa Fe",
      "Carson City"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify the 50 state capitals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Santa Fe is the capital of New Mexico.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20206\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these four objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "soft",
      "slippery",
      "shiny"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the best answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. The stuffed rabbit and the yarn pom pom are not slippery.\nA shiny object reflects a lot of light. You can usually see your reflection in a shiny object. The stuffed rabbit is not shiny.\nA soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. All four objects are soft.\nThe property that all four objects have in common is soft.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20210\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following trait inherited or acquired?\nAbby has a scar on her right elbow.",
    "choices":[
      "inherited",
      "acquired"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Identify inherited and acquired traits",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.",
    "solution":"Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the temperature of a warm swimming pool?",
    "choices":[
      "26\u00b0C",
      "26\u00b0F"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Estimate temperatures",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Temperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units. <br\/><br\/> 212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0C<br\/> 98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0C<br\/> 68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0C<br\/> 32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0C<br\/>",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the temperature of a warm swimming pool is 26\u00b0C.\n26\u00b0F is too cold.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is a knife a solid or a liquid?",
    "choices":[
      "a liquid",
      "a solid"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"States of matter",
    "skill":"Classify matter as solid or liquid",
    "lecture":"Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own. Some solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break. A glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid. When matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container. Think about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space. Juice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid.",
    "solution":"A knife is a solid. You can bend a knife. But it will still have a size and shape of its own.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20216\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which text uses the word nauseous in its traditional sense?",
    "choices":[
      "Audrey's little brother looked a little sick after eating mounds of candy and then going on the nauseous rides at the state fair.",
      "Audrey's little brother looked a little nauseous after eating mounds of candy and then going on the dizzying rides at the state fair."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Word usage and nuance",
    "skill":"Explore words with new or contested usages",
    "lecture":"Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner. When a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences. Britney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam. The traditional usage above is considered more standard. David perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages. The nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.",
    "solution":"The first text uses nauseous in its traditional sense: causing disgust or nausea.\nAudrey's little brother looked a little sick after eating mounds of candy and then going on the nauseous rides at the state fair.\nThe second text uses nauseous in its nontraditional sense: feeling disgusted or nauseated.\nAudrey's little brother looked a little nauseous after eating mounds of candy and then going on the dizzying rides at the state fair.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word nauseous because it is considered more standard.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Identify the question that Hector's experiment can best answer.",
    "choices":[
      "Can pennies hold more drops of pure water or water mixed with hand soap?",
      "Can pennies hold more drops of water mixed with dish soap or water mixed with hand soap?"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below.\n\nHector used a dropper to put equal-sized drops of pure water, one at a time, onto a penny. The drops stayed together and formed a dome on the penny's surface. Hector recorded the number of drops he could add before the water spilled over the edge of the penny. Then, he rinsed and dried the penny, and repeated the test using water mixed with hand soap. He repeated these trials on nine additional pennies. Hector compared the average number of pure water drops to the average number of water drops mixed with hand soap that he could add to a penny before the water spilled over.\nFigure: a dome of water on the surface of a penny.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify the experimental question",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment. Imagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured. First, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested. Then, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured. Experiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height. Examples of questions that this experiment can answer include: Does soil type affect the height of daffodil plants? Do daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil? Are daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20229\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nJennifer swore she would never go back to Hillsdale, but I told her she should never say never. The city might be a very different place in ten years.",
    "choices":[
      "paradox",
      "oxymoron"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify figures of speech: euphemism, hyperbole, oxymoron, paradox",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! An oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Some reviewers are calling this book a new classic. A paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Always expect the unexpected.",
    "solution":"The text uses a paradox, a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nNever say never at first appears to be contradictory: by saying the phrase itself, you have already said never. However, it contains some truth: people often change their minds as they age and so should not rule anything out by saying never.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which continent is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "North America",
      "Antarctica",
      "Europe",
      "Africa"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Identify oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"A continent is one of the seven largest areas of land on earth.",
    "solution":"This continent is Antarctica.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20250\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on the text, why are okapis sometimes referred to as forest giraffes?",
    "choices":[
      "They are a type of giraffe that sometimes migrates to the rain forest.",
      "Their giraffe-like markings help them blend in with their forest homes.",
      "They have long necks like giraffes do, and they eat leaves in forests.",
      "They are related to giraffes, and they live in central African rain forests."
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":"Read the text about okapis.\nWhen you first see an okapi, you might think it's related to a horse or a zebra. Its body and neck are horse-like, and its legs have black-and-white stripes like a zebra does. But the okapi is not related to a horse or a zebra; its closest relative is actually the giraffe. In fact, okapis are sometimes called forest giraffes, since they live mainly in the rain forests of central Africa.\nAn okapi's relationship to a giraffe is most noticeable in its face. Like giraffes, okapis have long, thin faces topped with large, upward-pointing ears. Male okapis also have little furry horns like giraffes' horns. Additionally, both giraffes and okapis have long, dark tongues, which can grab and strip leaves from trees. And just like giraffes, okapis are plant eaters, feeding on leaves, buds, twigs, and fruit.\nIn many ways, though, okapis are quite different from their giraffe cousins. An okapi's neck is much shorter than a giraffe's. This is useful, because a long neck would make it difficult to move through thick vegetation. Another important difference is that giraffes are social and live in herds, while okapis are shy, solitary creatures. They tend to live alone, hiding in the dense forest. Perhaps that's why most people didn't even know okapis existed until around 1900.\nEven though okapis tend to keep to themselves, they do have ways to communicate with each other. For example, they mark their territories by leaving scent marks with their feet. And mother okapis can communicate with their babies \"silently,\" using sounds that are too low in pitch for people\u2014and predators\u2014to hear. That's a good thing, too, as these animals are in danger of dying out. They need all the protection from predators that they can get.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reading-comprehension",
    "category":"Informational texts: level 1",
    "skill":"Read passages about animals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the text in bold below. It tells you why okapis are sometimes referred to as forest giraffes.\nWhen you first see an okapi, you might think it's related to a horse or a zebra. Its body and neck are horse-like, and its legs have black-and-white stripes like a zebra does. But the okapi is not related to a horse or a zebra; its closest relative is actually the giraffe. In fact, okapis are sometimes called forest giraffes, since they live mainly in the rain forests of central Africa.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20251\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is Victoria amazonica made up of one cell?",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This organism is Victoria amazonica. It is a member of the plant kingdom.\nVictoria amazonica is commonly called the giant water lily. A single leaf can be over eight feet wide! The giant water lily grows in shallow water in the Amazon river basin.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Describe, classify, and compare kingdoms",
    "lecture":"In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms. Organisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom. <br\/><br\/>  | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | Plants<br\/> How many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | many<br\/> Do their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yes<br\/> Can their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes<br\/>",
    "solution":"Victoria amazonica is a plant. Plants are made up of many cells.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20259\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the idiom in this text suggest?\nIsabella submitted her suggestions to Carson; now the ball is in his court.",
    "choices":[
      "Carson needs to act next.",
      "Carson feels like playing or relaxing, not working."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. An idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned. The assignment was a piece of cake.",
    "solution":"The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.\nThe idiom the ball is in his court suggests that Carson needs to act next. In tennis, when the ball is in a player's court, it is that person's turn.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nfeet - fork",
    "choices":[
      "finger",
      "fat"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince finger is between the guide words feet - fork, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nGrayson remarked that the new book on anti-gravity was impossible to put down.",
    "choices":[
      "pun",
      "alliteration"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Alliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words. What a lucky little lady you are! An allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. An idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned. The assignment was a piece of cake. A simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike. The cat's fur was as dark as the night. A metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as. The snow formed a blanket over the town. Onomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound. The scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat. Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. The trees danced in the wind. A pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning. A great new broom is sweeping the nation. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.",
    "solution":"The text uses a pun, a word or phrase that humorously suggests more than one meaning.\nImpossible to put down means that the book is so good that it is hard to stop reading. The phrase impossible to put down is also a joke about anti-gravity: if gravity pulls things down, perhaps anti-gravity does the opposite and makes them impossible to put down.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which term matches the picture?",
    "choices":[
      "heterotroph",
      "autotroph"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Read the text.\nOrganisms that can make their own energy from nonliving resources, such as the sun, are known as producers, or autotrophs. The Greek prefix auto- means \"self,\" and the suffix troph means \"nourishment.\" Thus, an autotroph can produce its own nourishment, as when a plant uses photosynthesis to obtain energy from the sun.\nOrganisms that eat living or once-living things to obtain their energy are known as consumers, or heterotrophs. The Greek prefix hetero- means \"different.\" This means that a heterotroph cannot produce energy on its own. Instead, heterotrophs consume other organisms\u2014plants and animals\u2014for energy.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"word-study",
    "category":"Domain-specific vocabulary",
    "skill":"Determine the meaning of domain-specific words with pictures",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"A polar bear is a heterotroph because instead of producing its own energy, it survives by eating other organisms, like seals.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20274\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which statement describes the Gran Sabana ecosystem?",
    "choices":[
      "It has cool summers and long, cold winters.",
      "It has a rainy season and a dry season."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Figure: Gran Sabana.\nThe Gran Sabana is a savanna grassland ecosystem in southeastern Venezuela. This savanna has many flat-topped mountains called mesas.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Describe ecosystems",
    "lecture":"An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment. There are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other: the pattern of weather, or climate the type of soil the organisms that live there",
    "solution":"A savanna grassland is a type of ecosystem. Savanna grasslands have the following features: warm summers and warm winters, a rainy season and a dry season, and soil that is poor in nutrients. So, the following statements describe the Gran Sabana ecosystem: warm summers and warm winters, a rainy season and a dry season, and soil that is poor in nutrients. It has a rainy season and a dry season. It has soil that is poor in nutrients. The following statement does not describe the Gran Sabana: warm summers and warm winters, a rainy season and a dry season, and soil that is poor in nutrients. It has cool summers and long, cold winters.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20275\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Ohio?",
    "choices":[
      "Providence",
      "Indianapolis",
      "Columbus",
      "Springfield"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Columbus is the capital of Ohio.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20279\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same genus as the western crowned pigeon.",
    "choices":[
      "Agalychnis callidryas",
      "Hystrix cristata",
      "Goura cristata"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"This organism is a western crowned pigeon. Its scientific name is Goura cristata.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification and scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"A western crowned pigeon's scientific name is Goura cristata. The first word of its scientific name is Goura.\nThis organism and the western crowned pigeon are in the same genus and the same species! Both organisms have the same scientific name, Goura cristata.\nAgalychnis callidryas is in the genus Agalychnis. The first word of its scientific name is Agalychnis. So, Agalychnis callidryas and Goura cristata are not in the same genus.\nHystrix cristata and Goura cristata are not in the same genus.\nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Hystrix cristata and Goura cristata have the same species name within their genus, cristata. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Hystrix cristata is in the genus Hystrix, and Goura cristata is in the genus Goura.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20284\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Identify the question that Trent's experiment can best answer.",
    "choices":[
      "Do steel nails take fewer days to rust in water compared to vinegar?",
      "Do steel nails rust in fewer days when submerged in a large volume of liquid compared to a small volume?"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below.\n\nTrent put one two-inch steel nail into each of six test tubes. He added water to three of the test tubes and vinegar to the other three. In each test tube, he completely covered the nail with the same volume of liquid. Trent checked the nails for rust at the same time every day. He recorded how many days it took each nail to become completely covered in rust. Then, he compared the number of days it took nails to rust in water to the number of days it took nails to rust in vinegar.\nFigure: a new steel nail on a pile of rusty nails.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify the experimental question",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment. Imagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured. First, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested. Then, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured. Experiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height. Examples of questions that this experiment can answer include: Does soil type affect the height of daffodil plants? Do daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil? Are daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20286\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the mass of a full box of cereal?",
    "choices":[
      "23 ounces",
      "23 pounds",
      "23 tons"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of mass",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Mass is a measurement of how much matter something contains. There are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons. There are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton. So, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton. A slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the mass of a full box of cereal is 23 ounces.\n23 pounds and 23 tons are both too heavy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which closing is correct for a letter?",
    "choices":[
      "love,\nHanson",
      "Love,\nHanson"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Greetings and closings of letters",
    "lecture":"A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue. Dear Aunt Sue, I'm glad you could come to my party, and thank you for the birthday gift. I could not have asked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think of you. With love, Rory",
    "solution":"The first closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nbattery - bracelet",
    "choices":[
      "beard",
      "burn"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince beard is between the guide words battery - bracelet, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property matches this object?",
    "choices":[
      "smooth",
      "sticky"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the better answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Identify properties of an object",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.",
    "solution":"Look at the object.\nThink about each property.\nA smooth object is not scratchy or rough. The metal paper clip is smooth.\nA sticky object can stick to other things. The metal paper clip is not sticky.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20302\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence.\nIn this chemical reaction, ozone is a ().",
    "choices":[
      "product",
      "reactant"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This passage describes a chemical reaction. Read the passage. Then, follow the instructions below.\nOzone is a gas found high up in Earth's atmosphere. In places with severe air pollution, ozone can also be found in the air closer to the ground. This ground-level ozone forms when oxygen in the air combines with carbon monoxide and other chemicals in polluted air. Ground-level ozone can harm humans by damaging their lungs.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Chemical reactions",
    "skill":"Identify reactants and products",
    "lecture":"A chemical change occurs when new substances are formed from existing substances. This process is called a chemical reaction. In a chemical reaction, one or more substances change into one or more different substances. During the reaction, the atoms of the original substances are rearranged to form other substances. The original substances in a chemical reaction are called reactants. These substances react, or go through a chemical change. The substances that are formed in a chemical reaction are called products. These substances are produced by the chemical reaction. So, in a chemical reaction, reactants go through a chemical change to form products.",
    "solution":"Read the underlined text carefully. Look for information about what happens to ozone in this chemical reaction.\nOzone is a gas found high up in Earth's atmosphere. In places with severe air pollution, ozone can also be found in the air closer to the ground. This ground-level ozone forms when oxygen in the air combines with carbon monoxide and other chemicals in polluted air. Ground-level ozone can harm humans by damaging their lungs.\nThe underlined text tells you that ozone forms when oxygen combines with carbon monoxide. Because ozone is produced by this chemical reaction, ozone is a product.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Using only these supplies, which question can Dean investigate with an experiment?",
    "choices":[
      "Does a big toy car go down the wooden ramp faster than a small toy car?",
      "Do toy cars go faster down the ramp made of wood or the ramp made of cardboard?",
      "Do toy cars with plastic wheels go faster down the cardboard ramp than toy cars with metal wheels?"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Dean and his sister are building ramps to race their toy cars down. Dean notices that the cars go down some of the ramps faster than others. He wonders what factors affect the cars' speed. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\ntwo identical toy cars\na wooden ramp three feet long and two feet tall\na cardboard ramp three feet long and two feet tall",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which figure of speech is used in this text?\nWalter is a real Benedict Arnold. After promising to work on my campaign for class president, he decided to support my opponent.",
    "choices":[
      "allusion",
      "simile"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Classify figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Alliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words. What a lucky little lady you are! An allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. An idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned. The assignment was a piece of cake. A simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike. The cat's fur was as dark as the night. A metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as. The snow formed a blanket over the town. Onomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound. The scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat. Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. The trees danced in the wind. A pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning. A great new broom is sweeping the nation. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.",
    "solution":"The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nBenedict Arnold alludes to the American general during the Revolutionary War who betrayed his country and fought for the British.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which continent is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Europe",
      "Australia",
      "North America",
      "South America"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Physical Geography",
    "skill":"Oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents.",
    "solution":"This continent is Australia.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20308\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of North Dakota?",
    "choices":[
      "Harrisburg",
      "Pierre",
      "Austin",
      "Bismarck"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Bismarck is the capital of North Dakota.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20310\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?",
    "choices":[
      "Scott asked for a rematch after Josh beat him in tennis.",
      "After Josh beat Scott in tennis, he asked for a rematch."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade11",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Pronouns",
    "skill":"Identify vague pronoun references",
    "lecture":"When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.",
    "solution":"The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun he could refer to Josh or Scott.\nAfter Josh beat Scott in tennis, he asked for a rematch.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nScott asked for a rematch after Josh beat him in tennis.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is this a sentence fragment?\nBefore the town of Kennecott, Alaska, was deserted in the 1930s, it was home to a thriving copper mine and mill, a hospital, a school, and a skating rink.",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Identify sentence fragments",
    "lecture":"A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. The band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks. A sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. Rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks. This fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing. The band I'm in. This fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing. Because we have a concert in two weeks. This fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert.",
    "solution":"This is not a sentence fragment. It is a complete sentence because it expresses a complete thought.\nBefore the town of Kennecott, Alaska, was deserted in the 1930 s, it was home to a thriving copper mine and mill, a hospital, a school, and a skating rink.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of California?",
    "choices":[
      "Santa Fe",
      "Birmingham",
      "Sacramento",
      "Saint Paul"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify the 50 state capitals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Sacramento is the capital of California.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20358\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which theater of the war covered the smallest amount of territory?",
    "choices":[
      "the Trans-Mississippi Theater",
      "the Western Theater",
      "the Eastern Theater"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Almost all of the battles of the Civil War happened in three zones, or theaters. The following map shows the theaters. Use it to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"The Civil War and Reconstruction",
    "skill":"The Civil War: the end of the war",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the map. The smallest colored area is labeled the Eastern Theater. The Eastern Theater covered the smallest amount of territory.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20360\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following organisms is the primary consumer in this food web?",
    "choices":[
      "water flea",
      "black crappie",
      "water mold"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Below is a food web from Little Rock Lake, a freshwater lake ecosystem in Wisconsin.\nA food web models how the matter eaten by organisms moves through an ecosystem. The arrows in a food web represent how matter moves between organisms in an ecosystem.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Interpret food webs I",
    "lecture":"A food web is a model. A food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food. Arrows show how matter moves. A food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating. An organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web. An organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web.",
    "solution":"Primary consumers eat producers. So, in a food web, primary consumers have arrows pointing to them from producers.\nThe rotifer has an arrow pointing to it from the green algae. The green algae is a producer, so the rotifer is a primary consumer.\nThe water flea has an arrow pointing to it from the green algae. The green algae is a producer, so the water flea is a primary consumer.\nThe black crappie has arrows pointing to it from the water flea, the rotifer, and the shiner. None of these organisms is a produce, so the black crappie is not a primary consumer.\nThe water mold has an arrow pointing to it from the black crappie. The black crappie is not a producer, so the water mold is not a primary consumer.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20362\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "repel",
      "attract"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces. Magnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S). Here are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles. If opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20371\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest west?",
    "choices":[
      "Connecticut",
      "New Jersey",
      "North Dakota",
      "Maryland"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Maps",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. North Dakota is farthest west.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20374\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Arizona?",
    "choices":[
      "Cheyenne",
      "Phoenix",
      "Santa Fe",
      "Denver"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify the 50 state capitals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Phoenix is the capital of Arizona.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20376\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the one animal that has all of the arachnid traits listed above.",
    "choices":[
      "Earthworms live in soil and have no limbs. Their bodies are soft, cylindrical, and made up of many segments.",
      "Laos giant forest scorpions have eight legs and a dark-colored exoskeleton. They live in humid forests in southeastern Asia. Laos giant forest scorpions have no antennae."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Arachnids are a group of animals with similar traits. The following traits can be used to identify arachnids:\nThey have eight legs.\nThey have an exoskeleton.\nThey have no antennae. Observe the animals and read the descriptions.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Use evidence to classify animals",
    "lecture":"Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live. How do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group.",
    "solution":"To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nArachnids have the following traits:\nThey have eight legs.\nThey have an exoskeleton.\nThey have no antennae.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA Laos giant forest scorpion has the following traits:\nIt has eight legs.\nIt has an exoskeleton.\nIt has no antennae.\nA Laos giant forest scorpion has the traits of an arachnid. A Laos giant forest scorpion is an arachnid.\nAn earthworm has the following traits:\nIt has a soft, cylindrical body.\nIt has no limbs.\nIt is made up of segments.\nAn earthworm does not have all of the traits of an arachnid. An earthworm is a segmented worm.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Devon acquired this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Devon learned how to build a fire at summer camp.",
      "Devon can cook food over a fire."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nDevon knows how to build a fire.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nDon't ever get a ride from Elizabeth. Her brother has been driving for only six months, and he's already gotten three speeding tickets.",
    "choices":[
      "hasty generalization: a very broad claim based on very little evidence",
      "guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> red herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that Elizabeth must be a reckless driver, because her brother is a reckless driver. However, even though Elizabeth's brother is reckless, that doesn't necessarily mean that Elizabeth is, too. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Assume all other forces on Emmet are balanced. Which statement describes the forces on Emmet?",
    "choices":[
      "The forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Emmet.",
      "The forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Emmet."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Emmet is standing on a diving board at the pool. Earth's gravity is pulling down on Emmet with a force of 400N. The diving board is pushing up on Emmet with a force of 400N.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Balanced and unbalanced forces",
    "lecture":"A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces. When opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object. When opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object.",
    "solution":"To determine if there is a net force on Emmet, look at the forces:\nEarth's gravity is pulling Emmet down with a force of 400 N.\nThe diving board is pushing Emmet up with a force of 400 N.\nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have the same magnitude: 400 N. This means that the forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Emmet.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is grape juice a solid or a liquid?",
    "choices":[
      "a solid",
      "a liquid"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"States of matter",
    "skill":"Classify matter as solid or liquid",
    "lecture":"Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own. Some solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break. A glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid. When matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container. Think about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space. Juice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid.",
    "solution":"Grape juice is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in.\nIf you pour grape juice into a different container, the grape juice will take the shape of that container. But the grape juice will still take up the same amount of space.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20411\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?",
    "choices":[
      "climate",
      "weather"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Figure: Washington, D.C..\nWashington, D.C., is located on the East Coast of the United States. December, January, and February are often cold and snowy each year.\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Weather and climate around the world",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the passage carefully.\nWashington, D.C., is located on the East Coast of the United States. December, January, and February are often cold and snowy each year.\nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual pattern of precipitation in Washington, D.C. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20424\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which sentence states a fact?",
    "choices":[
      "Bottlenose dolphins can stay underwater for up to fifteen minutes.",
      "Bottlenose dolphins are the cutest animals in the ocean."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Opinion writing",
    "skill":"Distinguish facts from opinions",
    "lecture":"A fact is something that can be proved to be true. The month of July has more days than the month of June. This is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month. An opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true. July is a better month than June for camping. This is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping.",
    "solution":"The first sentence states a fact.\nBottlenose dolphins can stay underwater for up to fifteen minutes.\nIt can be proved by observing bottlenose dolphins.\nThe second sentence states an opinion.\nBottlenose dolphins are the cutest animals in the ocean.\nCutest shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what the cutest animals are.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same genus as the mountain zebra.",
    "choices":[
      "Cervus canadensis",
      "Equus quagga",
      "Macropus rufus"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This organism is a mountain zebra. Its scientific name is Equus zebra.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"A mountain zebra's scientific name is Equus zebra. The first word of its scientific name is Equus.\nMacropus rufus is in the genus Macropus. The first word of its scientific name is Macropus. So, Macropus rufus and Equus zebra are not in the same genus.\nCervus canadensis is in the genus Cervus. The first word of its scientific name is Cervus. So, Cervus canadensis and Equus zebra are not in the same genus.\nEquus quagga is in the genus Equus. The first word of its scientific name is Equus. So, Equus quagga and Equus zebra are in the same genus.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20434\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a sentence fragment?",
    "choices":[
      "Puts the towel back in the bathroom.",
      "Erin spilled apple juice on the carpet."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is it a complete sentence, a fragment, or a run-on?",
    "lecture":"A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb. My friends walk along the path. A sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb. Knows the answer. This is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject. Who knows the answer? She knows the answer. The bright red car. This is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb. What did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped. A run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma. I knocked on the door it opened. It started raining, we ran inside. To fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence. I knocked on the door. It opened. It started raining. We ran inside. You can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. I knocked on the door, and it opened. It started raining, so we ran inside.",
    "solution":"Puts the towel back in the bathroom is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which closing is correct for a letter?",
    "choices":[
      "Your nephew,\nStanley",
      "your nephew,\nStanley"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Greetings and closings of letters",
    "lecture":"A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue. Dear Aunt Sue, I'm glad you could come to my party, and thank you for the birthday gift. I could not have asked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think of you. With love, Rory",
    "solution":"The first closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Identify the question that Gabriel's experiment can best answer.",
    "choices":[
      "Does temperature affect how much bacteria can grow in liquid?",
      "Do more bacteria grow in liquid with cinnamon than in liquid without cinnamon?"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below.\n\nGabriel mixed bacteria into a nutrient-rich liquid where the bacteria could grow. He poured four ounces of the mixture into each of ten glass flasks. In five of the ten flasks, he also added one teaspoon of cinnamon. He allowed the bacteria in the flasks to grow overnight in a 37\u00b0C room. Then, Gabriel used a microscope to count the number of bacteria in a small sample from each flask. He compared the amount of bacteria in the liquid with cinnamon to the amount of bacteria in the liquid without cinnamon.\nFigure: flasks of liquid for growing bacteria.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify the experimental question",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment. Imagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured. First, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested. Then, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured. Experiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height. Examples of questions that this experiment can answer include: Does soil type affect the height of daffodil plants? Do daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil? Are daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20442\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What do these two changes have in common?\nsewing an apron\nmelting glass",
    "choices":[
      "Both are only physical changes.",
      "Both are caused by cooling.",
      "Both are chemical changes.",
      "Both are caused by heating."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Physical and chemical change",
    "skill":"Compare physical and chemical changes",
    "lecture":"Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.",
    "solution":"Step 1: Think about each change.\nSewing an apron is a physical change. The fabric and thread that make up the apron get a new shape, but the type of matter in each of them does not change.\nMelting glass is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The glass changes from solid to liquid. But a different type of matter is not formed.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nGlass melting is caused by heating. But sewing an apron is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Oregon?",
    "choices":[
      "Salem",
      "Carson City",
      "Portland",
      "Santa Fe"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify the 50 state capitals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Salem is the capital of Oregon.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20451\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nSean is not qualified to run the Environmental Club. Have you seen his sister's huge, horrifically inefficient car? The planet cries whenever she turns on the ignition.",
    "choices":[
      "straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against",
      "guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something",
      "bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations<br\/> slippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that Sean isn't qualified to run the Environmental Club because his sister drives a fuel inefficient car. However, the behavior of Sean's sister does not necessarily reflect Sean's own behavior. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which correctly shows the title of a book?",
    "choices":[
      "***As Days Go By***",
      "\"As Days Go By\""
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Formatting titles",
    "lecture":"The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead. A Midsummer Night's Dream The title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks. \"You Are My Sunshine\"",
    "solution":"A book should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **As Days Go By**.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which specific humidity level was measured within the outlined area shown?",
    "choices":[
      "11 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air",
      "2 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air",
      "13 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The map below shows humidity in the lower atmosphere on February 21, 2017. The map shows specific humidity, a measurement of the amount of water vapor in the air. The outlined area shows an air mass that influenced weather in Africa on that day.\nLook at the map. Then, answer the question below.\nData source: United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\/Earth System Research Laboratory, Physical Sciences Division",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Identify and compare air masses",
    "lecture":"To study air masses, scientists can use maps that show conditions within Earth's atmosphere. For example, the map below uses color to show specific humidity, a measurement of the amount of water vapor in the air. The map's legend tells you the specific humidity level that each color represents. Colors on the left in the legend represent lower specific humidity levels than colors on the right. For example, areas on the map that are the darkest shade of purple have a specific humidity from zero grams per kilogram (g\/kg) up to two g\/kg. Areas that are the next darkest shade of purple have a specific humidity from two g\/kg up to four g\/kg.",
    "solution":"Look at the colors shown within the outlined area. Then, use the legend to determine which specific humidity levels those colors represent.\nThe legend tells you that this air mass contained air with specific humidity levels between 0 and 6 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air.\n2 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air is within this range.\n11 and 13 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air are outside of this range.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20464\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Arkansas?",
    "choices":[
      "Little Rock",
      "Olympia",
      "Fayetteville",
      "Burlington"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Southeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Little Rock is the capital of Arkansas.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20478\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Using only these supplies, which question can Tiana investigate with an experiment?",
    "choices":[
      "Does milk chocolate melt faster when heated in a microwave or on a stove?",
      "Does milk chocolate or dark chocolate melt faster when heated on the stove?",
      "Does dark chocolate or white chocolate melt faster when heated on the stove?"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Tiana leaves some chocolates in her jacket pocket. When she finds the chocolates later, she notices that some of them have melted. She wonders what factors affect how quickly chocolate melts. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\none bar of milk chocolate\none bar of dark chocolate\na stove\na pot",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What can Danny and Peter trade to each get what they want?",
    "choices":[
      "Danny can trade his tomatoes for Peter's sandwich.",
      "Peter can trade his broccoli for Danny's oranges.",
      "Danny can trade his tomatoes for Peter's broccoli.",
      "Peter can trade his almonds for Danny's tomatoes."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.\nDanny and Peter open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Both of them could be happier with their lunches. Danny wanted broccoli in his lunch and Peter was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Trade and specialization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Danny wanted broccoli in his lunch and Peter was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.\nDanny has tomatoes. Peter has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20484\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Can Hevea brasiliensis cells make their own food?",
    "choices":[
      "no",
      "yes"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This organism is Hevea brasiliensis. It is a member of the plant kingdom.\nHevea brasiliensis is commonly called a rubber tree. Rubber trees make a white liquid called latex. Rubber trees use latex for protection. Latex has a bad taste and can be poisonous to some animals. So, the latex helps to stop animals from eating the rubber tree's leaves and branches.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Describe, classify, and compare kingdoms",
    "lecture":"In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms. Organisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom. <br\/><br\/>  | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | Plants<br\/> How many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | many<br\/> Do their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yes<br\/> Can their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes<br\/>",
    "solution":"Hevea brasiliensis is a plant. Plant cells can make their own food. Plant cells make food using photosynthesis.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20486\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Why might fanning eggs increase the reproductive success of a male fifteen-spined stickleback? Complete the claim below that answers this question and is best supported by the passage.\nFanning eggs increases the chances that ().",
    "choices":[
      "the male will build a nest for females to lay eggs in",
      "the male's offspring will become adults",
      "the male will spend more energy while waving his fins"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Animals often behave in certain ways that can increase their reproductive success. Read the passage about a specific animal behavior. Then, follow the instructions below.\n\nFifteen-spined sticklebacks are small fish that live in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean. Male sticklebacks build nests for their eggs. Then, the males mate with multiple females. After a male mates with a female, she lays eggs in the male's nest and then leaves. The male guards his nest until the eggs hatch. As he guards the nest, he waves his fins near the eggs for short periods of time. This behavior is called fanning.\nBy fanning his nest, a male stickleback can help bring fresh water and nutrients to the eggs. The more frequently a male fans his eggs, the more eggs hatch.\nFigure: a fifteen-spined stickleback.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"literacy-in-science",
    "category":"Adaptations and natural selection",
    "skill":"How can animal behaviors affect reproductive success? Identify evidence to support a claim",
    "lecture":"Animals increase their reproductive success when they have offspring that survive to reproduce. Animals can increase their chances of having offspring by behaving in ways that help them get partners to mate and reproduce with. These partners are called mates. For example, animals may make special sounds, perform specific dances, or show off bright colors to attract mates. Animals may also compete with each other for mates. Animals can increase the chances that their offspring will survive to reproduce by caring for and protecting them. For example, animals may feed their offspring or guard them from predators. These behaviors increase the chances that the offspring will survive to adulthood, when they can reproduce. Many behaviors can increase the chances that animals will have offspring that survive to reproduce. But the behaviors cannot guarantee that the animals will have greater reproductive success. Animals that attract or compete for mates won't always successfully mate and reproduce, and offspring that are fed and protected won't always survive to adulthood.",
    "solution":"Look for the part of the passage that describes the effect of fanning eggs. Use this information to determine why this behavior can increase the reproductive success of the male fifteen-spined stickleback.\nChoice \"Fifteen-spined sticklebacks are small fish that live in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean. Male sticklebacks build nests for their eggs. Then, the males mate with multiple females. After a male mates with a female, she lays eggs in the male's nest and then leaves. The male guards his nest until the eggs hatch. As he guards the nest, he waves his fins near the eggs for short periods of time. This behavior is called fanning.\" is correct.\nChoice \"By fanning his nest, a male stickleback can help bring fresh water and nutrients to the eggs. The more frequently a male fans his eggs, the more eggs hatch.\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Choice \"Fanning eggs increases the chances that the male will build a nest for females to lay eggs in.\" is incorrect.\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Fanning eggs does not affect whether a male builds a nest. Instead, the male builds a nest before he fans his eggs. So, the passage does not support this claim.\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Choice \"Fanning eggs increases the chances that the male's offspring will become adults.\" is incorrect.\" is correct.\nChoice \"According to the underlined text, fanning eggs helps bring fresh water and nutrients to the eggs. The more frequently a male stickleback fans his eggs, the more of his eggs hatch. This increases the chances that the male's offspring will become adults, which can increase his reproductive success.\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Choice \"Fanning eggs increases the chances that the male will spend more energy while waving his fins.\" is incorrect.\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"To increase his reproductive success, the male stickleback needs to have offspring that survive to reproduce. Spending more energy waving his fins does not directly increase the male's chances of producing offspring that survive to reproduce. So, spending more energy waving his fins is not why fanning eggs increases the male's reproductive success.\" is incorrect.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20489\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Sebastian's phenotype for the tail spots trait?",
    "choices":[
      "a spotted tail",
      "an unspotted tail"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"In a group of guppies, some individuals have a spotted tail and others have an unspotted tail. In this group, the gene for the tail spots trait has two alleles. The allele for a spotted tail (I) is dominant over the allele for an unspotted tail (i).\nSebastian is a guppy from this group. Sebastian has the homozygous genotype ii for the tail spots gene.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: dominant and recessive",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. Some traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene. An organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene. An organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene. The types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. A dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers. A recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.",
    "solution":"Sebastian's genotype for the tail spots gene is ii. Sebastian's genotype of ii has only i alleles. The i allele is for an unspotted tail. So, Sebastian's phenotype for the tail spots trait must be an unspotted tail.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Sebastian's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for a spotted tail (I) is dominant over the allele for an unspotted tail (i). This means I is a dominant allele, and i is a recessive allele.\nSebastian's genotype of ii has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Sebastian's phenotype for the tail spots trait must be an unspotted tail.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What kind of sentence is this?\nBert campaigned tirelessly in support of his neighbor's bid for elective office.",
    "choices":[
      "interrogative",
      "exclamatory",
      "declarative"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory?",
    "lecture":"There are four kinds of sentences. A declarative sentence is a statement and always ends with a period. The nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure. An imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point. For this assignment, use references to support your claims. Don't drive so quickly in the construction zone! An interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark. Given the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction? An exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point. I can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!",
    "solution":"The sentence is a statement and ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "sample A",
      "sample B",
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.\nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20547\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a basketball court?",
    "choices":[
      "25 centimeters",
      "25 millimeters",
      "25 meters",
      "25 kilometers"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of distance, mass, and volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter. The tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long. A red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the length of a basketball court is 25 meters.\n25 millimeters and 25 centimeters are too short. 25 kilometers is too long.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "the Marshall Islands",
      "Vanuatu",
      "Nauru",
      "Australia"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Oceania: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of Oceania",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is Nauru.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20570\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Minnesota?",
    "choices":[
      "Raleigh",
      "Lansing",
      "Minneapolis",
      "Saint Paul"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Midwest",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Saint Paul is the capital of Minnesota.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20571\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these three objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "translucent",
      "sweet",
      "rough"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the best answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nSugar has a sweet taste. The honey is sweet, but the ocean water and the wet ice cube are not.\nA translucent object lets light through. But you cannot see clearly through a translucent object. All three objects are translucent.\nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. None of the objects are rough.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is translucent.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20572\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following trait inherited or acquired?\nTara is good at knitting socks.",
    "choices":[
      "inherited",
      "acquired"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Identify inherited and acquired traits",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.",
    "solution":"People are not born knowing how to knit. Instead, many people learn how to knit. Knitting well takes practice. So, knitting well is an acquired trait.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest west?",
    "choices":[
      "West Virginia",
      "Michigan",
      "Delaware",
      "New York"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Maps",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Michigan is farthest west.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20577\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Hawaii?",
    "choices":[
      "Honolulu",
      "Salem",
      "Hilo",
      "Raleigh"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20580\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which greeting is correct for a letter?",
    "choices":[
      "Dear Mrs. Lee,",
      "Dear Mrs. lee,"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Greetings and closings of letters",
    "lecture":"A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue. Dear Aunt Sue, I'm glad you could come to my party, and thank you for the birthday gift. I could not have asked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think of you. With love, Rory",
    "solution":"The first greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Mrs. Lee is capitalized because it is a proper noun.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "sample A",
      "sample B",
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"Each particle in the two samples has the same mass, but the particles in sample B have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.\nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20588\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the organism in the same genus as the peregrine falcon.",
    "choices":[
      "Falco novaeseelandiae",
      "Pelecanus rufescens",
      "Pelecanus crispus"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This organism is a peregrine falcon. Its scientific name is Falco peregrinus.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification and scientific names",
    "skill":"Use scientific names to classify organisms",
    "lecture":"Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words. The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits. A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus. Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus. Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.",
    "solution":"A peregrine falcon's scientific name is Falco peregrinus. The first word of its scientific name is Falco.\nPelecanus crispus is in the genus Pelecanus. The first word of its scientific name is Pelecanus. So, Pelecanus crispus and Falco peregrinus are not in the same genus.\nPelecanus rufescens is in the genus Pelecanus. The first word of its scientific name is Pelecanus. So, Pelecanus rufescens and Falco peregrinus are not in the same genus.\nFalco novaeseelandiae is in the genus Falco. The first word of its scientific name is Falco. So, Falco novaeseelandiae and Falco peregrinus are in the same genus.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20591\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which better describes the Pantanal ecosystem?",
    "choices":[
      "It has land that is covered with water during most of the year. It also has soil that is poor in nutrients.",
      "It has land that is covered with water during most of the year. It also has other water ecosystems nearby."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Figure: Pantanal.\nThe Pantanal is a wetland ecosystem located mostly in Brazil.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Describe ecosystems",
    "lecture":"An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other: the pattern of weather, or climate the type of soil or water the organisms that live there",
    "solution":"A wetland is a type of ecosystem. Wetlands have the following features: land that is covered with water during most of the year, soil that is rich in nutrients, and other water ecosystems nearby. So, the Pantanal has land that is covered with water during most of the year. It also has other water ecosystems nearby.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20593\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a hummingbird's beak?",
    "choices":[
      "1 foot",
      "1 mile",
      "1 inch",
      "1 yard"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of distance, mass, and volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles. There are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile. A football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the length of a hummingbird's beak is 1 inch.\n1 foot, 1 yard, and 1 mile are all too long.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Arkansas?",
    "choices":[
      "Baton Rouge",
      "Lexington",
      "Little Rock",
      "Annapolis"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Southeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Little Rock is the capital of Arkansas.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20595\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest west?",
    "choices":[
      "North Dakota",
      "Ohio",
      "Florida",
      "Rhode Island"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Maps",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. North Dakota is farthest west.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20596\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Mississippi?",
    "choices":[
      "Jackson",
      "Little Rock",
      "Biloxi",
      "Austin"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Southeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Jackson is the capital of Mississippi.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20597\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material, but some of them are different shapes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets.",
    "solution":"The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.\nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20599\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the solid.",
    "choices":[
      "air inside a tire",
      "vinegar",
      "oxygen",
      "stuffed tiger"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"States of matter",
    "skill":"Identify solids, liquids, and gases",
    "lecture":"Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own. Some solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid. When matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle. Some liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk. When matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space. Many gases are invisible. Air is a gas.",
    "solution":"The air inside a tire is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. The air in a tire expands to fill all the space inside the tire. If air leaks out, it will expand into the space around the tire.\nVinegar is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour vinegar into a different container, the vinegar will take the shape of that container. But the vinegar will still take up the same amount of space.\nOxygen is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. Oxygen can be stored in metal tanks. If oxygen leaks out of the tank, the oxygen will expand into the space around the tank.\nA stuffed tiger is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. When you hold a stuffed tiger in your hands, the stuffed tiger still has a size and shape of its own.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest east?",
    "choices":[
      "North Dakota",
      "Oregon",
      "Texas",
      "Mississippi"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Maps",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Mississippi is farthest east.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20610\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is caramel sauce a solid, a liquid, or a gas?",
    "choices":[
      "a gas",
      "a solid",
      "a liquid"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"States of matter",
    "skill":"Classify matter as solid, liquid, or gas",
    "lecture":"Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own. Some solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid. When matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle. Some liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk. When matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space. Many gases are invisible. Air is a gas.",
    "solution":"Caramel sauce is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in.\nIf you pour caramel sauce into a container, the caramel sauce will take the shape of that container. But the caramel sauce will still take up the same amount of space.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20612\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which solution has a higher concentration of yellow particles?",
    "choices":[
      "Solution B",
      "neither; their concentrations are the same",
      "Solution A"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each yellow ball represents one particle of solute.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Compare concentrations of solutions",
    "lecture":"A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent. concentration = particles of solute \/ volume of solvent",
    "solution":"In Solution A and Solution B, the yellow particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of yellow particles, look at both the number of yellow particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of yellow particles per milliliter.\nSolution A has more yellow particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of yellow particles.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20614\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the direction of this pull?",
    "choices":[
      "away from the boat",
      "toward the boat"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"A water skier glides on the water behind a boat. A force from the boat pulls the water skier forward.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Identify directions of forces",
    "lecture":"A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to another. Every force has a direction. The direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing. The direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling.",
    "solution":"The boat pulls the water skier. The direction of the pull is toward the boat.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20617\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Wyoming?",
    "choices":[
      "Tampa",
      "Oklahoma City",
      "Cheyenne",
      "Carson City"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify the 50 state capitals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20639\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a diving board?",
    "choices":[
      "9 inches",
      "9 yards",
      "9 feet",
      "9 miles"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of distance, mass, and volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles. There are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile. A football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the length of a diving board is 9 feet.\n9 inches is too short. 9 yards and 9 miles are too long.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the animal that has a backbone.",
    "choices":[
      "penguin",
      "fly"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Hint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians all have backbones.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify animals with and without backbones",
    "lecture":"Some animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange. Other animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body.",
    "solution":"A penguin is a bird. Like other birds, a penguin has a backbone.\nA fly is an insect. Like other insects, a fly does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which statement best describes the average monthly precipitation in Boston?",
    "choices":[
      "March is the month with the highest average precipitation.",
      "About the same amount of precipitation falls each month between May and October.",
      "March is drier than January, February, and October."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Use the graph to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Use climate data to make predictions",
    "lecture":"Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. A bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average.",
    "solution":"To describe the average precipitation trends in Boston, look at the graph.\nChoice \"Jan\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Feb\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Mar\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"May\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"Oct\" is incorrect.\nChoice \"March is drier than January, February, and October.\" is incorrect.\nDrier months have a lower average precipitation than wetter months. October has a lower average precipitation than March. So, March is not drier than October.\nChoice \"March is the month with the highest average precipitation.\" is incorrect.\nJanuary, not March, has the highest average monthly precipitation.\nChoice \"About the same amount of precipitation falls each month between May and October.\" is incorrect.\nThe average precipitation each month between May and October is about 3 inches. So, about the same amount of precipitation falls during each of these months.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20645\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the mammal.",
    "choices":[
      "bald eagle",
      "yak",
      "American alligator",
      "anchovy"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Mammals have hair or fur and feed their young milk.",
    "solution":"An American alligator is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nAlligators live in and around water. They can live near ponds, rivers, marshes, and lakes.\nAn anchovy is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nAn anchovy is a small fish that lives in the ocean. Like some other types of fish, anchovies swim in large groups called schools.\nA bald eagle is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nBald eagles live in trees near water. They build nests that can be up to 13 feet wide!\nA yak is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.\nYaks live in cold places. Their long hair helps keep them warm.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nWhere Eve lives, the wind often blows in from the nearby hills.",
    "choices":[
      "weather",
      "climate"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"What's the difference between weather and climate?",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the text carefully.\nWhere Eve lives, the wind often blows in from the nearby hills.\nThis passage tells you about the usual wind pattern where Eve lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "repel",
      "attract"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.\n\nHint: Magnets that attract pull together. Magnets that repel push apart.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south. Here are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S. If different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20655\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is this organism's scientific name?",
    "choices":[
      "Aldabrachelys gigantea",
      "Aldabra giant tortoise"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This organism is an Aldabra giant tortoise. It is also called Aldabrachelys gigantea.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification and scientific names",
    "skill":"Identify common and scientific names",
    "lecture":"An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know. An organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English. Scientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca.",
    "solution":"Aldabrachelys gigantea is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not.\nSo, Aldabrachelys gigantea is the scientific name.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20658\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is a compound sentence?",
    "choices":[
      "The mayor left a message for the president.",
      "Pam found her coat, but her gloves are still missing."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple or compound?",
    "lecture":"A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate. The pitcher threw the ball to first base. A compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. The pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it. Some simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences. Anna and James will watch the fireworks tonight. This simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James. The singers bowed and walked off the stage. This simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat. This is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.",
    "solution":"The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction but.\nPam found her coat, but her gloves are still missing.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1.",
      "The strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnetic force is weaker in Pair 2."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Compare strengths of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart.",
    "solution":"Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.\nThe magnets in Pair 2 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 2 than in Pair 1.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20661\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which rhetorical appeal is primarily used in this ad?",
    "choices":[
      "ethos (character)",
      "logos (reason)",
      "pathos (emotion)"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Persuasive strategies",
    "skill":"Identify appeals to ethos, pathos, and logos in advertisements",
    "lecture":"The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals. Appeals to ethos, or character, show the writer or speaker as trustworthy, authoritative, or sharing important values with the audience. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following: say that a brand has been trusted for many years include an endorsement from a respected organization, such as the American Dental Association feature a testimonial from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's values use an admired celebrity or athlete as a spokesperson Appeals to logos, or reason, use logic and verifiable evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following: use graphs or charts to display information cite results of clinical trials or independently conducted studies explain the science behind a product or service emphasize that the product is a financially wise choice anticipate and refute potential counterclaims Appeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following: trigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassment appeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractive link the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury",
    "solution":"The ad appeals to pathos, or emotion, by evoking a fear of illness.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20663\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the part that fills most of the space inside a plant cell.",
    "choices":[
      "cytoplasm",
      "mitochondria",
      "cell wall",
      "cell membrane"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Cells",
    "skill":"Identify functions of plant cell parts",
    "lecture":"Plant cells are made up of many different parts. Each cell part has a function that helps the cell survive and grow. Some cell parts are called organelles. Organelles are cell structures that are surrounded by their own membranes. Here are some of the organelles in plant cells: Chloroplasts and mitochondria work together to help the cell get the energy it needs. The chloroplasts use photosynthesis to make sugar. The mitochondria break down this sugar and release energy that the cell can use for all of its activities. The nucleus directs cell activities by sending instructions to different parts of the cell. The nucleus contains structures called chromosomes. The chromosomes are made mostly of hereditary material called DNA. DNA contains information that the cell uses for growth and activities. These instructions tell ribosomes how to build molecules called proteins, which make up cell structures and help chemical reactions happen in the cell. The endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle that helps ribosomes build proteins. The nucleus sends instructions for making proteins to ribosomes. Ribosomes can attach to the endoplamic reticulum. The endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes use these instructions to make proteins that the cell needs to survive and grow. After proteins are made in the endoplasmic reticulum, they can be transferred to the Golgi. The Golgi is an organelle made up of flat, stacked membranes. The Golgi sorts and packages proteins and other substances. Then, the Golgi sends these substances to different parts of the cell. Some of these substances are sent to the cell membrane and released from the cell. In plant cells, the vacuole stores waste, water, and nutrients such as sugar. Most plant cells have one vacuole. Other cell parts are not surrounded by their own membranes. These cell parts are not organelles. The cell wall is the cell's tough outer covering. It gives the cell strength and stiffness and helps the cell keep its shape. On the inside of the cell wall is a thin layer called the cell membrane. This layer is a membrane, but it does not have a membrane surrounding it, so it is not an organelle. The cell membrane controls which substances enter and leave the cell. The cytoplasm is a thick liquid that fills the space inside the cell. The cytoplasm also helps the cell keep its shape and supports the other cell parts.",
    "solution":"The cytoplasm is made up of a thick liquid that fills the space between the cell membrane and the nucleus.\nThe thick liquid is made mostly of water. It also includes other important chemicals and cell parts. The cytoplasm holds the cell's structures in place and protects them from being damaged.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the mammal below.",
    "choices":[
      "piranha",
      "rabbit"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Mammals have hair or fur and feed their young milk. A human is an example of a mammal.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians",
    "lecture":"Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common. Scientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.",
    "solution":"A rabbit is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.\nA piranha is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20671\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following statement about our solar system true or false?\nNeptune's volume is more than 50 times as great as that of Earth.",
    "choices":[
      "true",
      "false"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Use the data to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"true-or-false",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Astronomy",
    "skill":"Analyze data to compare properties of planets",
    "lecture":"A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet. The primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.",
    "solution":"To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 50 times the volume of Earth.\nThen compare the result to the volume of Neptune. The volume of Neptune is 62,530 billion km^3, which is more than 54,500 billion km^3. So, Neptune's volume is more than 50 times as great as that of Earth.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20672\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Bees and other animals can be pollinators. How does a pollinator pollinate a flower?",
    "choices":[
      "by dropping pollen on the anthers",
      "by dropping pollen on the pistil"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"This diagram shows the life cycle of an apple tree.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Plant reproduction",
    "skill":"Angiosperm and conifer life cycles",
    "lecture":"Flowering plants, called angiosperms, use their flowers for sexual reproduction. Flowers can have male parts, female parts, or both! The male part is called the stamen, and the female part is called the pistil. Both the male and female parts are needed for sexual reproduction. The female part produces eggs, and the male part produces pollen. Pollen contains cells that become sperm. Pollination happens when pollen lands on top of the pistil. Self-pollination happens when a plant with both male and female parts pollinates itself. Cross-pollination happens when pollen from one plant lands on the pistil of a flower on a different plant. Animals, including birds and insects, can be pollinators. Many pollinators come to flowers to get food. As a pollinator feeds, it moves pollen from one flower to another. After pollination, sperm from the pollen fuse with eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs then grow into seeds. When a seed lands on the ground, it can germinate and grow into a new plant. The new plant can grow flowers and begin the angiosperm plant life cycle again.",
    "solution":"A pollinator picks up pollen when it brushes against a flower's anthers. Pollen then falls off the pollinator onto the pistil of that flower, or another flower.\nA pollinator might drop pollen anywhere, but pollination happens only when pollen lands on the top of the pistil.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20689\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is the main persuasive appeal used in this ad?",
    "choices":[
      "logos (reason)",
      "ethos (character)",
      "pathos (emotion)"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Persuasive strategies",
    "skill":"Identify appeals to ethos, pathos, and logos in advertisements",
    "lecture":"The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals: Appeals to ethos, or character, show that the writer or speaker is trustworthy or is an authority on a subject. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following: say that a brand has been trusted for many years note that a brand is recommended by a respected organization or celebrity include a quote from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's values Appeals to logos, or reason, use logic and specific evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following: use graphs or charts to display information mention the results of scientific studies explain the science behind a product or service Appeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following: trigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassment appeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractive link the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury",
    "solution":"The ad appeals to ethos, or character. It focuses on the brand's values (real cheese) and its long history (since 1941).",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20693\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ngnaw - group",
    "choices":[
      "gown",
      "glory"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince gown is between the guide words gnaw - group, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nLas Vegas, Nevada, has more than 200 sunny days per year.",
    "choices":[
      "climate",
      "weather"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Hint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"What's the difference between weather and climate?",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the text carefully.\nLas Vegas, Nevada, has more than 200 sunny days per year.\nThis passage tells you about the usual pattern of clouds in Las Vegas. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Identify the question that Ashley's experiment can best answer.",
    "choices":[
      "Do the insides of white boxes get hotter than the insides of black boxes when the boxes are left in the sun?",
      "Do the temperatures inside boxes depend on the sizes of the boxes?"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below.\n\nAshley glued lids onto 16 cardboard shoe boxes of equal size. She painted eight of the boxes black and eight of the boxes white. Ashley made a small hole in the side of each box and then stuck a thermometer partially into each hole so she could measure the temperatures inside the boxes. She placed the boxes in direct sunlight in her backyard. Two hours later, she measured the temperature inside each box. Ashley compared the average temperature inside the black boxes to the average temperature inside the white boxes.\nFigure: a shoebox painted black.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify the experimental question",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment. Imagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured. First, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested. Then, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured. Experiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height. Examples of questions that this experiment can answer include: Does soil type affect the height of daffodil plants? Do daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil? Are daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20705\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\n\"This is the best day of my life,\" Mr. Bradley mumbled after his car broke down on the way to an important job interview.",
    "choices":[
      "Mr. Bradley was already running late.",
      "Mr. Bradley was having a bad day."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Interpret figures of speech",
    "lecture":"Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.",
    "solution":"The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nThe best day of my life ironically suggests that Mr. Bradley was having a bad day. He was having the opposite of a good day because his car broke down when he needed to be on time.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which correctly shows the title of a poem?",
    "choices":[
      "\"What Dreams Are Made Of\"",
      "\"What dreams Are Made Of\""
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"capitalization",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Capitalizing titles",
    "lecture":"In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach These words are not important in titles: Articles, a, an, the Short prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up Coordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or",
    "solution":"Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe correct title is \"What Dreams Are Made Of.\"",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a paper clip?",
    "choices":[
      "31 kilometers",
      "31 centimeters",
      "31 millimeters"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of distance",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter. The tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long. A red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the length of a paper clip is 31 millimeters.\n31 centimeters and 31 kilometers are both too long.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"How long does it take to peel a banana?",
    "choices":[
      "15 seconds",
      "15 minutes"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose units of time",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Imagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds? The number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing. Time is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven. There are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute. There are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for how long it takes to peel a banana is 15 seconds.\n15 minutes is too slow.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the mixture.",
    "choices":[
      "salt",
      "trail mix"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Mixtures",
    "skill":"Identify mixtures",
    "lecture":"A pure substance is made of only one type of matter. A mixture is made of two or more types of matter mixed together.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on the bubble map, has table tennis ever been part of the Winter Olympics?",
    "choices":[
      "no",
      "yes"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This bubble map shows some sports and the Olympic seasons they have been part of.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Visual elements",
    "skill":"Read graphic organizers",
    "lecture":"A graphic organizer is a chart or picture that shows how ideas, facts, or topics are related to one another. When you read, look for graphic organizers included in the text. You can use these images to find key information. You can also create your own graphic organizers with information that you've read. Doing this can help you think about the ideas in the text and easily review them. When you write, you can use graphic organizers to organize your thoughts and plan your writing.",
    "solution":"A bubble map uses lines or arrows to connect things that are related. This bubble map shows some sports and the Olympic seasons they have been part of.\nTable tennis is not directly connected to Winter Olympics. This tells you that no, table tennis has never been part of the Winter Olympics.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20723\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Idaho?",
    "choices":[
      "Boise",
      "Salt Lake City",
      "Nampa",
      "Austin"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Boise is the capital of Idaho.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20725\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the plant.",
    "choices":[
      "Koalas eat leaves.",
      "Coconut trees have large, thin leaves."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify plants and animals",
    "lecture":"Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms. Plants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can. Animals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food.",
    "solution":"A koala is an animal. It eats leaves.\nKoalas spend most of their time in trees. They sleep for up to 20 hours a day!\nA coconut tree is a plant. It has large, thin leaves.\nCoconut trees grow in warm, rainy places.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the name of the colony shown?",
    "choices":[
      "Pennsylvania",
      "Mississippi",
      "Illinois",
      "Kentucky"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"English colonies in North America",
    "skill":"Identify the Thirteen Colonies",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The colony is Pennsylvania.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20737\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Palau",
      "the Marshall Islands",
      "Papua New Guinea",
      "the Federated States of Micronesia"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Oceania: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of Oceania",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is the Federated States of Micronesia.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20738\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Oregon?",
    "choices":[
      "Helena",
      "Salem",
      "Providence",
      "Sacramento"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify the 50 state capitals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Salem is the capital of Oregon.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20739\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which object has the least thermal energy?",
    "choices":[
      "a 100-gram glass of water at a temperature of 12\u00b0C",
      "a 100-gram glass of water at a temperature of 17\u00b0C",
      "a 100-gram glass of water at a temperature of 6\u00b0C"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The objects are identical except for their temperatures.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Heat and thermal energy",
    "skill":"How is temperature related to thermal energy?",
    "lecture":"All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.",
    "solution":"All three glasses of water have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 6\u00b0C glass of water is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Below are three examples of using energy from natural resources. Select the use of energy that did not add to air pollution.",
    "choices":[
      "A wood-burning oven was used to bake a pizza.",
      "The engine on a garbage truck burned natural gas.",
      "The curved mirrors of a solar cooker focused sunlight on a pot, heating the food inside."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Humans have invented many ways to use energy from natural resources. Some of these uses of energy add to air pollution, and others do not.\nHint: Burning a material such as wood, oil, or coal releases chemicals that add to air pollution.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Conservation and natural resources",
    "skill":"Evaluate natural energy sources",
    "lecture":"Humans have invented many ways to use natural resources. We use energy from natural resources in our daily activities, including cooking food, moving objects, and powering machines. Some ways of using natural resources for energy add to air pollution, and others do not. Wood, oil, and coal are examples of natural resources that are fuels. Burning a fuel provides energy. But it also releases chemicals that can be harmful to our health and to the environment. These chemicals add to air pollution. Sunlight, wind, and water are natural resources that can provide energy. Using energy from the Sun, wind, or water does not burn material. These uses of energy do not release chemicals that add to air pollution.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which is the hardest?",
    "choices":[
      "wax crayons",
      "soap",
      "cotton apron"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of materials",
    "lecture":"Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. A material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy. For example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.",
    "solution":"Hard is a property. A hard material keeps its shape when you press on it with your finger.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pushing on the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the wax crayons are the hardest. If you squeeze wax crayons, they will not change shape.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?",
    "choices":[
      "climate",
      "weather"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Figure: Smethport, Pennsylvania.\nNorthwest Pennsylvania normally receives between two and five inches of precipitation each month of the year.\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Weather and climate",
    "skill":"Weather and climate around the world",
    "lecture":"The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.",
    "solution":"Read the passage carefully.\nNorthwest Pennsylvania normally receives between two and five inches of precipitation each month of the year.\nThis passage tells you about the usual pattern of precipitation in Smethport. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20756\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Maryland?",
    "choices":[
      "Hartford",
      "Annapolis",
      "Springfield",
      "Plymouth"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the Northeast",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Annapolis is the capital of Maryland.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20761\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"The time between 1820 and 1860 is called the antebellum period. What does antebellum mean?",
    "choices":[
      "after the war",
      "wealthy",
      "revolutionary",
      "before the war"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"Early 19th century American history",
    "skill":"Antebellum Period: economies of the North and South",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Antebellum means \"before the war.\" Ante and bellum are Latin root words. The root ante means \"before.\" The root bellum means \"war.\"\nThe antebellum period is named for the war that followed it: the Civil War.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Hachiko's genotype for the fur color gene?",
    "choices":[
      "ff",
      "brown fur"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"In a group of Labrador retrievers, some individuals have black fur and others have brown fur. In this group, the gene for the fur color trait has two alleles. The allele F is for black fur, and the allele f is for brown fur.\nHachiko, a Labrador retriever from this group, has brown fur. Hachiko has two alleles for brown fur.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.",
    "solution":"An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Hachiko has two alleles for brown fur (f). So, Hachiko's genotype for the fur color gene is ff.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which text uses the word can in its traditional sense?",
    "choices":[
      "If Kelsey prefers a keyboard with the Dvorak layout, she can use mine. In my opinion, it's faster than typing on a keyboard with a QWERTY layout.",
      "Kelsey can type using a keyboard with a QWERTY layout, but she prefers the Dvorak layout. The two keyboards have different arrangements of letters and symbols."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Word usage and nuance",
    "skill":"Explore words with new or contested usages",
    "lecture":"Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner. When a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences. Britney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam. The traditional usage above is considered more standard. David perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages. The nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.",
    "solution":"The second text uses can in its traditional sense: to have the ability to.\nKelsey can type using a keyboard with a QWERTY layout, but she prefers the Dvorak layout. The two keyboards have different arrangements of letters and symbols.\nThe first text uses can in its nontraditional sense: to have permission to.\nIf Kelsey prefers a keyboard with the Dvorak layout, she can use mine. In my opinion, it's faster than typing on a keyboard with a QWERTY layout.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word can because it is considered more standard.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal's feet are also adapted for grabbing prey?",
    "choices":[
      "sable",
      "swamp harrier"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Bald eagles eat fish, mammals, and other birds. The 's feet are adapted for grabbing prey.\nFigure: bald eagle.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: feet and limbs",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the bald eagle.\nThe bald eagle has long toes with sharp claws. Its feet are adapted for grabbing prey. The sharp claws can help the bald eagle attack and kill its prey. The long toes can help it hold on to its prey.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe swamp harrier has long toes with sharp claws. Its feet are adapted for grabbing prey.\nThe sable has hoofed feet. Its feet are not adapted for grabbing prey. The sable uses its feet to walk and run on hard ground.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20792\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "sample A",
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature",
      "sample B"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"Each particle in the two samples has the same mass, but the particles in sample B have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.\nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20793\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest north?",
    "choices":[
      "Alabama",
      "Arizona",
      "Virginia",
      "South Carolina"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Virginia is farthest north.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20801\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is this rose plant's genotype for the flower form gene?",
    "choices":[
      "ff",
      "single flowers"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"This passage describes the flower form trait in rose plants:\n\nIn a group of rose plants, some individuals have double flowers and others have single flowers. In this group, the gene for the flower form trait has two alleles. The allele F is for double flowers, and the allele f is for single flowers.\nA certain rose plant from this group has single flowers. This plant has two alleles for single flowers.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.",
    "solution":"An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The rose plant has two alleles for single flowers (f). So, the plant's genotype for the flower form gene is ff.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "the Marshall Islands",
      "Vanuatu",
      "Papua New Guinea",
      "Solomon Islands"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Oceania: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of Oceania",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is Solomon Islands.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20817\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal's legs are also adapted for wading?",
    "choices":[
      "white tern",
      "hammerkop"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Shoebills live near marshes and lakes in Africa. They eat fish, frogs, and small reptiles that live in shallow water. Shoebills hunt their prey by walking through water, or wading.\nThe 's legs are adapted for wading. They are lightweight and keep the bird's body above the water.\nFigure: shoebill.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: feet and limbs",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. Arms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the shoebill.\nLong legs help the shoebill keep its body above the surface of the water while wading. Thin legs are easier to move through the water.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe hammerkop has long, thin legs. Its legs are adapted for wading.\nThe white tern has short legs. Its legs are not adapted for wading. The white tern uses its legs to walk, perch, and swim.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20823\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?",
    "choices":[
      "Maria took the memory card out of the digital camera and put the card in her desk drawer.",
      "Maria took the memory card out of the digital camera and put it in her desk drawer."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Pronouns",
    "skill":"Identify vague pronoun references",
    "lecture":"When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.",
    "solution":"The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to the memory card or the digital camera.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the card.\nMaria took the memory card out of the digital camera and put the card in her desk drawer.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is a brick a mineral?",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"A brick has the following properties:\nsolid\nno fixed crystal structure\nmade in a factory\nnot a pure substance",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Rocks and minerals",
    "skill":"Identify rocks and minerals",
    "lecture":"Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties: It is a solid. It is formed in nature. It is not made by organisms. It is a pure substance. It has a fixed crystal structure. If a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral. Look closely at the last three properties: A mineral is not made by organisms. Organisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals. Humans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals. A mineral is a pure substance. A pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances. A mineral has a fixed crystal structure. The crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.",
    "solution":"Many bricks are made from clay. Clay is found in nature, but bricks are not! To make a brick, a piece of clay is first shaped into a block. Then, the block is heated in a special oven called a brick kiln.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20830\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following statement about our solar system true or false?\nThe largest planet is made mainly of ice.",
    "choices":[
      "false",
      "true"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Use the data to answer the question below.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"true-or-false",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Astronomy",
    "skill":"Analyze data to compare properties of planets",
    "lecture":"A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet. The primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation. For example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km^3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 10^15 km^3. To compare two numbers written in scientific notation, compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example: 1.43 x 10^15 is larger than 1.43 x 10^12 If their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example: 1.43 x 10^15 is larger than 1.25 x 10^15",
    "solution":"To decide which planet is the largest, look at the volumes shown in the table and compare the exponents. Jupiter's volume has an exponent of 15, which is the largest out of all the planets.\nJupiter is made mainly of gas. So, the largest planet is made mainly of gas.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20832\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What can Dean and Estelle trade to each get what they want?",
    "choices":[
      "Dean can trade his tomatoes for Estelle's carrots.",
      "Estelle can trade her broccoli for Dean's oranges.",
      "Estelle can trade her almonds for Dean's tomatoes.",
      "Dean can trade his tomatoes for Estelle's broccoli."
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":"Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.\nDean and Estelle open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Neither Dean nor Estelle got everything that they wanted. The table below shows which items they each wanted:\n\nLook at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.\nDean's lunch Estelle's lunch",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Trade and specialization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the table and images.\nDean wants broccoli. Estelle wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20835\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which type of sentence is this?\nKenny took several incredible panoramic photographs of the sweeping view from the top of Table Mountain.",
    "choices":[
      "simple",
      "complex",
      "compound",
      "compound-complex"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"grammar",
    "category":"Phrases and clauses",
    "skill":"Is the sentence simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex?",
    "lecture":"A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence. the oranges on our tree are ripe The clause can stand alone. It is independent. after we pick up Kevin from work The clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent. A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause. Ben and I spent all day relaxing by the pool. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat. Ben usually wears his heavy coat in the winter. A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. We saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose. If she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. During his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome. A compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. After Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym. Sometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause. Orcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.",
    "solution":"The sentence is simple. It is a single independent clause.\nKenny took several incredible panoramic photographs of the sweeping view from the top of Table Mountain.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?",
    "choices":[
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.",
      "The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1."
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material, but some of them are different sizes.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Velocity, acceleration, and forces",
    "skill":"Compare magnitudes of magnetic forces",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger.",
    "solution":"The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.\nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.\nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20846\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Hawaii?",
    "choices":[
      "Hilo",
      "Olympia",
      "Juneau",
      "Honolulu"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20847\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence so that it uses personification.\nThe tree branch () under the weight of all the children.",
    "choices":[
      "broke",
      "groaned"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade10",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Creative techniques",
    "skill":"Use personification",
    "lecture":"Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point. The trees danced in the wind. The word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.",
    "solution":"Complete the sentence with the word groaned. It describes the branch as if it were a person calling out.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the text.\nThere were two main sides in World War I. One side was called the () and the other was called the ().",
    "choices":[
      "Axis powers . . . Allied powers",
      "Central powers . . . Axis powers",
      "Allied powers . . . Central powers",
      "Allied powers . . . Triple Entente"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"world-history",
    "category":"20th century American history",
    "skill":"World War I: the war begins",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"There were two main sides in World War I. One side was called the Allied powers and the other was called the Central powers. Sometimes the Allied powers are also called the Allies or the Triple Entente.\nSome countries fought against the Central powers but were not a part of the official Allied powers. They were called the Associated powers.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of the following could Edna and Trisha's test show?",
    "choices":[
      "if the concrete from each batch took the same amount of time to dry",
      "if a new batch of concrete was firm enough to use"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design.\nThe passage below describes how the engineering-design process was used to test a solution to a problem. Read the passage. Then answer the question below.\n\nEdna and Trisha were making batches of concrete for a construction project. To make the concrete, they mixed together dry cement powder, gravel, and water. Then, they checked if each batch was firm enough using a test called a slump test.\nThey poured some of the fresh concrete into an upside-down metal cone. They left the concrete in the metal cone for 30 seconds. Then, they lifted the cone to see if the concrete stayed in a cone shape or if it collapsed. If the concrete in a batch collapsed, they would know the batch should not be used.\nFigure: preparing a concrete slump test.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Engineering practices",
    "skill":"Evaluate tests of engineering-design solutions",
    "lecture":"People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured. Imagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves. First, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind. Then, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved. Tests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20859\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal's feet are also adapted for swimming?",
    "choices":[
      "blue-footed booby",
      "short-beaked echidna"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The  is found in rivers and streams in South America. It eats small fish, worms, and crustaceans, which it often finds underwater. Its feet are adapted for swimming.\nFigure: Suriname toad.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: feet and limbs",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the Suriname toad.\nThe Suriname toad has webbed feet. Its feet are adapted for swimming. As it swims, the Suriname toad uses its webbed feet to push itself through water.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe blue-footed booby has webbed feet. Its feet are adapted for swimming.\nThe short-beaked echidna has long claws. Its feet are not adapted for swimming. The short-beaked echidna uses its feet to dig burrows.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20861\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these three objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "bumpy",
      "bouncy",
      "stretchy"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the best answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA bumpy object is covered in lumps and bumps. All three objects are bumpy.\nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The popcorn and the caramel corn are not bouncy.\nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. The popcorn and the log are not stretchy.\nThe property that all three objects have in common is bumpy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20863\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "Saint Kitts and Nevis",
      "the Dominican Republic",
      "Antigua and Barbuda",
      "Saint Lucia"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"The Americas: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of the Caribbean",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is Saint Kitts and Nevis.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20871\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles?",
    "choices":[
      "Solution A",
      "Solution B",
      "neither; their concentrations are the same"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each pink ball represents one particle of solute.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Compare concentrations of solutions",
    "lecture":"A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent. concentration = particles of solute \/ volume of solvent",
    "solution":"In Solution A and Solution B, the pink particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles, look at both the number of pink particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of pink particles per milliliter.\nSolution A has more pink particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of pink particles.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20879\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which better describes the Eastern Siberian Taiga ecosystem?",
    "choices":[
      "It has short, cool summers. It also has soil that is rich in nutrients.",
      "It has long, cold winters. It also has many evergreen trees."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Figure: East Siberian Taiga.\nThe Eastern Siberian Taiga is a taiga ecosystem in Russia.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecosystems",
    "skill":"Describe ecosystems",
    "lecture":"An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment. There are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other: the pattern of weather, or climate the type of soil the organisms that live there",
    "solution":"A taiga is a type of ecosystem. Taigas have the following features: long, cold winters and short, cool summers, many evergreen trees, and soil that is poor in nutrients. So, the Eastern Siberian Taiga has cold winters. It also has many evergreen trees.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20881\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Nevada?",
    "choices":[
      "Reno",
      "Salt Lake City",
      "Carson City",
      "Las Vegas"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify the 50 state capitals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Carson City is the capital of Nevada.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20919\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the mass of a guitar?",
    "choices":[
      "6 tons",
      "6 ounces",
      "6 pounds"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of mass",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Mass is a measurement of how much matter something contains. There are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons. There are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton. So, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton. A slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the mass of a guitar is 6 pounds.\n6 ounces is too light and 6 tons is too heavy.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which country is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "New Zealand",
      "Vanuatu",
      "Papua New Guinea",
      "Australia"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Oceania: geography",
    "skill":"Identify and select countries of Oceania",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"This country is New Zealand.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20954\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the statement that is supported by the data.",
    "choices":[
      "The volume of fresh water withdrawn per year increased steadily until 1980.",
      "The volume of fresh water withdrawn per year increased every five years between 1950 and 2005."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Fresh water is a natural resource that humans use every day. Fresh water has many uses, including drinking, cleaning, taking care of livestock, irrigating farms, and generating electricity.\nSince 1950, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) has tracked the volume of fresh water used in the United States. The graph below shows the volume of fresh water withdrawn, or taken by humans for any use, in a given year. The data were collected every five years, starting in 1950 and ending in 2005.\nData source: United States Geological Survey",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Natural resources and human impacts",
    "skill":"Evaluate claims about natural resource use: groundwater",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"On the graph, the year is shown on the x-axis. The volume of fresh water withdrawn in a year is shown by the height of each bar.\nTo determine which statement is supported by the data, evaluate how the volume of fresh water withdrawn changed over time.\nThe volume of fresh water withdrawn per year increased steadily until 1980.\nFrom 1950 to 1980, each bar is taller than the one before it. This means that the volume of fresh water withdrawn per year increased steadily until 1980. So, this statement is supported by the data.\nThe volume of fresh water withdrawn per year increased every five years between 1950 and 2005.\nFrom 1950 to 1980, each bar is taller than the one before it. But after 1980, the bars do not continue to get taller. This means that the volume withdrawn did not always increase between 1950 and 2005. So, this statement is not supported by the data.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20956\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is a hammer?",
    "choices":[
      "22 centimeters",
      "22 meters",
      "22 kilometers"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of distance",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter. The tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long. A red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the length of a hammer is 22 centimeters.\n22 meters and 22 kilometers are both too long.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these states is farthest north?",
    "choices":[
      "Mississippi",
      "Oklahoma",
      "Arizona",
      "Indiana"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Geography",
    "skill":"Read a map: cardinal directions",
    "lecture":"Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.",
    "solution":"To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Indiana is farthest north.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20961\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Arizona?",
    "choices":[
      "Tucson",
      "Frankfort",
      "Sacramento",
      "Phoenix"
    ],
    "answer":3,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify state capitals of the West",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Phoenix is the capital of Arizona.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/20969\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which change best matches the sentence?\nA lake dries up after many years of no rain.",
    "choices":[
      "erosion",
      "meteorite crash",
      "drought"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"earth-science",
    "category":"Earth events",
    "skill":"Classify changes to Earth's surface II",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Answer the riddle.\nI am white or brown.\nYou can eat me.\nI come from a hen.\nWhat am I?",
    "choices":[
      "a tail",
      "an egg"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade1",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"vocabulary",
    "category":"Comprehension strategies",
    "skill":"What am I?",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"An egg is round.\nYou can eat an egg.\nAn egg comes from a bird.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the volume of a small measuring spoon?",
    "choices":[
      "3 liters",
      "3 milliliters"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Volume is a measurement of how much space something takes up. There are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters. There are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter. A raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters.",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the volume of a small measuring spoon is 3 milliliters.\n3 liters is too much.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Briar's phenotype for the fur texture trait?",
    "choices":[
      "straight fur",
      "wavy fur"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"In a group of Syrian hamsters, some individuals have straight fur and others have wavy fur. In this group, the gene for the fur texture trait has two alleles. The allele for wavy fur (f) is recessive to the allele for straight fur (F).\nBriar is a Syrian hamster from this group. Briar has the homozygous genotype FF for the fur texture gene.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: dominant and recessive",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. Some traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene. An organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene. An organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene. The types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. A dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers. A recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.",
    "solution":"Briar's genotype for the fur texture gene is FF. Briar's genotype of FF has only F allelles. The F allele is for straight fur. So, Briar's phenotype for the fur texture trait must be straight fur.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Briar's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for wavy fur (f) is recessive to the allele for straight fur (F). This means F is a dominant allele, and f is a recessive allele.\nBriar's genotype of FF has two dominant alleles. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Briar's phenotype for the fur texture trait must be straight fur.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is the following trait inherited or acquired?\nBrett has naturally black hair.",
    "choices":[
      "inherited",
      "acquired"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Identify inherited and acquired traits",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.",
    "solution":"Humans do not choose their natural hair color. Some people dye their hair. But this does not change their natural hair color.\nChildren get their natural hair color from their parents. So, Brett's hair color is an inherited trait.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Is there a sentence fragment?\nMonkeys and chimpanzees frequently raid the crops of Rwandan farmers. As a result, the farmers lose ten to twenty percent of their income.",
    "choices":[
      "yes",
      "no"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"yes-or-no",
    "grade":"grade12",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Identify sentence fragments",
    "lecture":"A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. The band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks. A sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. Rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks. This fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing. The band I'm in. This fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing. Because we have a concert in two weeks. This fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert.",
    "solution":"There is not a sentence fragment. These are complete sentences because they express complete thoughts.\nMonkeys and chimpanzees frequently raid the crops of Rwandan farmers. As a result, the farmers lose ten to twenty percent of their income.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal's skin is also adapted for survival in cold places?",
    "choices":[
      "Amazon milk frog",
      "snowy owl"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Musk oxen live in the Canadian Arctic and Greenland. The 's skin is adapted to help the animal survive in cold places.\nFigure: musk ox.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: skins and body coverings",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the musk ox.\nThe musk ox has skin with thick fur on top and a thick layer of fat underneath it. Its skin is adapted for survival in cold places. The musk ox uses its fur and fat to keep warm in cold weather.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe snowy owl has a thick coat of feathers covering its skin. Its skin is adapted for survival in cold places.\nThe Amazon milk frog has thin, moist skin. Its skin is not adapted for survival in cold places.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/21021\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the capital of Idaho?",
    "choices":[
      "Honolulu",
      "Juneau",
      "Boise",
      "Salt Lake City"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"State capitals",
    "skill":"Identify the 50 state capitals",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Boise is the capital of Idaho.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/21023\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nDon't try to tell me that you only watch educational programming, Valeria! I know for a fact that your sister only watches reality television.",
    "choices":[
      "hasty generalization: a very broad claim based on very little evidence",
      "guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> red herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that Valeria must watch reality television, because her sister watches reality television. However, even though Valeria's sister watches reality television, that doesn't necessarily mean that Valeria does, too. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the motion of two bats. Which bat was moving at a higher speed?",
    "choices":[
      "a bat that moved 165kilometers in 10hours",
      "a bat that moved 130kilometers in 10hours"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Compare the speeds of moving objects",
    "lecture":"An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time. Distance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer. Time tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour. Think about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed.",
    "solution":"Look at the distance each bat moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne bat moved 165 kilometers in 10 hours.\nThe other bat moved 130 kilometers in 10 hours.\nNotice that each bat spent the same amount of time moving. The bat that moved 165 kilometers moved a farther distance in that time. So, that bat must have moved at a higher speed.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles?",
    "choices":[
      "neither; their concentrations are the same",
      "Solution B",
      "Solution A"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each pink ball represents one particle of solute.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"chemistry",
    "category":"Solutions",
    "skill":"Compare concentrations of solutions",
    "lecture":"A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent. concentration = particles of solute \/ volume of solvent",
    "solution":"In Solution A and Solution B, the pink particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles, look at both the number of pink particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.\nUse the concentration formula to find the number of pink particles per milliliter.\nSolution A has more pink particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of pink particles.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/21040\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Complete the sentence.\nThe War of 1812 began in June of 1812 when () declared war on ().",
    "choices":[
      "France . . . Great Britain",
      "the United States . . . Great Britain",
      "Great Britain . . . the United States",
      "Great Britain . . . France"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"us-history",
    "category":"Early 19th century American history",
    "skill":"The War of 1812: events and effects",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The War of 1812 began on June 18, 1812, when the United States declared war on Great Britain. President James Madison of the United States signed Congress's declaration of war against Great Britain.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What can Sasha and Franco trade to each get what they want?",
    "choices":[
      "Sasha can trade her tomatoes for Franco's broccoli.",
      "Franco can trade his almonds for Sasha's tomatoes.",
      "Franco can trade his broccoli for Sasha's oranges.",
      "Sasha can trade her tomatoes for Franco's carrots."
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.\nSasha and Franco open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Neither Sasha nor Franco got everything that they wanted. The table below shows which items they each wanted:\n\nLook at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.\nSasha's lunch Franco's lunch",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Trade and specialization",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"Look at the table and images.\nSasha wants broccoli. Franco wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/21049\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Will these magnets attract or repel each other?",
    "choices":[
      "repel",
      "attract"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Two magnets are placed as shown.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Magnets",
    "skill":"Identify magnets that attract or repel",
    "lecture":"Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south. Here are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S. If opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract. If the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.",
    "solution":"To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.\nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/21061\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nveil - vote",
    "choices":[
      "valentine",
      "virus"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"reference-skills",
    "category":"Reference skills",
    "skill":"Use guide words",
    "lecture":"Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.",
    "solution":"Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince virus is between the guide words veil - vote, it would be found on that page.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which of these cities is marked on the map?",
    "choices":[
      "Washington, D.C.",
      "Atlanta",
      "New Orleans",
      "San Antonio"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Cities",
    "skill":"Major U.S. cities",
    "lecture":null,
    "solution":"The city is Atlanta, Georgia. Washington, D.C., San Antonio, and New Orleans are marked with gray circles on the map below.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/21080\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Select the plant.",
    "choices":[
      "Sea otters eat animals that live in the ocean.",
      "Marsh marigolds can grow yellow flowers."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Classification",
    "skill":"Identify plants and animals",
    "lecture":"Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms. Plants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can. Animals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food.",
    "solution":"A sea otter is an animal. It eats animals that live in the ocean.\nSea otters have very thick fur. Their fur keeps them warm in cold water.\nA marsh marigold is a plant. It can grow yellow flowers.\nMarsh marigolds grow best in cool shady places.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which property do these two objects have in common?",
    "choices":[
      "scratchy",
      "sweet"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better answer.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Materials",
    "skill":"Compare properties of objects",
    "lecture":"An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Different objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups.",
    "solution":"Look at each object.\nFor each object, decide if it has that property.\nA scratchy object is rough and itchy against your skin. Neither of the objects are scratchy.\nSugar has a sweet taste. Both objects are sweet.\nThe property that both objects have in common is sweet.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/21091\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Based on this information, what is Skeeter's phenotype for the body hair trait?",
    "choices":[
      "a hairy body",
      "a hairless body"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"In a group of deer mice, some individuals have a hairy body and others have a hairless body. In this group, the gene for the body hair trait has two alleles. The allele for a hairless body (b) is recessive to the allele for a hairy body (B).\nSkeeter is a deer mouse from this group. Skeeter has the homozygous genotype bb for the body hair gene.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Genetics vocabulary: dominant and recessive",
    "lecture":"All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. Some traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene. An organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene. An organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene. The types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. A dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers. A recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.",
    "solution":"Skeeter's genotype for the body hair gene is bb. Skeeter's genotype of bb has only b alleles. The b allele is for a hairless body. So, Skeeter's phenotype for the body hair trait must be a hairless body.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Skeeter's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for a hairless body (b) is recessive to the allele for a hairy body (B). This means B is a dominant allele, and b is a recessive allele.\nSkeeter's genotype of bb has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Skeeter's phenotype for the body hair trait must be a hairless body.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the motion of two geese. Which goose was moving at a higher speed?",
    "choices":[
      "a goose that moved 640miles in 10hours",
      "a goose that moved 290miles in 10hours"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Compare the speeds of moving objects",
    "lecture":"An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time. Distance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile. Time tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour. Think about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed.",
    "solution":"Look at the distance each goose moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne goose moved 640 miles in 10 hours.\nThe other goose moved 290 miles in 10 hours.\nNotice that each goose spent the same amount of time moving. The goose that moved 640 miles moved a farther distance in that time. So, that goose must have moved at a higher speed.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the direction of this push?",
    "choices":[
      "away from the hockey stick",
      "toward the hockey stick"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"A hockey player takes a shot with his hockey stick. His stick pushes the puck down the ice.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Identify pushes and pulls",
    "lecture":"One object can make another object move with a push or a pull. The direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing. The direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling.",
    "solution":"The hockey player's shot is a type of push. He shoots the puck away from his stick and sends it down the ice. The direction of the push is away from the hockey stick.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/21099\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is an egg white a solid, a liquid, or a gas?",
    "choices":[
      "a gas",
      "a liquid",
      "a solid"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"States of matter",
    "skill":"Identify and sort solids, liquids, and gases",
    "lecture":"Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own. Some solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid. When matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle. Some liquids are thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk. When matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space. Many gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas.",
    "solution":"An egg white is a liquid. A liquid can change shape. But it still takes up the same amount of space.\nIf you crack open an egg and pour it into a pan, the egg white will change shape.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/21100\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Is a book a good or a service?",
    "choices":[
      "a good",
      "a service"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade3",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"economics",
    "category":"Basic economic principles",
    "skill":"Goods and services",
    "lecture":"Everything you can buy is either a good or a service. A good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good. A service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service.",
    "solution":"To decide whether a book is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs a book something you can touch? Yes.\nIs a book a job you might pay someone else to do? No.\nSo, a book is a good.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?",
    "choices":[
      "sample B",
      "neither; the samples have the same temperature",
      "sample A"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Particle motion and energy",
    "skill":"Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure",
    "lecture":"The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.",
    "solution":"The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.\nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/21103\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the temperature of a cool glass of milk?",
    "choices":[
      "50\u00b0C",
      "50\u00b0F"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the better estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Estimate temperatures",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Temperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units. <br\/><br\/> 212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0C<br\/> 98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0C<br\/> 68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0C<br\/> 32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0C<br\/>",
    "solution":"The better estimate for the temperature of a cool glass of milk is 50\u00b0F.\n50\u00b0C is too hot.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which logical fallacy is used in the text?\nDon't try to tell me that you only watch educational programming, Nellie! I know for a fact that your sister only watches reality television.",
    "choices":[
      "appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good",
      "guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"writing-strategies",
    "category":"Developing and supporting arguments",
    "skill":"Classify logical fallacies",
    "lecture":"A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> ad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent<br\/> appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice<br\/> bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice<br\/> circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself<br\/> guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something<br\/> red herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim<br\/> <br\/> A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: <br\/><br\/> Fallacy | Description<br\/> false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other<br\/> false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist<br\/> hasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence<br\/> straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against<br\/>",
    "solution":"The text argues that Nellie must watch reality television, because her sister watches reality television. However, even though Nellie's sister watches reality television, that doesn't necessarily mean that Nellie does, too. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"In this food web, which organism contains matter that eventually moves to the mushroom?",
    "choices":[
      "grizzly bear",
      "parasitic jaeger"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Below is a food web from a tundra ecosystem in Nunavut, a territory in Northern Canada.\nA food web models how the matter eaten by organisms moves through an ecosystem. The arrows in a food web represent how matter moves between organisms in an ecosystem.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Ecological interactions",
    "skill":"Interpret food webs II",
    "lecture":"A food web is a model. A food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food. Arrows show how matter moves. A food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating. An organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web. An organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web.",
    "solution":"Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows to the mushroom.\nThe only arrow pointing from the parasitic jaeger leads to the rough-legged hawk. The only arrow pointing from the rough-legged hawk leads to the earthworm. No arrows point from the earthworm to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the parasitic jaeger to the mushroom.There are two paths matter can take from the barren-ground caribou to the mushroom: barren-ground caribou->mushroom. barren-ground caribou->grizzly bear->mushroom. There is one path matter can take from the bilberry to the mushroom: bilberry->grizzly bear->mushroom. There is one path matter can take from the grizzly bear to the mushroom: grizzly bear->mushroom. There are two paths matter can take from the lichen to the mushroom: lichen->barren-ground caribou->mushroom. lichen->barren-ground caribou->grizzly bear->mushroom.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/21114\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"Which correctly shows the title of a movie?",
    "choices":[
      "***Raiders of the Lost Ark***",
      "\"Raiders of the Lost Ark\""
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade9",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Formatting",
    "skill":"Formatting titles",
    "lecture":"The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead. A Midsummer Night's Dream The title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks. \"You Are My Sunshine\"",
    "solution":"A movie should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **Raiders of the Lost Ark**.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which word does not rhyme?",
    "choices":[
      "fan",
      "tin",
      "win"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"phonological-awareness",
    "category":"Rhyming",
    "skill":"Which word does not rhyme?",
    "lecture":"Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound. The words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound. The words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings. The words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.",
    "solution":"The words win and tin rhyme. They both end with the in sound.\nThe word fan does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the volume of a car's gas tank?",
    "choices":[
      "13 cups",
      "13 gallons",
      "13 fluid ounces"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose customary units of volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Volume is a measurement of how much space something takes up. There are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons. As the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon. A glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the volume of a car's gas tank is 13 gallons.\n13 fluid ounces and 13 cups are both too little.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nEmilio spoke at the city council meeting, claiming the new recycling regulations were draconian.",
    "choices":[
      "Greek history",
      "a fairy tale"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"figurative-language",
    "category":"Literary devices",
    "skill":"Recall the source of an allusion",
    "lecture":"An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. \"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. Here, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.",
    "solution":"The source of the allusion draconian is Greek history.\nDraco, a government official in seventh-century Athens, Greece, wrote a code of laws that called for severe punishments for even minor offenses.\nThe allusion draconian means harsh.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"How long is an adult great white shark?",
    "choices":[
      "6 centimeters",
      "6 millimeters",
      "6 meters",
      "6 kilometers"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":"Select the best estimate.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"units-and-measurement",
    "category":"Units and measurement",
    "skill":"Choose metric units of distance, mass, and volume",
    "lecture":"Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter. The tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long. A red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.",
    "solution":"The best estimate for the length of an adult great white shark is 6 meters.\n6 millimeters and 6 centimeters are too short. 6 kilometers is too long.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which animal is also adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert?",
    "choices":[
      "strawberry poison frog",
      "Namaqua chameleon"
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Flat-tail horned lizards live in the deserts of North America. The  is adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert.\nFigure: flat-tail horned lizard.",
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade5",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Adaptations",
    "skill":"Animal adaptations: skins and body coverings",
    "lecture":"An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators.",
    "solution":"Look at the picture of the flat-tail horned lizard.\nThe flat-tail horned lizard has sand-colored scales covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert. The word camouflage means to blend in.\nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.\nThe Namaqua chameleon has sand-colored scales covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert.\nThe strawberry poison frog has brightly colored skin. It is not adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/21168\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Tim acquired this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Tim's mother speaks one language.",
      "Tim learned to speak two languages in school."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nTim speaks two languages.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade4",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Traits and heredity",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Compare the motion of two fish. Which fish was moving at a lower speed?",
    "choices":[
      "a fish that moved 20kilometers in 5hours",
      "a fish that moved 25kilometers in 5hours"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade2",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"physics",
    "category":"Force and motion",
    "skill":"Compare the speeds of moving objects",
    "lecture":"An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time. Distance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer. Time tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour. Think about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed.",
    "solution":"Look at the distance each fish moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne fish moved 20 kilometers in 5 hours.\nThe other fish moved 25 kilometers in 5 hours.\nNotice that each fish spent the same amount of time moving. The fish that moved 20 kilometers moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that fish must have moved at a lower speed.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Using only these supplies, which question can Garrett investigate with an experiment?",
    "choices":[
      "Do the squirrels select sunflower seeds or walnuts more often?",
      "Which type of tree do the squirrels feed from most often?",
      "Do the squirrels eat walnuts from large feeders more often than from small feeders?"
    ],
    "answer":0,
    "hint":"Garrett enjoys feeding the squirrels in his backyard. He notices that they spend a lot of time collecting seeds and nuts. He wonders about what factors affect which foods squirrels choose to collect. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\ntwo identical squirrel feeders\na bag of sunflower seeds\na bag of walnuts\na tree to hang the feeders from",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"science-and-engineering-practices",
    "category":"Designing experiments",
    "skill":"Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials",
    "lecture":"Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"Which continent is highlighted?",
    "choices":[
      "South America",
      "North America",
      "Europe",
      "Africa"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":"image.png",
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade8",
    "subject":"social science",
    "topic":"geography",
    "category":"Physical Geography",
    "skill":"Oceans and continents",
    "lecture":"A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents.",
    "solution":"This continent is Europe.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":"https:\/\/scienceqa-webdemo.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/extra\/21183\/image.png"
  },
  {
    "question":"What kind of sentence is this?\nGive Daniel a tour of the building and then take him to Mr. Carlson's office.",
    "choices":[
      "exclamatory",
      "interrogative",
      "imperative"
    ],
    "answer":2,
    "hint":null,
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade6",
    "subject":"language science",
    "topic":"punctuation",
    "category":"Sentences, fragments, and run-ons",
    "skill":"Is the sentence declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory?",
    "lecture":"There are four kinds of sentences. A declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period. The nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure. An interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark. Do you have any plans for the upcoming weekend? An imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point. For this assignment, use references to support your claims. Don't drive so quickly in the construction zone! An exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point. I can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!",
    "solution":"The sentence tells someone to do something, so it is an imperative sentence. Here, it ends with a period.",
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  },
  {
    "question":"What information supports the conclusion that Rick inherited this trait?",
    "choices":[
      "Rick's coworker also has curly hair.",
      "Rick's biological father has curly hair.",
      "Rick and his biological parents have brown hair."
    ],
    "answer":1,
    "hint":"Read the description of a trait.\nRick has curly hair.",
    "image":null,
    "task":"closed-choice",
    "grade":"grade7",
    "subject":"natural science",
    "topic":"biology",
    "category":"Genes to traits",
    "skill":"Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement",
    "lecture":"Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring.",
    "solution":null,
    "split":"val",
    "path":null
  }
]